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He H, Wang J, Meng Z, Dijkwel PP, Du P, Shi S, Dong Y, Li H, Xie Q. Genome-Wide Analysis of the SRPP/ REF Gene Family in Taraxacum kok-saghyz Provides Insights into Its Expression Patterns in Response to Ethylene and Methyl Jasmonate Treatments. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6864. [PMID: 38999970 PMCID: PMC11241686 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Taraxacum kok-saghyz (TKS) is a model plant and a potential rubber-producing crop for the study of natural rubber (NR) biosynthesis. The precise analysis of the NR biosynthesis mechanism is an important theoretical basis for improving rubber yield. The small rubber particle protein (SRPP) and rubber elongation factor (REF) are located in the membrane of rubber particles and play crucial roles in rubber biosynthesis. However, the specific functions of the SRPP/REF gene family in the rubber biosynthesis mechanism have not been fully resolved. In this study, we performed a genome-wide identification of the 10 TkSRPP and 2 TkREF genes' family members of Russian dandelion and a comprehensive investigation on the evolution of the ethylene/methyl jasmonate-induced expression of the SRPP/REF gene family in TKS. Based on phylogenetic analysis, 12 TkSRPP/REFs proteins were divided into five subclades. Our study revealed one functional domain and 10 motifs in these proteins. The SRPP/REF protein sequences all contain typical REF structural domains and belong to the same superfamily. Members of this family are most closely related to the orthologous species T. mongolicum and share the same distribution pattern of SRPP/REF genes in T. mongolicum and L. sativa, both of which belong to the family Asteraceae. Collinearity analysis showed that segmental duplication events played a key role in the expansion of the TkSRPP/REFs gene family. The expression levels of most TkSRPP/REF members were significantly increased in different tissues of T. kok-saghyz after induction with ethylene and methyl jasmonate. These results will provide a theoretical basis for the selection of candidate genes for the molecular breeding of T. kok-saghyz and the precise resolution of the mechanism of natural rubber production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan He
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Jiayin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Zhuang Meng
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Paul P Dijkwel
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
| | - Pingping Du
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Shandang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Yuxuan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Hongbin Li
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Quanliang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-basin System Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
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Umar AW, Ahmad N, Xu M. Reviving Natural Rubber Synthesis via Native/Large Nanodiscs. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1468. [PMID: 38891415 PMCID: PMC11174458 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural rubber (NR) is utilized in more than 40,000 products, and the demand for NR is projected to reach $68.5 billion by 2026. The primary commercial source of NR is the latex of Hevea brasiliensis. NR is produced by the sequential cis-condensation of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) through a complex known as the rubber transferase (RTase) complex. This complex is associated with rubber particles, specialized organelles for NR synthesis. Despite numerous attempts to isolate, characterize, and study the RTase complex, definitive results have not yet been achieved. This review proposes an innovative approach to overcome this longstanding challenge. The suggested method involves isolating the RTase complex without using detergents, instead utilizing the native membrane lipids, referred to as "natural nanodiscs", and subsequently reconstituting the complex on liposomes. Additionally, we recommend the adaptation of large nanodiscs for the incorporation and reconstitution of the RTase complex, whether it is in vitro transcribed or present within the natural nanodiscs. These techniques show promise as a viable solution to the current obstacles. Based on our experimental experience and insights from published literature, we believe these refined methodologies can significantly enhance our understanding of the RTase complex and its role in in vitro NR synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Wakeel Umar
- BNU-HKUST Laboratory of Green Innovation, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai (BNUZ), Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Naveed Ahmad
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China;
| | - Ming Xu
- BNU-HKUST Laboratory of Green Innovation, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai (BNUZ), Zhuhai 519087, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Carbon Neutrality, Jiangmen Laboratory of Carbon Science and Technology, Jiangmen 529199, China
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Mofidi SSH, Naghavi MR, Sabokdast M, Jariani P, Zargar M, Cornish K. Effect of drought stress on natural rubber biosynthesis and quality in Taraxacum kok-saghyz roots. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295694. [PMID: 38252676 PMCID: PMC10802950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Taraxacum kok-saghyz (TKS) is a potential source of natural rubber (NR) that can be grown in temperate regions with limited water availability. However, the effect of drought stress on NR production and properties in TKS isn't well studied. This study examined how different levels of drought stress (30, 60 and 90%) influenced the NR content, molecular weight (Mw), glass transition temperature (Tg), gene expression, and biochemical parameters in TKS roots. The results showed that drought stress didn't significantly change the NR content, but increased the Mw and the expression of CPT and SRPP genes, which are involved in NR biosynthesis. The NR from TKS roots (TNR) had a high Mw of 994,000 g/mol and a low Tg of below -60°C under normal irrigation, indicating its suitability for industrial applications. Drought stress also triggered the accumulation of proline, H2O2, MDA, and antioxidant enzymes (CAT, APX, GPX) in TKS roots significantly, indicating a drought tolerance mechanism. These findings suggest that TKS can produce high-quality NR under drought stress conditions and provide a sustainable alternative to conventional NR sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Shahab Hedayat Mofidi
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agricultural and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Naghavi
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agricultural and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Agriculture, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Manijeh Sabokdast
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agricultural and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Parisa Jariani
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agricultural and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Meisam Zargar
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Agriculture, RUDN University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Katrina Cornish
- Departments of Horticulture and Crop Science, and Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States of America
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Tan Y, Cao J, Tang C, Liu K. Advances in Genome Sequencing and Natural Rubber Biosynthesis in Rubber-Producing Plants. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:9342-9353. [PMID: 38132431 PMCID: PMC10741621 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45120585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural rubber (cis-1,4-polyisoprene, NR) is an important raw material utilized widely in the manufacturing of medical, agricultural, and industrial products. Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) and several alternative rubber-producing plants (Taraxacum kok-saghyz, Lactuca sativa, and Parthenium argentatum) have the capability to produce high-quality NR. With the progress of genome sequencing, similar rubber biosynthesis pathways have been discovered among different rubber-producing plant species. NR is synthesized and stored in rubber particles, which are specialized organelles comprising a hydrophobic NR core surrounded by a lipid monolayer and membrane-bound proteins. The rubber transferase complex is considered to be the pivotal enzyme involved in catalyzing NR biosynthesis. However, the exact compositions of the RT complex in rubber-producing plants remain elusive and poorly understood. Here, we review the progress of genome sequencing, natural rubber biosynthesis, and the components of the RT complex in rubber-producing plants. We emphasize that identifying the detailed components of the RT complex holds great significance for exploring the mechanism of NR biosynthesis and accelerating molecular breeding in rubber-producing plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchao Tan
- National Key Laboratory for Biological Breeding of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.T.); (J.C.); (C.T.)
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province and Ministry of Education of P.R. China, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jie Cao
- National Key Laboratory for Biological Breeding of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.T.); (J.C.); (C.T.)
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province and Ministry of Education of P.R. China, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Chaorong Tang
- National Key Laboratory for Biological Breeding of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.T.); (J.C.); (C.T.)
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province and Ministry of Education of P.R. China, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Yunnan Institute of Tropical Crops, Xishuangbanna 666100, China
| | - Kaiye Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Biological Breeding of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (Y.T.); (J.C.); (C.T.)
