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Ispoglou T, McCullough D, Windle A, Nair S, Cox N, White H, Burke D, Kanatas A, Prokopidis K. Addressing cancer anorexia-cachexia in older patients: Potential therapeutic strategies and molecular pathways. Clin Nutr 2024; 43:552-566. [PMID: 38237369 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia (CC) syndrome, a feature of cancer-associated muscle wasting, is particularly pronounced in older patients, and is characterised by decreased energy intake and upregulated skeletal muscle catabolic pathways. To address CC, appetite stimulants, anabolic drugs, cytokine mediators, essential amino acid supplementation, nutritional counselling, cognitive behavioural therapy, and enteral nutrition have been utilised. However, pharmacological treatments that have also shown promising results, such as megestrol acetate, anamorelin, thalidomide, and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, have been associated with gastrointestinal and cardiovascular complications. Emerging evidence on the efficacy of probiotics in modulating gut microbiota also presents a promising adjunct to traditional therapies, potentially enhancing nutritional absorption and systemic inflammation control. Additionally, low-dose olanzapine has demonstrated improved appetite and weight management in older patients undergoing chemotherapy, offering a potential refinement to current therapeutic approaches. This review aims to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underpinning CC, with a particular focus on the role of anorexia in exacerbating muscle wasting, and to propose pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies to mitigate this syndrome, particularly emphasising the needs of an older demographic. Future research targeting CC should focus on refining appetite-stimulating drugs with fewer side-effects, specifically catering to the needs of older patients, and investigating nutritional factors that can either enhance appetite or minimise suppression of appetite in individuals with CC, especially within this vulnerable group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angela Windle
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK; School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Natalie Cox
- Academic Geriatric Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Helen White
- School of Health, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Dermot Burke
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Konstantinos Prokopidis
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Science, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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2
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Association Between Gut Hormones and Weight Change After Bariatric Arterial Embolization: Results from the BEAT Obesity Trial. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2023; 46:220-228. [PMID: 36138191 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-022-03280-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate associations of ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), and peptide YY 3-36 (PYY3-36) with weight change after bariatric arterial embolization (BAE). MATERIALS AND METHODS Subgroup analysis of data collected during the BEAT Obesity Trial involving 7 participants with BMI > 40 who were embolized with 300- to 500-μm Embosphere Microspheres. Three participants were characterized as "responders" (top tertile of weight loss at each visit) and 4 as "non-responders" (bottom tertile of weight loss at each visit). Mean ± standard deviation participant age was 44 ± 11 years, and 6 of 7 participants were women. Participants were evaluated at baseline, 2 weeks, and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after BAE. After fasting, participants consumed a mixed meal test at each visit; blood samples were collected at 0, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 min. Study outcome measures were changes in weight from baseline and plasma serum hormone levels. RESULTS Percentage change in ghrelin decreased significantly in non-responders at 60 and 120 min at 1 and 12 months (estimated difference between 60 vs. 0 min at 1 month: 69% [95% CI - 126%, - 13%]; estimated difference between 120 vs. 0 min at 12 months: - 131% (95% CI - 239%, - 23%]). Responders had significantly lower ghrelin and greater weight loss than non-responders at 6 and 12 months. GLP-1 and PYY3-36 levels did not differ between groups. CONCLUSION Participants with consistent weight loss throughout follow-up had lower ghrelin than non-responders, supporting decreased ghrelin as a mechanism underlying BAE-induced weight loss. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE I High-quality randomized trial or prospective study; testing of previously developed diagnostic criteria on consecutive patients; sensible costs and alternatives; values obtained from many studies with multiway sensitivity analyses; systematic review of Level I RCTs and Level I studies.
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van Deuren T, Blaak EE, Canfora EE. Butyrate to combat obesity and obesity-associated metabolic disorders: Current status and future implications for therapeutic use. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13498. [PMID: 35856338 PMCID: PMC9541926 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is increasing that disturbances in the gut microbiome may play a significant role in the etiology of obesity and type 2 diabetes. The short chain fatty acid butyrate, a major end product of the bacterial fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates, is reputed to have anti-inflammatory properties and positive effects on body weight control and insulin sensitivity. However, whether butyrate has therapeutic potential for the treatment and prevention of obesity and obesity-related complications remains to be elucidated. Overall, animal studies strongly indicate that butyrate administered via various routes (e.g., orally) positively affects adipose tissue metabolism and functioning, energy and substrate metabolism, systemic and tissue-specific inflammation, and insulin sensitivity and body weight control. A limited number of human studies demonstrated interindividual differences in clinical effectiveness suggesting that outcomes may depend on the metabolic, microbial, and lifestyle-related characteristics of the target population. Hence, despite abundant evidence from animal data, support of human data is urgently required for the implementation of evidence-based oral and gut-derived butyrate interventions. To increase the efficacy of butyrate-focused interventions, future research should investigate which factors impact treatment outcomes including baseline gut microbial activity and functionality, thereby optimizing targeted-interventions and identifying individuals that merit most from such interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirza van Deuren
- Department of Human Biology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen E Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Emanuel E Canfora
- Department of Human Biology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Rodrigues VST, Moura EG, Peixoto TC, Soares P, Lopes BP, Bertasso IM, Silva BS, Cabral S, Kluck GEG, Atella GC, Trindade PL, Daleprane JB, Oliveira E, Lisboa PC. The model of litter size reduction induces long-term disruption of the gut-brain axis: An explanation for the hyperphagia of Wistar rats of both sexes. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15191. [PMID: 35146951 PMCID: PMC8831958 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota affects the host's metabolic phenotype, impacting health and disease. The gut-brain axis unites the intestine with the centers of hunger and satiety, affecting the eating behavior. Deregulation of this axis can lead to obesity onset. Litter size reduction is a well-studied model for infant obesity because it causes overnutrition and programs for obesity. We hypothesize that animals raised in small litters (SL) have altered circuitry between the intestine and brain, causing hyperphagia. We investigated vagus nerve activity, the expression of c-Fos, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), gastrointestinal (GI) hormone receptors, and content of bacterial phyla and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the feces of adult male and female Wistar rats overfed during lactation. On the 3rd day after birth, litter size was reduced to 3 pups/litter (SL males or SL females) until weaning. Controls had normal litter size (10 pups/litter: 5 males and 5 females). The rats were killed at 5 months of age. The male and female offspring were analyzed separately. The SL group of both sexes showed higher food consumption and body adiposity than the respective controls. SL animals presented dysbiosis (increased Firmicutes, decreased Bacteroidetes) and had increased vagus nerve activity. Only the SL males had decreased hypothalamic GLP-1 receptor expression, while only the SL females had lower acetate and propionate in the feces and higher CCK receptor expression in the hypothalamus. Thus, overfeeding during lactation differentially changes the gut-brain axis, contributing to hyperphagia of the offspring of both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa S. T. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyBiology InstituteState University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Egberto G. Moura
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyBiology InstituteState University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Thamara C. Peixoto
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyBiology InstituteState University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Patricia N. Soares
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyBiology InstituteState University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Bruna P. Lopes
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyBiology InstituteState University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Iala M. Bertasso
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyBiology InstituteState University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Beatriz S. Silva
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyBiology InstituteState University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - S. S. Cabral
- Laboratory of Lipids and Lipoprotein BiochemistryBiochemistry InstituteFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - G. E. G. Kluck
- Laboratory of Lipids and Lipoprotein BiochemistryBiochemistry InstituteFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - G. C. Atella
- Laboratory of Lipids and Lipoprotein BiochemistryBiochemistry InstituteFederal University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - P. L. Trindade
- Laboratory for studies of Interactions between Nutrition and GeneticsNutrition InstituteRio de Janeiro State UniversityRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - J. B. Daleprane
- Laboratory for studies of Interactions between Nutrition and GeneticsNutrition InstituteRio de Janeiro State UniversityRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Elaine Oliveira
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyBiology InstituteState University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Patricia Cristina Lisboa
- Laboratory of Endocrine PhysiologyBiology InstituteState University of Rio de JaneiroRio de JaneiroBrazil
