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Zhou X, Hu L, Hoang NH, Thanh TL, Zhou C, Mei X, Buensanteai K. The Changes in Metabolites, Quality Components, and Antioxidant Activity of Tea ( Camellia sinensis) Infected with Exobasidium vexans by Applying UPLC-MS/MS-Based Widely Targeted Metabolome and Biochemical Analysis. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:164-176. [PMID: 37414414 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-23-0105-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Blister blight infection with Exobasidium vexans is one of the most destructive foliar diseases that seriously affect the quality and yield of tea. This research investigated the metabolite changes of healthy and infected leaves on tea cultivar 'Fuding Dabaicha' and further explored the potential antimicrobial substances against E. vexans infection. In total, 1,166 compounds were identified during the entire course of an infection, among which 73 different common compounds were significantly accumulated involved in the important antimicrobial substances of flavonoids and phenolic acids, including kaempferol (3,5,7,4'-tetrahydroxyflavone), kaempferol-3-O-sophoroside-7-O-glucoside, phloretin, 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid, galloylprocyanidin B4, and procyanidin C1 3'-O-gallate, which indicated that these metabolites might positively dominate resistance to E. vexans. Furthermore, relevant biological pathways, such as the flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, and phenylpropane pathways, were more closely related to resistance to E. vexans. Additionally, total flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloids, and terpenoids contributing to antimicrobial and antioxidant capacity were significantly altered during four different infection periods, especially the Leaf_S2 stage (the second stage of infection), in which the most concentration accumulated. The leaves affected by E. vexans infection at the second stage had the relatively highest antioxidant activity. Accordingly, this study provides a theoretical support for and comprehensive insights into the effects on the metabolite changes, tea quality components, and antioxidant activity of blister blight caused by E. vexans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Zhou
- School of Crop Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhorn Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
- College of Biological Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun 558000, China
| | - Liuhong Hu
- School of Crop Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhorn Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
- College of Biological Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun 558000, China
| | - Nguyen Huy Hoang
- School of Crop Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhorn Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Toan Le Thanh
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Can Tho City 900000, Viet Nam
| | - Caibi Zhou
- School of Crop Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhorn Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
- College of Biological Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun 558000, China
| | - Xin Mei
- College of Biological Science and Agriculture, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun 558000, China
| | - Kumrai Buensanteai
- School of Crop Production Technology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhorn Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
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Chakraborty S, Gershenzon J, Schuster S. Selection pressure by specialist and generalist insect herbivores leads to optimal constitutive plant defense. A mathematical model. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10763. [PMID: 38058520 PMCID: PMC10695761 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Brassicaceae plants have the glucosinolate-myrosinase defense system, jointly active against herbivory. However, constitutive glucosinolate (GLS) defense is observed to occur at levels that do not deter all insects from feeding. That prompts the question of why Brassicaceae plants have not evolved a higher constitutive defense. The answer may lie in the contrasting relationship between plant defense and host plant preference of specialist and generalist herbivores. GLS content increases a plant's susceptibility to specialist insects. In contrast, generalists are deterred by the plant GLSs. Although GLSs can attract the natural enemies (predators and parasitoids) of these herbivores, enemies can reduce herbivore pressure to some extent only. So, plants can be overrun by specialists if GLS content is too high, whereas generalists can invade the plants if it is too low. Therefore, an optimal constitutive plant defense can minimize the overall herbivore pressure. To explain the optimal defense theoretically, we model the contrasting host selection behavior of insect herbivores and the emergence of their natural enemies by non-autonomous ordinary differential equations, where the independent variable is the plant GLS concentration. From the model, we quantify the optimal amount of GLSs, which minimizes total herbivore (specialists and generalists) pressure. That quite successfully explains the evolution of constitutive defense in plants from the perspective of optimality theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Chakraborty
- Department of Bioinformatics, Matthias Schleiden InstituteFriedrich Schiller University JenaJenaGermany
- International Max Planck Research School “Chemical Communication in Ecological Systems”JenaGermany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Stefan Schuster
- Department of Bioinformatics, Matthias Schleiden InstituteFriedrich Schiller University JenaJenaGermany
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Yoo Y, Yoo YH, Lee DY, Jung KH, Lee SW, Park JC. Caffeine Produced in Rice Plants Provides Tolerance to Water-Deficit Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1984. [PMID: 38001837 PMCID: PMC10669911 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12111984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Exogenous or endogenous caffeine application confers resistance to diverse biotic stresses in plants. In this study, we demonstrate that endogenous caffeine in caffeine-producing rice (CPR) increases tolerance even to abiotic stresses such as water deficit. Caffeine produced by CPR plants influences the cytosolic Ca2+ ion concentration gradient. We focused on examining the expression of Ca2+-dependent protein kinase genes, a subset of the numerous proteins engaged in abiotic stress signaling. Under normal conditions, CPR plants exhibited increased expressions of seven OsCPKs (OsCPK10, OsCPK12, OsCPK21, OsCPK25, OsCPK26, OsCPK30, and OsCPK31) and biochemical modifications, including antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase) activity and non-enzymatic antioxidant (ascorbic acid) content. CPR plants exhibited more pronounced gene expression changes and biochemical alterations in response to water-deficit stress. CPR plants revealed increased expressions of 16 OsCPKs (OsCPK1, OsCPK2, OsCPK3, OsCPK4, OsCPK5, OsCPK6, OsCPK9, OsCPK10, OsCPK11, OsCPK12, OsCPK14, OsCPK16, OsCPK18, OsCPK22, OsCPK24, and OsCPK25) and 8 genes (OsbZIP72, OsLEA25, OsNHX1, OsRab16d, OsDREB2B, OsNAC45, OsP5CS, and OsRSUS1) encoding factors related to abiotic stress tolerance. The activity of antioxidant enzymes increased, and non-enzymatic antioxidants accumulated. In addition, a decrease in reactive oxygen species, an accumulation of malondialdehyde, and physiological alterations such as the inhibition of chlorophyll degradation and the protection of photosynthetic machinery were observed. Our results suggest that caffeine is a natural chemical that increases the potential ability of rice to cope with water-deficit stress and provides robust resistance by activating a rapid and comprehensive resistance mechanism in the case of water-deficit stress. The discovery, furthermore, presents a new approach for enhancing crop tolerance to abiotic stress, including water deficit, via the utilization of a specific natural agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngchul Yoo
- Advanced Radiation Technology Institute (ARTI), Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Jeongeup 56212, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yo-Han Yoo
- Central Area Crop Breeding Division, Department of Central Area Crop Science, National Institute of Crop Science, RDA, Suwon 16429, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dong Yoon Lee
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea; (D.Y.L.); (K.-H.J.)
| | - Ki-Hong Jung
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea; (D.Y.L.); (K.-H.J.)
