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Pretzler M, Rompel A. Mushroom Tyrosinase: Six Isoenzymes Catalyzing Distinct Reactions. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400050. [PMID: 38386893 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
"Mushroom tyrosinase" from the common button mushroom is the most frequently used source of tyrosinase activity, both for basic and applied research. Here, the complete tyrosinase family from Agaricus bisporus var. bisporus (abPPO1-6) was cloned from mRNA and expressed heterologously using a single protocol. All six isoenzymes accept a wide range of phenolic and catecholic substrates, but display pronounced differences in their specificity and enzymatic reaction rate. AbPPO3 ignores γ-l-glutaminyl-4-hydroxybenzene (GHB), a natural phenol present in mM concentrations in A. bisporus, while AbPPO4 processes 100 μM GHB at 4-times the rate of the catechol l-DOPA. All six AbPPOs are biochemically distinct enzymes fit for different roles in the fungal life cycle, which challenges the traditional concept of isoenzymes as catalyzing the same physiological reaction and varying only in secondary properties. Transferring this approach to other enzymes and organisms will greatly stimulate both the study of the in vivo function(s) of enzymes and the application of these highly efficient catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Pretzler
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090, Wien, Austria
| | - Annette Rompel
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090, Wien, Austria
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Cherubino Ribeiro TH, de Oliveira RR, das Neves TT, Santiago WD, Mansur BL, Saczk AA, Vilela de Resende ML, Chalfun-Junior A. Metabolic Pathway Reconstruction Indicates the Presence of Important Medicinal Compounds in Coffea Such as L-DOPA. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12466. [PMID: 37569839 PMCID: PMC10419165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of transcriptomic data to make inferences about plant metabolomes is a useful tool to help the discovery of important compounds in the available biodiversity. To unveil previously undiscovered metabolites of Coffea, of phytotherapeutic and economic value, we employed 24 RNAseq libraries. These libraries were sequenced from leaves exposed to a diverse range of environmental conditions. Subsequently, the data were meticulously processed to create models of putative metabolic networks, which shed light on the production of potential natural compounds of significant interest. Then, we selected one of the predicted compounds, the L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), to be analyzed by LC-MS/MS using three biological replicates of flowers, leaves, and fruits from Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora. We were able to identify metabolic pathways responsible for producing several compounds of economic importance. One of the identified pathways involved in isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis was found to be active and producing L-DOPA, which is a common product of POLYPHENOL OXIDASES (PPOs, EC 1.14.18.1 and EC 1.10.3.1). We show that coffee plants are a natural source of L-DOPA, a widely used medicine for treatment of the human neurodegenerative condition called Parkinson's disease. In addition, dozens of other compounds with medicinal significance were predicted as potential natural coffee products. By further refining analytical chemistry techniques, it will be possible to enhance the characterization of coffee metabolites, enabling a deeper understanding of their properties and potential applications in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thales Henrique Cherubino Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Plant Physiology Sector, Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-000, Brazil; (T.H.C.R.); (R.R.d.O.)
| | - Raphael Ricon de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Plant Physiology Sector, Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-000, Brazil; (T.H.C.R.); (R.R.d.O.)
| | - Taís Teixeira das Neves
- Plant Physiology Sector, Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-000, Brazil;
| | - Wilder Douglas Santiago
- National Institute of Coffee Science and Technology (INCT-CAFÉ), Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-000, Brazil;
| | - Bethania Leite Mansur
- Multiuser Instrumental Analysis Laboratory (LabMAI), Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-000, Brazil;
| | - Adelir Aparecida Saczk
- Analytical and Electroanalytical Laboratory (LAE), Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-000, Brazil;
| | | | - Antonio Chalfun-Junior
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Plant Physiology Sector, Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-000, Brazil; (T.H.C.R.); (R.R.d.O.)
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Iriarte-Mesa C, Pretzler M, von Baeckmann C, Kählig H, Krachler R, Rompel A, Kleitz F. Immobilization of Agaricus bisporus Polyphenol Oxidase 4 on mesoporous silica: Towards mimicking key enzymatic processes in peat soils. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 646:413-425. [PMID: 37207423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.04.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The use of immobilized enzyme-type biocatalysts to mimic specific processes in soil can be considered one of the most promising alternatives to overcome the difficulties behind the structural elucidation of riverine humic-derived iron-complexes. Herein, we propose that the immobilization of the functional mushroom tyrosinase, Agaricus bisporus Polyphenol Oxidase 4 (AbPPO4) on mesoporous SBA-15-type silica could contribute to the study of small aquatic humic ligands such as phenols. EXPERIMENTS The silica support was functionalized with amino-groups in order to investigate the impact of surface charge on the tyrosinase loading efficiency as well as on the catalytic performance of adsorbed AbPPO4. The oxidation of various phenols was catalyzed by the AbPPO4-loaded bioconjugates, yielding high levels of conversion and confirming the retention of enzyme activity after immobilization. The structures of the oxidized products were elucidated by integrating chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. We also evaluated the stability of the immobilized enzyme over a wide range of pH values, temperatures, storage-times and sequential catalytic cycles. FINDINGS This is the first report where the latent AbPPO4 is confined within silica mesopores. The improved catalytic performance of the adsorbed AbPPO4 shows the potential use of these silica-based mesoporous biocatalysts for the preparation of a column-type bioreactor for in situ identification of soil samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Iriarte-Mesa
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry - Functional Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Pretzler
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria; www.bpc.univie.ac.at
| | - Cornelia von Baeckmann
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry - Functional Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, and Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hanspeter Kählig
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Regina Krachler
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Annette Rompel
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria; www.bpc.univie.ac.at.