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Czarnecka K, Czarnecka P, Tronina O, Bączkowska T, Durlik M. Multidirectional facets of obesity management in the metabolic syndrome population after liver transplantation. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2021; 10:3-21. [PMID: 34598315 PMCID: PMC8669703 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The obesity pandemic has resulted in an increasing demand for liver transplantation and has significantly altered the profile of liver transplant candidates in addition to affecting posttransplantation outcomes. In this review, we discuss a broad range of clinical approaches that warrant attention to provide comprehensive and patient‐centred medical care to liver transplant recipients, and to be prepared to confront the rapidly changing clinical challenges and ensuing dilemmas. Adipose tissue is a complex and metabolically active organ. Visceral fat deposition is a key predictor of overall obesity‐related morbidity and mortality. Limited pharmacological options are available for the treatment of obesity in the liver transplant population. Bariatric surgery may be an alternative in eligible patients. The rapidly increasing prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a global concern; NAFLD affects both pre‐ and posttransplantation outcomes. Numerous studies have investigated pharmacological and nonpharmacological management of NAFLD and some of these have shown promising results. Liver transplant recipients are constantly exposed to numerous factors that result in intestinal microbiota alterations, which were linked to the development of obesity, diabetes type 2, metabolic syndrome (MS), NAFLD, and hepatocellular cancer. Microbiota modifications with probiotics and prebiotics bring gratifying results in the management of metabolic complications. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is successfully performed in many medical indications. However, the safety and efficacy profiles of FMT in immunocompromised patients remain unclear. Obesity together with immunosuppressive treatment, may affect the pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic properties of coadministered medications. Individualized immunosuppressive regimens are recommended following liver transplantation to address possible metabolic concerns. Effective and comprehensive management of metabolic complications is shown to yield multiple beneficial results in the liver transplant population and may bring gratifying results in improving long‐term survival rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Czarnecka
- Department of Transplant Medicine, Nephrology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsa, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Czarnecka
- Department of Transplant Medicine, Nephrology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsa, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olga Tronina
- Department of Transplant Medicine, Nephrology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsa, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Teresa Bączkowska
- Department of Transplant Medicine, Nephrology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsa, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Durlik
- Department of Transplant Medicine, Nephrology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsa, Warsaw, Poland
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Hansen TT, Astrup A, Sjödin A. Are Dietary Proteins the Key to Successful Body Weight Management? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies Assessing Body Weight Outcomes after Interventions with Increased Dietary Protein. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093193. [PMID: 34579069 PMCID: PMC8468854 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary aim was to systematically review the current evidence investigating if dietary interventions rich in protein lead to improved body weight management in adults with excessive body weight. The secondary aim was to investigate potential modifying effects of phenotyping. A systematic literature search in PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library identified 375 randomized controlled trials with 43 unique trials meeting the inclusion criteria. The Cochrane collaboration tool was used for a thorough risk of bias assessment. Based on 37 studies evaluating effects of dietary protein on body weight, the participants with increased protein intake (ranging from 18–59 energy percentage [E%]) were found to reduce body weight by 1.6 (1.2; 2.0) kg (mean [95% confidence interval]) compared to controls (isocaloric interventions with energy reduction introduced in certain studies). Individuals with prediabetes were found to benefit more from a diet high in protein compared to individuals with normoglycemia, as did individuals without the obesity risk allele (AA genotype) compared to individuals with the obesity risk alleles (AG and GG genotypes). Thus, diets rich in protein would seem to have a moderate beneficial effect on body weight management.
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Briggs SB, Hannapel R, Ramesh J, Parent MB. Inhibiting ventral hippocampal NMDA receptors and Arc increases energy intake in male rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:187-194. [PMID: 34011515 PMCID: PMC8139633 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053215.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Research into the neural mechanisms that underlie higher-order cognitive control of eating behavior suggests that ventral hippocampal (vHC) neurons, which are critical for emotional memory, also inhibit energy intake. We showed previously that optogenetically inhibiting vHC glutamatergic neurons during the early postprandial period, when the memory of the meal would be undergoing consolidation, caused rats to eat their next meal sooner and to eat more during that next meal when the neurons were no longer inhibited. The present research determined whether manipulations known to interfere with synaptic plasticity and memory when given pretraining would increase energy intake when given prior to ingestion. Specifically, we tested the effects of blocking vHC glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) on sucrose ingestion. The results showed that male rats consumed a larger sucrose meal on days when they were given vHC infusions of the NMDAR antagonist APV or Arc antisense oligodeoxynucleotides than on days when they were given control infusions. The rats did not accommodate for that increase by delaying the onset of their next sucrose meal (i.e., decreased satiety ratio) or by eating less during the next meal. These data suggest that vHC NMDARs and Arc limit meal size and inhibit meal initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri B Briggs
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Reilly Hannapel
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Janavi Ramesh
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Marise B Parent
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA.,Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
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Ratanpaul V, Zhang D, Williams BA, Diffey S, Black JL, Gidley MJ. Interplay between grain digestion and fibre in relation to gastro-small-intestinal passage rate and feed intake in pigs. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:4001-4017. [PMID: 33950401 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02567-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The combined effects of grain digestibility and dietary fibre on digesta passage rate and satiety in humans are poorly understood. Satiety can be increased through gastric distention, reduced gastric emptying rate and when partially digested nutrients reach the terminal ileum to stimulate peptide release through the ileal/colonic brakes to slow the rate of digesta passage. This study determined the effects of grain digestibility and insoluble fibre on mean retention time (MRT) of digesta from mouth-to-ileum, feed intake (FI), starch digestion to the terminal ileum and faecal short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in a pig model. METHOD Twelve grain-based [milled sorghum (MS), steam-flaked-sorghum, milled wheat, and steam-flaked-wheat (SFW)] diets with different intrinsic rates of starch digestion, assessed by apparent amylase diffusion coefficient (ADC), and fibre from oat hulls (OH) at 0, 5 and 20% of the diet were fed to ileal-cannulated pigs. RESULT MRT was affected by grain-type/processing (P < 0.05) and fibre amount (P < 0.05). An approximate tenfold increase in ADC showed a limited decline in MRT (P = 0.18). OH at 20% increased MRT (P < 0.05) and reduced FI (P < 0.05). Ileal digestibility of starch increased and faecal SCFA concentration decreased with ADC; values for MS being lower (P < 0.001) and higher (P < 0.05), respectively, than for SFW. CONCLUSIONS Lower ileal digestibility of starch, higher faecal SCFA concentration and longer MRT of MS than SFW, suggest the ileal/colonic brakes may be operating. FI appeared to decrease with increasing MRT. MRT increased and intake decreased with grain-based foods/feeds that have low starch digestibility and substantial amounts of insoluble fibre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Ratanpaul
- Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Dagong Zhang
- Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Barbara A Williams
- Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | | | | | - Michael J Gidley
- Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.
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The efficacy of essential amino acid supplementation for augmenting dietary protein intake in older adults: implications for skeletal muscle mass, strength and function. Proc Nutr Soc 2020; 80:230-242. [PMID: 33315000 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665120008010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The primary aim of this review is to evaluate the efficacy of essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation as a strategy to increase dietary protein intake and improve muscle mass, strength and function in older adults. A sufficient daily protein intake is widely recognised to be fundamental for the successful management of sarcopenia in older undernourished adults. In practice, optimising protein intakes in older adults is complex, requiring consideration of the dose and amino acid composition (i.e. a complete EAA profile and abundant leucine content) of ingested protein on a per meal basis, alongside the age-related decline in appetite and the satiating properties of protein. Recent studies in older adults demonstrate that EAA-based supplements are non-satiating and can be administered alongside food to enhance the anabolic properties of a meal containing a suboptimal dose of protein; an effect magnified when combined with resistance exercise training. These findings support the notion that EAA supplementation could serve as an effective strategy to improve musculoskeletal health in older adults suffering from non-communicable diseases such as sarcopenia. Compliance is critical for the long-term success of complex interventions. Hence, aspects of palatability and desire to eat are important considerations regarding EAA supplementation. In conclusion, EAA-based supplements enriched with l-leucine offer an alternative strategy to whole protein sources to assist older adults in meeting protein recommendations. In practice, EAA supplements could be administered alongside meals of suboptimal protein content, or alternatively between meals on occasions when older adults achieve their per meal protein intake recommendations.