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea; (D.Y.L.); (K.-H.J.)
| | - Jong-Chan Park
- Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Lin Z, Wei J, Hu Y, Pi D, Jiang M, Lang T. Caffeine Synthesis and Its Mechanism and Application by Microbial Degradation, A Review. Foods 2023; 12:2721. [PMID: 37509813 PMCID: PMC10380055 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is a metabolite derived from purine nucleotides, typically accounting for 2-5% of the dry weight of tea and 1-2% of the dry weight of coffee. In the tea and coffee plants, the main synthesis pathway of caffeine is a four-step sequence consisting of three methylation reactions and one nucleosidase reaction using xanthine as a precursor. In bacteria, caffeine degradation occurs mainly through the pathways of N-demethylation and C-8 oxidation. However, a study fully and systematically summarizing the metabolism and application of caffeine in microorganisms has not been established elsewhere. In the present study, we provide a review of the biosynthesis, microbial degradation, gene expression, and application of caffeine microbial degradation. The present review aims to further elaborate the mechanism of caffeine metabolism by microorganisms and explore the development prospects in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530008, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530008, China
| | - Jian Wei
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yongqiang Hu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530008, China
| | - Dujuan Pi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530008, China
| | - Mingguo Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530008, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modifications, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning 530008, China
| | - Tao Lang
- MNR Key Laboratory for Geo-Environmental Monitoring of Great Bay Area & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518071, China
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Li S, Yao X, Zhang B, Tang H, Lu L. Genome-wide characterization of the U-box gene in Camellia sinensis and functional analysis in transgenic tobacco under abiotic stresses. Gene 2023; 865:147301. [PMID: 36813060 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants U-box genes are crucial for plant survival, and they extensively regulate plant growth, reproduction and development as well as coping with stress and other processes. In this study, we identified 92 CsU-box genes through genome-wide analysis in the tea plant (Camellia sinensis), all of them contained the conserved U-box domain and were divided into 5 groups, which supported by the further genes structure analysis. The expression profiles in eight tea plant tissues and under abiotic and hormone stresses were analyzed using the TPIA database. 7 CsU-box genes (CsU-box27/28/39/46/63/70/91) were selected to verify and analyze expression patterns under PEG-induced drought and heat stress in tea plant respectively, the qRT-PCR results showed consistent with transcriptome datasets; and the CsU-box39 were further heterologous expressed in tobacco to perform gene function analysis. Phenotypic analyses of overexpression transgenic tobacco seedlings and physiological experiments revealed that CsU-box39 positively regulated the plant response to drought stress. These results lay a solid foundation for studying the biological function of CsU-box, and will provide breeding strategy basis for tea plant breeders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Li
- College of Tea Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xinzhuan Yao
- College of Tea Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Baohui Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering/College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Mountain Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Mountain Ecology and Agricultural Bioengineering, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hu Tang
- College of Tea Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering/College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Mountain Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Mountain Ecology and Agricultural Bioengineering, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Litang Lu
- College of Tea Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Institute of Agricultural Bioengineering/College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Mountain Plant Resources Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Mountain Ecology and Agricultural Bioengineering, Guiyang 550025, China.
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Molecular regulation of immunity in tea plants. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:2883-2892. [PMID: 36538170 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08177-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tea, which is mainly produced using the young leaves and buds of tea plants (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze), is one of the most common non-alcoholic beverages consumed in the world. The standard of tea mostly depends on the variety and quality of tea plants, which generally grow in subtropical areas, where the warm and humid conditions are also conducive to the occurrence of diseases. In fighting against pathogens, plants rely on their sophisticated innate immune systems which has been extensively studied in model plants. Many components involved in pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) triggered immunity (PTI) and effector triggered immunity (ETI) have been found. Nevertheless, the molecular regulating network against pathogens (e.g., Pseudopestalotiopsis sp., Colletotrichum sp. and Exobasidium vexans) causing widespread disease (such as grey blight disease, anthracnose, and blister blight) in tea plants is still unclear. With the recent release of the genome data of tea plants, numerous genes involved in tea plant immunity have been identified, and the molecular mechanisms behind tea plant immunity is being studied. Therefore, the recent achievements in identifying and cloning functional genes/gene families, in finding crucial components of tea immunity signaling pathways, and in understanding the role of secondary metabolites have been summarized and the opportunities and challenges in the future studies of tea immunity are highlighted in this review.
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Zou Y, Zhong Y, Yu H, Pokharel SS, Fang W, Chen F. Impacts of Ecological Shading by Roadside Trees on Tea Foliar Nutritional and Bioactive Components, Community Diversity of Insects and Soil Microbes in Tea Plantation. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11121800. [PMID: 36552309 PMCID: PMC9775167 DOI: 10.3390/biology11121800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Roadside trees not only add aesthetic appeal to tea plantations, but also serve important ecological purposes for the shaded tea plants. In this study, we selected tea orchards with two access roads, from east to west (EW-road) and from south to north (SN-road), and the roadside trees formed three types of ecological shading of the adjoining tea plants; i.e., south shading (SS) by the roadside trees on the EW-road, and east shading and west shading (ES and WS) by the roadside trees on the SN-road. We studied the impacts of ecological shading by roadside trees on the tea plants, insects, and soil microbes in the tea plantation, by measuring the contents of soluble nutrients, bioactive compounds in the tea, and tea quality indices; and by investigating the population occurrence of key species of insects and calculating insect community indexes, while simultaneously assaying the soil microbiome. The results vividly demonstrated that the shading formed by roadside tree lines on the surrounding tea plantation (SS, ES, and WS) had adverse effects on the concentration of tea soluble sugars but enhanced the foliar contents of bioactive components and improved the overall tea quality, in contrast to the no-shading control tea plants. In addition, the roadside tree lines seemed to be beneficial for the tea plantation, as they reduced pest occurrence, and ES shading enhanced the microbial soil diversity in the rhizosphere of the tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zou
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanni Zhong
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Han Yu
- Department of Forest Genetics and Breeding, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Sabin Saurav Pokharel
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wanping Fang
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence: (W.F.); (F.C.); Tel.: +86-13512504245 (W.F.); +86-13675173286 (F.C.)
| | - Fajun Chen
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence: (W.F.); (F.C.); Tel.: +86-13512504245 (W.F.); +86-13675173286 (F.C.)
