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Duarte C, Quintanilla-Ahumada D, Anguita C, Silva-Rodriguez EA, Manríquez PH, Widdicombe S, Pulgar J, Miranda C, Jahnsen-Guzmán N, Quijón PA. Field experimental evidence of sandy beach community changes in response to artificial light at night (ALAN). Sci Total Environ 2023; 872:162086. [PMID: 36764536 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Artificial light at night (ALAN) is a pervasive but still under-recognized driver of global change. In coastal settings, a large majority of the studies assessing ALAN impacts has focused on individual species, even though it is unclear whether results gathered from single species can be used to predict community-wide responses. Similarly, these studies often treat species as single life-stage entities, ignoring the variation associated with distinct life stages. This study addresses both limitations by focusing on the effects of ALAN on a sandy beach community consisting of species with distinct early- and late-life stages. Our hypothesis was that ALAN alters community structure and these changes are mediated by individual species and also by their ontogenetic stages. A field experiment was conducted in a sandy beach of north-central Chile using an artificial LED system. Samples were collected at different night hours (8-levels in total) across the intertidal (9-levels) over several days in November and January (austral spring and summer seasons). The abundance of adults of all species was significantly lower in ALAN treatments. Early stages of isopods showed the same pattern, but the opposite was observed for the early stages of the other two species. Clear differences were detected in the zonation of these species during natural darkness versus those exposed to ALAN, with some adult-juvenile differences in this response. These results support our hypothesis and document a series of changes affecting differentially both early and late life stages of these species, and ultimately, the structure of the entire community. Although the effects described correspond to short-term responses, more persistent effects are likely to occur if ALAN sources become established as permanent features in sandy beaches. The worldwide growth of ALAN suggests that the scope of its effect will continue to grow and represents a concern for sandy beach systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Duarte
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad, Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Diego Quintanilla-Ahumada
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad, Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Medicina de la Conservación, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristóbal Anguita
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Vida Silvestre, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Av. Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo A Silva-Rodriguez
- Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Programa Austral Patagonia, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Patricio H Manríquez
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Coquimbo, Chile; Laboratorio de Ecología y Conducta de la Ontogenia Temprana (LECOT), Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Stephen Widdicombe
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK
| | - José Pulgar
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad, Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Miranda
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad, Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Medicina de la Conservación, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicole Jahnsen-Guzmán
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad, Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Medicina de la Conservación, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro A Quijón
- Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
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Ruiz-Herrera A. The role of the spatial topology in trophic metacommunities: Species with reduced mobility and total population size. J Theor Biol 2023; 566:111479. [PMID: 37075827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
A central question in ecology is understanding the influence of the spatial topology on the dynamics of a metacommunity. This is not an easy task, as most fragmented ecosystems have trophic interactions involving many species and patches. Recent attempts to solve this challenge have introduced certain simplifying assumptions or focused on a limited set of examples. These simplifications make the models mathematically tractable but keep away from real-world problems. In this paper, we provide a novel methodology to describe the influence of the spatial topology on the total population size of the species when the dispersal rates are small. The main conclusion is that the influence of the spatial topology is the result of the influence of each path in isolation. Here, a path refers to a pairwise connection between two patches. Our framework can be readily used with any metacommunity, and therefore represents a unification of biological insights. We also discuss several applications regarding the construction of ecological corridors.