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Liu W, Jin Y, Wilde PJ, Hou Y, Wang Y, Han J. Mechanisms, physiology, and recent research progress of gastric emptying. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:2742-2755. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1784841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Liu
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yangyi Jin
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peter J. Wilde
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
- Food Innovation and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Yingying Hou
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianzhong Han
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
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Li T, Yang J, Zhang H, Xie Y, Jin J. Bifidobacterium from breastfed infant faeces prevent high-fat-diet-induced glucose tolerance impairment, mediated by the modulation of glucose intake and the incretin hormone secretion axis. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:3308-3318. [PMID: 32108348 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Probiotics are defined as microorganisms that can exert health benefits for the host. Among the recognized probiotics, Bifidobacterium are the most frequently used probiotics in humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of Bifidobacterium strains isolated from breastfed infant faeces, both in vitro, using the Caco-2 monolayer transwell model, and in vivo, using a mice model of impaired glucose tolerance induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). RESULTS The cell-free supernatant of Bifidobacterium lactis A12 showed better inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase and inhibited the glucose absorption and transport than B. lactis BB12, which is a typical probiotic with antidiabetic capabilities. B. lactis A12 improved the impaired glucose intolerance, restored islet function and morphology with insulin resistance induced by the HFD in C57BL/6J mice. Furthermore, in small intestine tissues, the cell-free supernatant of B. lactis A12 decreased the messenger RNA expressions of sucrase-isomaltase, live B. lactis A12 cells decreased glucose transporters 2. B. lactis A12 significantly stimulated the glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) secretion and upregulated proglucagon messenger RNA levels. CONCLUSION B. lactis A12 protect against the deleterious effects of HFD-induced diabetes by inhibiting the utilization, absorption, and transport of glucose by intestinal epithelial cells and promoting the expression and secretion of GLP-1. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- Food Science and Engineering College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection and Control of Spoilage Organisms and Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Products, Beijing, China
| | - Jianjun Yang
- Food Science and Engineering College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection and Control of Spoilage Organisms and Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Products, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxing Zhang
- Food Science and Engineering College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection and Control of Spoilage Organisms and Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Products, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanhong Xie
- Food Science and Engineering College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection and Control of Spoilage Organisms and Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Products, Beijing, China
| | - Junhua Jin
- Food Science and Engineering College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection and Control of Spoilage Organisms and Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Products, Beijing, China
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12
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Lee JW, Wang S, Huang Y, Seefeldt T, Donkor A, Logue BA, Woyengo TA. Toxicity of canola-derived glucosinolates in pigs fed resistant starch-based diets. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skaa111. [PMID: 32255481 PMCID: PMC7320599 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to determine effects of reducing hindgut pH through dietary inclusion of high-amylose cornstarch (HA-starch) on growth performance, organ weights relative to live body weight (BW), blood thyroid hormone levels, and glucosinolate degradation products of nursery pigs fed cold-pressed canola cake (CPCC). A total of 240 pigs (initial BW: 7.1 kg), which had been weaned at 21 d of age, were housed in 40 pens (6 pigs per pen) and fed 4 diets (10 pens per diet) in a randomized complete block design for 28 d. Four diets were a basal diet with CPCC at 0 or 40%, and with HA-starch at 0 or 40% in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. The diets were fed in two phases: Phase 1 from day 0 to 14 and Phase 2 from day 14 to 28 and were formulated to have the same net energy, standardized ileal digestible AA, Ca, and standardized total tract digestible P contents. Dietary inclusion of CPCC and HA-starch was achieved by a partial or complete replacement of corn, soybean meal, and soy protein. At the end of the study, one pig from each pen was euthanized to determine organ weights, blood parameters, hindgut pH, and glucosinolate degradation products. Dietary CPCC reduced (P < 0.05) overall average daily gain (ADG) by 15%; increased (P < 0.05) relative weights of liver and thyroid gland by 27% and 64%, respectively; and reduced (P < 0.05) serum tetraiodothyronine (T4) level from 30.3 to 17.8 ng/mL. Heart, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract weights; serum triiodothyronine level; and hindgut pH of pigs were unaffected by dietary CPCC. Dietary HA-starch reduced (P < 0.05) overall ADG, relative weight of thyroid gland, cecal, and colonic pH; but increased (P < 0.05) relative weight of colon; tended to increase (P = 0.062) serum T4 level. Dietary CPCC and HA-starch interacted (P = 0.024) on relative weight of thyroid gland such that dietary CPCC increased (P < 0.05) weight of thyroid gland for HA-starch-free diet (120 vs. 197 mg/kg of BW) but not for HA-starch-containing diet (104 vs. 130 mg/kg of BW). Dietary CPCC and HA-starch interacted (P = 0.001) on cecal isothiocyanate content such that dietary CPCC increased (P < 0.05) level of isothiocyanates for HA-starch-containing diet but not for HA-starch-free diet. In conclusion, dietary CPCC reduced growth performance, increased liver, size and interfered with thyroid gland functions of pigs. However, the negative effects of dietary CPCC on thyroid gland functions of nursery pigs were alleviated by dietary HA-starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung W Lee
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD
| | - Shenggang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD
| | - Yue Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD
| | - Teresa Seefeldt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD
| | - Abigail Donkor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD
| | - Brian A Logue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD
| | - Tofuko A Woyengo
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD
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Kim MK. Letter: Premeal Consumption of a Protein-Enriched, Dietary Fiber-Fortified Bar Decreases Total Energy Intake in Healthy Individuals ( Diabetes Metab J 2019;43:879-92). Diabetes Metab J 2020; 44:203-204. [PMID: 32098002 PMCID: PMC7043990 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2020.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea.
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Butterworth M, Lees M, Harlow P, Hind K, Duckworth L, Ispoglou T. Αcute effects of essential amino acid gel-based and whey protein supplements on appetite and energy intake in older women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 44:1141-1149. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Deficiencies in protein and energy intakes are partly responsible for age-related sarcopenia. We investigated the effects of supplements matched in essential amino acid (EAA) content (7.5 g) on energy intake and appetite. Ten women aged 69.2 ± 2.7 years completed 3 trials in a randomised, crossover design. Composite appetite scores, peptide-YY (PYY), and insulin responses to a 200-mL whey protein (WP) isolate (275 kJ), a 50-mL EAA gel (GEL, 478 kJ), or nothing as the control (CON) condition were investigated over 1 h, followed by an ad libitum breakfast. Energy intake at breakfast (CON, 1957 ± 713; WP, 1413 ± 623; GEL, 1963 ± 611 kJ) was higher in CON and GEL than in WP (both P = 0.006). After accounting for supplement energy content, energy intake in GEL was higher than in CON (P = 0.0006) and WP (P = 0.0008). Time-averaged area under the curve for composite appetite scores (CON, 74 ± 20; WP, 50 ± 22; GEL, 60 ± 16 mm) was higher in CON than WP (P = 0.015). Time-averaged area under the curve for PYY (CON, 87 ± 13; WP, 119 ± 27; GEL, 97 ± 22 pg·mL−1) was higher in WP than CON (P = 0.009) and GEL (P = 0.012). In conclusion, supplementation with WP facilitated an increase in protein intake, whereas supplementation with GEL increases in both energy and protein intakes, when consumed before an ad libitum breakfast. Such findings highlight potential gel-based EAA supplementation intake for addressing age-related sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Butterworth
- Carnegie School of Sport, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, Fairfax Hall, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Matthew Lees
- Carnegie School of Sport, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, Fairfax Hall, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Paul Harlow
- Carnegie School of Sport, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, Fairfax Hall, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Karen Hind
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Durham University, 42 Old Elvet, Durham, DH1 3HN, UK
| | - Lauren Duckworth
- Carnegie School of Sport, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, Fairfax Hall, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Theocharis Ispoglou
- Carnegie School of Sport, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, Fairfax Hall, LS6 3QS, UK
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The Metabolic Concept of Meal Sequence vs. Satiety: Glycemic and Oxidative Responses with Reference to Inflammation Risk, Protective Principles and Mediterranean Diet. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102373. [PMID: 31590352 PMCID: PMC6835480 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With increasing exposure to eating opportunities and postprandial conditions becoming dominant states, acute effects of meals are garnering interest. In this narrative review, meal components, combinations and course sequence were questioned vis-à-vis resultant postprandial responses, including satiety, glycemic, oxidative and inflammatory risks/outcomes vs. protective principles, with reference to the Mediterranean diet. Representative scientific literature was reviewed and explained, and corresponding recommendations discussed and illustrated. Starting meals with foods, courses and/or preloads high in innate/added/incorporated water and/or fibre, followed by protein-based courses, delaying carbohydrates and fatty foods and minimizing highly-processed/sweetened hedonic foods, would increase satiety-per-calorie vs. obesogenic passive overconsumption. Similarly, starting with high-water/fibre dishes, followed by high-protein foods, oils/fats, and delayed/reduced slowly-digested whole/complex carbohydrate sources, optionally closing with simpler carbohydrates/sugars, would reduce glycaemic response. Likewise, starting with foods high in innate/added/incorporated water/fibre/antioxidants, high monounsaturated fatty acid foods/oils, light proteins and whole/complex carbohydrate foods, with foods/oils low in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and n-6:n-3 PUFA ratios, and minimal-to-no red meat and highly/ultra-processed foods/lipids, would reduce oxidative/inflammatory response. Pyramids illustrating representative meal sequences, from most-to-least protective foods, visually communicate similarities between axes, suggesting potential unification for optimal meal sequence, consistent with anti-inflammatory nutrition and Mediterranean diet/meal principles, warranting application and outcome evaluation.