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Zou Y, Shen F, Zhong Y, Lv C, Pokharel SS, Fang W, Chen F. Impacts of Intercropped Maize Ecological Shading on Tea Foliar and Functional Components, Insect Pest Diversity and Soil Microbes. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11141883. [PMID: 35890516 PMCID: PMC9319426 DOI: 10.3390/plants11141883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ecological shading fueled by maize intercropping in tea plantations can improve tea quality and flavor, and efficiently control the population occurrence of main insect pests. In this study, tea plants were intercropped with maize in two planting directions from east to west (i.e., south shading (SS)) and from north to south (i.e., east shading (ES) and west shading (WS)) to form ecological shading, and the effects on tea quality, and the population occurrence and community diversity of insect pests and soil microbes were studied. When compared with the non-shading control, the tea foliar nutrition contents of free fatty acids have been significantly affected by the ecological shading. SS, ES, and WS all significantly increased the foliar content of theanine and caffeine and the catechin quality index in the leaves of tea plants, simultaneously significantly reducing the foliar content of total polyphenols and the phenol/ammonia ratio. Moreover, ES and WS both significantly reduced the population occurrences of Empoasca onukii and Trialeurodes vaporariorum. Ecological shading significantly affected the composition of soil microbial communities in tea plantations, in which WS significantly reduced the diversity of soil microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zou
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.Z.); (F.S.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (S.S.P.)
| | - Fangyuan Shen
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.Z.); (F.S.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (S.S.P.)
| | - Yanni Zhong
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.Z.); (F.S.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (S.S.P.)
| | - Changning Lv
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.Z.); (F.S.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (S.S.P.)
| | - Sabin Saurav Pokharel
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.Z.); (F.S.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (S.S.P.)
| | - Wanping Fang
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence: (W.F.); (F.C.)
| | - Fajun Chen
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.Z.); (F.S.); (Y.Z.); (C.L.); (S.S.P.)
- Correspondence: (W.F.); (F.C.)
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Pokharel SS, Zhong Y, Changning L, Shen F, Likun L, Parajulee MN, Fang W, Chen F. Influence of reduced N-fertilizer application on foliar chemicals and functional qualities of tea plants under Toxoptera aurantii infestation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:166. [PMID: 35366797 PMCID: PMC8976352 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03533-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tea aphid, Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe) is a polyphagous pest predominant in tea orchards and has become the most pernicious pest deteriorating tea quality. Nitrogen (N) is essential to plant growth improvement, and it can significantly impact plant defensive ability against aphid infestation. This study was designed to quantify the influence of reduced N-fertilizer application on foliar chemicals and functional quality parameters of tea plants against the infestation of T. aurantii. In this study, the tea seedlings (cv. Longjing43) were applied with normal level (NL) of N-fertilizer (240 kg N ha-1) along with reduced N-fertilizer levels (70%NL and 50%NL), and with and without T. aurantii infestation. RESULTS The results showed that N-fertilizer application significantly affected plant biomass and photosynthetic indexes, foliar soluble nutrients and polyphenols, tea catechins, caffeine, essential amino acids, volatile organic compounds of tea seedlings, and the population dynamics of T. aurantii. Compared with the normal N-fertilizer level, the reduced N-fertilizer application (70%NL and 50%NL) significantly decreased all the foliar functional quality components of tea seedlings without aphid infestation, while these components were increased in tea seedlings with aphid infestation. Moreover, the transcript expression levels of foliar functional genes (including CsTCS, CsTs1, and CsGT1) were significantly higher in the NL, and significantly lower in the 50%NL for tea seedlings without aphid infestation, while the transcript expression levels were significantly higher in 50%NL in aphid inoculated tea seedlings. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated that the reduced N-fertilizer application could enhance foliar chemicals and functional quality parameters of tea plants especially with T. aurantii infestation, which can relieve soil nitrogen pressure and reduce pesticide use for control of tea aphid infestation in tea plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanni Zhong
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lv Changning
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fangyuan Shen
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Li Likun
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Megha N Parajulee
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Lubbock, TX79403, USA
| | - Wanping Fang
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Fajun Chen
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Park JC, Yoo Y, Lim H, Yun S, Win KTYS, Kim KM, Lee GS, Cho MH, Lee TH, Sano H, Lee SW. Intracellular Ca 2+ accumulation triggered by caffeine provokes resistance against a broad range of biotic stress in rice. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:1049-1064. [PMID: 35098547 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemical pesticides are still frequently overused to diminish such crop loss caused by biotic stress despite the threat to humans and the environment. Thus, it is urgent to find safer and more effective defense strategies. In this study, we report that caffeine, implanted through a transgenic approach, enhances resistance against variable biotic stresses in rice without fitness cost. Caffeine-producing rice (CPR) was generated by introducing three N-methyltransferase genes involved in the biosynthesis of caffeine in coffee plants. The CPR plants have no differences in morphology and growth compared to their wild-type counterparts, but they show strongly enhanced resistance to both bacterial leaf blight, rice blast, and attack of white-backed planthoppers. Caffeine acts as a repellent agent against rice pathogens. Moreover, caffeine triggers a series of Ca2+ signalling-like processes to synthesize salicylic acid (SA), a hormone associated with plant resistance. In CPR, phosphodiesterase was inhibited by caffeine, cAMP and cGMP increased, intracellular Ca2+ increased, phenylalanine lyase (PAL) was activated by OsCPK1, and SA synthesis was activated. This finding is a novel strategy to improve resistance against the biotic stresses of crops with a special type of defense inducer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Chan Park
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Crop Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngchul Yoo
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Crop Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyemin Lim
- Forest Bioresources Department, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Sopheap Yun
- Division of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kay Tha Ye Soe Win
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Crop Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Kim
- Division of Plant Biosciences, School of Applied Biosciences, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Gang-Seob Lee
- Genomics Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Ho Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Hiroshi Sano
- Research and Education Center for Genetic Information, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Crop Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