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Molento MB, Brandão YO. Macrocyclic lactone resistance in nematodes of cattle in Brazil: Blame it to the ticks! Parasitol Int 2022; 89:102588. [PMID: 35452796 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Strategic helminth control in adult cattle would hardly impose sufficient selection pressure to parasite populations but reports of resistance against macrocyclic lactone (ML) based-products have been confirmed worldwide. The objective of this study was to evaluate the scientific literature of ML resistance (< 90.0% efficiency) in helminths of cattle from 2001 (the first report) to 2020 in Brazil. Additional to the data, we studied the correlation of parasite control practices based on a questionnaire given to 32 farmers. The search returned 246 reports and 21 full articles were selected. From these, a Wordcloud and a Keyword Co-occurrence Network graph were created. The published data revealed that most of the studies (19/21) reported multi-species (Cooperia spp., Haemonchus sp., Oesophagostomum radiatum, Trichostrongylus sp.) resistance to ML. None of the reports described the treatment frequency in the tested farms. As for the questionnaire, the majority of farmers (> 70.0%) responded that they rotate products after treatment, animals are treated monthly or biweekly (58.0%), treatments are based on visual evaluation (coat condition, ectoparasite infestation), and that in 94.0% of the times farmers treat all animals. Moreover, farmers use ML in association with potent acaricides (cypermethrin, chlorpyriphos, fluazuron) in more than 90.0% of the times (15/16). It was observed that this regimen was used to prevent and control the cattle-tick Rhipicephalus microplus (90.0%) and the horn-fly, Haematobia irritans (30.0%) infestations. We conclude that the most important factor for nematode resistance was the high level of ML exposure of up to 16 times/year, in combination with acaricides to control ticks and to a lesser extent to control horn-flies. Therefore, selection of helminth populations in cattle in Brazil can be considered secondary to ectoparasite control. The present analysis is critical, as one the most widespread recommendations to avoid drug resistance is to reduce the use of long-acting compounds, due to their extended persistent periods, increasing parasite selection. Moreover, a more serious attitude must be taken regarding parasite control strategies for livestock, reinforcing that health protocols should be based on single acaricidal products whenever possible. Complementary, selective evaluations based on transient threshold population abundance must be enforced to reduce treatment frequency, reducing parasite selection and animal distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Beltrão Molento
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Parasitology, Federal University of Parana. Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Graduate Program of Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Federal University of Parana, UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Yara O Brandão
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Parasitology, Federal University of Parana. Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Graduate Program of Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Federal University of Parana, UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Pokharel SS, Zhong Y, Changning L, Shen F, Likun L, Parajulee MN, Fang W, Chen F. Influence of reduced N-fertilizer application on foliar chemicals and functional qualities of tea plants under Toxoptera aurantii infestation. BMC Plant Biol 2022; 22:166. [PMID: 35366797 PMCID: PMC8976352 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03533-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tea aphid, Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe) is a polyphagous pest predominant in tea orchards and has become the most pernicious pest deteriorating tea quality. Nitrogen (N) is essential to plant growth improvement, and it can significantly impact plant defensive ability against aphid infestation. This study was designed to quantify the influence