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Davis XS, Grill H. The hindbrain is a site of energy balance action for prolactin-releasing peptide: feeding and thermic effects from GPR10 stimulation of the nucleus tractus solitarius/area postrema. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:2287-2301. [PMID: 29796829 PMCID: PMC8019516 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4925-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) is a neuropeptide that suppresses food intake and increases body temperature when delivered to the forebrain ventricularly or parenchymally. However, PrRP's receptor GPR10 is widely distributed throughout the brain with particularly high levels found in the dorsomedial hindbrain. Thus, we hypothesized that hindbrain-directed PrRP administration would affect energy balance and motivated feeding behavior. METHODS To address this hypothesis, a range of behavioral and physiologic variables were measured in Sprague-Dawley rats that received PrRP delivered to the fourth ventricle (4V) or the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) at the level of the area postrema (AP). RESULTS 4V PrRP delivery decreased chow intake and body weight, in part, through decreasing meal size in ad libitum maintained rats tested at dark onset. PrRP inhibited feeding when delivered to the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), but not to more ventral hindbrain structures. In addition, 4V as well as direct NTS administration of PrRP increased core temperature. By contrast, 4V PrRP did not reduce ad libitum intake of highly palatable food or the motivation to work for or seek palatable foods. CONCLUSIONS The dorsomedial hindbrain and NTS/AP, in particular, are sites of action in PrRP/GPR10-mediated control of chow intake, core temperature, and body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. S. Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, 433 S. University Avenue, Rm. 327, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - H.J. Grill
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, 433 S. University Avenue, Rm. 327, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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17
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Maske CB, Loney GC, Lilly N, Terrill SJ, Williams DL. Intragastric nutrient infusion reduces motivation for food in male and female rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315. [PMID: 29533738 PMCID: PMC6087724 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00308.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The idea that gut-derived satiation signals influence food reward has recently gained traction, but this hypothesis is largely based on studies focused on neural circuitry, not the peripherally released signals. Here, we directly tested the hypothesis that intragastric (IG) nutrient infusion can suppress motivation for food. In a series of experiments, IG sucrose infusion (15 kcal) significantly and reliably reduced operant responding for a sucrose reward on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule. Moreover, food deprivation for 24 h before the test session did not prevent the suppressive effect of nutrients. The suppressive effect of IG sucrose on fixed ratio 5 (FR5) operant responding was also assessed as a comparison. The effect of IG nutrients to reduce motivation was not limited to sucrose; IG Ensure infusion (9.3 kcal) also significantly reduced PR operant responding for sucrose pellets. To verify that these effects were not secondary to the osmotic challenge of concentrated nutrients, we tested IG infusion of noncaloric saline solutions equiosmolar to 40% sucrose or Ensure and found no effect. Finally, we focused on glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and cholecystokinin (CCK) as candidate mediators for the effect of IG nutrients. Pretreatment with exendin-9, a GLP-1 receptor antagonist, delivered intraperitoneally, significantly attenuated the ability of IG nutrients to suppress PR responding and breakpoint in males, but not in females, whereas pretreatment with devazepide, a CCKA receptor antagonist, failed to do so in both sexes. Together, these data support the idea that nutrient-induced satiation signals influence food reward and may implicate GLP-1 in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calyn B Maske
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Gregory C Loney
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Nicole Lilly
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Sarah J Terrill
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Diana L Williams
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Florida State University , Tallahassee, Florida
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Galak
- Tepper School of Business, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Joseph P. Redden
- Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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19
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Moghadam AA, Moran TH, Dailey MJ. Alterations in circadian and meal-induced gut peptide levels in lean and obese rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1786-1794. [PMID: 29191090 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217732041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in gut hormone signaling are a likely contributing factor to the metabolic disturbances associated with overweight/obesity as they coordinate the timing of feeding behavior, absorption, and utilization of nutrients. These hormones are released in response to food intake, or follow a circadian or anticipatory pattern of secretion that is independent of nutrient stimulation. The aim of this study was to identify the degree to which high-fat diet-induced obesity would alter the daily rhythm of gut peptide plasma levels (glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1], peptide YY [PYY], insulin or amylin [AMY]) or meal-induced levels in the middle of the light or dark cycle. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet (OBESE) or chow (LEAN), implanted with jugular catheters, and blood samples were taken every 2 h throughout the light/dark cycle while freely feeding or after an Ensure liquid meal. We found that even when OBESE and LEAN animals ate the same kcals and have a similar pattern of food intake, there is a difference in both the levels and rhythm of plasma gut peptides. GLP-1 and PYY are higher during the light cycle in LEAN animals and AMY is higher in the OBESE group throughout the light/dark cycle. There was also a differential response of plasma gut signals after the Ensure meal, even though the composition and amount of intake of the meal were the same in both groups. These changes occur prior to the high-fat diet induced loss of glycemic control and may be a target for early intervention. Impact statement The aim of this study was to test if obesity would alter the daily rhythm of gut peptides or meal-induced levels in the middle of the light or dark cycle. We found that even when animals are eating the same amount (in kcal) of food that the obese animals have altered daily rhythms and meal-induced gut peptide levels. In particular, we are the first to show that obesity induces increases in peptide YY levels during the light cycle and amylin remains high throughout the light and dark cycle in obese animals. These changes occurred prior to a loss of glycemic control. Thus, the rhythm of gut peptides could be used as an early indicator of later and more serious metabolic disturbances and may be a target for early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Moghadam
- 1 Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10591, USA
| | - Timothy H Moran
- 2 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Megan J Dailey
- 3 Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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20
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Havemeier S, Erickson J, Slavin J. Dietary guidance for pulses: the challenge and opportunity to be part of both the vegetable and protein food groups. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1392:58-66. [PMID: 28146277 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pulses are a dry, edible variety of beans, peas, and lentils that have been consumed for 10,000 years. Pulses are rich in plant-based protein and fiber, as well as micronutrients such as iron and potassium. The satiating effect of both fiber and protein assists in managing weight and combating obesity. The high fiber content and low glycemic index of pulses aid people with diabetes in maintaining blood glucose and insulin levels. Pulse consumption may improve serum lipid levels to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Pulses developed as a member of both the protein and vegetable food groups as a result of its high content of plant-based protein and dietary fiber. The last two revisions of the Dietary Guidelines saw the transformation from the MyPyramid "meat and beans group" to the MyPlate "protein foods group," a nutrient name rather than a food source. Research suggests that consumers better identify with food source examples rather than nutrient names. The 2015 Dietary Guidelines also came with a new area: sustainable diets. Encouraging the consumption of sustainable food sources, like pulses, is imperative to ensuring a secure, healthy food supply for the U.S. population over time and for future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Havemeier
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Jennifer Erickson
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Joanne Slavin
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
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21
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Steinert RE, Feinle-Bisset C, Asarian L, Horowitz M, Beglinger C, Geary N. Ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, and PYY(3-36): Secretory Controls and Physiological Roles in Eating and Glycemia in Health, Obesity, and After RYGB. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:411-463. [PMID: 28003328 PMCID: PMC6151490 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of Roux-en-Y gastric-bypass (RYGB) and other bariatric surgeries in the management of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus and novel developments in gastrointestinal (GI) endocrinology have renewed interest in the roles of GI hormones in the control of eating, meal-related glycemia, and obesity. Here we review the nutrient-sensing mechanisms that control the secretion of four of these hormones, ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and peptide tyrosine tyrosine [PYY(3-36)], and their contributions to the controls of GI motor function, food intake, and meal-related increases in glycemia in healthy-weight and obese persons, as well as in RYGB patients. Their physiological roles as classical endocrine and as locally acting signals are discussed. Gastric emptying, the detection of specific digestive products by small intestinal enteroendocrine cells, and synergistic interactions among different GI loci all contribute to the secretion of ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, and PYY(3-36). While CCK has been fully established as an endogenous endocrine control of eating in healthy-weight persons, the roles of all four hormones in eating in obese persons and following RYGB are uncertain. Similarly, only GLP-1 clearly contributes to the endocrine control of meal-related glycemia. It is likely that local signaling is involved in these hormones' actions, but methods to determine the physiological status of local signaling effects are lacking. Further research and fresh approaches are required to better understand ghrelin, CCK, GLP-1, and PYY(3-36) physiology; their roles in obesity and bariatric surgery; and their therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Steinert