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Exogenous Caffeine (1,3,7-Trimethylxanthine) Application Diminishes Cadmium Toxicity by Modulating Physio-Biochemical Attributes and Improving the Growth of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14052806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Leafy vegetables usually absorb and retain heavy metals more readily than most of the other crop plants, and thus contribute ≥70% of the total cadmium (Cd) intake of humans. Caffeine mediates plant growth and has proved to be beneficial against pathogens and insects. Therefore, it was hypothesized that foliar applications of caffeine could alter metabolism and reduce Cd toxicity in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Seven-day old spinach seedlings were provided with Cd (0, 50, and 100 µM) stress. Caffeine (0, 5, or 10 mM) foliar spray was given twice at after 20 days of seeds germination with an interval of one week. In results, Cd stress reduced photosynthetic pigments biosynthesis, increased oxidative stress, imbalanced nutrient retention, and inhibited plant growth. On the other hand, the caffeine-treated spinach plants showed better growth owing to the enhanced biosynthesis of chlorophylls, better oxidative defense systems, and lower accumulation and transport of Cd within the plant tissues. Furthermore, caffeine application enhanced the accumulation of the proline and ascorbic acid, but reduced MDA and H2O2 contents and Cd in plant leaves, and ultimately improved mineral nutrition of spinach plants exposed to different Cd regimes. In conclusion, exogenous application of caffeine significantly diminishes Cd stress by modulating physiological, biochemical, and growth attributes of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)
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12
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Chen M. The Tea Plant Leaf Cuticle: From Plant Protection to Tea Quality. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:751547. [PMID: 34659320 PMCID: PMC8519587 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.751547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Camellia sinensis (tea tree) is a perennial evergreen woody crop that has been planted in more than 50 countries worldwide; its leaves are harvested to make tea, which is one of the most popular nonalcoholic beverages. The cuticle is the major transpiration barrier to restrict nonstomatal water loss and it affects the drought tolerance of tea plants. The cuticle may also provide molecular cues for the interaction with herbivores and pathogens. The tea-making process almost always includes a postharvest withering treatment to reduce leaf water content, and many studies have demonstrated that withering treatment-induced metabolite transformation is essential to shape the quality of the tea made. Tea leaf cuticle is expected to affect its withering properties and the dynamics of postharvest metabolome remodeling. In addition, it has long been speculated that the cuticle may contribute to the aroma quality of tea. However, concrete experimental evidence is lacking to prove or refute this hypothesis. Even though its relevance to the abiotic and biotic stress tolerance and postharvest processing properties of tea tree, tea cuticle has long been neglected. Recently, there are several studies on the tea cuticle regarding its structure, wax composition, transpiration barrier organization, environmental stresses-induced wax modification, and structure-function relations. This review is devoted to tea cuticle, the recent research progresses were summarized and unresolved questions and future research directions were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
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13
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Vega FE, Emche S, Shao J, Simpkins A, Summers RM, Mock MB, Ebert D, Infante F, Aoki S, Maul JE. Cultivation and Genome Sequencing of Bacteria Isolated From the Coffee Berry Borer ( Hypothenemus hampei), With Emphasis on the Role of Caffeine Degradation. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:644768. [PMID: 33889142 PMCID: PMC8055839 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.644768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The coffee berry borer, the most economically important insect pest of coffee worldwide, is the only insect capable of feeding and reproducing solely on the coffee seed, a food source containing the purine alkaloid caffeine. Twenty-one bacterial species associated with coffee berry borers from Hawai’i, Mexico, or a laboratory colony in Maryland (Acinetobacter sp. S40, S54, S55, Bacillus aryabhattai, Delftia lacustris, Erwinia sp. S38, S43, S63, Klebsiella oxytoca, Ochrobactrum sp. S45, S46, Pantoea sp. S61, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. parafulva, and Pseudomonas sp. S30, S31, S32, S37, S44, S60, S75) were found to have at least one of five caffeine N-demethylation genes (ndmA, ndmB, ndmC, ndmD, ndmE), with Pseudomonas spp. S31, S32, S37, S60 and P. parafulva having the full complement of these genes. Some of the bacteria carrying the ndm genes were detected in eggs, suggesting possible vertical transmission, while presence of caffeine-degrading bacteria in frass, e.g., P. parafulva (ndmABCDE) and Bacillus aryabhattai (ndmA) could result in horizontal transmission to all insect life stages. Thirty-five bacterial species associated with the insect (Acinetobacter sp. S40, S54, S55, B. aryabhattai, B. cereus group, Bacillus sp. S29, S70, S71, S72, S73, D. lacustris, Erwinia sp. S38, S43, S59, S63, K. oxytoca, Kosakonia cowanii, Ochrobactrum sp. S45, S46, Paenibacillus sp. S28, Pantoea sp. S61, S62, P. aeruginosa, P. parafulva, Pseudomonas sp. S30, S31, S32, S37, S44, S60, S75, Stenotrophomonas sp. S39, S41, S48, S49) might contribute to caffeine breakdown using the C-8 oxidation pathway, based on presence of genes required for this pathway. It is possible that caffeine-degrading bacteria associated with the coffee berry borer originated as epiphytes and endophytes in the coffee plant microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando E Vega
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Sarah Emche
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Jonathan Shao
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Ann Simpkins
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Ryan M Summers
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | - Meredith B Mock
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | - Dieter Ebert
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Sayaka Aoki
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Jude E Maul
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
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14
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Zhou MZ, Yan CY, Zeng Z, Luo L, Zeng W, Huang YH. N-Methyltransferases of Caffeine Biosynthetic Pathway in Plants. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:15359-15372. [PMID: 33206517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine (Cf) is one of the important components of plant-derived drinks, such as tea, coffee, and cola. It can protect soft tissues from being infected by pathogens and is also medically beneficial for human health. In this review, we first introduced the Cf biosynthesis pathways in plants and the related N-methyltransferases (NMTs), with a focus on the current research status of the substrate specificity, structural basis for substrate recognition, and catalytic mechanism in members of the caffeine synthase gene family. In addition, we addressed the expression characteristics and potential regulatory mechanisms of NMTs and also projected the future research directions. The goal was to summarize the Cf biosynthetic pathway and related NMTs in plants and to provide the molecular basis for regulating the caffeine biosynthesis, so as to effectively guide future tea and coffee breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Zhen Zhou
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chang-Yu Yan
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhen Zeng
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Li Luo
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wen Zeng
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ya-Hui Huang
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, Guangzhou 510642, China
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15
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Zeng L, Zhou X, Liao Y, Yang Z. Roles of specialized metabolites in biological function and environmental adaptability of tea plant (Camellia sinensis) as a metabolite studying model. J Adv Res 2020; 34:159-171. [PMID: 35024188 PMCID: PMC8655122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aim of review Key scientific concepts of review
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16
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Deng C, Ku X, Cheng LL, Pan SA, Fan L, Deng WW, Zhao J, Zhang ZZ. Metabolite and Transcriptome Profiling on Xanthine Alkaloids-Fed Tea Plant ( Camellia sinensis) Shoot Tips and Roots Reveal the Complex Metabolic Network for Caffeine Biosynthesis and Degradation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:551288. [PMID: 33013969 PMCID: PMC7509060 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.551288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