- School of Breeding and Multiplication (Sanya Institute of Breeding and Multiplication), Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province and Ministry of Education of P.R. China, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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Kwon M, Hodgins CL, Salama EM, Dias KR, Parikh A, Mackey AV, Catenza KF, Vederas JC, Ro DK. New insights into natural rubber biosynthesis from rubber-deficient lettuce mutants expressing goldenrod or guayule cis-prenyltransferase. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 239:1098-1111. [PMID: 37247337 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Lettuce produces natural rubber (NR) with an average Mw of > 1 million Da in laticifers, similar to NR from rubber trees. As lettuce is an annual, self-pollinating, and easily transformable plant, it is an excellent model for molecular genetic studies of NR biosynthesis. CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis was optimized using lettuce hairy roots, and NR-deficient lettuce was generated via bi-allelic mutations in cis-prenyltransferase (CPT). This is the first null mutant of NR deficiency in plants. In the CPT mutant, orthologous CPT counterparts from guayule (Parthenium argentatum) and goldenrod (Solidago canadensis) were expressed under a laticifer-specific promoter to examine how the average Mw of NR is affected. No developmental defects were observed in the NR-deficient mutants. The lettuce mutants expressing guayule and goldenrod CPT produced 1.8 and 14.5 times longer NR, respectively, than the plants of their origin. This suggests that, although goldenrod cannot synthesize a sufficiently lengthy NR, goldenrod CPT has the catalytic competence to produce high-quality NR in the cellular context of lettuce laticifers. Thus, CPT alone does not determine the length of NR. Other factors, such as substrate concentration, additional proteins, and/or the nature of protein complexes including CPT-binding proteins, influence CPT activity in determining NR length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonhyuk Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), ABC-RLRC, PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Connor L Hodgins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Eman M Salama
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Kayla R Dias
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Aalap Parikh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Ashlyn V Mackey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Karizza F Catenza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - John C Vederas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Dae-Kyun Ro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
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Kuluev B, Uteulin K, Bari G, Baimukhametova E, Musin K, Chemeris A. Molecular Genetic Research and Genetic Engineering of Taraxacum kok-saghyz L.E. Rodin. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1621. [PMID: 37111845 PMCID: PMC10144037 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Natural rubber (NR) remains an indispensable raw material with unique properties that is used in the manufacture of a large number of products and the global demand for it is growing every year. The only industrially important source of NR is the tropical tree Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A.Juss.) Müll.Arg., thus alternative sources of rubber are required. For the temperate zone, the most suitable source of high quality rubber is the Russian (Kazakh) dandelion Taraxacum kok-saghyz L.E. Rodin (TKS). An obstacle to the widespread industrial cultivation of TKS is its high heterozygosity, poor growth energy, and low competitiveness in the field, as well as inbreeding depression. Rapid cultivation of TKS requires the use of modern technologies of marker-assisted and genomic selection, as well as approaches of genetic engineering and genome editing. This review is devoted to describing the progress in the field of molecular genetics, genomics, and genetic engineering of TKS. Sequencing and annotation of the entire TKS genome made it possible to identify a large number of SNPs, which were subsequently used in genotyping. To date, a total of 90 functional genes have been identified that control the rubber synthesis pathway in TKS. The most important of these proteins are part of the rubber transferase complex and are encoded by eight genes for cis-prenyltransferases (TkCPT), two genes for cis-prenyltransferase-like proteins (TkCPTL), one gene for rubber elongation factor (TkREF), and nine genes for small rubber particle proteins (TkSRPP). In TKS, genes for enzymes of inulin metabolism have also been identified and genome-wide studies of other gene families are also underway. Comparative transcriptomic and proteomic studies of TKS lines with different accumulations of NR are also being carried out, which help to identify genes and proteins involved in the synthesis, regulation, and accumulation of this natural polymer. A number of authors already use the knowledge gained in the genetic engineering of TKS and the main goal of these works is the rapid transformation of the TKS into an economically viable rubber crop. There are no great successes in this area so far, therefore work on genetic transformation and genome editing of TKS should be continued, considering the recent results of genome-wide studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulat Kuluev
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of UFRC RAS, 71 Pr. Oktyabrya, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Kairat Uteulin
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, St. Timiryazev 45, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Gabit Bari
- Laboratory of Microclonal Propagation of Plants, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, St. Valikhanov 137, 050000 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Elvina Baimukhametova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of UFRC RAS, 71 Pr. Oktyabrya, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Khalit Musin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of UFRC RAS, 71 Pr. Oktyabrya, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Alexey Chemeris
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics of UFRC RAS, 71 Pr. Oktyabrya, 450054 Ufa, Russia
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Dong G, Fan M, Wang H, Leng Y, Sun J, Huang J, Zhang H, Yan J. Functional Characterization of TkSRPP Promoter in Response to Hormones and Wounding Stress in Transgenic Tobacco. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12020252. [PMID: 36678964 PMCID: PMC9866153 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Taraxacum kok-saghyz is a model species for studying natural rubber biosynthesis because its root can produce high-quality rubber. Small rubber particle protein (SRPP), a stress-related gene to multiple stress responses, involves in natural rubber biosynthesis. To investigate the transcriptional regulation of the TkSRPP promoter, the full-length promoter PR0 (2188 bp) and its four deletion derivatives, PR1 (1592 bp), PR2 (1274 bp), PR3 (934 bp), and PR4 (450 bp), were fused to β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene and transformed into tobacco. The GUS tissue staining showed that the five promoters distinctly regulated GUS expression utilizing transient transformation of tobacco. The GUS activity driven by a PR0 promoter was detected in transgenic tobacco leaves, stem and roots, suggesting that the TkSRPP promoter was not tissue-specific. Deletion analyses in transgenic tobacco have demonstrated that the PR3 from -934 bp to -450 bp core region responded strongly to the hormones, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), abscisic acid (ABA), and salicylic acid (SA), and also to injury induction. The TkSRPP gene was highly expressed under hormones and wound-induced conditions. This study reveals the regulation pattern of the SRPP promoter, and provides valuable information for studying natural rubber biosynthesis under hormones and wounding stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoquan Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Mengwei Fan
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Hainan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Yadong Leng
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Junting Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Jun Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute of Gardening and Greening, Xinjiang Academy of Forestry Sciences, Urumqi 830000, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jie Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (J.Y.)
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Gutensohn M, Hartzell E, Dudareva N. Another level of complex-ity: The role of metabolic channeling and metabolons in plant terpenoid metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:954083. [PMID: 36035727 PMCID: PMC9399743 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.954083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids constitute one of the largest and most diverse classes of plant metabolites. While some terpenoids are involved in essential plant processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, growth, and development, others are specialized metabolites playing roles in the interaction of plants with their biotic and abiotic environment. Due to the distinct functions and properties of specific terpenoid compounds, there is a growing interest to introduce or modify their production in plants by metabolic engineering for agricultural, pharmaceutical, or industrial applications. The MVA and MEP pathways and the prenyltransferases providing the general precursors for terpenoid formation, as well as the enzymes of the various downstream metabolic pathways leading to the formation of different groups of terpenoid compounds have been characterized in detail in plants. In contrast, the molecular mechanisms directing the metabolic flux of precursors specifically toward one of several potentially competing terpenoid biosynthetic pathways are still not well understood. The formation of metabolons, multi-protein complexes composed of enzymes catalyzing sequential reactions of a metabolic pathway, provides a promising concept to explain the metabolic channeling that appears to occur in the complex terpenoid biosynthetic network of plants. Here we provide an overview about examples of potential metabolons involved in plant terpenoid metabolism that have been recently characterized and the first attempts to utilize metabolic channeling in terpenoid metabolic engineering. In addition, we discuss the gaps in our current knowledge and in consequence the need for future basic and applied research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gutensohn
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Erin Hartzell
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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Downregulation of Squalene Synthase Broadly Impacts Isoprenoid Biosynthesis in Guayule. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040303. [PMID: 35448489 PMCID: PMC9030042 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Production of natural rubber by Parthenium argentaum (guayule) requires increased yield for economic sustainability. An RNAi gene silencing strategy was used to engineer isoprenoid biosynthesis by downregulation of squalene synthase (SQS), such that the pool of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) substrate might instead be available to initiate natural rubber synthesis. Downregulation of SQS resulted in significantly reduced squalene and slightly increased rubber, but not in the same tissues nor to the same extent, partially due to an apparent negative feedback regulatory mechanism that downregulated mevalonate pathway isoprenoid production, presumably associated with excess geranyl pyrophosphate levels. A detailed metabolomics analysis of isoprenoid production in guayule revealed significant differences in metabolism in different tissues, including in active mevalonate and methylerythritol phosphate pathways in stem tissue, where rubber and squalene accumulate. New insights and strategies for engineering isoprenoid production in guayule were identified.