| | - Freddy Kleitz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry - Functional Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Huang Y, Gao C, Song W, Wei W, Chen X, Gao C, Liu J, Wu J, Liu L. Improving Theaflavin-3,3'-digallate Production Efficiency Optimization by Transition State Conformation of Polyphenol Oxidase. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093831. [PMID: 37175239 PMCID: PMC10179947 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Theaflavins (TFs) are good for health because of their bioactivities. Enzymatic synthesis of TFs has garnered much attention; however, the source and activity of the enzymes needed limit their wide application. In this study, a microbial polyphenol oxidase from Bacillus megaterium was screened for the synthesis of theaflavin-3,3'-digallate (TFDG). Based on structural and mechanistic analyses of the enzyme, the O-O bond dissociation was identified as the rate-determining step. To address this issue, a transition state (TS) conformation optimization strategy was adopted to stabilize the spatial conformation of the O-O bond dissociation, which improved the catalytic efficiency of tyrosinase. Under the optimum transformation conditions of pH 4.0, temperature 25 °C, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate/epicatechin gallate molar ratio of 2:1, and time of 30 min, Mu4 (BmTyrV218A/R209S) produced 960.36 mg/L TFDG with a 44.22% conversion rate, which was 6.35-fold higher than that of the wild type. Thus, the method established has great potential in the synthesis of TFDG and other TFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- School of Food Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 233100, China
| | - Changzheng Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wei Song
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wanqing Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiulai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Cong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Liming Liu
- School of Food Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Chuzhou 233100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Biochemical characterization of Dimocarpus longan polyphenol oxidase provides insights into its catalytic efficiency. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20322. [PMID: 36434079 PMCID: PMC9700842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20616-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The "dragon-eye" fruits produced by the tropical longan tree are rich in nutrients and antioxidants. They suffer from post-harvest enzymatic browning, a process for which mainly the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) family of enzymes is responsible. In this study, two cDNAs encoding the PPO have been cloned from leaves of Dimocarpus longan (Dl), heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by affinity chromatography. The prepro-DlPPO1 contains two signal peptides at its N-terminal end that facilitate transportation of the protein into the chloroplast stroma and to the thylakoid lumen. Removal of the two signal peptides from prepro-DlPPO1 yields pro-DlPPO1. The prepro-DlPPO1 exhibited higher thermal tolerance than pro-DlPPO1 (unfolding at 65 °C vs. 40 °C), suggesting that the signal peptide may stabilize the fold of DlPPO1. DlPPO1 can be classified as a tyrosinase because it accepts both monophenolic and diphenolic substrates. The pro-DlPPO1 exhibited the highest specificity towards the natural diphenol (-)-epicatechin (kcat/KM of 800 ± 120 s-1 mM-1), which is higher than for 4-methylcatechol (590 ± 99 s-1 mM-1), pyrogallol (70 ± 9.7 s-1 mM-1) and caffeic acid (4.3 ± 0.72 s-1 mM-1). The kinetic efficiencies of prepro-DlPPO1 are 23, 36, 1.7 and 4.7-fold lower, respectively, than those observed with pro-DlPPO1 for the four aforementioned diphenolic substrates. Additionally, docking studies showed that (-)-epicatechin has a lower binding energy than any other investigated substrate. Both kinetic and in-silico studies strongly suggest that (-)-epicatechin is a good substrate of DlPPO1 and ascertain the affinity of PPOs towards specific flavonoid compounds.
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Two Hybrid Histidine Kinases Involved in the Ethylene Regulation of the Mycelial Growth and Postharvest Fruiting Body Maturation and Senescence of Agaricus bisporus. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0241122. [PMID: 36125274 PMCID: PMC9603746 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02411-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethylene regulates mycelial growth, primordium formation, and postharvest mushroom maturation and senescence in the white button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. However, it remains unknown how ethylene is detected by the mushroom. In this study, we found that two hybrid histidine kinases in the mushroom, designated AbETR1 and AbETR2, showed domain structures similar to those of plant ethylene receptors. The transmembrane helices of AbETR1 and AbETR2 were expressed in yeast cells and showed ethylene-binding activities. Mushroom strains with downregulated expressions of AbETR1 and AbETR2 showed reduced sensitivity to the ethylene inhibition of mycelial growth, ethylene regulation of their own synthesis, postharvest mushroom maturation, and senescence and expression of maturation- and senescence-related genes. Therefore, AbETR1 and AbETR2 are expected to be biologically functional ethylene receptors and exhibit a different mode of action from that of the receptors of plants. Here, we fill gaps in the knowledge pertaining to higher fungus ethylene receptors, discover a novel mode of action of ethylene receptors, confirm ethylene as a novel fungal hormone, and provide a facilitated approach for preventing the maturation and senescence of postharvest button mushrooms. IMPORTANCE Ethylene regulates diverse physiological activities in bacteria, cyanobacteria, fungi, and plants, but how to perceive ethylene by fungi only remains unknown. In this study, we identify two biologically functional ethylene receptors in the basidiomycete fungus Agaricus bisporus, which fills the gaps of deficient fungal ethylene receptors. Furthermore, we found that decreased expression of the ethylene receptors facilitates preventing the maturation and senescence of postharvest button mushrooms, indicating that the two fungal ethylene receptors positively regulate the ethylene response, in contrast to that in plants.
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Lampl R, Breibeck J, Gumerova NI, Galanski MS, Rompel A. Wells-Dawson phosphotungstates as mushroom tyrosinase inhibitors: a speciation study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19354. [PMID: 34588468 PMCID: PMC8481536 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96491-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to elucidate the active polyoxotungstate (POT) species that inhibit fungal polyphenol oxidase (AbPPO4) in sodium citrate buffer at pH 6.8, four Wells-Dawson phosphotungstates [α/β-PV2WVI18O62]6- (intact form), [α2-PV2WVI17O61]10- (monolacunary), [PV2WVI15O56]12- (trilacunary) and [H2PV2WVI12O48]12- (hexalacunary) were investigated. The speciation of the POT solutions under the dopachrome assay (50 mM Na-citrate buffer, pH 6.8; L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine as a substrate) conditions were determined by 183W-NMR, 31P-NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The intact Wells-Dawson POT [α/β-PV2WVI18O62]6- shows partial (~ 69%) disintegration into the monolacunary [α2-PV2WVI17O61]10- anion with moderate activity (Ki = 9.7 mM). The monolacunary [α2-PV2WVI17O61]10- retains its structural integrity and exhibits the strongest inhibition of AbPPO4 (Ki = 6.5 mM). The trilacunary POT [PV2WVI15O56]12- rearranges to the more stable monolacunary [α2-PV2WVI17O61]10- (~ 62%) accompanied by release of free phosphates and shows the weakest inhibition (Ki = 13.6 mM). The hexalacunary anion [H2PV2WVI12O48]12- undergoes time-dependent hydrolysis resulting in a mixture of [H2PV2WVI12O48]12-, [PV8WVI48O184]40-, [PV2WVI19O69(H2O)]14- and [α2-PV2WVI17O61]10- which together leads to comparable inhibitory activity (Ki = 7.5 mM) after 48 h. For the solutions of [α/β-PV2WVI18O62]6-, [α2-PV2WVI17O61]10- and [PV2WVI15O56]12- the inhibitory activity is correlated to the degree of their rearrangement to [α2-PV2WVI17O61]10-. The rearrangement of hexalacunary [H2PV2WVI12O48]12- into at least four POTs with a negligible amount of monolacunary anion interferes with the correlation of activity to the degree of their rearrangement to [α2-PV2WVI17O61]10-. The good inhibitory effect of the Wells-Dawson [α2-PV2WVI17O61]10- anion is explained by the low charge density of its protonated forms Hx[α2-PV2WVI17O61](10-x)- (x = 3 or 4) at pH 6.8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Lampl
- Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Wien, Austria
| | - Joscha Breibeck
- Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Wien, Austria
| | - Nadiia I Gumerova
- Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Wien, Austria
| | - Mathea Sophia Galanski
- Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Anorganische Chemie und NMR Zentrum, Universität Wien, Währinger Str. 42, 1090, Wien, Austria
| | - Annette Rompel
- Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Wien, Austria.