of reduced N-fertilizer application on foliar chemicals and functional quality parameters of tea plants against the infestation of T. aurantii. In this study, the tea seedlings (cv. Longjing43) were applied with normal level (NL) of N-fertilizer (240 kg N ha-1) along with reduced N-fertilizer levels (70%NL and 50%NL), and with and without T. aurantii infestation. RESULTS The results showed that N-fertilizer application significantly affected plant biomass and photosynthetic indexes, foliar soluble nutrients and polyphenols, tea catechins, caffeine, essential amino acids, volatile organic compounds of tea seedlings, and the population dynamics of T. aurantii. Compared with the normal N-fertilizer level, the reduced N-fertilizer application (70%NL and 50%NL) significantly decreased all the foliar functional quality components of tea seedlings without aphid infestation, while these components were increased in tea seedlings with aphid infestation. Moreover, the transcript expression levels of foliar functional genes (including CsTCS, CsTs1, and CsGT1) were significantly higher in the NL, and significantly lower in the 50%NL for tea seedlings without aphid infestation, while the transcript expression levels were significantly higher in 50%NL in aphid inoculated tea seedlings. CONCLUSION The results demonstrated that the reduced N-fertilizer application could enhance foliar chemicals and functional quality parameters of tea plants especially with T. aurantii infestation, which can relieve soil nitrogen pressure and reduce pesticide use for control of tea aphid infestation in tea plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanni Zhong
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lv Changning
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fangyuan Shen
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Li Likun
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Megha N Parajulee
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Lubbock, TX79403, USA
| | - Wanping Fang
- Department of Tea Science, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Fajun Chen
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Cárcamo D, Pizarro M, Orellana M, Canto A, Herrera P, Muñoz L, Vásquez-Calderón P, Guerrero A, Sepúlveda M, Durán LR, Oliva D. Long-term monitoring for conservation: closing the distribution gap of Arctocephalus australis in central Chile. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:170. [PMID: 33957976 PMCID: PMC8103573 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05583-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Here, we present the first record of stable colonies of the South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis), in an area where their presence has never been documented (hereafter distribution gap), as well as an update of the current distribution range of the species in central Chile. RESULTS A national synoptic aerial census of pinnipeds was performed during the austral summer of 2019 on the Chilean coast. An additional aerial census was conducted in the same area during the austral spring of 2019 as well as a maritime census during the austral summer of 2020. The data showed the presence of South American fur seals in central Chile within their well-known distribution gap. The total abundance was registered in three colonies where fur seals were sighted: one non-breeding colony, Punta Topocalma (summer 2019: mean = 46 ± 3; spring 2019: mean = 9 ± 1); and two breeding colonies, Punta Curaumilla (summer 2019: mean = 595 ± 7; spring 2019: mean = 45 ± 4; summer 2020: mean = 744 ± 5) and Isla Santa María (summer 2019: mean = 246 ± 6). Specifically, we suggest that it is crucial to elucidate the origin of the described settled colonies, and to determine whether there has been an augment in the distribution range from either the northern population, the southern population, or both simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cárcamo
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Playa Ancha, Valparaiso, Chile. .,Centro de Investigación y Gestión de Recursos Naturales (CIGREN), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Playa Ancha, Valparaiso, Chile.