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10
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Composition properties of rubber from parts of Taraxacum Kok-saghyz roots. J RUBBER RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42464-021-00141-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Underwood CJ, Vijverberg K, Rigola D, Okamoto S, Oplaat C, Camp RHMOD, Radoeva T, Schauer SE, Fierens J, Jansen K, Mansveld S, Busscher M, Xiong W, Datema E, Nijbroek K, Blom EJ, Bicknell R, Catanach A, Erasmuson S, Winefield C, van Tunen AJ, Prins M, Schranz ME, van Dijk PJ. A PARTHENOGENESIS allele from apomictic dandelion can induce egg cell division without fertilization in lettuce. Nat Genet 2022; 54:84-93. [PMID: 34992267 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-021-00984-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Apomixis, the clonal formation of seeds, is a rare yet widely distributed trait in flowering plants. We have isolated the PARTHENOGENESIS (PAR) gene from apomictic dandelion that triggers embryo development in unfertilized egg cells. PAR encodes a K2-2 zinc finger, EAR-domain protein. Unlike the recessive sexual alleles, the dominant PAR allele is expressed in egg cells and has a miniature inverted-repeat transposable element (MITE) transposon insertion in the promoter. The MITE-containing promoter can invoke a homologous gene from sexual lettuce to complement dandelion LOSS OF PARTHENOGENESIS mutants. A similar MITE is also present in the promoter of the PAR gene in apomictic forms of hawkweed, suggesting a case of parallel evolution. Heterologous expression of dandelion PAR in lettuce egg cells induced haploid embryo-like structures in the absence of fertilization. Sexual PAR alleles are expressed in pollen, suggesting that the gene product releases a block on embryogenesis after fertilization in sexual species while in apomictic species PAR expression triggers embryogenesis in the absence of fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Underwood
- Keygene N.V., Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Chromosome Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kitty Vijverberg
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Shunsuke Okamoto
- Keygene N.V., Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Takii & Co. Ltd, Plant Breeding and Experiment Station, Konan Shiga, Japan
| | - Carla Oplaat
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- National Reference Centre of Plant Health, National Plant Protection Organization, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Kim Jansen
- Keygene N.V., Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Marco Busscher
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Wei Xiong
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Ross Bicknell
- New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Catanach
- New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Sylvia Erasmuson
- New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research, Lincoln, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | - M Eric Schranz
- Biosystematics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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RNASeq analysis of drought-stressed guayule reveals the role of gene transcription for modulating rubber, resin, and carbohydrate synthesis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21610. [PMID: 34732788 PMCID: PMC8566568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The drought-adapted shrub guayule (Parthenium argentatum) produces rubber, a natural product of major commercial importance, and two co-products with potential industrial use: terpene resin and the carbohydrate fructan. The rubber content of guayule plants subjected to water stress is higher compared to that of well-irrigated plants, a fact consistently reported in guayule field evaluations. To better understand how drought influences rubber biosynthesis at the molecular level, a comprehensive transcriptome database was built from drought-stressed guayule stem tissues using de novo RNA-seq and genome-guided assembly, followed by annotation and expression analysis. Despite having higher rubber content, most rubber biosynthesis related genes were down-regulated in drought-stressed guayule, compared to well-irrigated plants, suggesting post-transcriptional effects may regulate drought-induced rubber accumulation. On the other hand, terpene resin biosynthesis genes were unevenly affected by water stress, implying unique environmental influences over transcriptional control of different terpene compounds or classes. Finally, drought induced expression of fructan catabolism genes in guayule and significantly suppressed these fructan biosynthesis genes. It appears then, that in guayule cultivation, irrigation levels might be calibrated in such a regime to enable tunable accumulation of rubber, resin and fructan.
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Xin S, Hua Y, Li J, Dai X, Yang X, Udayabhanu J, Huang H, Huang T. Comparative analysis of latex transcriptomes reveals the potential mechanisms underlying rubber molecular weight variations between the Hevea brasiliensis clones RRIM600 and Reyan7-33-97. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:244. [PMID: 34051757 PMCID: PMC8164328 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The processabilities and mechanical properties of natural rubber depend greatly on its molecular weight (MW) and molecular weight distribution (MWD). However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of molecular weight during rubber biosynthesis remain unclear. RESULTS In the present study, we determined the MW and particle size of latex from 1-year-old virgin trees and 30-year-old regularly tapped trees of the Hevea clones Reyan7-33-97 and RRIM600. The results showed that both the MW and the particle size of latex varied between these two clones and increased with tree age. Latex from RRIM600 trees had a smaller average particle size than that from Reyan7-33-97 trees of the same age. In 1-year-old trees, the Reyan7-33-97 latex displayed a slightly higher MW than that of RRIM600, whereas in 30-year-old trees, the RRIM600 latex had a significantly higher MW than the Reyan7-33-97 latex. Comparative analysis of the transcriptome profiles indicated that the average rubber particle size is negatively correlated with the expression levels of rubber particle associated proteins, and that the high-MW traits of latex are closely correlated with the enhanced expression of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) monomer-generating pathway genes and downstream allylic diphosphate (APP) initiator-consuming non-rubber pathways. By bioinformatics analysis, we further identified a group of transcription factors that potentially regulate the biosynthesis of IPP. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our results revealed the potential regulatory mechanisms involving gene expression variations in IPP-generating pathways and the non-rubber isoprenoid pathways, which affect the ratios and contents of IPP and APP initiators, resulting in significant rubber MW variations among same-aged trees of the Hevea clones Reyan7-33-97 and RRIM600. Our findings provide a better understanding of rubber biosynthesis and lay the foundation for genetic improvement of rubber quality in H. brasiliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichao Xin
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, P. R. China
| | - Yuwei Hua
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, P. R. China
| | - Ji Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Dai
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, P. R. China
| | - Xianfeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, P. R. China
| | - Jinu Udayabhanu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, P. R. China
| | - Huasun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, P. R. China.
| | - Tiandai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; State Key Laboratory Incubation Base for Cultivation & Physiology of Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, P. R. China.
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14
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Inflorescence Development and Floral Organogenesis in Taraxacum kok-saghyz. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9101258. [PMID: 32987687 PMCID: PMC7650721 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rubber dandelion (Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin; TK) has received attention for its natural rubber content as a strategic biomaterial, and a promising, sustainable, and renewable alternative to synthetic rubber from fossil carbon sources. Extensive research on the domestication and rubber content of TK has demonstrated TK's potential in industrial applications as a relevant natural rubber and latex-producing alternative crop. However, many aspects of its biology have been neglected in published studies. For example, floral development is still poorly characterized. TK inflorescences were studied by scanning electron microscopy. Nine stages of early inflorescence development are proposed, and floral micromorphology is detailed. Individual flower primordia development starts at the periphery and proceeds centripetally in the newly-formed inflorescence meristem. Floral organogenesis begins in the outermost flowers of the capitulum, with corolla ring and androecium formation. Following, pappus primordium-forming a ring around the base of the corolla tube-and gynoecium are observed. The transition from vegetative to inflorescence meristem was observed 21 days after germination. This description of inflorescence and flower development in TK sheds light on the complex process of flowering, pollination, and reproduction. This study will be useful for genetics, breeding, systematics, and development of agronomical practices for this new rubber-producing crop.
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Boguspaev K, Turasheva S, Seilkhanov T, Faleev D, Mutalkhanov M, Portnoy V. Rapid Rubber Extraction and NMR Spectroscopy of Rubber, Extracted from the Endemic Species Scorzonera Tau-Saghyz. EURASIAN CHEMICO-TECHNOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.18321/ectj931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Scorzonera tau-saghyz Lipsch. et G.G. Bosse is an endemic rubber producing plant, growing in mountain regions in South Kazakhstan. The rubber content in plants and the quality of biopolymer has an important impact on industrial rubber production. The results of this study showed that the amount of rubber in S. tau-saghyz roots fluctuates between 7.74% and 38.75%. The amount of synthesized and deposited rubber biopolymer particles depends on various factors such as physiological age of plant, origin, temperature, moisture and environmental conditions. We optimized the extraction method of natural rubber by using n-hexane as a solvent for direct extraction. This method allows extracting the maximum amount of rubber from 3‒4-year-old plants. NMR results show structural links of natural isoprene rubber in the root extract sample. There is a clear relationship between methyl, methine and methylene protons which corresponds to isoprene rubber structure. The samples having strongly marked singlets that are inherent for rubber functional groups confirms the stereospecific structure of rubber. Good solubility of the root extract in deuterated chloroform can characterize the low molecular weight of the polymer. NMR characterization of rubber, extracted from S. tau-saghyz roots, is reported for the first time. Regeneration in vitro provides an important opportunity for endemic preservation by rapidly increasing the number of plants. The best regeneration of adventitious shoots was obtained on MS medium containing 5.5 μM kinetin and 0.5 μM NAA. The plants were successfully acclimatized in a glasshouse with 75% of S. tau-saghyz plantlets, respectively surviving after transfer to ex vitro conditions.
