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Wyrwoll CS, Bierwirth PN, Papini MG, Larcombe AN. Response to 'Comment on Wyrwoll et al., 2022: Long-term exposure of mice to 890 ppm atmospheric CO 2 alters growth trajectories and hyperactive behaviours in adults' by Norman R. Saunders and Mark D. Habgood. J Physiol 2023; 601:1041-1043. [PMID: 36762974 DOI: 10.1113/jp284295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin S Wyrwoll
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Phil N Bierwirth
- Emeritus Faculty, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra, Australia
| | - Melissa G Papini
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.,Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Alexander N Larcombe
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia.,Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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Bayram A, Arkan E, Sutcu M. Toxic gas removal with kaolinite, metakaolinite, radiolarite, and diatomite. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 314:137707. [PMID: 36592829 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, some clays and dead microorganisms were compared in terms of their adsorption ability against special toxic gases. To this end, an experimental investigation was conducted to explore the adsorption kinetics of kaolinite, metakaolinite, radiolarite, and diatomite to ammonia (NH3), ethylene (C2H4), and carbon dioxide (CO2). Numerous analyses, such as x-ray fluorescence (XRF), x-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and particle size distribution, have been performed for mineralogical and structural characterization of studied materials. Also, adsorption characteristics were investigated with the help of an ultra-precision scale and computer-controlled multi-gas control system. Since ammonia has the highest dipole moment among all studied gases, its removal efficiency was found as the highest in all materials. Regarding clay substances, metakaolinite indicated a lower response than kaolinite due to phase transformation. But, considering the microorganisms, diatomite toxic gas uptake is at least five times better than examined clays while the gas uptake behavior of radiolarite is analog to metakaolinite. Moreover, the adsorption behaviors of proposed materials are clarified with Langmuir isotherms, The results could facilitate improvements in applying microorganisms to the toxic gas environment as a natural adsorbent material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Bayram
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, Indiana, USA
| | - Emre Arkan
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, Szkolna 9, Katowice 40-006, Poland
| | - Mucahit Sutcu
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Izmir Katip Celebi University, 35620 İzmir, Turkiye.
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Kumar P, Zavala-Reyes JC, Kalaiarasan G, Abubakar-Waziri H, Young G, Mudway I, Dilliway C, Lakhdar R, Mumby S, Kłosowski MM, Pain CC, Adcock IM, Watson JS, Sephton MA, Chung KF, Porter AE. Characteristics of fine and ultrafine aerosols in the London underground. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159315. [PMID: 36283528 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Underground railway systems are recognised spaces of increased personal pollution exposure. We studied the number-size distribution and physico-chemical characteristics of ultrafine (PM0.1), fine (PM0.1-2.5) and coarse (PM2.5-10) particles collected on a London underground platform. Particle number concentrations gradually increased throughout the day, with a maximum concentration between 18:00 h and 21:00 h (local time). There was a maximum decrease in mass for the PM2.5, PM2.5-10 and black carbon of 3.9, 4.5 and ~ 21-times, respectively, between operable (OpHrs) and non-operable (N-OpHrs) hours. Average PM10 (52 μg m-3) and PM2.5 (34 μg m-3) concentrations over the full data showed levels above the World Health Organization Air Quality Guidelines. Respiratory deposition doses of particle number and mass concentrations were calculated and found to be two- and four-times higher during OpHrs compared with N-OpHrs, reflecting events such as train arrival/departure during OpHrs. Organic compounds were composed of aromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which are known to be harmful to health. Specific ratios of PAHs were identified for underground transport that may reflect an interaction between PAHs and fine particles. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) chemical maps of fine and ultrafine fractions show they are composed of Fe and O in the form of magnetite and nanosized mixtures of metals including Cr, Al, Ni and Mn. These findings, and the low air change rate (0.17 to 0.46 h-1), highlight the need to improve the ventilation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK; Department of Civil, Structural & Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Juan C Zavala-Reyes
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK; Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Mérida, UNAM, Carretera Mérida-Tetiz, Km 4.5, Ucú, Yucatán, 97357, Mexico
| | - Gopinath Kalaiarasan
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Gloria Young
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ian Mudway
- National Institute of Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Claire Dilliway
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Ramzi Lakhdar
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sharon Mumby
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Christopher C Pain
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Ian M Adcock
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan S Watson
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Mark A Sephton
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Tan X, Liu Y, Dong H, Xiao Y, Zhao Z. The health consequences of greenhouse gas emissions: a potential pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:2955-2974. [PMID: 34993736 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01142-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Excessive greenhouse gas emissions might be the major culprit for environmental degradation, which have direct and indirect adverse impacts in various ways. As the largest emitter of carbon emissions, China suffered great harm from climate change during the past 40 years. Therefore, it becomes necessary to study the impact of carbon emissions on health issues and their potential mechanism. Using the panel data from 30 provinces in China between 2002 and 2017, this study employes and extends the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIRPAT) model and mediating effect model to analyze the direct and indirect effects of carbon emissions. The main results are as follows: (1) Carbon emissions has a certain negative impact on public health, which would increase with the rise of temperature. (2) The increase in carbon emissions has a more significant negative effect on health with the average temperature exceeding 17.75 °C, indicating that the temperature has a threshold effect. (3) The potential health risks become higher with the development of urbanization, but there is no obvious spillover effect in the health consequences. The results remain robust after controlling other factors. This study supplements the literature of climate governance and human health, potentially contributing to the next stage of high-quality and sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujie Tan
- Institute for International Studies, CICTSMR, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Climate Change and Energy Economics Study Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yishuang Liu
- School of Economics and Management, Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China.