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Agaricus bisporus Crude Extract: Characterization and Analytical Application. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245996. [PMID: 33352884 PMCID: PMC7765987 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work crude Agaricus bisporus extract (ABE) has been prepared and characterized by its tyrosinase activity, protein composition and substrate specificity. The presence of mushroom tyrosinase (PPO3) in ABE has been confirmed using two-dimensional electrophoresis, followed by MALDI TOF/TOF MS-based analysis. GH27 alpha-glucosidases, GH47 alpha-mannosidases, GH20 hexosaminidases, and alkaline phosphatases have been also detected in ABE. ABE substrate specificity has been studied using 19 phenolic compounds: polyphenols (catechol, gallic, caffeic, chlorogenic, and ferulic acids, quercetin, rutin, dihydroquercetin, l-dihydroxyphenylalanine, resorcinol, propyl gallate) and monophenols (l-tyrosine, phenol, p-nitrophenol, o-nitrophenol, guaiacol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol). The comparison of ABE substrate specificity and affinity to the corresponding parameters of purified A. bisporus tyrosinase has revealed no major differences. The conditions for spectrophotometric determination have been chosen and the analytical procedures for determination of 1.4 × 10-4-1.0 × 10-3 M l-tyrosine, 3.1 × 10-6-1.0 × 10-4 M phenol, 5.4 × 10-5-1.0 × 10-3 M catechol, 8.5 × 10-5-1.0 × 10-3 M caffeic acid, 1.5 × 10-4-7.5 × 10-4 M chlorogenic acid, 6.8 × 10-5-1.0 × 10-3 M l-DOPA have been proposed. The procedures have been applied for the determination of l-tyrosine in food supplements, l-DOPA in synthetic serum, and phenol in waste water from the food manufacturing plant. Thus, we have demonstrated the possibility of using ABE as a substitute for tyrosinase in such analytical applications, as food supplements, medical and environmental analysis.
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Kampatsikas I, Rompel A. Similar but Still Different: Which Amino Acid Residues Are Responsible for Varying Activities in Type-III Copper Enzymes? Chembiochem 2020; 22:1161-1175. [PMID: 33108057 PMCID: PMC8049008 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Type-III copper enzymes like polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) are ubiquitous among organisms and play a significant role in the formation of pigments. PPOs comprise different enzyme groups, including tyrosinases (TYRs) and catechol oxidases (COs). TYRs catalyze the o-hydroxylation of monophenols and the oxidation of o-diphenols to the corresponding o-quinones (EC 1.14.18.1). In contrast, COs only catalyze the oxidation of o-diphenols to the corresponding o-quinones (EC 1.10.3.1). To date (August 2020), 102 PDB entries encompassing 18 different proteins from 16 organisms and several mutants have been reported, identifying key residues for tyrosinase activity. The structural similarity between TYRs and COs, especially within and around the active center, complicates the elucidation of their modes of action on a structural basis. However, mutagenesis studies illuminate residues that influence the two activities and show that crystallography on its own cannot elucidate the enzymatic activity mode. Several amino acid residues around the dicopper active center have been proposed to play an essential role in the two different activities. Herein, we critically review the role of all residues identified so far that putatively affect the two activities of PPOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kampatsikas
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Wien, Austria
| | - Annette Rompel
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Wien, Austria
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Kampatsikas I, Pretzler M, Rompel A. Die Erzeugung von Tyrosinaseaktivität in einer Catecholoxidase erlaubt die Identifizierung der für die C‐H‐Aktivierung in Typ‐III‐Kupferenzymen verantwortlichen Aminosäurereste. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kampatsikas
- Universität Wien Fakultät für Chemie Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie Althanstraße 14 1090 Wien Österreich
| | - Matthias Pretzler
- Universität Wien Fakultät für Chemie Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie Althanstraße 14 1090 Wien Österreich
| | - Annette Rompel
- Universität Wien Fakultät für Chemie Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie Althanstraße 14 1090 Wien Österreich
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Kampatsikas I, Pretzler M, Rompel A. Identification of Amino Acid Residues Responsible for C-H Activation in Type-III Copper Enzymes by Generating Tyrosinase Activity in a Catechol Oxidase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20940-20945. [PMID: 32701181 PMCID: PMC7693034 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinases (TYRs) catalyze the hydroxylation of phenols and the oxidation of the resulting o-diphenols to o-quinones, while catechol oxidases (COs) exhibit only the latter activity. Aurone synthase (AUS) is not able to react with classical tyrosinase substrates, such as tyramine and l-tyrosine, while it can hydroxylate its natural substrate isoliquiritigenin. The structural difference of TYRs, COs, and AUS at the heart of their divergent catalytic activities is still a puzzle. Therefore, a library of 39 mutants of AUS from Coreopsis grandiflora (CgAUS) was generated and the activity studies showed that the reactivity of the three conserved histidines (HisA2 , HisB1 , and HisB2 ) is tuned by their adjacent residues (HisB1 +1, HisB2 +1, and waterkeeper residue) either to react as stronger bases or / and to stabilize a position permissive for substrate proton shuffling. This provides the understanding for C-H activation based on the type-III copper center to be used in future biotechnological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kampatsikas
- Universität WienFakultät für ChemieInstitut für Biophysikalische ChemieAlthanstraße 141090WienAustria
| | - Matthias Pretzler
- Universität WienFakultät für ChemieInstitut für Biophysikalische ChemieAlthanstraße 141090WienAustria
| | - Annette Rompel
- Universität WienFakultät für ChemieInstitut für Biophysikalische ChemieAlthanstraße 141090WienAustria
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Ilesanmi OS, Adewale IO. Physicochemical properties of free and immobilized tyrosinase from different species of yam ( Dioscorea spp). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:e00499. [PMID: 32676302 PMCID: PMC7352059 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A shortened method of purification and immobilization of tyrosinase from different species of yam (Dioscorea spp) on insoluble supports is described. The enzyme was purified by aqueous two-phase partitioning (ATPS) followed by gel filtration chromatography. The purified enzyme was immobilized on Ca-alginate, polyacrylamide gel or as cross-linked enzyme aggregate (CLEA) to obtain a yield of between 51-64%, 33-46% and 52-65% respectively for all the yam species. The optimum pH obtained for tyrosinase immobilized on polyacrylamide gel and CLEA was equivalent to that of free enzyme (pH 6.5). In contrast, Ca-alginate entrapped tyrosinase exhibited a shift of optimum pH to 7.0. Entrapped Tyrosinase in polyacrylamide gel and Ca-alginate also retained the same optimum temperature as the free enzyme (50 °C). While the optimum temperature of CLEA shifted to 60 °C. When subjected to four repeated use cycles, tyrosinase entrapped in polyacrylamide gel, Ca-alginate and CLEA still retained close to 40, 35 and 45 % of their initial activities respectively after the fourth cycle. The overall result further suggests yam tyrosinase as a promising enzyme for biocatalysis and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olutosin Samuel Ilesanmi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Achievers University, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Isaac Olusanjo Adewale