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16
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Benninghaus VA, van Deenen N, Müller B, Roelfs KU, Lassowskat I, Finkemeier I, Prüfer D, Schulze Gronover C. Comparative proteome and metabolome analyses of latex-exuding and non-exuding Taraxacum koksaghyz roots provide insights into laticifer biology. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:1278-1293. [PMID: 31740929 PMCID: PMC7031084 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Taraxacum koksaghyz has been identified as one of the most promising alternative rubber crops. Its high-quality rubber is produced in the latex of laticifers, a specialized cell type that is organized in a network of elongated tubules throughout the entire plant body. In order to gain insights into the physiological role(s) of latex and hence laticifer biology, we examine the effects of barnase-induced latex RNA degradation on the metabolite and protein compositions in the roots. We established high-quality datasets that enabled precise discrimination between cellular and physiological processes in laticifers and non-laticifer cell types of roots at different vegetative stages. We identified numerous latex-specific proteins, including a perilipin-like protein that has not been studied in plants yet. The barnase-expressing plants revealed a phenotype that did not exude latex, which may provide a valuable genetic basis for future studies of plant-environment interactions concerning latex and also help to clarify the evolution and arbitrary distribution of latex throughout the plant kingdom. The overview of temporal changes in composition and protein abundance provided by our data opens the way for a deeper understanding of the molecular interactions, reactions, and network relationships that underlie the different metabolic pathways in the roots of this potential rubber crop.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole van Deenen
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Boje Müller
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, IME, Muenster, Germany
| | - Kai-Uwe Roelfs
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, IME, Muenster, Germany
| | - Ines Lassowskat
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Iris Finkemeier
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Dirk Prüfer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, IME, Muenster, Germany
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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17
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Zhu L, Zheng B, Song W, Li H, Jin X. Evolutionary Analysis of Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase in Five Asteraceae Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:plants9010032. [PMID: 31878291 PMCID: PMC7020201 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-dependent protein kinase (CPK) is crucial in Ca2+ signal transduction, and is a large gene family in plants. In our previous work, we reported Hevea brasiliensis CPKs were important for natural rubber biosynthesis. However, this CPK gene family in other rubber producing plants has not been investigated. Here, we report the CPKs in five representative Asteraceae species, including three rubber-producing and two non-rubber species. A total of 34, 34, 40, 34 and 30 CPKs were identified from Taraxacum koksaghyz, Lactuca sativa, Helianthus annuus, Chrysanthemum nankingense and Cynara cardunculus, respectively. All CPKs were classified into four individual groups (group I to IV). In addition, 10 TkCPKs, 11 LsCPKs, 20 HaCPKs, 13 CnCPKs and 7 CcCPKs duplicated paralogs were identified. Further evolutionary analysis showed that, compared to other subfamilies, the group III had been expanded in the Asteraceae species, especially in the rubber-producing species. Meanwhile, the CPKs in group III from Asteraceae species tend to expand with low calcium binding capacity. This study provides a systematical evolutionary investigation of the CPKs in five representative Asteraceae species, suggesting that the sub-family specific expansion of CPKs might be related to natural rubber producing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (L.Z.); (B.Z.); (W.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Bowen Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (L.Z.); (B.Z.); (W.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Wangyang Song
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (L.Z.); (B.Z.); (W.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Hongbin Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (L.Z.); (B.Z.); (W.S.)
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (X.J.)
| | - Xiang Jin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China; (L.Z.); (B.Z.); (W.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (X.J.)
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18
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Cherian S, Ryu SB, Cornish K. Natural rubber biosynthesis in plants, the rubber transferase complex, and metabolic engineering progress and prospects. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:2041-2061. [PMID: 31150158 PMCID: PMC6790360 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Natural rubber (NR) is a nonfungible and valuable biopolymer, used to manufacture ~50 000 rubber products, including tires and medical gloves. Current production of NR is derived entirely from the para rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). The increasing demand for NR, coupled with limitations and vulnerability of H. brasiliensis production systems, has induced increasing interest among scientists and companies in potential alternative NR crops. Genetic/metabolic pathway engineering approaches, to generate NR-enriched genotypes of alternative NR plants, are of great importance. However, although our knowledge of rubber biochemistry has significantly advanced, our current understanding of NR biosynthesis, the biosynthetic machinery and the molecular mechanisms involved remains incomplete. Two spatially separated metabolic pathways provide precursors for NR biosynthesis in plants and their genes and enzymes/complexes are quite well understood. In contrast, understanding of the proteins and genes involved in the final step(s)-the synthesis of the high molecular weight rubber polymer itself-is only now beginning to emerge. In this review, we provide a critical evaluation of recent research developments in NR biosynthesis, in vitro reconstitution, and the genetic and metabolic pathway engineering advances intended to improve NR content in plants, including H. brasiliensis, two other prospective alternative rubber crops, namely the rubber dandelion and guayule, and model species, such as lettuce. We describe a new model of the rubber transferase complex, which integrates these developments. In addition, we highlight the current challenges in NR biosynthesis research and future perspectives on metabolic pathway engineering of NR to speed alternative rubber crop commercial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Cherian
- Plant Systems Engineering Research CentreKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB)Yuseong‐guDaejeonKorea
- Research & Development CenterDRB Holding Co. LTDBusanKorea
| | - Stephen Beungtae Ryu
- Plant Systems Engineering Research CentreKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB)Yuseong‐guDaejeonKorea
- Department of Biosystems and BioengineeringKRIBB School of BiotechnologyKorea University of Science and Technology (UST)DaejeonKorea
| | - Katrina Cornish
- Department of Horticulture and Crop ScienceThe Ohio State UniversityWoosterOHUSA
- Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityWoosterOHUSA
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19
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Xie Q, Ding G, Zhu L, Yu L, Yuan B, Gao X, Wang D, Sun Y, Liu Y, Li H, Wang X. Proteomic Landscape of the Mature Roots in a Rubber-Producing Grass Taraxacum Kok-saghyz. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102596. [PMID: 31137823 PMCID: PMC6566844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The rubber grass Taraxacum kok-saghyz (TKS) contains large amounts of natural rubber (cis-1,4-polyisoprene) in its enlarged roots and it is an alternative crop source of natural rubber. Natural rubber biosynthesis (NRB) and storage in the mature roots of TKS is a cascade process involving many genes, proteins and their cofactors. The TKS genome has just been annotated and many NRB-related genes have been determined. However, there is limited knowledge about the protein regulation mechanism for NRB in TKS roots. We identified 371 protein species from the mature roots of TKS by combining two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry (MS). Meanwhile, a large-scale shotgun analysis of proteins in TKS roots at the enlargement stage was performed, and 3545 individual proteins were determined. Subsequently, all identified proteins from 2-DE gel and shotgun MS in TKS roots were subject to gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses and most proteins were involved in carbon metabolic process with catalytic activity in membrane-bounded organelles, followed by proteins with binding ability, transportation and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis activities. Fifty-eight NRB-related proteins, including eight small rubber particle protein (SRPP) and two rubber elongation factor(REF) members, were identified from the TKS roots, and these proteins were involved in both mevalonate acid (MVA) and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways. To our best knowledge, it is the first high-resolution draft proteome map of the mature TKS roots. Our proteomics of TKS roots revealed both MVA and MEP pathways are important for NRB, and SRPP might be more important than REF for NRB in TKS roots. These findings would not only deepen our understanding of the TKS root proteome, but also provide new evidence on the roles of these NRB-related proteins in the mature TKS roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanliang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
- Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, Hainan, China.
| | - Guohua Ding
- Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, Hainan, China.
| | - Liping Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
- Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, Hainan, China.
| | - Li Yu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
- Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, Hainan, China.
| | - Boxuan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
- Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, Hainan, China.
| | - Xuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
| | - Dan Wang
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, Hainan, China.
| | - Yong Sun
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, Hainan, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, Hainan, China.
| | - Hongbin Li
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
| | - Xuchu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
- Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, Hainan, China.