- Taiwan Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Hanmin Dong
- School of Management, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yujia Xiao
- School of Management, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- School of Economics and Management, Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China
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Low Level Carbon Dioxide Indoors—A Pollution Indicator or a Pollutant? A Health-Based Perspective. ENVIRONMENTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/environments8110125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With modern populations in developed countries spending approximately 90% of their time indoors, and with carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations inside being able to accumulate to much greater concentrations than outdoors, it is important to identify the health effects associated with the exposure to low-level CO2 concentrations (<5000 ppm) typically seen in indoor environments in buildings (non-industrial environments). Although other reviews have summarised the effects of CO2 exposure on health, none have considered the individual study designs of investigations and factored that into the level of confidence with which CO2 and health effects can be associated, nor commented on how the reported health effects of exposure correspond to existing guideline concentrations. This investigation aimed to (a) evaluate the reported health effects and physiological responses associated with exposure to less than 5000 parts per million (ppm) of CO2 and (b) to assess the CO2 guideline and limit concentrations in the context of (a). Of the 51 human investigations assessed, many did not account for confounding factors, the prior health of participants or cross-over effects. Although there is some evidence linking CO2 exposures with health outcomes, such as reductions in cognitive performance or sick building syndrome (SBS) symptoms, much of the evidence is conflicting. Therefore, given the shortcomings in study designs and conflicting results, it is difficult to say with confidence whether low-level CO2 exposures indoors can be linked to health outcomes. To improve the epidemiological value of future investigations linking CO2 with health, studies should aim to control or measure confounding variables, collect comprehensive accounts of participants’ prior health and avoid cross-over effects. Although it is difficult to link CO2 itself with health effects at exposures less than 5000 ppm, the existing guideline concentrations (usually reported for 8 h, for schools and offices), which suggest that CO2 levels <1000 ppm represent good indoor air quality and <1500 ppm are acceptable for the general population, appear consistent with the current research.
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Saravanan A, Senthil kumar P, Vo DVN, Jeevanantham S, Bhuvaneswari V, Anantha Narayanan V, Yaashikaa P, Swetha S, Reshma B. A comprehensive review on different approaches for CO2 utilization and conversion pathways. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2021.116515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Schneberger D, Pandher U, Thompson B, Kirychuk S. Effects of elevated CO 2 levels on lung immune response to organic dust and lipopolysaccharide. Respir Res 2021; 22:104. [PMID: 33836776 PMCID: PMC8033726 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-021-01700-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Workplaces with elevated organic dust levels such as animal feed barns also commonly have elevated levels of gasses, such as CO2. Workers exposed to such complex environments often experience respiratory effects that may be due to a combination of respirable factors. We examined the effects of CO2 on lung innate immune responses in mice co-exposed to the inflammatory agents lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and organic dust. We evaluated CO2 levels at the building recommended limit (1000 ppm) as well as the exposure limit (5000 ppm). Mice were nasally instilled with dust extracts or LPS and immediately put into chambers with a constant flow of room air (avg. 430 ppm CO2), 1000 ppm, or 5000 ppm CO2 enriched air. Results reveal that organic dust exposures tended to show decreased inflammatory responses with 1000 ppm CO2 and increased responses at 5000 ppm CO2. Conversely, LPS with addition of CO2 as low as 1000 ppm tended to inhibit several inflammatory markers. In most cases saline treated animals showed few changes with CO2 exposure, though some changes in mRNA levels were present. This shows that CO2 as low as 1000 ppm CO2 was capable of altering innate immune responses to both LPS and organic dust extracts, but each response was altered in a different fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schneberger
- College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Upkardeep Pandher
- College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Brooke Thompson
- College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Shelley Kirychuk