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
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13
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Tirta Ismaya W, Tjandrawinata RR, Rachmawati H. Lectins from the Edible Mushroom Agaricus bisporus and Their Therapeutic Potentials. Molecules 2020; 25:E2368. [PMID: 32443732 PMCID: PMC7287795 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The mushroom Agaricus bisporus secretes biologically active compounds and proteins with benefits for human health. Most reported proteins from A. bisporus are tyrosinases and lectins. Lectins are of therapeutic or pharmaceutical interest. To date, only limited information is available on A. bisporus lectins and lectin-like proteins. No therapeutic products derived from A. bisporus lectin (ABL) are available on the market despite its extensive exploration. Recently, A. bisporus mannose-binding protein (Abmb) was discovered. Its discovery enriches the information and increases the interest in proteins with therapeutic potential from this mushroom. Furthermore, the A. bisporus genome reveals the possible occurrence of other lectins in this mushroom that may also have therapeutic potential. Most of these putative lectins belong to the same lectin groups as ABL and Abmb. Their relationship is discussed. Particular attention is addressed to ABL and Abmb, which have been explored for their potential in medicinal or pharmaceutical applications. ABL and Abmb have anti-proliferative activities toward cancer cells and a stimulatory effect on the immune system. Possible scenarios for their use in therapy and modification are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangsa Tirta Ismaya
- Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences, Dexa Medica, Industri Selatan V PP-7, Jababeka 2, Cikarang 17550, Indonesia; (W.T.I.); (R.R.T.)
| | - Raymond Rubianto Tjandrawinata
- Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences, Dexa Medica, Industri Selatan V PP-7, Jababeka 2, Cikarang 17550, Indonesia; (W.T.I.); (R.R.T.)
| | - Heni Rachmawati
- School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
- Research Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
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14
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From bench to counter: Discovery and validation of a peony extract as tyrosinase inhibiting cosmeceutical. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 184:111738. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Kampatsikas I, Bijelic A, Pretzler M, Rompel A. A Peptide-Induced Self-Cleavage Reaction Initiates the Activation of Tyrosinase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:7475-7479. [PMID: 30825403 PMCID: PMC6563526 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of inactive pro-polyphenol oxidases (pro-PPOs) into the active enzyme results from the proteolytic cleavage of its C-terminal domain. Herein, a peptide-mediated cleavage process that activates pro-MdPPO1 (Malus domestica) is reported. Mass spectrometry, mutagenesis studies, and X-ray crystal-structure analysis of pro-MdPPO1 (1.35 Å) and two separated C-terminal domains, one obtained upon self-cleavage of pro-MdPPO1 and the other one produced independently, were applied to study the observed self-cleavage. The sequence Lys 355-Val 370 located in the linker between the active and the C-terminal domain is indispensable for the self-cleavage. Partial introduction (Lys 352-Ala 360) of this peptide into the sequence of two other PPOs, MdPPO2 and aurone synthase (CgAUS1), triggered self-cleavage in the resulting mutants. This is the first experimental proof of a self-cleavage-inducing peptide in PPOs, unveiling a new mode of activation for this enzyme class that is independent of any external protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kampatsikas
- Universität WienFakultät für ChemieInstitut für Biophysikalische ChemieAlthanstraße 141090WienAustria
| | - Aleksandar Bijelic
- Universität WienFakultät für ChemieInstitut für Biophysikalische ChemieAlthanstraße 141090WienAustria
| | - Matthias Pretzler
- Universität WienFakultät für ChemieInstitut für Biophysikalische ChemieAlthanstraße 141090WienAustria
| | - Annette Rompel
- Universität WienFakultät für ChemieInstitut für Biophysikalische ChemieAlthanstraße 141090WienAustria
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16
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Kampatsikas I, Bijelic A, Pretzler M, Rompel A. Eine peptidvermittelte Selbstspaltungsreaktion initiiert die Tyrosinaseaktivierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kampatsikas
- Universität WienFakultät für ChemieInstitut für Biophysikalische Chemie Althanstraße 14 1090 Wien Österreich
| | - Aleksandar Bijelic
- Universität WienFakultät für ChemieInstitut für Biophysikalische Chemie Althanstraße 14 1090 Wien Österreich
| | - Matthias Pretzler
- Universität WienFakultät für ChemieInstitut für Biophysikalische Chemie Althanstraße 14 1090 Wien Österreich
| | - Annette Rompel
- Universität WienFakultät für ChemieInstitut für Biophysikalische Chemie Althanstraße 14 1090 Wien Österreich
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17
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Recombinant polyphenol oxidases for production of theaflavins from tea polyphenols. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 134:139-145. [PMID: 31022487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Theaflavins (TFs) have attracted much attention due to their various bioactivities in black tea. This paper describes the first trial for enzymatic production of TFs by recombinant polyphenol oxidases (PPOs). PPO genes were cloned from nine species and expressed in E. coli. Crude enzyme assays by LC-MS revealed that eight recombinant PPOs were active for TFs production from tea polyphenols as substrates. Much higher activities were observed for crude enzymes of Md2 from Malus domestica (apple), Pp4 from Pyrus pashia (pear), and Ej2 from Eriobotrya japonica (loquat). When immobilized on mesoporous silica, crude Md2 was most active. The purified Md2 was immobilized and showed almost twice activity as high as its free enzyme. While the maximum activity of free enzyme was found at pH 5 and 10-30 °C, the immobilized enzyme had broader range of pH 4-6 and 10-40 °C. The activity of immobilized enzyme was relatively constant during the pH and thermal stability test. When used at 0.2 mg/ml in the beginning, the immobilized enzyme retained approximately 40% of its initial activity after 8 cycles of operation.