While caffeine is one of the most important bioactive metabolites for tea as the most consumed non-alcohol beverage, its biosynthesis and catabolism in tea plants are still not fully understood. Here, we integrated purine alkaloid profiling and transcriptome analysis on shoot tips and roots fed with caffeine, theophylline, or theobromine to gain further understanding of caffeine biosynthesis and degradation. Shoot tips and roots easily took up and accumulated high concentrations of alkaloids, but roots showed much faster caffeine and theophylline degradation rates than shoot tips, which only degraded theophylline significantly but almost did not degrade caffeine. Clearly feedback inhibition on caffeine synthesis or inter-conversion between caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine, and 3-methylxanthine had been observed in alkaloids-fed shoot tips and roots, and these were also evidenced by significant repression of TCS and MXMT genes critical for caffeine biosynthesis. Among these responsively repressed genes, two highly expressed genes TCS-4 and TCS-8 were characterized for their enzyme activity. While we failed to detect TCS-4 activity, TCS-8 displayed N-methyltransferase activities towards multiple substrates, supporting the complex metabolic network in caffeine biosynthesis in tea plants since at least 13 TCS-like N-methyltransferase genes may function redundantly. This study provides new insight into complex metabolic networks of purine alkaloids in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiuping Ku
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Lin-Lin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Si-An Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Limao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei-Wei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zheng-Zhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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17
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Zhang Y, Chen X, Du Z, Zhang W, Devkota AR, Chen Z, Chen C, Sun W, Chen M. A Proposed Method for Simultaneous Measurement of Cuticular Transpiration From Different Leaf Surfaces in Camellia sinensis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:420. [PMID: 32477374 PMCID: PMC7239270 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is the major barrier that limits unrestricted water loss and hence plays a critical role in plant drought tolerance. Due to the presence of stomata on the leaf abaxial surface, it is technically challenging to measure abaxial cuticular transpiration. Most of the existing reports were only focused on leaf astomatous adaxial surface, and few data are available regarding abaxial cuticular transpiration. Developing a method that can measure cuticular transpiration from both leaf surfaces simultaneously will improve our understanding about leaf transpiration barrier organization. Here, we developed a new method that enabled the simultaneous measurement of cuticular transpiration rates from the adaxial and abaxial surfaces. The proposed method combined multi-step leaf pretreatments including water equilibration under dark and ABA treatment to close stomata, as well as gum arabic or vaseline application to remove or seal the epicuticular wax layer. Mathematical formulas were established and used to calculate the transpiration rates of individual leaf surfaces from observed experimental data. This method facilitates the simultaneous quantification of cuticular transpiration from adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces. By applying this method, we demonstrated that the adaxial intracuticular waxes and the abaxial epicuticular waxes constitute the major transpiration barriers in Camellia sinensis. Wax analysis indicated that adaxial intracuticular waxes had higher coverage of very long chain fatty acids, 1-alkanol esters, and glycols, which may be attributed to its higher transpiration barrier than that of the abaxial intracuticular waxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaobing Chen
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhenghua Du
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ananta Raj Devkota
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zijian Chen
- College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Changsong Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fujian, China
| | - Weijiang Sun
- Anxi College of Tea Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mingjie Chen
- College of Horticulture and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, China
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18
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Muratova SA, Papikhin RV, Khoroshkova YV. The effect of caffeine in a nutrient medium on rhizogenesis of the Rubus genus plants. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20202303013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper presents data on the caffeine’s effect on microplants. As part of the rooting medium, caffeine can produce both positive and negative effects, depending on the concentration. The most effective range of caffeine concentrations in a nutrient medium, when plants of the Rubus genus are rooting, was determined – from 1 to 100 mg/l. The use of caffeine in optimal concentration enabled the acceleration of roots growth, increase in rooting frequency, and the number of roots per rooted microcuttings. A concentration of caffeine in excess of 0.1% has a negative effect on plant tissues, slowing down and stopping the formation of roots, shoot growth and causing tissue necrosis.
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19
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Li L, Wang M, Pokharel SS, Li C, Parajulee MN, Chen F, Fang W. Effects of elevated CO 2 on foliar soluble nutrients and functional components of tea, and population dynamics of tea aphid, Toxoptera aurantii. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 145:84-94. [PMID: 31675526 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The rising atmospheric CO2 concentration has shown to affect plant physiology and chemistry by altering plant primary and secondary metabolisms. Nevertheless, the impacts of elevated CO2 on plant nutrients and functional components of tea remain largely unknown, which will likely affect tea quality and taste under climate change scenario. Being sources of nutrients and secondary chemicals/metabolites for herbivorous insects, the variation in foliar soluble nutrients and functional components of tea plants resulting from CO2 enrichment will further affect the herbivorous insects' occurrence and feeding ecology. In this study, the tea aphid, Toxoptera aurantii was selected as the phloem-feeding herbivore to study the effects of elevated CO2 on foliar soluble nutrients and functional components of tea seedlings, and the population dynamics of T. aurantii. The results indicated that elevated CO2 enhanced the photosynthetic ability and improved the plant growth of tea seedlings compared with ambient CO2, with significant increases in net photosynthetic rate (+20%), intercellular CO2 concentration (+15.74%), leaf biomass (+15.04%) and root-to-shoot ratio (+8.08%), and significant decreases in stomatal conductance (-5.52%) and transpiration rate (-9.40%) of tea seedlings. Moreover, elevated CO2 significantly increased the foliar content of soluble sugars (+4.74%), theanine (+3.66%) and polyphenols (+12.01%) and reduced the foliar content of free amino acids (-9.09%) and caffeine (-3.38%) of tea seedlings compared with ambient CO2. Furthermore, the relative transcript levels of the genes of theanine synthetase (+18.64%), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (+49.50%), s'-adenosine methionine synthetase (+143.03%) and chalcone synthase (+61.86%) were up-regulated, and that of caffeine synthase (-56.91%) was down-regulated for the tea seedlings grown under elevated CO2 relative to ambient CO2. In addition, the foliar contents of jasmonic acid (+98.6%) and salicylic acid (+155.6%) also increased for the tea seedlings grown under elevated CO2 in contrast to ambient CO2. Also, significant increases in the population abundance of T. aurantii (+4.24%-41.17%) were observed when they fed on tea seedlings grown under elevated CO2 compared to ambient CO2. It is presumed that the tea quality and taste will be improved owing to the enhanced foliar soluble nutrients and functional components of tea seedlings under the climate change scenario, especially on account of the rising atmospheric CO2 concentration, while the climate change may exacerbate the occurrence of tea aphid, T. aurantii, despite the enhanced secondary defensive chemicals manifested by the CO2 enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likun Li
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mengfei Wang
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | | | - Chunxu Li
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Megha N Parajulee
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and ExtensionCenter, Lubbock, TX79403, USA
| | - Fajun Chen
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Wanping Fang
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, China.