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20
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Vanhercke T, Dyer JM, Mullen RT, Kilaru A, Rahman MM, Petrie JR, Green AG, Yurchenko O, Singh SP. Metabolic engineering for enhanced oil in biomass. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 74:103-129. [PMID: 30822461 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The world is hungry for energy. Plant oils in the form of triacylglycerol (TAG) are one of the most reduced storage forms of carbon found in nature and hence represent an excellent source of energy. The myriad of applications for plant oils range across foods, feeds, biofuels, and chemical feedstocks as a unique substitute for petroleum derivatives. Traditionally, plant oils are sourced either from oilseeds or tissues surrounding the seed (mesocarp). Most vegetative tissues, such as leaves and stems, however, accumulate relatively low levels of TAG. Since non-seed tissues constitute the majority of the plant biomass, metabolic engineering to improve their low-intrinsic TAG-biosynthetic capacity has recently attracted significant attention as a novel, sustainable and potentially high-yielding oil production platform. While initial attempts predominantly targeted single genes, recent combinatorial metabolic engineering strategies have focused on the simultaneous optimization of oil synthesis, packaging and degradation pathways (i.e., 'push, pull, package and protect'). This holistic approach has resulted in dramatic, seed-like TAG levels in vegetative tissues. With the first proof of concept hurdle addressed, new challenges and opportunities emerge, including engineering fatty acid profile, translation into agronomic crops, extraction, and downstream processing to deliver accessible and sustainable bioenergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vanhercke
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - John M Dyer
- USDA-ARS, US Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, AZ, USA
| | - Robert T Mullen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Aruna Kilaru
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Md Mahbubur Rahman
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - James R Petrie
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia; Folear, Goulburn, NSW, Australia
| | - Allan G Green
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Olga Yurchenko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Surinder P Singh
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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21
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Junkong P, Matsushima Y, Phakkeeree T, Cornish K, Ikeda Y. INFLUENCE OF STRAIN-INDUCED CRYSTALLIZATION ON STRESS SOFTENING OF SULFUR CROSS-LINKED UNFILLED GUAYULE AND DANDELION NATURAL RUBBERS. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.5254/rct.19.81481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The stress softening behaviors of sulfur cross-linked unfilled guayule natural rubber (S-GR) and sulfur cross-linked unfilled dandelion natural rubber (S-DR) under cyclic deformation were characterized by simultaneous wide angle X-ray diffraction and tensile measurements under cyclic deformation. The behaviors were found to be affected by their strain-induced crystallization (SIC) phenomena and aggregated nonrubber components. The stress softening degree at stretching ratio = 8.0 of S-DR was almost two times larger than that of S-GR. Additionally, the hysteresis loss and residual strain of S-DR were much higher than those of S-GR in the same cycle. The key factors that caused the increase in their degree of stress softening were the increase in average volume and the decrease in average number of strain-induced crystallites upon cyclic deformation, not the insignificant decrease in crystallinity. The breakage of the aggregated nonrubber components is a main origin of stress softening behaviors for S-GR and S-DR because their SIC behaviors also were significantly influenced by the aggregates of nonrubber components in the rubber matrixes. Both the effects of nonrubber components and SIC on stress softening were more dominant in S-DR than in S-GR, probably owing to the larger amount of aggregated nonrubber components in the former than in the latter. The results will be useful in effectively using guayule and dandelion natural rubbers as alternatives to Hevea natural rubber in the rubber industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Junkong
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Research Strategy Promotion Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Y. Matsushima
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - T. Phakkeeree
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - K. Cornish
- Departments of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, and Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Y. Ikeda
- Center for Rubber Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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22
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Men X, Wang F, Chen GQ, Zhang HB, Xian M. Biosynthesis of Natural Rubber: Current State and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:E50. [PMID: 30583567 PMCID: PMC6337083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural rubber is a kind of indispensable biopolymers with great use and strategic importance in human society. However, its production relies almost exclusively on rubber-producing plants Hevea brasiliensis, which have high requirements for growth conditions, and the mechanism of natural rubber biosynthesis remains largely unknown. In the past two decades, details of the rubber chain polymerization and proteins involved in natural rubber biosynthesis have been investigated intensively. Meanwhile, omics and other advanced biotechnologies bring new insight into rubber production and development of new rubber-producing plants. This review summarizes the achievements of the past two decades in understanding the biosynthesis of natural rubber, especially the massive information obtained from the omics analyses. Possibilities of natural rubber biosynthesis in vitro or in genetically engineered microorganisms are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Men
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Fan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao 266101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Hai-Bo Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao 266101, China.
| | - Mo Xian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.189 Songling Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao 266101, China.
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Panara F, Lopez L, Daddiego L, Fantini E, Facella P, Perrotta G. Comparative transcriptomics between high and low rubber producing Taraxacum kok-saghyz R. plants. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:875. [PMID: 30514210 PMCID: PMC6280347 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Taraxacum kok-saghyz R. (Tks) is a promising alternative species to Hevea brasiliensis for production of high quality natural rubber (NR). A comparative transcriptome analysis of plants with differential production of NR will contribute to elucidate which genes are involved in the synthesis, regulation and accumulation of this natural polymer and could help to develop Tks into a rubber crop. Results We measured rubber content in the latex of 90 individual Tks plants from 9 accessions, observing a high degree of variability. We carried out de novo root transcriptome sequencing, assembly, annotation and comparison of gene expression of plants with the lower (LR plants) and the higher rubber content (HR plants). The transcriptome analysis also included one plant that did not expel latex, in principle depleted of latex transcripts. Moreover, the transcription of some genes well known to play a major role in rubber biosynthesis, was probed by qRT-PCR. Our analysis showed a high modulation of genes involved in the synthesis of NR between LR and HR plants, and evidenced that genes involved in sesquiterpenoids, monoterpenoids and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis are upregulated in LR plants. Conclusions Our results show that a higher amount of rubber in the latex in HR plants is positively correlated with high expression levels of a number of genes directly involved in rubber synthesis showing that NR production is highly controlled at transcriptional level. On the other hand, lower amounts of rubber in LR plants is related with higher expression of genes involved in the synthesis of other secondary metabolites that, we hypothesize, may compete towards NR biosynthesis. This dataset represents a fundamental genomic resource for the study of Tks and the comprehension of the synthesis of NR and other biochemically and pharmacologically relevant compounds in the Taraxacum genus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5287-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Panara
- Trisaia Research Center, ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, MT, 75026, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Loredana Lopez
- Trisaia Research Center, ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, MT, 75026, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Loretta Daddiego
- Trisaia Research Center, ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, MT, 75026, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Elio Fantini
- Trisaia Research Center, ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, MT, 75026, Rotondella, Italy
| | - Paolo Facella
- Trisaia Research Center, ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, MT, 75026, Rotondella, Italy.
| | - Gaetano Perrotta
- Trisaia Research Center, ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, MT, 75026, Rotondella, Italy
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24
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Cornish K, Scott DJ, Xie W, Mau CJD, Zheng YF, Liu XH, Prestwich GD. Unusual subunits are directly involved in binding substrates for natural rubber biosynthesis in multiple plant species. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 156:55-72. [PMID: 30195165 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Rubber particles from rubber-producing plant species have many different species-specific proteins bound to their external monolayer biomembranes. To date, identification of those proteins directly involved in enzymatic catalysis of rubber polymerization has not been fully accomplished using solubilization, purification or reconstitution approaches. In an alternative approach, we use several tritiated photoaffinity-labeled benzophenone analogs of the allylic pyrophosphate substrates, required by rubber transferase (RT-ase) to initiate the synthesis of new rubber molecules, to identify the proteins involved in catalysis. Enzymatically-active rubber particles were purified from three phylogenetically-distant rubber producing species, Parthenium argentatum Gray, Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg, and Ficus elastica Roxb., each representing a different Superorder of the Dicotyledonae. Geranyl pyrophosphate with the benzophenone in the para position (Bz-GPP(p)) was the most active initiator of rubber biosynthesis in all three species. When rubber particles were exposed to ultra-violet radiation, 95% of RT-ase activity was eliminated in the presence of 50 μΜ Bz-GPP(p), compared to only 50% of activity in the absence of this analog. 3H-Bz-GPP(p) then was used to label and identify the proteins involved in substrate binding and these proteins were characterized electrophoretically. In all three species, three distinct proteins were labeled, one very large protein and two very small proteins, as follows: P. argentatum 287,000, 3,990, and 1,790 Da; H. brasiliensis 241,000, 3,650 and 1,600 Da; F. elastica 360,000, 3,900 and 1,800 Da. The isoelectric points of the P. argentatum proteins were 7.6 for the 287,000 Da, 10.4 for the 3,990 Da and 3.5 for the 1,790 Da proteins, and of the F. elastica proteins were 7.7 for the 360,000 Da, 6,0 for the 3,900 Da, and 11.0 for the 1,800 Da proteins. H. brasiliensis protein pI values were not determined. Additional analysis indicated that the three proteins are components of a membrane-bound complex and that the ratio of each small protein to the large one is 3:1, and the large protein exists as a dimer. Also, the large proteins are membrane bound whereas both small proteins are strongly associated with the large proteins, rather than to the rubber particle proteolipid membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Cornish
- USDA-ARS Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA; Center of Applied Plant Sciences, Institute of Materials Research, Institute of Humanitarian Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, USA.