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Christine Feinle-Bisset
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Lori Asarian
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Michael Horowitz
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Christoph Beglinger
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Nori Geary
- University of Adelaide Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide, Australia; DSM Nutritional Products, R&D Human Nutrition and Health, Basel, Switzerland; Institute of Veterinary Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine and Division of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
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Erickson J, Slavin J. Satiety Effects of Lentils in a Calorie Matched Fruit Smoothie. J Food Sci 2016; 81:H2866-H2871. [PMID: 27648934 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The food environment is changing, with consumers being more health conscious and concerned about the wholesomeness of their food than ever before. Consumers are looking for nutritious whole food alternatives to fill their plates and stomachs. Pulse grains, rich in both protein and fiber, may be the ideal candidate to promote satiety at meals. In a crossover feeding study, participants consumed calorie-matched fruit smoothies prepared with either an ice cream base or pureed red lentils. Self-reported satiety, blood glucose response, and ad libitum food intake at a secondary meal were all measured along with breath hydrogen and methane and gastrointestinal tolerance. While there was no significant difference in satiety response or energy intake at the secondary meal, the nutrient profile of the lentil smoothie was improved with increased protein and fiber and dramatically lower fat content. Blood glucose response was not statistically different between the 2 treatments. Both smoothies were generally well tolerated; however, there was a slightly elevated AUC for perceived gastrointestinal tolerance over 24 h in the lentil smoothie. No difference in breath hydrogen or methane response was seen between treatments. The substitution of lentils into a meal is not likely to improve satiety; however lentils are a good source of fiber and protein and can greatly improve nutritional content of the meal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Erickson
- the Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition, Univ. of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Ave, St Paul, Minn., U.S.A
| | - Joanne Slavin
- the Dept. of Food Science and Nutrition, Univ. of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Ave, St Paul, Minn., U.S.A
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GLP-1 and GLP-2 Levels are Correlated with Satiety Regulation After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: Results of an Exploratory Prospective Study. Obes Surg 2016; 27:703-708. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-016-2345-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Massironi S, Zilli A, Cavalcoli F, Conte D, Peracchi M. Chromogranin A and other enteroendocrine markers in inflammatory bowel disease. Neuropeptides 2016; 58:127-34. [PMID: 26804239 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the distribution and products of enteroendocrine cells may play a role in immune activation and regulation of gut inflammation. This review aims at critically evaluating the main enteroendocrine markers in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). A narrative review was performed by searching inflammatory bowel diseases and enteroendocrine biomarkers in PubMed. Relevant modifications of some enteroendocrine markers, such as Chromogranin A, and their correlation with disease activity have been reported in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Even if data about neuroendocrine markers are sometimes contrasting, they may be potentially useful for the diagnosis and clinical management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Massironi
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Zilli
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; Postgraduate School of Gastroenterology, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Federica Cavalcoli
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; Postgraduate School of Gastroenterology, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Dario Conte
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; Postgraduate School of Gastroenterology, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy.
| | - Maddalena Peracchi
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; Postgraduate School of Gastroenterology, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy.
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25
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Belguesmia Y, Domenger D, Caron J, Dhulster P, Ravallec R, Drider D, Cudennec B. Novel probiotic evidence of lactobacilli on immunomodulation and regulation of satiety hormones release in intestinal cells. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Yang J, Ba T, Chen L, Shan C, Zheng M, Wang Y, Ren H, Chen J, Xu J, Han F, Zhang Y, Yang X, Chang B. Effects of metformin and sitagliptin on glycolipid metabolism in type 2 diabetic rats on different diets. Arch Med Sci 2016; 12:233-42. [PMID: 27186166 PMCID: PMC4848356 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2016.59249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of metformin and sitagliptin on glycolipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes after different diets. MATERIAL AND METHODS Seventy Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed with a high fat diet followed by streptozotocin treatment to induce type 2 diabetes. Then all rats were randomly divided into a control group, a metformin group (200 mg/kg), and a sitagliptin group (10 mg/kg). Each group was further divided into 4 groups receiving one load of high carbohydrate diet (45% glucose, 4.5 ml/kg), high fat diet (20% lipid emulsion, 4.5 ml/kg), high protein diet (20% whey protein, 10 ml/kg) or mixed meal, respectively. The caloric densities were all 33 kJ/kg. Postprandial blood glucose (P2BG), triglyceride (TG), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucagon and insulin levels were measured. RESULTS In the high carbohydrate group, sitagliptin was more efficient in lowering P2BG compared with metformin (p < 0.05). In the high-fat group, metformin was more powerful in lowering TG (p < 0.05) and P2BG (p < 0.05) levels because of its improvement of insulin sensitivity. In the high protein diet group, metformin did not reduce the P2BG level (p > 0.05), although it did reduce the TG level (p < 0.05). In the mixed diet group, metformin was more efficient in lowering P2BG (p < 0.05) but had a similar effect on TG (p > 0.05) compared with sitagliptin. CONCLUSIONS In the type 2 diabetic model, metformin and sitagliptin have different effects on glycolipid metabolism after different diets. If it is proved in type 2 diabetic patients, then different medicines may be recommended according to different diets in order to improve glycolipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Hormone and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease, Tianjin Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tu Ba
- Key Laboratory of Hormone and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease, Tianjin Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Liming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Hormone and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease, Tianjin Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunyan Shan
- Key Laboratory of Hormone and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease, Tianjin Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Miaoyan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Hormone and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease, Tianjin Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hormone and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease, Tianjin Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huizhu Ren
- Key Laboratory of Hormone and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease, Tianjin Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Hormone and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease, Tianjin Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Hormone and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease, Tianjin Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Fei Han
- Key Laboratory of Hormone and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease, Tianjin Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Hormone and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease, Tianjin Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Hormone and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease, Tianjin Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Baocheng Chang