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20
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Caffeine: The Allelochemical Responsible for the Plant Growth Inhibitory Activity of Vietnamese Tea (Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze). AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9070396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the phytotoxic potential of seven Vietnamese tea samples based on the specific and total activity of caffeine and tea extracts on test plants. The sandwich method results indicated that the inhibitory effect of tea samples on the radicle and hypocotyl growth of lettuce seedlings was dependent on the concentration and type of tea samples, and also the presence of agar soluble allelochemicals. Among the seven tea samples, the leachates from Vinatea-green tea showed the highest inhibition on the radicle growth of lettuce seedlings with 50% suppression at 0.12 mg dry leaves/mL of agar. Caffeine concentration in tea samples analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) varied from 20.7 to 38.2 µg/mL of dry leaves. The specific activity (EC50 value) of pure caffeine was 75 µg/mL, and the highest total activity of caffeine estimated in Vinatea-green tea was 0.51 [no unit]. Caffeine from green and oolong tea may be considered as one of the contributors to the inhibitory activity of the crude extract. Moreover, the phytotoxicity of pure caffeine and aqueous tea extracts was highly selective on the growth of different plant species. The concentration of caffeine detected from tea farm soil ranged from 0.137 to 0.145 µg/g soil. The results indicated that caffeine might be considered as a promising allelochemical from Vietnamese tea and can be a good candidate for weed management.
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21
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Palmer NA, Basu S, Heng-Moss T, Bradshaw JD, Sarath G, Louis J. Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith) feeding elicits differential defense responses in upland and lowland switchgrass. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218352. [PMID: 31194847 PMCID: PMC6564039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a low input, high biomass perennial grass being developed for the bioenergy sector. Upland and lowland cultivars can differ in their responses to insect herbivory. Fall armyworm [FAW; Spodoptera frugiperda JE Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)] is a generalist pest of many plant species and can feed on switchgrass as well. Here, in two different trials, FAW larval mass were significantly reduced when fed on lowland cultivar Kanlow relative to larvae fed on upland cultivar Summer plants after 10 days. Hormone content of plants indicated elevated levels of the plant defense hormone jasmonic acid (JA) and its bioactive conjugate JA-Ile although significant differences were not observed. Conversely, the precursor to JA, 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) levels were significantly different between FAW fed Summer and Kanlow plants raising the possibility of differential signaling by OPDA in the two cultivars. Global transcriptome analysis revealed a stronger response in Kanlow plant relative to Summer plants. Among these changes were a preferential upregulation of several branches of terpenoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in Kanlow plants suggesting that enhanced biosynthesis or accumulation of antifeedants could have negatively impacted FAW larval mass gain on Kanlow plants relative to Summer plants. A comparison of the switchgrass-FAW RNA-Seq dataset to those from maize-FAW and switchgrass-aphid interactions revealed that key components of plant responses to herbivory, including induction of JA biosynthesis, key transcription factors and JA-inducible genes were apparently conserved in switchgrass and maize. In addition, these data affirm earlier studies with FAW and aphids that the cultivar Kanlow can provide useful genetics for the breeding of switchgrass germplasm with improved insect resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A. Palmer
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
| | - Saumik Basu
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
| | - Tiffany Heng-Moss
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Bradshaw
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
| | - Gautam Sarath
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
| | - Joe Louis
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
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22
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Kakegawa H, Shitan N, Kusano H, Ogita S, Yazaki K, Sugiyama A. Uptake of adenine by purine permeases of Coffea canephora. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 83:1300-1305. [PMID: 30999827 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1606698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Purine permeases (PUPs) mediate the proton-coupled uptake of nucleotide bases and their derivatives into cytosol. PUPs facilitate uptake of adenine, cytokinins and nicotine. Caffeine, a purine alkaloid derived from xanthosine, occurs in only a few eudicot species, including coffee, cacao, and tea. Although caffeine is not an endogenous metabolite in Arabidopsis and rice, AtPUP1 and OsPUP7 were suggested to transport caffeine. In this study, we identified 15 PUPs in the genome of Coffea canephora. Direct uptake measurements in yeast demonstrated that CcPUP1 and CcPUP5 facilitate adenine - but not caffeine - transport. Adenine uptake was pH-dependent, with increased activity at pH 3 and 4, and inhibited by nigericin, a potassium-proton ionophore, suggesting that CcPUP1 and CcPUP5 function as proton-symporters. Furthermore, adenine uptake was not competitively inhibited by an excess amount of caffeine, which implies that PUPs of C. canephora have evolved to become caffeine-insensitive to promote efficient uptake of adenine into cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Kakegawa
- a Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University , Uji , Japan
| | - Nobukazu Shitan
- b Laboratory of Medicinal Cell Biology , Kobe Pharmaceutical University , Kobe , Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kusano
- a Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University , Uji , Japan
| | - Shinjiro Ogita
- c Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences , Prefectural University of Hiroshima , Shobara, Hiroshima , Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- a Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University , Uji , Japan
| | - Akifumi Sugiyama
- a Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University , Uji , Japan
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Łoś A, Strachecka A. Fast and Cost-Effective Biochemical Spectrophotometric Analysis of Solution of Insect "Blood" and Body Surface Elution. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E1494. [PMID: 29747455 PMCID: PMC5981391 DOI: 10.3390/s18051494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using insect hemolymph ("blood") and insect body surface elutions, researchers can perform rapid and cheap biochemical analyses to determine the insect's immunology status. The authors of this publication describe a detailed methodology for a quick marking of the concentration of total proteins and evaluation of the proteolytic system activity (acid, neutral, and alkaline proteases and protease inhibitors), as well as a methodology for quick "liver" tests in insects: alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and urea and glucose concentration analyses. The meaning and examples of an interpretation of the results of the presented methodology for biochemical parameter determination are described for the example of honey bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Łoś
- Faculty of Biology, Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Production, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20950 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Aneta Strachecka
- Faculty of Biology, Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Production, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20950 Lublin, Poland.