- College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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Larcombe AN, Papini MG, Chivers EK, Berry LJ, Lucas RM, Wyrwoll CS. Mouse Lung Structure and Function after Long-Term Exposure to an Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Level Predicted by Climate Change Modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:17001. [PMID: 33439053 PMCID: PMC7805407 DOI: 10.1289/ehp7305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Climate change models predict that atmospheric carbon dioxide [CO2] levels will be between 700 and 900 ppm within the next 80 y. Despite this, the direct physiological effects of exposure to slightly elevated atmospheric CO2 (as compared with ∼410 ppm experienced today), especially when exposures extend from preconception to adulthood, have not been thoroughly studied. OBJECTIVES In this study we aimed to assess the respiratory structure and function effects of long-term exposure to 890 ppm CO2 from preconception to adulthood using a mouse model. METHODS We exposed mice to CO2 (∼890 ppm) from prepregnancy, through the in utero and early life periods, until 3 months of age, at which point we assessed respiratory function using the forced oscillation technique, and lung structure. RESULTS CO2 exposure resulted in a range of respiratory impairments, particularly in female mice, including higher tissue elastance, longer chord length, and lower lung compliance. Importantly, we also assessed the lung function of the dams that gave birth to our experimental subjects. Even though these mice had been exposed to the same level of increased CO2 for a similar amount of time (∼8wk), we measured no impairments in lung function. This suggests that the early life period, when lungs are undergoing rapid growth and development, is particularly sensitive to CO2. DISCUSSION To the best of our knowledge, this study, for the first time, shows that long-term exposure to environmentally relevant levels of CO2 can impact respiratory function in the mouse. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7305.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N. Larcombe
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
- Occupation, Environment and Safety, School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Melissa G. Papini
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Emily K. Chivers
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Luke J. Berry
- Respiratory Environmental Health, Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Robyn M. Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, College of Health and Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Caitlin S. Wyrwoll
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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Hajat A, Hazlehurst MF, Golden SH, Merkin SS, Seeman T, Szpiro AA, Kaufman JD, Roux AD. The cross-sectional and longitudinal association between air pollution and salivary cortisol: Evidence from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:105062. [PMID: 31491811 PMCID: PMC6994173 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cortisol, a stress hormone released by the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, is critical to the body's adaptive response to physiological and psychological stress. Cortisol has also been implicated in the health effects of air pollution through the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. This study evaluates the cross-sectional and longitudinal association between several air pollutants and salivary cortisol. METHODS We used data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), a cohort of 45-85 years old participants from six US cities. Salivary cortisol was evaluated at two time points between 2004 and 2006 and then again from 2010 to 2012. Cortisol samples were taken several times per day on two or three consecutive days. Particulate matter <2.5 μm in diameter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the year prior to cortisol sampling were examined. We used piecewise linear mixed models that were adjusted for demographics, socioeconomic status and cardiovascular risk factors to examine both cross-sectional and longitudinal associations. Longitudinal models evaluated change in cortisol over time. RESULTS The pooled cross-sectional results revealed largely null results with the exception of a 9.7% higher wake-up cortisol associated with a 10 ppb higher NO2 (95% CI, -0.2%, 20.5%). Among all participants, the features of the cortisol curve became flatter over 5 years. The wake-to-bed slope showed a more pronounced flattening over time (0.014, 95% CI, 0.0, 0.03) with a 10 ppb higher NO2 level. Other air pollutants were not associated with change in cortisol over time. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest only a moderate association between traffic related air pollution and cortisol. Very few epidemiologic studies have examined the long-term impact of air pollution on the stress response systems, thus warranting further exploration of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjum Hajat
- University of Washington, Department of Epidemiology, Box 357236, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Marnie F Hazlehurst
- University of Washington, Department of Epidemiology, Box 357236, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Sherita Hill Golden
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, 1830 E. Monument Street, Room 9052, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Sharon Stein Merkin
- University of California Los Angeles, Geffen School of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, 10945 Le Conte Avenue, Suite 2339, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Teresa Seeman
- University of California Los Angeles, Geffen School of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, 10945 Le Conte Avenue, Suite 2339, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Adam A Szpiro
- University of Washington, Department of Biostatistics, Box 357232, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Joel D Kaufman
- University of Washington, Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences and Epidemiology, Box 354695, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Ana Diez Roux
- Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Urban Health Collaborative Nesbitt Hall 3215 Market Street Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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