| | - Deborah J Scott
- USDA-ARS Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Wenshuang Xie
- USDA-ARS Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Christopher J D Mau
- USDA-ARS Western Regional Research Center, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA
| | - Yi Feng Zheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Utah, South 2000 East, Rm. 307, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Xiao-Hui Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Utah, South 2000 East, Rm. 307, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Glenn D Prestwich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Utah, South 2000 East, Rm. 307, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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25
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Hathwaik U, Lin JT, McMahan C. Molecular species of triacylglycerols in the rubber particles of Parthenium argentatum and Hevea brasiliensis. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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26
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Deng X, Guo D, Yang S, Shi M, Chao J, Li H, Peng S, Tian W. Jasmonate signalling in the regulation of rubber biosynthesis in laticifer cells of rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:3559-3571. [PMID: 29726901 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Rubber trees are the world's major source of natural rubber. Rubber-containing latex is obtained from the laticifer cells of the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) via regular tapping. Rubber biosynthesis is a typical isoprenoid metabolic process in the laticifer cells; however, little is known about the positive feedback regulation caused by the loss of latex that occurs through tapping. In this study, we demonstrate the crucial role of jasmonate signalling in this feedback regulation. The endogenous levels of jasmonate, the expression levels of rubber biosynthesis-related genes, and the efficiency of in vitro rubber biosynthesis were found to be significantly higher in laticifer cells of regularly tapped trees than those of virgin (i.e. untapped) trees. Application of methyl jasmonate had similar effects to latex harvesting in up-regulating the rubber biosynthesis-related genes and enhancing rubber biosynthesis. The specific jasmonate signalling module in laticifer cells was identified as COI1-JAZ3-MYC2. Its activation was associated with enhanced rubber biosynthesis via up-regulation of the expression of a farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase gene and a small rubber particle protein gene. The increase in the corresponding proteins, especially that of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, probably contributes to the increased efficiency of rubber biosynthesis. To our knowledge, this is the first study to reveal a jasmonate signalling pathway in the regulation of rubber biosynthesis in laticifer cells. The identification of the specific jasmonate signalling module in the laticifer cells of the rubber tree may provide a basis for genetic improvement of rubber yield potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Deng
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree/State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Cultivation and Physiology for Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan, China
| | - Dong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Shuguang Yang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree/State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Cultivation and Physiology for Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan, China
| | - Minjing Shi
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree/State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Cultivation and Physiology for Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan, China
| | - Jinquan Chao
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree/State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Cultivation and Physiology for Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan, China
| | - Huiliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Shiqing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Weimin Tian
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree/State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Cultivation and Physiology for Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, Hainan, China
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27
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Amerik AY, Martirosyan YT, Gachok IV. Regulation of Natural Rubber Biosynthesis by Proteins Associated with Rubber Particles. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s106816201801003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Laibach N, Schmidl S, Müller B, Bergmann M, Prüfer D, Schulze Gronover C. Small rubber particle proteins from Taraxacum brevicorniculatum promote stress tolerance and influence the size and distribution of lipid droplets and artificial poly(cis-1,4-isoprene) bodies. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:1045-1061. [PMID: 29377321 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Natural rubber biosynthesis occurs on rubber particles, i.e. organelles resembling small lipid droplets localized in the laticifers of latex-containing plant species, such as Hevea brasiliensis and Taraxacum brevicorniculatum. The latter expresses five small rubber particle protein (SRPP) isoforms named TbSRPP1-5, the most abundant proteins in rubber particles. These proteins maintain particle stability and are therefore necessary for rubber biosynthesis. TbSRPP1-5 were transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana protoplasts and the proteins were found to be localized on lipid droplets and in the endoplasmic reticulum, with TbSRPP1 and TbSRPP3 also present in the cytosol. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation confirmed pairwise interactions between all proteins except TbSRPP2. The corresponding genes showed diverse expression profiles in young T. brevicorniculatum plants exposed to abiotic stress, and all except TbSRPP4 and TbSRPP5 were upregulated. Young Arabidopsis thaliana plants that overexpressed TbSRPP2 and TbSRPP3 tolerated drought stress better than wild-type plants. Furthermore, we used rubber particle extracts and standards to investigate the affinity of the TbSRPPs for different phospholipids, revealing a preference for negatively charged head groups and 18:2/16:0 fatty acid chains. This finding may explain the effect of TbSRPP3-5 on the dispersity of artificial poly(cis-1,4-isoprene) bodies and on the lipid droplet distribution we observed in N. benthamiana leaves. Our data provide insight into the assembly of TbSRPPs on rubber particles, their role in rubber particle structure, and the link between rubber biosynthesis and lipid droplet-associated stress responses, suggesting that SRPPs form the basis of evolutionarily conserved intracellular complexes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Laibach
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Sina Schmidl
- University of Muenster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Boje Müller
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Maike Bergmann
- University of Muenster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Dirk Prüfer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
- University of Muenster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Schulze Gronover
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Münster, Germany
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Cloning and Aggregation Characterization of Rubber Elongation Factor and Small Rubber Particle Protein from Ficus carica. Mol Biotechnol 2017; 60:83-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-017-0051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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De novo Transcriptome Sequencing of MeJA-Induced Taraxacum koksaghyz Rodin to Identify Genes Related to Rubber Formation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15697. [PMID: 29146946 PMCID: PMC5691164 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14890-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increase in the consumption of natural rubber (NR) has necessitated the identification of alternative sources of NR. The quality of NR produced by Taraxacum koksaghyz Rodin (TKS) is comparable to that from Hevea brasiliensis (H.brasiliensis), and therefore, TKS is being considered as an alternative source of NR. Here, we sequenced the TKS root transcriptome after wild TKS seedlings were treated with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) for 0, 6, and 24 h. The clean reads generated for each experimental line were assembled into 127,833 unigenes. The Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway prediction suggested that methyl jasmonate regulated secondary metabolism in TKS. Differential expression analysis showed that the expression of HMGCR, FPPS, IDI, GGPPS, and REF/SRPP increased with methyl jasmonate treatment. Interestingly, differential expression analysis of the jasmonate (JA)-related transcription factors (TFs), indicated that certain genes encoding these transcription factors (namely, bHLH, MYB, AP2/EREBP, and WRKY) showed the same expression pattern in the lines treated for 6 h and 24 h. Moreover, HMGCR was up-regulated in the transgenic seedlings overexpressing DREB. We predicted that methyl jasmonate regulated secondary metabolism and affected rubber biosynthesis via the interaction of the JA-related TFs with genes associated with rubber biosynthesis in TKS.