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18
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Keggin-type polyoxotungstates as mushroom tyrosinase inhibitors - A speciation study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5183. [PMID: 30914775 PMCID: PMC6435698 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41261-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mushroom tyrosinase abPPO4 is a commercially relevant polyphenol oxidase and has been being targeted for numerous inhibition studies including polyoxometalates (POMs). In the present work, its diphenolase activity was inhibited at pH 6.8 by a series of structurally related polyoxotungstates (POTs) of the α-Keggin archetype, exhibiting the general formula [Xn+W12O40](8−n)− in order to elucidate charge-dependent activity correlations. Kinetic data were obtained from the dopachrome assay and 183W NMR was applied to obtain crucial insights into the actual Keggin POT speciation in solution, facilitating a straightforward assignment of inhibition effects to the identified POT species. While [PW12O40]3− was completely hydrolyzed to its moderately active lacunary form Hx[PW11O39](7−x)− (Ki = 25.6 mM), [SiW12O40]4− showed the most pronounced inhibition effects with a Ki of 4.7 mM despite of partial hydrolysis to its ineffective lacunary form Hx[SiW11O39](8−x)−. More negative Keggin cluster charges of 5− and 6− generally resulted in preclusion of inhibitory efficacy as well as hydrolysis, but with the Ni-substituted cluster [PW11O39{Ni(H2O)}]5− enzymatic inhibition was clearly restored (Ki = 9.7 mM). The inhibitory capacity of the structurally intact Keggin POTs was found to be inversely correlated to their net charge. The here applied speciation strategy is of utmost importance for any biological POM application to identify the actually active POM species.
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Kampatsikas I, Bijelic A, Rompel A. Biochemical and structural characterization of tomato polyphenol oxidases provide novel insights into their substrate specificity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4022. [PMID: 30858490 PMCID: PMC6411738 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39687-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) contain the structurally similar enzymes tyrosinases (TYRs) and catechol oxidases (COs). Two cDNAs encoding pro-PPOs from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) were cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. The two pro-PPOs (SlPPO1-2) differ remarkably in their activity as SlPPO1 reacts with the monophenols tyramine (kcat = 7.94 s-1) and phloretin (kcat = 2.42 s-1) and was thus characterized as TYR, whereas SlPPO2 accepts only diphenolic substrates like dopamine (kcat = 1.99 s-1) and caffeic acid (kcat = 20.33 s-1) rendering this enzyme a CO. This study, for the first time, characterizes a plant TYR and CO originating from the same organism. Moreover, X-ray structure analysis of the latent holo- and apo-SlPPO1 (PDB: 6HQI and 6HQJ) reveals an unprecedented high flexibility of the gatekeeper residue phenylalanine (Phe270). Docking studies showed that depending on its orientation the gatekeeper residue could either stabilize and correctly position incoming substrates or hinder their entrance into the active site. Furthermore, phloretin, a substrate of SIPPO1 (Km = 0.11 mM), is able to approach the active centre of SlPPO1 with both phenolic rings. Kinetic and structural results indicate that phloretin could act as a natural substrate and connote the participation of PPOs in flavonoid-biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Kampatsikas
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Wien, Austria
| | - Aleksandar Bijelic
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Wien, Austria
| | - Annette Rompel
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Wien, Austria.
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20
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Horsch J, Wilke P, Pretzler M, Seuss M, Melnyk I, Remmler D, Fery A, Rompel A, Börner HG. Polymerizing Like Mussels Do: Toward Synthetic Mussel Foot Proteins and Resistant Glues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:15728-15732. [PMID: 30246912 PMCID: PMC6282983 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201809587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A novel strategy to generate adhesive protein analogues by enzyme-induced polymerization of peptides is reported. Peptide polymerization relies on tyrosinase oxidation of tyrosine residues to Dopaquinones, which rapidly form cysteinyldopa-moieties with free thiols from cysteine residues, thereby linking unimers and generating adhesive polymers. The resulting artificial protein analogues show strong adsorption to different surfaces, even resisting hypersaline conditions. Remarkable adhesion energies of up to 10.9 mJ m-2 are found in single adhesion events and average values are superior to those reported for mussel foot proteins that constitute the gluing interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus Horsch
- Laboratory for Organic Synthesis of Functional SystemsDepartment of ChemistryHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Straße 212489BerlinGermany
| | - Patrick Wilke
- Laboratory for Organic Synthesis of Functional SystemsDepartment of ChemistryHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Straße 212489BerlinGermany
| | - Matthias Pretzler
- Universität WienFakultät für ChemieInstitut für Biophysikalische ChemieAlthanstraße 141090WienAustria
| | - Maximilian Seuss
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer PhysicsHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Inga Melnyk
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer PhysicsHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Dario Remmler
- Laboratory for Organic Synthesis of Functional SystemsDepartment of ChemistryHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Straße 212489BerlinGermany
| | - Andreas Fery
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer PhysicsHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
- Technische Universität DresdenChair of Physical Chemistry of Polymeric MaterialsHohe Straße 601069DresdenGermany
| | - Annette Rompel
- Universität WienFakultät für ChemieInstitut für Biophysikalische ChemieAlthanstraße 141090WienAustria
| | - Hans G. Börner
- Laboratory for Organic Synthesis of Functional SystemsDepartment of ChemistryHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Straße 212489BerlinGermany
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21
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Horsch J, Wilke P, Pretzler M, Seuss M, Melnyk I, Remmler D, Fery A, Rompel A, Börner HG. Polymerizing Like Mussels Do: Toward Synthetic Mussel Foot Proteins and Resistant Glues. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201809587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justus Horsch
- Laboratory for Organic Synthesis of Functional Systems; Department of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Patrick Wilke
- Laboratory for Organic Synthesis of Functional Systems; Department of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Matthias Pretzler
- Universität Wien; Fakultät für Chemie; Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie; Althanstraße 14 1090 Wien Austria
| | - Maximilian Seuss
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.; Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics; Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Inga Melnyk
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.; Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics; Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Dario Remmler
- Laboratory for Organic Synthesis of Functional Systems; Department of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Andreas Fery
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V.; Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics; Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden; Chair of Physical Chemistry of Polymeric Materials; Hohe Straße 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Annette Rompel
- Universität Wien; Fakultät für Chemie; Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie; Althanstraße 14 1090 Wien Austria
| | - Hans G. Börner
- Laboratory for Organic Synthesis of Functional Systems; Department of Chemistry; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Brook-Taylor-Straße 2 12489 Berlin Germany
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22
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Martin HJ, Kampatsikas I, Oost R, Pretzler M, Al‐Sayed E, Roller A, Giester G, Rompel A, Maulide N. Total Synthesis, Stereochemical Assignment, and Divergent Enantioselective Enzymatic Recognition of Larreatricin. Chemistry 2018; 24:15756-15760. [PMID: 30113748 PMCID: PMC6220842 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A concise and efficient total synthesis of the lignan natural product larreatricin as well as an unambiguous assignment of configuration of its enantiomers are reported, resolving a long-held controversy. Enzyme kinetic studies revealed that different polyphenol oxidases show high and remarkably divergent enantioselective recognition of this secondary metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry J. Martin