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Khan S, ur Rahman L. Pathway Modulation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Through Metabolic Engineering Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. REFERENCE SERIES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-28669-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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25
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Xanthine Alkaloids: Occurrence, Biosynthesis, and Function in Plants. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 105 2017; 105:1-88. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-49712-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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26
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Li X, Ahammed GJ, Li Z, Tang M, Yan P, Han W. Decreased Biosynthesis of Jasmonic Acid via Lipoxygenase Pathway Compromised Caffeine-Induced Resistance to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Under Elevated CO 2 in Tea Seedlings. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2016; 106:1270-1277. [PMID: 27392179 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-15-0336-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine, the major purine alkaloid in tea has long been known for its role in plant defense. However, its effect on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides that causes brown blight disease in tea is largely unknown especially under elevated CO2. Here we show that elevated CO2 reduced endogenous caffeine content in tea leaves, but sharply increased susceptibility of tea to C. gloeosporioides. The expression of C. gloeosporioides actin gene was gradually increased during the postinoculation period. In contrast, foliar application of caffeine decreased the C. gloeosporioides-induced necrotic lesions and the expression of C. gloeosporioides actin. Analysis of endogenous jasmonic acid (JA) content revealed that exogenous caffeine could induce JA content under both CO2 conditions in absence of fungal infection; however, in presence of fungal infection, caffeine increased JA content only under elevated CO2. Furthermore, exogenous caffeine enhanced lipoxygenase (LOX) activity and its biosynthetic gene expression under both CO2 conditions, indicating that increased JA biosynthesis via LOX pathway by caffeine might strengthen plant defense only under elevated CO2, while caffeine-induced defense under ambient CO2 might be associated with JA-independent LOX pathway in tea. These results provide novel insights into caffeine-induced plant defense mechanisms that might help to develop an eco-friendly approach for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- All authors: Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China; first, fourth, fifth, and six authors: Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China and second author: Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- All authors: Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China; first, fourth, fifth, and six authors: Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China and second author: Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Zhixin Li
- All authors: Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China; first, fourth, fifth, and six authors: Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China and second author: Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Meijun Tang
- All authors: Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China; first, fourth, fifth, and six authors: Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China and second author: Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Peng Yan
- All authors: Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China; first, fourth, fifth, and six authors: Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China and second author: Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Wenyan Han
- All authors: Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China; first, fourth, fifth, and six authors: Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, 9 Meiling Road, Hangzhou, 310008, P.R. China and second author: Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
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Wang YC, Qian WJ, Li NN, Hao XY, Wang L, Xiao B, Wang XC, Yang YJ. Metabolic Changes of Caffeine in Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) as Defense Response to Colletotrichum fructicola. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:6685-93. [PMID: 27541180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is one of the most economically valuable crops in the world. Anthracnose can affect the growth of leaves and cause serious yield losses of tea. Tea plants are rich in secondary metabolites; however, their roles in resistance to anthracnose are unclear. Herein we compared the contents of total phenolics, catechins, and caffeine in two cultivars with different resistances to anthracnose during Colletotrichum fructicola infection. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), (+)-catechin (C), caffeine, and critical regulatory genes were induced in C. fructicola-resistant tissues. In vitro antifungal tests showed that caffeine more strongly inhibited mycelial growth than tea polyphenols and catechins. Both electron microscopy and bioactivity analysis results showed that caffeine can affect mycelial cell walls and plasma membranes. Through promoter sequences analysis, a number of stress response-related cis-acting elements were identified in S-adenosylmethionine synthetase and tea caffeine synthase. These results demonstrated that (-)-EGCG, (+)-C, and caffeine may be involved in the resistance of tea plants to anthracnose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chun Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Center for Tea Improvement/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou 310008, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jun Qian
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Center for Tea Improvement/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou 310008, People's Republic of China
| | - Na-Na Li
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Center for Tea Improvement/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou 310008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Yuan Hao
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Center for Tea Improvement/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou 310008, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Center for Tea Improvement/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou 310008, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Xiao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Chao Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Center for Tea Improvement/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou 310008, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Jun Yang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling 712100, People's Republic of China
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Center for Tea Improvement/Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou 310008, People's Republic of China
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Sugiyama A, Sano CM, Yazaki K, Sano H. Caffeine fostering of mycoparasitic fungi against phytopathogens. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1113362. [PMID: 26529400 PMCID: PMC4871636 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1113362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethixanthine) is a typical purine alkaloid produced in more than 80 plant species. Its biological role is considered to strengthen plant's defense capabilities, directly as a toxicant to biotic attackers (allelopathy) and indirectly as an activator of defense system (priming). Caffeine is actively secreted into rhizosphere through primary root, and possibly affects the structure of microbe community nearby. The fungal community in coffee plant rhizosphere is enriched with particular species, including Trichoderma family, a mycoparasite that attacks and kills phytopathogens by coiling and destroying their hyphae. In the present study, the caffeine response of 8 filamentous fungi, 4 mycoparasitic Trichoderma, and 4 prey phytopathogens, was examined. Results showed that allelopathic effect of caffeine on fungal growth and development was differential, being stronger on pathogens than on Trichoderma species. Upon confronting, the prey immediately ceased the growth, whereas the predator continued to grow, indicating active mycoparasitism to have occurred. Caffeine enhanced mycoparasitism up to 1.7-fold. Caffeine thus functions in a double-track manner against fungal pathogens: first by direct suppression of growth and development, and second by assisting their natural enemy. These observations suggest that caffeine is a powerful weapon in the arms race between plants and pathogens by fostering enemy's enemy, and we propose the idea of "caffeine fostering" as the third role of caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akifumi Sugiyama
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere; Kyoto University; Kyoto, Japan
| | - Cecile M. Sano
- Department of Computer Science; George Washington University; Washington, DC USA
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere; Kyoto University; Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sano
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere; Kyoto University; Kyoto, Japan
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology; Nara, Japan
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Kumar A, Giridhar P. Salicylic acid and methyljasmonate restore the transcription of caffeine biosynthetic N-methyltransferases from a transcription inhibition noticed during late endosperm maturation in coffee. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plgene.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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30
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Ncube B, Van Staden J. Tilting Plant Metabolism for Improved Metabolite Biosynthesis and Enhanced Human Benefit. Molecules 2015; 20:12698-731. [PMID: 26184148 PMCID: PMC6331799 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200712698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The immense chemical diversity of plant-derived secondary metabolites coupled with their vast array of biological functions has seen this group of compounds attract considerable research interest across a range of research disciplines. Medicinal and aromatic plants, in particular, have been exploited for this biogenic pool of phytochemicals for products such as pharmaceuticals, fragrances, dyes, and insecticides, among others. With consumers showing increasing interests in these products, innovative biotechnological techniques are being developed and employed to alter plant secondary metabolism in efforts to improve on the quality and quantity of specific metabolites of interest. This review provides an overview of the biosynthesis for phytochemical compounds with medicinal and other related properties and their associated biological activities. It also provides an insight into how their biosynthesis/biosynthetic pathways have been modified/altered to enhance production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhekumthetho Ncube
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa.