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31
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Wadeesirisak K, Castano S, Berthelot K, Vaysse L, Bonfils F, Peruch F, Rattanaporn K, Liengprayoon S, Lecomte S, Bottier C. Rubber particle proteins REF1 and SRPP1 interact differently with native lipids extracted from Hevea brasiliensis latex. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:201-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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32
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Zhi Y, Taylor MC, Campbell PM, Warden AC, Shrestha P, El Tahchy A, Rolland V, Vanhercke T, Petrie JR, White RG, Chen W, Singh SP, Liu Q. Comparative Lipidomics and Proteomics of Lipid Droplets in the Mesocarp and Seed Tissues of Chinese Tallow ( Triadica sebifera). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1339. [PMID: 28824675 PMCID: PMC5541829 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are composed of a monolayer of phospholipids (PLs), surrounding a core of non-polar lipids that consist mostly of triacylglycerols (TAGs) and to a lesser extent diacylglycerols. In this study, lipidome analysis illustrated striking differences in non-polar lipids and PL species between LDs derived from Triadica sebifera seed kernels and mesocarp. In mesocarp LDs, the most abundant species of TAG contained one C18:1 and two C16:0 and fatty acids, while TAGs containing three C18 fatty acids with higher level of unsaturation were dominant in the seed kernel LDs. This reflects the distinct differences in fatty acid composition of mesocarp (palmitate-rich) and seed-derived oil (α-linoleneate-rich) in T. sebifera. Major PLs in seed LDs were found to be rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, in contrast to those with relatively shorter carbon chain and lower level of unsaturation in mesocarp LDs. The LD proteome analysis in T. sebifera identified 207 proteins from mesocarp, and 54 proteins from seed kernel, which belong to various functional classes including lipid metabolism, transcription and translation, trafficking and transport, cytoskeleton, chaperones, and signal transduction. Oleosin and lipid droplets associated proteins (LDAP) were found to be the predominant proteins associated with LDs in seed and mesocarp tissues, respectively. We also show that LDs appear to be in close proximity to a number of organelles including the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and Golgi apparatus. This comparative study between seed and mesocarp LDs may shed some light on the structure of plant LDs and improve our understanding of their functionality and cellular metabolic networks in oleaginous plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- CSIRO Agriculture and FoodCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wenli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Wenli Chen
| | | | - Qing Liu
- CSIRO Agriculture and FoodCanberra, ACT, Australia
- Qing Liu
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AtSRP1, SMALL RUBBER PARTICLE PROTEIN HOMOLOG, functions in pollen growth and development in Arabidopsis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 475:223-9. [PMID: 27208780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To identify novel roles of SMALL RUBBER PARTICLE PROTEIN Homolog in the non-rubber-producing plant Arabidopsis (AtSRP1), we isolated a T-DNA-insertion knock-out mutant (FLAG_543A05) and investigated its functional characteristics. AtSRP1 is predominantly expressed in reproductive organs and is localized to lipid droplets and ER. Compared to wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis, atsrp1 plants contain small siliques with a reduced number of heterogeneously shaped seeds. The size of anther and pollen grains in atsrp1 is highly irregular, with a lower grain number than WT. Therefore, AtSRP1 plays a novel role related to pollen growth and development in a non-rubber-producing plant.
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34
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Wang S, Liu J, Wu Y, You Y, He J, Zhang J, Zhang L, Dong Y. Micromorphological characterization and label-free quantitation of small rubber particle protein in natural rubber latex. Anal Biochem 2016; 499:34-42. [PMID: 26844871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Commercial natural rubber is traditionally supplied by Hevea brasiliensis, but now there is a big energy problem because of the limited resource and increasing demand. Intensive study of key rubber-related substances is urgently needed for further research of in vitro biosynthesis of natural rubber. Natural rubber is biosynthesized on the surface of rubber particles. A membrane protein called small rubber particle protein (SRPP) is a key protein associated closely with rubber biosynthesis; however, SRPP in different plants has been only qualitatively studied, and there are no quantitative reports so far. In this work, H. brasiliensis was chosen as a model plant. The microscopic distribution of SRPP on the rubber particles during the washing process was investigated by transmission electron microscopy-immunogold labeling. A label-free surface plasmon resonance (SPR) immunosensor was developed to quantify SRPP in H. brasiliensis for the first time. The immunosensor was then used to rapidly detect and analyze SRPP in dandelions and prickly lettuce latex samples. The label-free SPR immunosensor can be a desirable tool for rapid quantitation of the membrane protein SRPP, with excellent assay efficiency, high sensitivity, and high specificity. The method lays the foundation for further study of the functional relationship between SRPP and natural rubber content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxia Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yawen You
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyi He
- Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jichuan Zhang
- Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyang Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China.
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35
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McAssey EV, Gudger EG, Zuellig MP, Burke JM. Population Genetics of the Rubber-Producing Russian Dandelion (Taraxacum kok-saghyz). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146417. [PMID: 26727474 PMCID: PMC4703197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Russian dandelion, Taraxacum kok-saghyz (TKS), is a perennial species native to Central Asia that produces high quality, natural rubber. Despite its potential to help maintain a stable worldwide rubber supply, little is known about genetic variation in this species. To facilitate future germplasm improvement efforts, we developed simple-sequence repeat (SSR) markers from available expressed-sequence tag (EST) data and used them to investigate patterns of population genetic diversity in this nascent crop species. We identified numerous SSRs (1,510 total) in 1,248 unigenes from a larger set of 6,960 unigenes (derived from 16,441 ESTs) and designed PCR primers targeting 767 of these loci. Screening of a subset of 192 of these primer pairs resulted in the identification of 48 pairs that appeared to produce single-locus polymorphisms. We then used the most reliable 17 of these primer pairs to genotype 176 individuals from 17 natural TKS populations. We observed an average of 4.8 alleles per locus with population-level expected heterozygosities ranging from 0.28 to 0.50. An average pairwise FST of 0.11 indicated moderate but statistically significant levels of genetic differentiation, though there was no clear geographic patterning to this differentiation. We also tested these 17 primer pairs in the widespread common dandelion, T. officinale, and a majority successfully produced apparently single-locus amplicons. This result demonstrates the potential utility of these markers for genetic analyses in other species in the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward V. McAssey
- University of Georgia, Department of Plant Biology, Miller Plant Sciences Building, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
| | - Ethan G. Gudger
- University of Georgia, Department of Plant Biology, Miller Plant Sciences Building, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
| | - Matthew P. Zuellig
- University of Georgia, Department of Genetics, Davidson Life Sciences Building, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
| | - John M. Burke
- University of Georgia, Department of Plant Biology, Miller Plant Sciences Building, Athens, GA 30602, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kwon M, Kwon EJ, Ro D. cis-Prenyltransferase and Polymer Analysis from a Natural Rubber Perspective. Methods Enzymol 2016; 576:121-45. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Chakrabarty R, Qu Y, Ro DK. Silencing the lettuce homologs of small rubber particle protein does not influence natural rubber biosynthesis in lettuce (Lactuca sativa). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 113:121-9. [PMID: 25553584 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Natural rubber, cis-1,4-polyisoprene, is an important raw material in chemical industries, but its biosynthetic mechanism remains elusive. Natural rubber is known to be synthesized in rubber particles suspended in laticifer cells in the Brazilian rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). In the rubber tree, rubber elongation factor (REF) and its homolog, small rubber particle protein (SRPP), were found to be the most abundant proteins in rubber particles, and they have been implicated in natural rubber biosynthesis. As lettuce (Lactuca sativa) can synthesize natural rubber, we utilized this annual, transformable plant to examine in planta roles of the lettuce REF/SRPP homologs by RNA interference. Among eight lettuce REF/SRPP homologs identified, transcripts of two genes (LsSRPP4 and LsSRPP8) accounted for more than 90% of total transcripts of REF/SRPP homologs in lettuce latex. LsSRPP4 displays a typical primary protein sequence as other REF/SRPP, while LsSRPP8 is twice as long as LsSRPP4. These two major LsSRPP transcripts were individually and simultaneously silenced by RNA interference, and relative abundance, polymer molecular weight, and polydispersity of natural rubber were analyzed from the LsSRPP4- and LsSRPP8-silenced transgenic lettuce. Despite previous data suggesting the implications of REF/SRPP in natural rubber biosynthesis, qualitative and quantitative alterations of natural rubber could not be observed in transgenic lettuce lines. It is concluded that lettuce REF/SRPP homologs are not critically important proteins in natural rubber biosynthesis in lettuce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romit Chakrabarty
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Yang Qu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Dae-Kyun Ro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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Laibach N, Hillebrand A, Twyman RM, Prüfer D, Schulze Gronover C. Identification of a Taraxacum brevicorniculatum rubber elongation factor protein that is localized on rubber particles and promotes rubber biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 82:609-20. [PMID: 25809497 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Two protein families required for rubber biosynthesis in Taraxacum brevicorniculatum have recently been characterized, namely the cis-prenyltransferases (TbCPTs) and the small rubber particle proteins (TbSRPPs). The latter were shown to be the most abundant proteins on rubber particles, where rubber biosynthesis takes place. Here we identified a protein designated T. brevicorniculatum rubber elongation factor (TbREF) by using mass spectrometry to analyze rubber particle proteins. TbREF is homologous to the TbSRPPs but has a molecular mass that is atypical for the family. The promoter was shown to be active in laticifers, and the protein itself was localized on the rubber particle surface. In TbREF-silenced plants generated by RNA interference, the rubber content was significantly reduced, correlating with lower TbCPT protein levels and less TbCPT activity in the latex. However, the molecular mass of the rubber was not affected by TbREF silencing. The colloidal stability of rubber particles isolated from TbREF-silenced plants was also unchanged. This was not surprising because TbREF depletion did not affect the abundance of TbSRPPs, which are required for rubber particle stability. Our findings suggest that TbREF is an important component of the rubber biosynthesis machinery in T. brevicorniculatum, and may play a role in rubber particle biogenesis and influence rubber production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Laibach