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität WienWähringer Straße 381090WienAustria
| | - Ioannis Kampatsikas
- Institut für Biophysikalische ChemieUniversität WienAlthanstraße 141090WienAustria
| | - Rik Oost
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität WienWähringer Straße 381090WienAustria
| | - Matthias Pretzler
- Institut für Biophysikalische ChemieUniversität WienAlthanstraße 141090WienAustria
| | - Emir Al‐Sayed
- Institut für Biophysikalische ChemieUniversität WienAlthanstraße 141090WienAustria
| | - Alexander Roller
- Zentrum für RöntgenstrukturanalyseUniversität WienWähringer Straße 421090WienAustria
| | - Gerald Giester
- Institut für Mineralogie und KristallographieUniversität WienAlthanstraße 141090WienAustria
| | - Annette Rompel
- Institut für Biophysikalische ChemieUniversität WienAlthanstraße 141090WienAustria
| | - Nuno Maulide
- Institut für Organische ChemieUniversität WienWähringer Straße 381090WienAustria
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23
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What causes the different functionality in type-III-copper enzymes? A state of the art perspective. Inorganica Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2017.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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24
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Hassani S, Gharechaei B, Nikfard S, Fazli M, Gheibi N, Hardré R, Legge RL, Haghbeen K. New insight into the allosteric effect of L-tyrosine on mushroom tyrosinase during L-dopa production. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 114:821-829. [PMID: 29621499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Kinetics studies of L-tyrosine (LTy) ortho-hydroxylation by mushroom tyrosinase (MT) confirmed that MT was severely, but not completely, inhibited at higher concentrations of LTy. Despite the availability of the crystal structure reports, no allosteric site has been identified on MT. To examine the assumption that a non-specific binding site works as a regulatory site, docking simulations were run for the second molecule of L-tyrosine (LTy2) on the complexes of the first L-tyrosine molecule (LTy1) with the heavy chain (H) of MT (LTy1/HMT) and its dimer with the light chain (Ty1/LHMT). In both, LTy2 occupied a non-specific binding site (MTPc). MD simulations revealed LTy2/HMT/LTy1 and LTy2/LHMT/LTy1 were stable. Binding free-energy analysis supported the formation of LTy2/HMT/LTy1 and LTy2/LHMT/LTy1 at higher concentrations of LTy and disclosed the importance of ΔEelec and ΔGpolar during binding of LTy2 to MTPc. Upon LTy2 binding to MTPc, the Cu-Cu distance remained unchanged while the spatial position of LTy1 in the active site (MTPa) changed so that it would not be able to participate in ortho-hydroxylation. This study suggests a tuning role for L chain during binding of the ligands to MTPa and MTPc. Given these results, a plausible mechanism was proposed for the MT substrate inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorour Hassani
- National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box:14965-161, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Gharechaei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | - Somayeh Nikfard
- National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box:14965-161, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Fazli
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | - Nematollah Gheibi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, P.O. Box: 34199-15315, Iran
| | - Renaud Hardré
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Raymond L Legge
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kamahldin Haghbeen
- National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, P.O. Box:14965-161, Tehran, Iran.
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25
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Efficient purification of a highly active H-subunit of tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 145:64-70. [PMID: 29326063 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A highly-active tyrosinase (H subunit) isoform has been purified from a commercial crude extract of Agaricus bisporus by a specific, two step-hydrophobic chromatography cascade process based on the differential adsorption of the proteins from the extract to hydrophobic-functionalized supports. At first, commercial, crude tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus (AbTyr) dissolved in aqueous media was added to octadecyl-Sepabeads matrix at 25 °C. Under these conditions, the support specifically adsorbed a protein with a molecular weight of 47 kDa which showed no tyrosinase activity. The known H subunit of tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus (45 kDa, H-AbTyr) and another protein of 50 kDa were present in the supernatant. Sodium phosphate buffer was added to adjust the ionic strength of the solution up to 100 mM and Triton X-100 was added (final concentration of 0.07% v/v) to control the hydrophobicity effect for both proteins. This solution was offered again to fresh octadecyl-Sepabeads support, immobilizing selectively the H-AbTyr and leaving exclusively the 50 kDa protein as a pure sample in the supernatant. This tyrosinase isoform of 50 kDa was almost 4-fold more active than the known H-TyrAb, with a specific tyrosinase activity of more than 38,000 U/mg.
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26
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Derardja AE, Pretzler M, Kampatsikas I, Barkat M, Rompel A. Purification and Characterization of Latent Polyphenol Oxidase from Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:8203-8212. [PMID: 28812349 PMCID: PMC5609118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidase from apricot (Prunus armeniaca) (PaPPO) was purified in its latent form (L-PaPPO), and the molecular weight was determined to be 63 kDa by SDS-PAGE. L-PaPPO was activated in the presence of substrate at low pH. The activity was enhanced by CuSO4 and low concentrations (≤ 2 mM) of SDS. PaPPO has its pH and temperature optimum at pH 4.5 and 45 °C for catechol as substrate. It showed diphenolase activity and highest affinity toward 4-methylcatechol (KM = 2.0 mM) and chlorogenic acid (KM = 2.7 mM). L-PaPPO was found to be spontaneously activated during storage at 4 °C, creating a new band at 38 kDa representing the activated form (A-PaPPO). The mass of A-PaPPO was determined by mass spectrometry as 37 455.6 Da (Asp102 → Leu429). Both L-PaPPO and A-PaPPO were identified as polyphenol oxidase corresponding to the known PaPPO sequence (UniProt O81103 ) by means of peptide mass fingerprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala eddine Derardja
- Universität
Wien, Fakultät für Chemie,
Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Wien, Austria
- Laboratoire
Bioqual, INATAA, Université des Frères
Mentouri, Constantine
1, Route de Ain El-Bey, 25000 Constantine, Algeria
| | - Matthias Pretzler
- Universität
Wien, Fakultät für Chemie,
Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Ioannis Kampatsikas
- Universität
Wien, Fakultät für Chemie,
Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Malika Barkat
- Laboratoire
Bioqual, INATAA, Université des Frères
Mentouri, Constantine
1, Route de Ain El-Bey, 25000 Constantine, Algeria
| | - Annette Rompel
- Universität
Wien, Fakultät für Chemie,
Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Wien, Austria
- Fax: +43-1-4277-852502. Tel: +43-1-4277-52502. E-mail:
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27
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Three recombinantly expressed apple tyrosinases suggest the amino acids responsible for mono- versus diphenolase activity in plant polyphenol oxidases. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8860. [PMID: 28821733 PMCID: PMC5562730 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinases and catechol oxidases belong to the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme family, which is mainly responsible for the browning of fruits. Three cDNAs encoding PPO pro-enzymes have been cloned from leaves of Malus domestica (apple, MdPPO). The three pro-enzymes MdPPO1-3 were heterologously expressed in E. coli yielding substantial amounts of protein and have been characterized with regard to their optimum of activity resulting from SDS, acidic and proteolytic activation. Significant differences were found in the kinetic characterization of MdPPO1-3 when applying different mono- and diphenolic substrates. All three enzymes have been classified as tyrosinases, where MdPPO1 exhibits the highest activity with tyramine (kcat = 9.5 s−1) while MdPPO2 and MdPPO3 are also clearly active on this monophenolic substrate (kcat = 0.92 s−1 and kcat = 1.0 s−1, respectively). Based on the activity, sequence data and homology modelling it is proposed that the monophenolase and diphenolase activity of PPOs can be manipulated by the appropriate combination of two amino acids, which are located within the active site cleft and were therefore named “activity controllers”.