| | - Marlene Pizarro
- Centro de Investigación y Gestión de Recursos Naturales (CIGREN), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Playa Ancha, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Muriel Orellana
- Centro de Investigación y Gestión de Recursos Naturales (CIGREN), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Playa Ancha, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Anahi Canto
- Centro de Investigación y Gestión de Recursos Naturales (CIGREN), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Playa Ancha, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Pablo Herrera
- Centro de Investigación y Gestión de Recursos Naturales (CIGREN), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Playa Ancha, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Lily Muñoz
- Centro de Investigación y Gestión de Recursos Naturales (CIGREN), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Playa Ancha, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Piera Vásquez-Calderón
- Centro de Investigación y Gestión de Recursos Naturales (CIGREN), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Playa Ancha, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Alicia Guerrero
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Playa Ancha, Valparaiso, Chile.,Centro de Investigación y Gestión de Recursos Naturales (CIGREN), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Playa Ancha, Valparaiso, Chile.,Núcleo Milenio INVASAL, Concepción, Chile
| | - Maritza Sepúlveda
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Playa Ancha, Valparaiso, Chile.,Centro de Investigación y Gestión de Recursos Naturales (CIGREN), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Playa Ancha, Valparaiso, Chile.,Núcleo Milenio INVASAL, Concepción, Chile
| | - L René Durán
- Centro de Investigación y Gestión de Recursos Naturales (CIGREN), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Playa Ancha, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Doris Oliva
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Playa Ancha, Valparaiso, Chile.,Centro de Investigación y Gestión de Recursos Naturales (CIGREN), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Playa Ancha, Valparaiso, Chile
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Koyoc-Cardeña E, Medina-Barreiro A, Cohuo-Rodríguez A, Pavía-Ruz N, Lenhart A, Ayora-Talavera G, Dunbar M, Manrique-Saide P, Vazquez-Prokopec G. Estimating absolute indoor density of Aedes aegypti using removal sampling. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:250. [PMID: 31113454 PMCID: PMC6528352 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3503-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantification of adult Aedes aegypti abundance indoors has relied on estimates of relative density (e.g. number of adults per unit of sampling or time), most commonly using traps or timed collections using aspirators. The lack of estimates of the sensitivity of collections and lack of a numerical association between relative and the absolute density of adult Ae. aegypti represent a significant gap in vector surveillance. Here, we describe the use of sequential removal sampling to estimate absolute numbers of indoor resting Ae. aegypti and to calculate calibration coefficients for timed Prokopack aspirator collections in the city of Merida, Yucatan State, Mexico. The study was performed in 200 houses that were selected based on recent occurrence of Aedes-borne viral illness in residents. Removal sampling occurred in 10-minute sampling rounds performed sequentially until no Ae. aegypti adult was collected for 3 hours or over 2 consecutive 10-minute periods. RESULTS A total of 3439 Ae. aegypti were collected. The sensitivity of detection of positive houses in the first sampling round was 82.5% for any adult Ae. aegypti, 78.5% for females, 75.5% for males and 73.3% for blood-fed females. The total number of Ae. aegypti per house was on average ~5 times higher than numbers collected for the first sampling round. There was a positive linear relationship between the relative density of Ae. aegypti collected during the first 10-min round and the absolute density for all adult metrics. Coefficients from the linear regression were used to calibrate numbers from 10-min collections into estimates of absolute indoor Ae. aegypti density for all adults, females and males. CONCLUSIONS Exhaustive removal sampling represents a promising method for quantification of absolute indoor Ae. aegypti density, leading to improved entomological estimates of mosquito distribution, a key measure in the assessments of the risk pathogen transmission, disease modeling and the evaluation of vector control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Koyoc-Cardeña
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias. Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Anuar Medina-Barreiro
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias. Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Azael Cohuo-Rodríguez
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias. Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Norma Pavía-Ruz
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Guadalupe Ayora-Talavera
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Mike Dunbar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pablo Manrique-Saide
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias. Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
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Meunier NV, Gibson AD, Corfmat J, Mazeri S, Handel IG, Bronsvoort BMDC, Gamble L, Mellanby RJ. Reproducibility of the mark-resight method to assess vaccination coverage in free-roaming dogs. Res Vet Sci 2019; 123:305-310. [PMID: 30852350 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The mark-resight methodology is a widely used tool to assess both population size and vaccination coverage of free-roaming dogs. Evaluating coverage is often critical to determine the progress and impact of vaccination interventions. The aim of this study was to assess the reproducibility of the mark-resight method during a rabies vaccination campaign. A total of 90 areas in Goa, India, were surveyed on two occasions following a vaccination campaign, during which vaccinated dogs were marked. The estimated vaccination coverage for both confined and free-roaming dogs in the study area after a first round of vaccination was 68.9% (95% CI, 66.7-71.0%). The number of dogs counted in each survey, as well as the proportion of marked dogs, were the main outcomes recorded. Linear and mixed-effects models were used to evaluate the effect of survey order, surveyor, time of day, days between surveys, and weather on the outcomes between repeated surveys. Fewer dogs were likely to be counted in afternoon surveys compared to morning surveys (19.2% fewer dogs, 95%CI 7.5-31.9%) and a 17.2% (95%CI 3.6-32.7%) higher proportion of marked dogs was associated with the repeated survey compared to the first survey. Increased variation of the marked percentage between surveys was associated with using different surveyors (8.3%, 95%CI 0.4-16.2). This study demonstrated that external or personnel factors can influence the number of dogs counted and the estimated vaccination coverage of individual survey areas. Regular staff training, to ensure equal effort and quality of survey techniques between surveyors, could help standardise survey outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha V Meunier