- Key Laboratory of Hormone and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disease, Tianjin Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Porporato PE. Understanding cachexia as a cancer metabolism syndrome. Oncogenesis 2016; 5:e200. [PMID: 26900952 PMCID: PMC5154342 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2016.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming occurs in tumors to foster cancer cell proliferation, survival and metastasis, but as well at a systemic level affecting the whole organism, eventually leading to cancer cachexia. Indeed, as cancer cells rely on external sources of nitrogen and carbon skeleton to grow, systemic metabolic deregulation promoting tissue wasting and metabolites mobilization ultimately supports tumor growth. Cachectic patients experience a wide range of symptoms affecting several organ functions such as muscle, liver, brain, immune system and heart, collectively decreasing patients' quality of life and worsening their prognosis. Moreover, cachexia is estimated to be the direct cause of at least 20% of cancer deaths. The main aspect of cachexia syndrome is the unstoppable skeletal muscle and fat storage wasting, even with an adequate caloric intake, resulting in nutrient mobilization – both directly as lipid and amino acids and indirectly as glucose derived from the exploitation of liver gluconeogenesis – that reaches the tumor through the bloodstream. From a metabolic standpoint, cachectic host develops a wide range of dysfunctions, from increased insulin and IGF-1 resistance to induction of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins and fat tissue browning resulting in an increased energy expenditure and heat generation, even at rest. For a long time, cachexia has been merely considered an epiphenomenon of end-stage tumors. However, in specific tumor types, such as pancreatic cancers, it is now clear that patients present markers of tissue wasting at a stage in which tumor is not yet clinically detectable, and that host amino acid supply is required for tumor growth. Indeed, tumor cells actively promote tissue wasting by secreting specific factors such as parathyroid hormone-related protein and micro RNAs. Understanding the molecular and metabolic mediators of cachexia will not only advance therapeutic approaches against cancer, but also improve patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Porporato
- Pole of Pharmacology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
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Impact of Diet Composition in Adult Offspring is Dependent on Maternal Diet during Pregnancy and Lactation in Rats. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8010046. [PMID: 26784224 PMCID: PMC4728659 DOI: 10.3390/nu8010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Thrifty Phenotype Hypothesis proposes that the fetus takes cues from the maternal environment to predict its postnatal environment. A mismatch between the predicted and actual environments precipitates an increased risk of chronic disease. Our objective was to determine if, following a high fat, high sucrose (HFS) diet challenge in adulthood, re-matching offspring to their maternal gestational diet would improve metabolic health more so than if there was no previous exposure to that diet. Animals re-matched to a high prebiotic fiber diet (HF) had lower body weight and adiposity than animals re-matched to a high protein (HP) or control (C) diet and also had increased levels of the satiety hormones GLP-1 and PYY (p < 0.05). Control animals, whether maintained throughout the study on AIN-93M, or continued on HFS rather than reverting back to AIN-93M, did not differ from each other in body weight or adiposity. Overall, the HF diet was associated with the most beneficial metabolic phenotype (body fat, glucose control, satiety hormones). The HP diet, as per our previous work, had detrimental effects on body weight and adiposity. Findings in control rats suggest that the obesogenic potential of the powdered AIN-93 diet warrants investigation.
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Cudennec B, Balti R, Ravallec R, Caron J, Bougatef A, Dhulster P, Nedjar N. In vitro evidence for gut hormone stimulation release and dipeptidyl-peptidase IV inhibitory activity of protein hydrolysate obtained from cuttlefish ( Sepia officinalis ) viscera. Food Res Int 2015; 78:238-245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Rosenbaum M, Knight R, Leibel RL. The gut microbiota in human energy homeostasis and obesity. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:493-501. [PMID: 26257300 PMCID: PMC4862197 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies of rodents suggest that the gut microbiota populations are sensitive to genetic and environmental influences, and can produce or influence afferent signals that directly or indirectly impinge on energy homeostatic systems affecting both energy balance (weight gain or loss) and energy stores. Fecal transplants from obese and lean human, and from mouse donors to gnotobiotic mice, result in adoption of the donor somatotype by the formerly germ-free rodents. Thus, the microbiota is certainly implicated in the development of obesity, adiposity-related comorbidities, and the response to interventions designed to achieve sustained weight reduction in mice. More studies are needed to determine whether the microbiota plays a similarly potent role in human body-weight regulation and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rosenbaum
- Columbia University, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Molecular Genetics, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Rob Knight
- Departments of Pediatrics and Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rudolph L Leibel
- Columbia University, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Molecular Genetics, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Guzel MA. A metacognitive regulation approach for judgment of satiation. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2015.1057148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
In the context of the worldwide epidemic of obesity affecting men and women of all ages, it is important to understand the mechanisms that control human appetite, particularly those that allow the adjustment of energy intake to energy needs. Satiety is one important psycho-biological mechanism whose function is to inhibit intake following the ingestion of a food or a beverage. According to the classical theories of appetite control, satiety is influenced by macronutrient intake and/or metabolism. Satiety also seems to be modified by micronutrients, non-nutrients, and some bioactive food constituents. Under optimal conditions, satiety should be well connected with hunger and satiation in a way that spontaneously leads to a close match between energy intake and expenditures. However, the current obesity epidemic suggests that dysfunctions often affect satiety and energy intake. In this regard, this paper presents a conceptual integration that hopefully will help health professionals address satiety issues and provide the public with informed advice to facilitate appetite control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Tremblay
- a Department of Kinesiology, PEPS, Room 0234, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - France Bellisle
- a Department of Kinesiology, PEPS, Room 0234, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.,b Unité d'Épidémiologie Nutritionnelle, UMR U557 INSERM, U1125 INRA, CNAM, Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny, France
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Amato A, Baldassano S, Caldara G, Mulè F. Neuronostatin: peripheral site of action in mouse stomach. Peptides 2015; 64:8-13. [PMID: 25541042 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuronostatin is a 13-amino acid peptide encoded by somatostatin gene. It is distributed in different organs including gastrointestinal tract and has been involved in the control of food intake and gastrointestinal motility, likely through an action in the brain. So far, there are no reports about the occurrence of peripheral action sites in the gut. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine, in the mouse, the effects of peripheral administration of neuronostatin on food intake within 24h and on gastrointestinal motility and to analyse neuronostatin actions on the gastric and intestinal mechanical activity in isolated preparations in vitro. When compared with PBS-treated mice, intraperitoneal neuronostatin reduced food intake in doses ranging from 1 to 15ng/g b.w. only in the first hour postinjection with a maximum effect obtained at the dose of 15ng/g b.w. (-46.9%). The peptide (15ng/g b.w.) significantly reduced gastric emptying rate (-31.1%) and gastrointestinal intestinal transit. Non-amidated neuronostatin failed to affect food intake, gastric emptying and intestinal transit, suggesting the specificity of action. In vitro, neuronostatin induced concentration-dependent gastric relaxation, which was abolished by tetrodotoxin. Neuronostatin failed to affect the spontaneous mechanical activity or the evoked cholinergic contractions in duodenum. These results suggest that exogenous neuronostatin is able to reduce mouse gastric motility by acting peripherally in the stomach, through intramural nervous plexuses. This indirectly action could cause reduction of food intake in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Amato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari e Biomolecolari (STEMBIO), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Sara Baldassano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari e Biomolecolari (STEMBIO), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Caldara
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari e Biomolecolari (STEMBIO), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Flavia Mulè
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari e Biomolecolari (STEMBIO), Università di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
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Marshall A, Santollo J, Corteville C, Lutz TA, Daniels D. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass does not affect daily water intake or the drinking response to dipsogenic stimuli in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R114-20. [PMID: 24898844 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00135.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bariatric surgery is currently the most effective treatment for severe obesity, and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is the most common approach in the United States and worldwide. Many studies have documented the changes in body weight, food intake, and glycemic control associated with the procedure. Although dehydration is commonly listed as a postoperative complication, little focus has been directed to testing the response to dipsogenic treatments after RYGB. Accordingly, we used a rat model of RYGB to test for procedure-induced changes in daily water intake and in the response to three dipsogenic treatments: central administration of ANG II, peripheral injection of hypertonic saline, and overnight water deprivation. We did not find any systematic differences in daily water intake of sham-operated and RYGB rats, nor did we find any differences in the response to the dipsogenic treatments. The results of these experiments suggest that RYGB does not impair thirst responses and does not enhance any satiating effect of water intake. Furthermore, these data support the current view that feedback from the stomach is unnecessary for the termination of drinking behavior and are consistent with a role of orosensory or postgastric feedback.