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Bijelic A, Rompel A. Ten Good Reasons for the Use of the Tellurium-Centered Anderson-Evans Polyoxotungstate in Protein Crystallography. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:1441-1448. [PMID: 28562014 PMCID: PMC5480232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
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Protein
crystallography represents at present the most productive
and most widely used method to obtain structural information on target
proteins and protein–ligand complexes within the atomic resolution
range. The knowledge obtained in this way is essential for understanding
the biology, chemistry, and biochemistry of proteins and their functions
but also for the development of compounds of high pharmacological
and medicinal interest. Here, we address the very central problem
in protein crystallography: the unpredictability of the crystallization
process. Obtaining protein crystals that diffract to high resolutions
represents the essential step to perform any structural study by X-ray
crystallography; however, this method still depends basically on trial
and error making it a very time- and resource-consuming process. The
use of additives is an established process to enable or improve the
crystallization of proteins in order to obtain high quality crystals.
Therefore, a more universal additive addressing a wider range of proteins
is desirable as it would represent a huge advance in protein crystallography
and at the same time drastically impact multiple research fields.
This in turn could add an overall benefit for the entire society as
it profits from the faster development of novel or improved drugs
and from a deeper understanding of biological, biochemical, and pharmacological
phenomena. With this aim in view, we have tested several compounds
belonging
to the emerging class of polyoxometalates (POMs) for their suitability
as crystallization additives and revealed that the tellurium-centered
Anderson–Evans polyoxotungstate [TeW6O24]6– (TEW) was the most suitable POM-archetype.
After its first successful application as a crystallization additive,
we repeatedly reported on TEW’s positive effects on the crystallization
behavior of proteins with a particular focus on the protein–TEW
interactions. As electrostatic interactions are the main force for
TEW binding to proteins, TEW with its highly negative charge addresses
in principle all proteins possessing positively charged patches. Furthermore,
due to its high structural and chemical diversity, TEW exhibits major
advantages over some commonly used crystallization additives. Therefore,
we summarized all features of TEW, which are beneficial for protein
crystallization, and present ten good reasons to promote the use of
TEW in protein crystallography as a powerful additive. Our results
demonstrate that TEW is a compound that is, in many respects, predestined
as a crystallization additive. We assume that many crystallographers
and especially researchers, who are not experts in this field but
willing to crystallize their structurally unknown target protein,
could benefit from the use of TEW as it is able to promote both the
crystallization process itself and the subsequent structure elucidation
by providing valuable anomalous signals, which are helpful for the
phasing step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Bijelic
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Annette Rompel
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Pretzler M, Bijelic A, Rompel A. Heterologous expression and characterization of functional mushroom tyrosinase (AbPPO4). Sci Rep 2017; 7:1810. [PMID: 28500345 PMCID: PMC5431950 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01813-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinases are an ubiquitous group of copper containing metalloenzymes that hydroxylate and oxidize phenolic molecules. In an application context the term 'tyrosinase' usually refers to 'mushroom tyrosinase' consisting of a mixture of isoenzymes and containing a number of enzymatic side-activities. We describe a protocol for the efficient heterologous production of tyrosinase 4 from Agaricus bisporus in Escherichia coli. Applying this procedure a pure preparation of a single isoform of latent tyrosinase can be achieved at a yield of 140 mg per liter of autoinducing culture medium. This recombinant protein possesses the same fold as the enzyme purified from the natural source as evidenced by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The latent enzyme can be activated by limited proteolysis with proteinase K which cleaves the polypeptide chain after K382, only one The latent enzyme can amino acid before the main in-vivo activation site. Latent tyrosinase can be used as obtained and enzymatic activity may be induced in the reaction mixture by the addition of an ionic detergent (e.g. 2 mM SDS). The proteolytically activated mushroom tyrosinase shows >50% of its maximal activity in the range of pH 5 to 10 and accepts a wide range of substrates including mono- and diphenols, flavonols and chalcones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Pretzler
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Wien, Austria
| | - Aleksandar Bijelic
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Wien, Austria
| | - Annette Rompel
- Universität Wien, Fakultät für Chemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Wien, Austria.