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (R(D)SVS), Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Andrew D Gibson
- Mission Rabies, 4 Castle Street, Cranborne, BH21 5PZ Dorset, UK
| | - Julie Corfmat
- Mission Rabies, 4 Castle Street, Cranborne, BH21 5PZ Dorset, UK
| | - Stella Mazeri
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (R(D)SVS), Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Ian G Handel
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (R(D)SVS), Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - B Mark De C Bronsvoort
- The Epidemiology, Economics and Risk Assessment (EERA) Group, The Roslin Institute and the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (R(D)SVS), Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Luke Gamble
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies (R(D)SVS) and the Roslin Institute, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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Sundt-Hansen LE, Hedger RD, Ugedal O, Diserud OH, Finstad AG, Sauterleute JF, Tøfte L, Alfredsen K, Forseth T. Modelling climate change effects on Atlantic salmon: Implications for mitigation in regulated rivers. Sci Total Environ 2018; 631-632:1005-1017. [PMID: 29727927 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is expected to alter future temperature and discharge regimes of rivers. These regimes have a strong influence on the life history of most aquatic river species, and are key variables controlling the growth and survival of Atlantic salmon. This study explores how the future abundance of Atlantic salmon may be influenced by climate-induced changes in water temperature and discharge in a regulated river, and investigates how negative impacts in the future can be mitigated by applying different regulated discharge regimes during critical periods for salmon survival. A spatially explicit individual-based model was used to predict juvenile Atlantic salmon population abundance in a regulated river under a range of future water temperature and discharge scenarios (derived from climate data predicted by the Hadley Centre's Global Climate Model (GCM) HadAm3H and the Max Plank Institute's GCM ECHAM4), which were then compared with populations predicted under control scenarios representing past conditions. Parr abundance decreased in all future scenarios compared to the control scenarios due to reduced wetted areas (with the effect depending on climate scenario, GCM, and GCM spatial domain). To examine the potential for mitigation of climate change-induced reductions in wetted area, simulations were run with specific minimum discharge regimes. An increase in abundance of both parr and smolt occurred with an increase in the limit of minimum permitted discharge for three of the four GCM/GCM spatial domains examined. This study shows that, in regulated rivers with upstream storage capacity, negative effects of climate change on Atlantic salmon populations can potentially be mitigated by release of water from reservoirs during critical periods for juvenile salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Sundt-Hansen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, P.O. Box 5685, Sluppen 7485, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - R D Hedger
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, P.O. Box 5685, Sluppen 7485, Trondheim, Norway
| | - O Ugedal
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, P.O. Box 5685, Sluppen 7485, Trondheim, Norway
| | - O H Diserud
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, P.O. Box 5685, Sluppen 7485, Trondheim, Norway
| | - A G Finstad
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, P.O. Box 5685, Sluppen 7485, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Natural History, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - J F Sauterleute
- SINTEF Energy Research, P.O. Box 4761, Sluppen 7465, Trondheim, Norway; SWECO, Professor Brochs gate 2, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - L Tøfte
- SINTEF Energy Research, P.O. Box 4761, Sluppen 7465, Trondheim, Norway
| | - K Alfredsen
- Norwegian Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - T Forseth
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, P.O. Box 5685, Sluppen 7485, Trondheim, Norway
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Wilschut LI, Heesterbeek JAP, Begon M, de Jong SM, Ageyev V, Laudisoit A, Addink EA. Detecting plague-host abundance from space: Using a spectral vegetation index to identify occupancy of great gerbil burrows. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 64:249-55. [PMID: 29399006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jag.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In Kazakhstan, plague outbreaks occur when its main host, the great gerbil, exceeds an abundance threshold. These live in family groups in burrows, which can be mapped using remote sensing. Occupancy (percentage of burrows occupied) is a good proxy for abundance and hence the possibility of an outbreak. Here we use time series of satellite images to estimate occupancy remotely. In April and September 2013, 872 burrows were identified in the field as either occupied or empty. For satellite images acquired between April and August, 'burrow objects' were identified and matched to the field burrows. The burrow objects were represented by 25 different polygon types, then classified (using a majority vote from 10 Random Forests) as occupied or empty, using Normalized Difference Vegetation Indices (NDVI) calculated for all images. Throughout the season NDVI values were higher for empty than for occupied burrows. Occupancy status of individual burrows that were continuously occupied or empty, was classified with producer's and user's accuracy values of 63 and 64% for the optimum polygon. Occupancy level was predicted very well and differed 2% from the observed occupancy. This establishes firmly the principle that occupancy can be estimated using satellite images with the potential to predict plague outbreaks over extensive areas with much greater ease and accuracy than previously.