| | - Johannes Van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa.
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Strachecka A, Krauze M, Olszewski K, Borsuk G, Paleolog J, Merska M, Chobotow J, Bajda M, Grzywnowicz K. Unexpectedly strong effect of caffeine on the vitality of western honeybees (Apis mellifera). BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2014; 79:1192-201. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914110066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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32
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Sharma B, Paul S. Effects of dilute aqueous NaCl solution on caffeine aggregation. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:194504. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4830414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Lee MH, Han JY, Kim HJ, Kim YS, Huh GH, Choi YE. Dammarenediol-II production confers TMV tolerance in transgenic tobacco expressing Panax ginseng dammarenediol-II synthase. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 53:173-82. [PMID: 22102695 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcr160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Panax ginseng is one of the famous medicinal plants. Ginsenosides, a class of tetracyclic triterpene saponins, are mainly responsible for its pharmacological activity. Most ginsenosides are composed of dammarenediol-II aglycone with various sugar moieties. Dammarenediol-II synthase is the first enzyme in the biosynthesis of ginsenosides. Here, we report that transgenic tobacco expressing the P. ginseng dammarenediol-II synthase gene (PgDDS) produced dammarenediol-II, and conferred resistance to Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Upon infection with TMV, lesions developed more rapidly in transgenic tobacco plants, and their size was smaller than those of wild-type plants. Transgenic tobacco plants showed a low level of both the viral titer and mRNA accumulation of TMV coat protein (CP) compared with the wild type. The production of dammarenediol-II in transgenic tobacco stimulated the expression of tobacco pathogenesis-related genes (PR1 and PR2) under both virus-untreated and -treated conditions. When the leaves of wild-type plants were inoculated with a mixture of TMV and dammarenediol-II, the leaves exhibited a reduced viral concentration and TMV-CP expression than those receiving TMV treatment alone. When the leaves of P. ginseng were infected with TMV, transcription of PgDDS was significantly increased. Transgenic P. ginseng plants harboring a β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene driven by the PgDDS promoter were constructed. The GUS expression was activated when the transgenic ginseng plants were treated with TMV. These results indicate that the medicinally important dammarenediol-II can be ectopically produced in tobacco, and the production of dammarenediol-II in tobacco plants allows them to adopt a viral defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hyun Lee
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
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Enzveiler L, Gressler G, Heckler E, Picoli S, Suyenaga ES. Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Aqueous Extract of White Tea Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze (1887). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.5567/pharmacologia.2011.131.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kim YS, Lim S, Yoda H, Choi CS, Choi YE, Sano H. Simultaneous activation of salicylate production and fungal resistance in transgenic Chrysanthemum producing caffeine. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:409-12. [PMID: 21346420 PMCID: PMC3142424 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.3.14353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine functions in the chemical defense against biotic attackers in a few plant species, including coffee and tea. Transgenic tobacco plants that endogenously produced caffeine by expressing three N-methyltransferases involved in the caffeine biosynthesis pathway exhibited a strong resistance to pathogens and herbivores. Here we report that transgenic Chrysanthemum, which produced an equivalent level of caffeine as the tobacco plants at approximately 3 μg g(-1) fresh tissues, also exhibited a resistance against grey mold fungal attack. Transcripts of PR-2 gene, a marker for pathogen response, were constitutively accumulated in mature leaves without pathogen attack. The levels of salicylic acid and its glucoside conjugate in mature leaves of the transgenic lines were found to be 2.5-fold higher than in the wild type control. It is suggested that endogenous caffeine stimulated production and/or deposition of salicylates, which possibly activated a series of defense reactions even under non-stressed conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Soo Kim
- Division of Forest Resources; College of Forest and Environmental Sciences; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon, Kangwon Korea
| | - Soon Lim
- Division of Forest Resources; College of Forest and Environmental Sciences; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon, Kangwon Korea
| | - Hiroshi Yoda
- National Institute for Agrobiological Sciences; Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Chang-Sun Choi
- National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science; RDA; Suwon, Gyeonggi Korea
| | - Yong-Eui Choi
- Division of Forest Resources; College of Forest and Environmental Sciences; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon, Kangwon Korea
| | - Hiroshi Sano
- Division of Forest Resources; College of Forest and Environmental Sciences; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon, Kangwon Korea
- JSPS Stockholm Office; Stockholm, Sweden
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Mohanpuria P, Kumar V, Yadav SK. Tea caffeine: Metabolism, functions, and reduction strategies. Food Sci Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-010-0041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Ashihara H, Sano H, Crozier A. Caffeine and related purine alkaloids: biosynthesis, catabolism, function and genetic engineering. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:841-56. [PMID: 18068204 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Details of the recently elucidated biosynthetic pathways of caffeine and related purine alkaloids are reviewed. The main caffeine biosynthetic pathway is a sequence consisting of xanthosine-->7-methylxanthosine-->7-methylxanthine-->theobromine-->caffeine. Genes encoding N-methyltransferases involved in three of these four reactions have been isolated and the molecular structure of N-methyltransferases investigated. Pathways for the catabolism of caffeine have also been studied, although there are currently no reports of enzymatic and genetic studies having been successfully carried out. Metabolism of purine alkaloids in species including Camellia, Coffea, Theobroma and Ilex plants is summarised, and evidence for the involvement of caffeine in chemical defense and allelopathy is discussed. Finally, information is presented on metabolic engineering that has produced coffee seedlings with reduced caffeine content, and transgenic caffeine-producing tobacco plants with enhanced disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ashihara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan.
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