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schlossplatz 8, Münster, 48143, Germany
| | - Andrea Hillebrand
- Westphalian Wilhelms University of Münster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, Münster, 48143, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Prüfer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Schlossplatz 8, Münster, 48143, Germany
- Westphalian Wilhelms University of Münster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, Münster, 48143, Germany
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Berthelot K, Lecomte S, Estevez Y, Peruch F. Hevea brasiliensis REF (Hev b 1) and SRPP (Hev b 3): An overview on rubber particle proteins. Biochimie 2014; 106:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Laibach N, Post J, Twyman RM, Gronover CS, Prüfer D. The characteristics and potential applications of structural lipid droplet proteins in plants. J Biotechnol 2014; 201:15-27. [PMID: 25160916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Plant cytosolic lipid droplets are storage organelles that accumulate hydrophobic molecules. They are found in many tissues and their general structure includes an outer lipid monolayer with integral and associated proteins surrounding a hydrophobic core. Two distinct types can be distinguished, which we define here as oleosin-based lipid droplets (OLDs) and non-oleosin-based lipid droplets (NOLDs). OLDs are the best characterized lipid droplets in plants. They are primarily restricted to seeds and other germinative tissues, their surface is covered with oleosin-family proteins to maintain stability, they store triacylglycerols (TAGs) and they are used as a source of energy (and possibly signaling molecules) during the germination of seeds and pollen. Less is known about NOLDs. They are more abundant than OLDs and are distributed in many tissues, they accumulate not only TAGs but also other hydrophobic molecules such as natural rubber, and the structural proteins that stabilize them are unrelated to oleosins. In many species these proteins are members of the rubber elongation factor superfamily. NOLDs are not typically used for energy storage but instead accumulate hydrophobic compounds required for environmental interactions such as pathogen defense. There are many potential applications of NOLDs including the engineering of lipid production in plants and the generation of artificial oil bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Laibach
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany.
| | - Janina Post
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany.
| | | | - Christian Schulze Gronover
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany.
| | - Dirk Prüfer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany; Westphalian Wilhelms-University of Münster, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany.
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Post J, Eisenreich W, Huber C, Twyman RM, Prüfer D, Schulze Gronover C. Establishment of an ex vivo laticifer cell suspension culture from Taraxacum brevicorniculatum as a production system for cis-isoprene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Qiu J, Sun S, Luo S, Zhang J, Xiao X, Zhang L, Wang F, Liu S. Arabidopsis AtPAP1 transcription factor induces anthocyanin production in transgenic Taraxacum brevicorniculatum. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:669-80. [PMID: 24556963 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1585-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study developed a new purple coloured Taraxacum brevicorniculatum plant through genetic transformation using the Arabidopsis AtPAP1 gene, which overproduced anthocyanins in its vegetative tissues. Rubber-producing Taraxacum plants synthesise high-quality natural rubber (NR) in their roots and so are a promising alternative global source of this raw material. A major factor in its commercialization is the need for multipurpose exploitation of the whole plant. To add value to the aerial tissues, red/purple plants of the rubber-producing Taraxacum brevicorniculatum species were developed through heterologous expression of the production of anthocyanin pigment 1 (AtPAP1) transcription factor from Arabidopsis thaliana. The vegetative tissue of the transgenic plants showed an average of a 48-fold increase in total anthocyanin content over control levels, but with the exception of pigmentation, the transgenic plants were phenotypically comparable to controls and displayed similar growth vigor. Southern blot analysis confirmed that the AtPAP1 gene had been integrated into the genome of the high anthocyanin Taraxacum plants. The AtPAP1 expression levels were estimated by quantitative real-time PCR and were highly correlated with the levels of total anthocyanins in five independent transgenic lines. High levels of three cyanidin glycosides found in the purple plants were characterized by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrum analysis. The presence of NR was verified by NMR and infrared spectroscopy, and confirmed that NR biosynthesis had not been affected in the transgenic Taraxacum lines. In addition, other major phenylpropanoid products such as chlorogenic acid and quercetin glycosides were also enhanced in the transgenic Taraxacum. The red/purple transgenic Taraxacum lines described in this study would increase the future application of the species as a rubber-producing crop due to its additional health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Qiu
- The Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan, China
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Homologous Hevea brasiliensis REF (Hevb1) and SRPP (Hevb3) present different auto-assembling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1844:473-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Immobilization of the proteins in the natural rubber with dialdehyde sodium alginate. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 98:1360-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Horn PJ, James CN, Gidda SK, Kilaru A, Dyer JM, Mullen RT, Ohlrogge JB, Chapman KD. Identification of a new class of lipid droplet-associated proteins in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 162:1926-36. [PMID: 23821652 PMCID: PMC3729771 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.222455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets in plants (also known as oil bodies, lipid bodies, or oleosomes) are well characterized in seeds, and oleosins, the major proteins associated with their surface, were shown to be important for stabilizing lipid droplets during seed desiccation and rehydration. However, lipid droplets occur in essentially all plant cell types, many of which may not require oleosin-mediated stabilization. The proteins associated with the surface of nonseed lipid droplets, which are likely to influence the formation, stability, and turnover of this compartment, remain to be elucidated. Here, we have combined lipidomic, proteomic, and transcriptomic studies of avocado (Persea americana) mesocarp to identify two new lipid droplet-associated proteins, which we named LDAP1 and LDAP2. These proteins are highly similar to each other and also to the small rubber particle proteins that accumulate in rubber-producing plants. An Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) homolog to LDAP1 and LDAP2, At3g05500, was localized to the surface of lipid droplets after transient expression in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cells that were induced to accumulate triacylglycerols. We propose that small rubber particle protein-like proteins are involved in the general process of binding and perhaps the stabilization of lipid-rich particles in the cytosol of plant cells and that the avocado and Arabidopsis protein members reveal a new aspect of the cellular machinery that is involved in the packaging of triacylglycerols in plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Horn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (P.J.H., C.N.J., K.D.C.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., R.T.M.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614 (A.K.)
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (J.M.D.); and
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (A.K., J.B.O.)
| | - Christopher N. James
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (P.J.H., C.N.J., K.D.C.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., R.T.M.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614 (A.K.)
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (J.M.D.); and
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (A.K., J.B.O.)
| | - Satinder K. Gidda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (P.J.H., C.N.J., K.D.C.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., R.T.M.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614 (A.K.)
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (J.M.D.); and
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (A.K., J.B.O.)
| | - Aruna Kilaru
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (P.J.H., C.N.J., K.D.C.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., R.T.M.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614 (A.K.)
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (J.M.D.); and
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (A.K., J.B.O.)
| | - John M. Dyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (P.J.H., C.N.J., K.D.C.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., R.T.M.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614 (A.K.)
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (J.M.D.); and
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (A.K., J.B.O.)
| | - Robert T. Mullen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (P.J.H., C.N.J., K.D.C.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., R.T.M.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614 (A.K.)
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (J.M.D.); and
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (A.K., J.B.O.)
| | - John B. Ohlrogge
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Plant Lipid Research, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (P.J.H., C.N.J., K.D.C.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (S.K.G., R.T.M.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614 (A.K.)
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, United States Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Maricopa, Arizona 85138 (J.M.D.); and
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 (A.K., J.B.O.)
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Fricke J, Hillebrand A, Twyman RM, Prüfer D, Schulze Gronover C. Abscisic Acid-Dependent Regulation of Small Rubber Particle Protein Gene Expression in Taraxacum brevicorniculatum is Mediated by TbbZIP1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 54:448-64. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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