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10
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Umadevi P, Anandaraj M, Srivastav V, Benjamin S. Trichoderma harzianum MTCC 5179 impacts the population and functional dynamics of microbial community in the rhizosphere of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.). Braz J Microbiol 2017; 49:463-470. [PMID: 29229530 PMCID: PMC6066733 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Employing Illumina Hiseq whole genome metagenome sequencing approach, we studied the impact of Trichoderma harzianum on altering the microbial community and its functional dynamics in the rhizhosphere soil of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.). The metagenomic datasets from the rhizosphere with (treatment) and without (control) T. harzianum inoculation were annotated using dual approach, i.e., stand alone and MG-RAST. The probiotic application of T. harzianum in the rhizhosphere soil of black pepper impacted the population dynamics of rhizosphere bacteria, archae, eukaryote as reflected through the selective recruitment of bacteria [Acidobacteriaceae bacterium (p=1.24e-12), Candidatus koribacter versatilis (p=2.66e-10)] and fungi [(Fusarium oxysporum (p=0.013), Talaromyces stipitatus (p=0.219) and Pestalotiopsis fici (p=0.443)] in terms of abundance in population and bacterial chemotaxis (p=0.012), iron metabolism (p=2.97e-5) with the reduction in abundance for pathogenicity islands (p=7.30e-3), phages and prophages (p=7.30e-3) with regard to functional abundance. Interestingly, it was found that the enriched functional metagenomic signatures on phytoremediation such as benzoate transport and degradation (p=2.34e-4), and degradation of heterocyclic aromatic compounds (p=3.59e-13) in the treatment influenced the rhizosphere micro ecosystem favoring growth and health of pepper plant. The population dynamics and functional richness of rhizosphere ecosystem in black pepper influenced by the treatment with T. harzianum provides the ecological importance of T. harzianum in the cultivation of black pepper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palaniyandi Umadevi
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research, Kerala, India; University of Calicut, Department of Botan, Biotechnology Division, Kerala, India
| | | | | | - Sailas Benjamin
- University of Calicut, Department of Botan, Biotechnology Division, Kerala, India
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Orekhova NA, Modorov MV. East Urals Radioactive Trace: Dose-dependent functional-metabolic effects in the myocardium of the pygmy wood mouse (Apodemus uralensis) taking into account population size. J Environ Radioact 2017; 175-176:15-24. [PMID: 28414936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The population dynamics, radiometric data and biochemical parameters (concentrations of total lipids, proteins, DNA and RNA, activity of succinate dehydrogenase, glucose phosphate isomerase and catalase, as well as lipid peroxidation level) in the myocardium of the pygmy wood mouse (Apodemus uralensis Pall., 1811) inhabiting the area of the East Urals Radioactive Trace (EURT) were analyzed. The functional-metabolic radiation effects as a result external and internal exposure to 137Cs and 90Sr (unweighted total dose rate 0.04-0.5 mGy/day) are characterized by a reduction in lipid catabolism, mitochondrial oxidation and antioxidant defense, as well as the activation of anaerobic glycolysis as well as the protein-synthesizing and genetic apparatus. The data indicate the low efficiency of cell energy production and allow us to state that compensatory myocardial hypertrophy can improve myocardial contractile function. The level of the functional-metabolic response in pygmy wood mice in the EURT area increased with increasing whole-body radiation dose rate and was more pronounced with a large pygmy wood mouse population size. The harmful effects (cardiac decompensation stage) of synergies resulting from non-radiation and radiation factors manifest after population abundance above 30 ind./100 trap-day and a radiation burden above 0.1 mGy/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataĺya A Orekhova
- Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Marta street, 202, Ekaterinburg, 620144 Russia.
| | - Makar V Modorov
- Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Marta street, 202, Ekaterinburg, 620144 Russia.
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Pitchaikani JS, Lipton AP. Nutrients and phytoplankton dynamics in the fishing grounds off Tiruchendur coastal waters, Gulf of Mannar, India. Springerplus 2016; 5:1405. [PMID: 27610324 PMCID: PMC4995196 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nutrients and phytoplankton dynamics in the traditional fishing grounds off Tiruchendur coast, Gulf of Mannar, India revealed a clear seasonal trend influenced by prevailing monsoon system in east coast of India. A total of 73 species of phytoplankton were identified from the fishing grounds, revealed higher abundance in summer months compared to other seasons. Among the three stations, maximum phytoplankton abundance was recorded in station 2 followed by stations 1 and 3. The phytoplankton abundance ranged from 2.85 × 10(4) to 6.34 × 10(4) cells/l, with higher and lower value observed during summer and post monsoon season respectively. Chl-a showed similar seasonal trend with phytoplankton abundance and fluctuated from 0.4 to 6.8 mg/m(3) with high concentrates were recorded during summer. Primary productivity was ranged from 13.8 to 28.7 mg, C/m(2)/day with maximum and minimum during summer and monsoon respectively. It was understood from the study, ammonia could be acting as the limiting nutrient for phytoplankton growth, while the role of nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and silicate remained insignificant. At the time of diatom population proliferates there was a drop in the nutrient levels was observed during the study. The water current flowing from north to south during the northeast monsoon, nutrient rich fresh water discharged from Tamirabarani River influencing the nutrient dynamics in the fishing grounds that are ultimately increasing the nutrients concentration during northeast monsoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Selvin Pitchaikani
- Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam, Tamil Nadu India
- Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Project, Institute of Environmental Studies and Wetland Management (IESWM), DD-24, Sector-1, Salt Lake City, Kolkata, West Bengal 700 064 India
| | - A. P. Lipton
- Vizhinjam Research Centre, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Vizhinjam, Kerala 629 251 India
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Januario SM, Estay SA, Labra FA, Lima M. Combining environmental suitability and population abundances to evaluate the invasive potential of the tunicate Ciona intestinalis along the temperate South American coast. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1357. [PMID: 26528417 PMCID: PMC4627925 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tunicate Ciona intestinalis is an opportunistic invader with high potential for causing economic losses in aquaculture centers. Recent phylogenetic and population genetic analysis support the existence of a genetic complex described as C. intestinalis with two main dominant species (sp A and B) occurring worldwide. In Chile, the species has been observed around 30°S of latitude, but no official reports exist for the presence of C. intestinalis in southern regions (above 40°S), where most of the mollusk aquaculture centers are located. Here, we used occurrences from multiple invaded regions and extensive field sampling to model and validate the environmental conditions that allow the species to persist and to find the geographic areas with the most suitable environmental conditions for the spread of C. intestinalis in the Chilean coast. By studying the potential expansion of C. intestinalis southward in the Chilean Coast, we aimed to provide valuable information that might help the development of control plans before the species becomes a significant problem, especially above 40°S. Our results highlight that, by using portions of the habitat that are apparently distinguishable, the species seem to be not only genetically distinct, but ecologically distinct as well. The two regional models fitted for sp A and for sp B showed disagreement on which sections of Chilean coastline are considered more suitable for these species. While the model for sp A identifies moderately to highly suitable areas between 30° and 40°S, the model for sp B classifies the areas around 45°S as the most appropriate. Data from field sampling show a positive linear relationship between density of C. intestinalis and the index of suitability for sp A in aquaculture centers. Understanding the relation of the distinct species with the surrounding environment provided valuable insights about probable routes of dispersion in Chile, especially into those areas considered suitable for aquaculture activities but where the species has not yet been recorded. We discuss the implications of our findings as a useful tool to anticipate the invasion of such harmful invasive species with regard to the most relevant environmental variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella M Januario
- Departamento Ciencias Biologicas y Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad San Sebastián , Valdivia , Chile ; Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Sergio A Estay
- Instituto Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile , Valdivia , Chile ; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Fabio A Labra
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio Climático, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomas , Santiago Region Metropolitana , Chile
| | - Mauricio Lima
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile ; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
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Cruz-Ruiz G, Venegas-Barrera CS, Sanchez-Sanchez H, Manjarrez J. Temporal stability of an endemic Mexican treefrog. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1274. [PMID: 26421242 PMCID: PMC4586808 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The demographic characteristics of an amphibian population fluctuate independently over time, mainly in response to the temporal variation of environmental factors, especially precipitation and temperature. These temporal fluctuations may contribute to the size of an amphibian population and could be used to determine the current conservation status of a species. During a five year (2004–2008) period, we studied the relative abundance, sex ratio, and age-sex structure of a population of metamorphosed individuals of the endemic treefrog Hyla eximia in Central Mexico. We also studied the species’ relationship with climatic variables such as temperature and precipitation. We found an interannual constant abundance during the study period. However, interannual differences were observed in the population structure by age-sex category (males, females, or juveniles), with decreased abundance of males and juveniles during the rainy months (August–November). The annual abundance of H. eximia was positively correlated with rainfall, but negatively with monthly temperature. We found the sex ratio was male-biased (2:1), except for year 2008. Also, differences in snout-vent length (SVL) were found between years, suggesting changes in recruitment of new individuals. We conclude that variations in abundance, and frequencies by age-sex category, of H. eximia are related to seasonal variations in temperature and precipitation characteristics of temperate zones. However, this temporal stability may suggest that anurans have an unusual capacity to persist even in the face of human-induced habitat change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griselda Cruz-Ruiz
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México , Toluca, Estado de México , México
| | - Crystian S Venegas-Barrera
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Victoria , Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas , México
| | - Hermilo Sanchez-Sanchez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México , Toluca, Estado de México , México
| | - Javier Manjarrez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México , Toluca, Estado de México , México
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