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Marti S, Pérez M, Aris A, Bach A, Devant M. Effect of dietary energy density and meal size on growth performance, eating pattern, and carcass and meat quality in Holstein steers fed high-concentrate diets. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:3515-25. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. Marti
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA, Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Pérez
- IRTA-Monells, Finca Camps i Armet, 17121 Monells, Girona, Spain
| | - A. Aris
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA, Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A. Bach
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA, Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Devant
- Department of Ruminant Production, IRTA, Torre Marimon, 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Barcelona, Spain
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Duca FA, Sakar Y, Covasa M. The modulatory role of high fat feeding on gastrointestinal signals in obesity. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 24:1663-77. [PMID: 24041374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a specialized sensory system that detects and responds to constant changes in nutrient- and bacterial-derived intestinal signals, thus contributing to controls of food intake. Chronic exposure to dietary fat causes morphological, physiological and metabolic changes leading to disruptions in the regulatory feeding pathways promoting more efficient fat absorption and utilization, blunted satiation signals and excess adiposity. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that impaired gastrointestinal signals following long-term high fat consumption are, at least partially, responsible for increased caloric intake. This review focuses on the role of dietary fat in modulating oral and post-oral chemosensory signaling elements responsible for lipid detection and responses, including changes in sensitivity to satiation signals, such as GLP-1, PYY and CCK and their impact on food intake and weight gain. Furthermore, the influence of the gut microbiota on mechanisms controlling energy regulation in the face of excessive fat exposure will be explored. The profound influence of dietary fats on altering complex regulatory feeding pathways can result in dysregulation of body weight and development of obesity, while restoration or manipulation of satiation signaling may prove an effective tool in prevention and treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Duca
- INRA, UMR 1319 Micalis, F-78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France; AgroParis Tech, UMR 1319, F-78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France; University Pierre and Marie Curie, 75006 Paris, France
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Ackroff K, Sclafani A. Post-oral fat stimulation of intake and conditioned flavor preference in C57BL/6J mice: A concentration-response study. Physiol Behav 2014; 129:64-72. [PMID: 24582671 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fat appetite is determined not only by orosensory (flavor) stimuli but also by the post-oral actions of dietary fat, which promote increased attraction to the flavors of high-fat foods. Experiment 1 presents a concentration-response analysis of how intragastric (IG) fat self-infusions stimulate intake and condition flavor preferences in C57BL/6J mice trained 1h/day. Separate groups of food-restricted mice consumed a flavored saccharin solution (the CS-) paired with IG self-infusions of water (Test 0) followed by a different flavored solution (the CS+) paired with IG self-infusions of 1.6, 3.2, 6.4 or 12.8% Intralipid (IL, soybean oil) (Tests 1-3). Following additional CS- and CS+ training sessions, a two-bottle CS+ vs. CS- choice test was conducted without infusions. Infusions of 3.2-12.8% IL stimulated CS+ licking in the first test session and more so in subsequent test sessions, and also conditioned significant CS+ preferences. These effects were similar to those previously observed with isocaloric glucose infusions (8-32%). IG infusion of 1.6% IL stimulated intake slightly but did not condition a CS+ preference comparable to the actions of isocaloric 4% glucose. Experiment 2 compared these subthreshold IL and glucose concentrations with that of a 1.6% IL+4% glucose infusion. This mixture stimulated 1-h CS+ licking more rapidly but generated a preference similar to that of 1.6% IL. In 23h/day tests, however, the IL+glucose mixture stimulated greater CS+ intakes and preferences than did 1.6% IL or 4% glucose. These findings show that fat, like glucose, rapidly generates concentration-dependent post-oral signals that stimulate intake and enhance preferences for energy-rich foods in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Ackroff
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA; Cognition, Brain and Behavior Doctoral Subprogram, The Graduate School, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Anthony Sclafani
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA; Cognition, Brain and Behavior Doctoral Subprogram, The Graduate School, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Dailey MJ, Moghadam AA, Moran TH. Nutrient-specific feeding and endocrine effects of jejunal infusions in obese animals. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 306:R420-8. [PMID: 24452547 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00410.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal nutrient infusions result in variable decreases in food intake and body weight based on the nutrient type and the specific intestinal infusion site. We previously found that intrajejunal infusions of a fatty acid and glucose, but not casein hydrolysate, decreases food intake and body weight in lean chow-fed laboratory rats. To test whether obese, high fat-fed animals would show similar decreases in food intake and body weight in response to intrajejunal infusions of the same nutrients, equal kilocalorie loads of these nutrients (11.4 kcal) or vehicle were infused into the jejunum of obese, high fat-fed male Sprague-Dawley rats over 7 h/day for 5 consecutive days. Food intake was continuously monitored, and body weight was measured daily. After the infusion on the final day, rats were killed and plasma was collected. Similar to lean chow-fed rats, intrajejunal infusions of linoleic acid (LA) and glucose (Glu), but not casein hydrolysate (Cas), suppressed food intake with no compensatory increase in food intake after the infusion period. In contrast to lean chow-fed rats, only the LA, and not the Glu or Cas, produced decreases in body weight in the obese high fat-fed rat. There also were no differences in plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 levels in any of the nutrient infusion groups compared with saline infusion. These results suggest that there is a differential response to the same nutrients in lean vs. obese animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan J Dailey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois; and
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Yang J, Feng X, Zhong S, Wang Y, Liu J. Gastric Bypass Surgery May Improve Beta Cell Apoptosis with Ghrelin Overexpression in Patients with BMI ≥ 32.5 kg/m2. Obes Surg 2013; 24:561-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-013-1135-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Sclafani A, Zukerman S, Ackroff K. GPR40 and GPR120 fatty acid sensors are critical for postoral but not oral mediation of fat preferences in the mouse. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R1490-7. [PMID: 24154510 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00440.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In addition to orosensory signals, postoral actions of fat stimulate appetite and condition flavor preferences, but the gut sensors mediating these responses are unknown. Here, we investigated the role of the fatty acid sensors GPR40 and GPR120 in postoral and oral preferences for a soybean oil emulsion (Intralipid). Mice were trained to drink a flavored solution (CS+) paired with intragastric (IG) oil infusions and another flavored solution (CS-) paired with water infusions. Knockout (KO) mice missing GPR40 or GPR120 sensors increased their CS+ intake in one-bottle tests (1 h/day) but less so than wild-type (WT) mice. The KO mice also preferred the CS+ to CS- in a two-bottle test, but the preference was attenuated in GPR40 KO mice. Double-knockout (DoKO) mice missing both GPR40 and GPR120 displayed attenuated stimulation of CS+ intake and only a marginal CS+ preference. The DoKO mice developed a more substantial CS+ preference when tested 24 h/day, although weaker than that of WT mice. The DoKO mice also consumed less of the CS+ paired with IG Intralipid, as well as less Intralipid in oral tests. However, DoKO mice, like GPR40 KO and GPR120 KO mice did not differ from WT mice in their preference for Intralipid over water at 0.001%-20% concentrations. In contrast to prior results obtained with mice missing the CD36 fatty acid sensor, these findings indicate that, together, GPR40 and GPR120 play a critical role in the postoral stimulation of appetite by fat but are not essential for oral fat preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Sclafani
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, and
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Moving beyond energy homeostasis: new roles for glucagon-like peptide-1 in food and drug reward. Neurochem Int 2013; 73:49-55. [PMID: 24140429 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), a hormone and neuropeptide, is known to regulate energy homeostasis in part through an established central role in controlling food intake. Historically this central role has largely been attributed to GLP-1 receptor signaling in the brainstem and hypothalamus. However, emerging data indicate that GLP-1 also contributes to non-homeostatic regulation of food reward and motivated behaviors in brain reward centers, including the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens. The hypothesis that GLP-1 signaling modulates reward circuitry has provided the impetus for studies demonstrating that GLP-1 attenuates reward for psychostimulants and alcohol. Here, we examine current evidence for GLP-1-mediated regulation of food and drug reward and use these findings to hypothesize mechanisms of action within brain reward centers.
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Davidenko O, Darcel N, Fromentin G, Tomé D. Control of protein and energy intake - brain mechanisms. Eur J Clin Nutr 2013; 67:455-61. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Zijlstra RT, Jha R, Woodward AD, Fouhse J, van Kempen TATG. Starch and fiber properties affect their kinetics of digestion and thereby digestive physiology in pigs. J Anim Sci 2012; 90 Suppl 4:49-58. [PMID: 23365281 DOI: 10.2527/jas.53718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Jha
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - J. Fouhse
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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45
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Ochner CN, Laferrère B, Afifi L, Atalayer D, Geliebter A, Teixeira J. Neural responsivity to food cues in fasted and fed states pre and post gastric bypass surgery. Neurosci Res 2012; 74:138-43. [PMID: 22921709 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Reductions in mesolimbic responsivity have been noted following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB; Ochner et al., 2011a). Given potential for postoperative increases in postprandial gut (satiety) peptides to affect mesolimbic neural responsivity, we hypothesized that: (1) post RYGB changes in mesolimbic responsivity would be greater in the fed relative to the fasted state and; (2) fasted vs. fed state differences in mesolimbic responsivity would be greater post-relative to pre-surgery. fMRI was used to asses neural responsivity to high- and low-calorie food cues in five women 1 mo pre- and 1 mo post-RYGB. Scans were repeated in fasted and fed states. Significant post RYGB decreases in the insula, ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) responsivity were found in the fasted state. These changes were larger than neural changes in the fed state, which were non-significant. Preoperatively, fasted vs. fed differences in neural responsivity were greater in the precuneus, with large but nonsignificant clusters in the vmPFC and dlPFC. Postoperatively, however, no fasted vs. fed differences in neural responsivity were noted. Results were opposite to that predicted and appear inconsistent with the initial hypothesis that postoperative increases in postprandial gut peptides are the primary driver of postoperative changes in neural responsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N Ochner
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, USA; New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital, NY 10025, USA.
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Peripheral and central mechanisms involved in the control of food intake by dietary amino acids and proteins. Nutr Res Rev 2012; 25:29-39. [PMID: 22643031 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422411000175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The present review summarises current knowledge and recent findings on the modulation of appetite by dietary protein, via both peripheral and central mechanisms. Of the three macronutrients, proteins are recognised as the strongest inhibitor of food intake. The well-recognised poor palatability of proteins is not the principal mechanism explaining the decrease in high-protein (HP) diet intake. Consumption of a HP diet does not induce conditioned food aversion, but rather experience-enhanced satiety. Amino acid consumption is detected by multiple and redundant mechanisms originating from visceral (during digestion) and metabolic (inter-prandial period) sources, recorded both directly and indirectly (mainly vagus-mediated) by the central nervous system (CNS). Peripherally, the satiating effect of dietary proteins appears to be mediated by anorexigenic gut peptides, principally cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY. In the CNS, HP diets trigger the activation of noradrenergic and adrenergic neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract and melanocortin neurons in the arcuate nucleus. Additionally, there is evidence that circulating leucine levels may modulate food intake. Leucine is associated with neural mechanisms involving mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), energy sensors active in the control of energy intake, at least in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. In addition, HP diets inhibit the activation of opioid and GABAergic neurons in the nucleus accumbens, and thus inhibit food intake by reducing the hedonic response to food, presumably because of their low palatability. Future studies should concentrate on studying the adaptation of different neural circuits following the ingestion of protein diets.
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Sclafani A, Ackroff K. Role of gut nutrient sensing in stimulating appetite and conditioning food preferences. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012; 302:R1119-33. [PMID: 22442194 PMCID: PMC3362145 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00038.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of taste and nutrient receptors (chemosensors) in the gut has led to intensive research on their functions. Whereas oral sugar, fat, and umami taste receptors stimulate nutrient appetite, these and other chemosensors in the gut have been linked to digestive, metabolic, and satiating effects that influence nutrient utilization and inhibit appetite. Gut chemosensors may have an additional function as well: to provide positive feedback signals that condition food preferences and stimulate appetite. The postoral stimulatory actions of nutrients are documented by flavor preference conditioning and appetite stimulation produced by gastric and intestinal infusions of carbohydrate, fat, and protein. Recent findings suggest an upper intestinal site of action, although postabsorptive nutrient actions may contribute to flavor preference learning. The gut chemosensors that generate nutrient conditioning signals remain to be identified; some have been excluded, including sweet (T1R3) and fatty acid (CD36) sensors. The gut-brain signaling pathways (neural, hormonal) are incompletely understood, although vagal afferents are implicated in glutamate conditioning but not carbohydrate or fat conditioning. Brain dopamine reward systems are involved in postoral carbohydrate and fat conditioning but less is known about the reward systems mediating protein/glutamate conditioning. Continued research on the postoral stimulatory actions of nutrients may enhance our understanding of human food preference learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Sclafani
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA.
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Journel M, Chaumontet C, Darcel N, Fromentin G, Tomé D. Brain responses to high-protein diets. Adv Nutr 2012; 3:322-9. [PMID: 22585905 PMCID: PMC3649463 DOI: 10.3945/an.112.002071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins are suspected to have a greater satiating effect than the other 2 macronutrients. After protein consumption, peptide hormones released from the gastrointestinal tract (mainly anorexigenic gut peptides such as cholecystokinin, glucagon peptide 1, and peptide YY) communicate information about the energy status to the brain. These hormones and vagal afferents control food intake by acting on brain regions involved in energy homeostasis such as the brainstem and the hypothalamus. In fact, a high-protein diet leads to greater activation than a normal-protein diet in the nucleus tractus solitarius and in the arcuate nucleus. More specifically, neural mechanisms triggered particularly by leucine consumption involve 2 cellular energy sensors: the mammalian target of rapamycin and AMP-activated protein kinase. In addition, reward and motivation aspects of eating behavior, controlled mainly by neurons present in limbic regions, play an important role in the reduced hedonic response of a high-protein diet. This review examines how metabolic signals emanating from the gastrointestinal tract after protein ingestion target the brain to control feeding, energy expenditure, and hormones. Understanding the functional roles of brain areas involved in the satiating effect of proteins and their interactions will demonstrate how homeostasis and reward are integrated with the signals from peripheral organs after protein consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Journel
- AgroParisTech and,INRA, CRNH-IdF, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Chaumontet
- INRA, CRNH-IdF, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris, France
| | | | - Gilles Fromentin
- INRA, CRNH-IdF, UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, Paris, France
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Abstract
Recent advances highlight that nutrient receptors (such as T1R1/T1R3 heterodimer, Ca sensing receptor and GPR93 for amino acids and protein, GPR40, GPR41, GPR43 and GPR120 for fatty acids, T1R2/T1R3 heterodimer for monosaccharides) are expressed in the apical face of the gut and sense nutrients in the lumen. They transduce signals for the regulation of nutrient transporter expressions in the apical face. Interestingly, they are also localised in enteroendocrine cells (EEC) and mainly exert a direct control on the secretion in the lamina propria of gastro-intestinal peptides such as cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptide YY in response to energy nutrient transit and absorption in the gut. This informs central nuclei involved in the control of feeding such as the hypothalamus and nucleus of the solitary tract of the availability of these nutrients and thus triggers adaptive responses to maintain energy homoeostasis. These nutrient receptors then have a prominent position since they manage nutrient absorption and are principally the generator of the first signal of satiation mechanisms mainly transmitted to the brain by vagal afferents. Moreover, tastants are also able to elicit gut peptides secretion via chemosensory receptors expressed in EEC. Targeting these nutrient and tastant receptors in EEC may thus be helpful to promote satiation and so to fight overfeeding and its consequences.
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50
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Current and emerging concepts on the role of peripheral signals in the control of food intake and development of obesity. Br J Nutr 2012; 108:778-93. [PMID: 22409929 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512000529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal peptides are classically known as short-term signals, primarily inducing satiation and/or satiety. However, accumulating evidence has broadened this view, and their role in long-term energy homeostasis and the development of obesity has been increasingly recognised. In the present review, the recent research involving the role of satiation signals, especially ghrelin, cholecystokinin, glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide YY, in the development and treatment of obesity will be discussed. Their activity, interactions and release profile vary constantly with changes in dietary and energy influences, intestinal luminal environment, body weight and metabolic status. Manipulation of gut peptides and nutrient sensors in the oral and postoral compartments through diet and/or changes in gut microflora or using multi-hormone 'cocktail' therapy are among promising approaches aimed at reducing excess food consumption and body-weight gain.
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