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Fujieda N, Itoh S. Controlling Dicopper Protein Functions. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2016. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20150444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Marková E, Kotik M, Křenková A, Man P, Haudecoeur R, Boumendjel A, Hardré R, Mekmouche Y, Courvoisier-Dezord E, Réglier M, Martínková L. Recombinant Tyrosinase from Polyporus arcularius: Overproduction in Escherichia coli, Characterization, and Use in a Study of Aurones as Tyrosinase Effectors. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:2925-2931. [PMID: 26961852 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinases act in the development of organoleptic properties of tea, raisins, etc., but also cause unwanted browning of fruits, vegetables, and mushrooms. The tyrosinase from Agaricus bisporus has been used as a model to study tyrosinase inhibitors, which are also indispensable in the treatment of skin pigmentation disorders. However, this model has disadvantages such as side enzyme activities and the presence of multiple isoenzymes. Therefore, we aimed to introduce a new tyrosinase model. The pro-tyrosinase from Polyporus arcularius was overproduced in Escherichia coli. Trypsin digestion led to a cleavage after R388 and hence enzyme activation. The tyrosinase was a homodimer and transformed L-DOPA and tert-butylcatechol preferentially. Various aurons were examined as effectors of this enzyme. 2'- and 3'-hydroxyaurones acted as its activators and 2',4'-dihydroxyaurone as an inhibitor, whereas 4'-hydroxyaurones were its substrates. The enzyme is a promising model for tyrosinase effector studies, being a single isoenzyme and void of side enzyme activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Marková
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences , Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague , Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Kotik
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences , Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Křenková
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences , Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Man
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences , Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Romain Haudecoeur
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DPM UMR 5063 , 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Ahcène Boumendjel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DPM UMR 5063 , 38041 Grenoble, France
| | - Renaud Hardré
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, ISm2 UMR 7313 , 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Yasmina Mekmouche
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, ISm2 UMR 7313 , 13397 Marseille, France
| | | | - Marius Réglier
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, ISm2 UMR 7313 , 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Ludmila Martínková
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences , Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
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Nadimifar M, khorshidi H, Haghbeen K, Karkhane AA. A Facile and Cost Effective Method for Simultaneous Preparation of Lectin and Tyrosinase from Edible Mushroom. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2016.1165251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Aurone synthase is a catechol oxidase with hydroxylase activity and provides insights into the mechanism of plant polyphenol oxidases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E1806-15. [PMID: 26976571 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1523575113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinases and catechol oxidases belong to the family of polyphenol oxidases (PPOs). Tyrosinases catalyze theo-hydroxylation and oxidation of phenolic compounds, whereas catechol oxidases were so far defined to lack the hydroxylation activity and catalyze solely the oxidation of o-diphenolic compounds. Aurone synthase from Coreopsis grandiflora (AUS1) is a specialized plant PPO involved in the anabolic pathway of aurones. We present, to our knowledge, the first crystal structures of a latent plant PPO, its mature active and inactive form, caused by a sulfation of a copper binding histidine. Analysis of the latent proenzyme's interface between the shielding C-terminal domain and the main core provides insights into its activation mechanisms. As AUS1 did not accept common tyrosinase substrates (tyrosine and tyramine), the enzyme is classified as a catechol oxidase. However, AUS1 showed hydroxylase activity toward its natural substrate (isoliquiritigenin), revealing that the hydroxylase activity is not correlated with the acceptance of common tyrosinase substrates. Therefore, we propose that the hydroxylase reaction is a general functionality of PPOs. Molecular dynamics simulations of docked substrate-enzyme complexes were performed, and a key residue was identified that influences the plant PPO's acceptance or rejection of tyramine. Based on the evidenced hydroxylase activity and the interactions of specific residues with the substrates during the molecular dynamics simulations, a novel catalytic reaction mechanism for plant PPOs is proposed. The presented results strongly suggest that the physiological role of plant catechol oxidases were previously underestimated, as they might hydroxylate their--so far unknown--natural substrates in vivo.
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Molitor C, Mauracher SG, Pargan S, Mayer RL, Halbwirth H, Rompel A. Latent and active aurone synthase from petals of C. grandiflora: a polyphenol oxidase with unique characteristics. PLANTA 2015; 242:519-37. [PMID: 25697287 PMCID: PMC4540782 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2261-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Aurone synthase belongs to the novel group 2 polyphenol oxidases and the presented kinetic characterization suggests a differing aurone biosynthesis in Asteraceae species compared to snapdragon. Aurone synthases (AUS) are polyphenol oxidases (PPO) physiologically involved in the formation of yellow aurone pigments in petals of various Asteraceae species. They catalyze the oxidative conversion of chalcones into aurones. Latent (58.9 kDa) and active (41.6 kDa) aurone synthase from petals of C. grandiflora was purified by a quantitative removal of pigments using aqueous two-phase separation and several subsequent chromatographic steps. The purified enzymes were identified as cgAUS1 (A0A075DN54) and sequence analysis revealed that cgAUS1 is a member of a new group of plant PPOs. Mass determination experiments of intact cgAUS1 gave evidence that the C-terminal domain, usually shielding the active site of latent polyphenol oxidases, is linked to the main core by a disulfide bond. This is a novel and unique structural feature of plant PPOs. Proteolytic activation in vivo leads to active aurone synthase possessing a residual peptide of the C-terminal domain. Kinetic characterization of purified cgAUS1 strongly suggests a specific involvement in 4-deoxyaurone biosynthesis in Coreopsis grandiflora (Asteraceae) that differs in various aspects compared to the 4-hydroxyaurone formation in Antirrhinum majus (Plantaginaceae): cgAUS1 is predicted to be localized in the thylakoid lumen, it possesses exclusively diphenolase activity and the results suggest that aurone formation occurs at the level of chalcone aglycones. The latent enzyme exhibits allosteric activation which changes at a specific product concentration to a constant reaction rate. The presented novel structural and functional properties of aurone synthase provide further insights in the diversity and role of plant PPOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Molitor
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Gerhard Mauracher
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sanela Pargan
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rupert L. Mayer
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidi Halbwirth
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology Vienna, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Annette Rompel
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Moe LL, Maekawa S, Kawamura-Konishi Y. The pro-enzyme C-terminal processing domain of Pholiota nameko tyrosinase is responsible for folding of the N-terminal catalytic domain. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:5499-510. [PMID: 25904132 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6597-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Pholiota nameko (Pholiota microspore) tyrosinase is expressed as a latent 67-kDa pro-tyrosinase, comprising a 42-kDa N-terminal catalytic domain with a binuclear copper centre and a 25-kDa C-terminal domain and is activated by proteolytic digestion of the C-terminal domain. To investigate the role of the C-terminal processing domain of pro-tyrosinase, we constructed a recombinant tyrosinase lacking the C-terminal domain and four recombinant pro-tyrosinase mutants (F515G, H539N, L540G and Y543G) carrying substituted amino acid residues on the C-terminal domain. The recombinant tyrosinase lacking the C-terminal domain had no catalytic activity; whereas the mutant L540G was copper depleted, the other mutants had copper contents similar to that of the wild-type pro-tyrosinase. Proteolytic digestion activated the mutants H539N and Y543G following release of the C-terminal domain, and the resulting tyrosinases had higher K m values for t-butyl catechol than the wild-type pro-tyrosinase. The mutants F515G and L540G were degraded by proteolytic digestion and yielded smaller proteins with no activity. These data suggest that the C-terminal processing domain of P. nameko pro-tyrosinase is essential for correct folding of the N-terminal catalytic domain and acts as an intramolecular chaperone during assembly of the active-site conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Lai Moe
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
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Quantitative trait locus mapping for bruising sensitivity and cap color of Agaricus bisporus (button mushrooms). Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 77:69-81. [PMID: 25881912 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
White button mushrooms discolor after mechanical damage of the cap skin. This hampers the development of a mechanical harvest system for the fresh market. To unravel the genetic basis for bruising sensitivity, two haploid populations (single spore cultures) were generated derived from crosses between parental lines differing in discoloration after mechanical damage (bruising sensitivity). The haploids were crossed with different homokaryotic tester lines to generate mushrooms and allow assessment of the bruising sensitivity in different genetic backgrounds. Bruising sensitivity appears to be a polygenic highly heritable trait (H(2): 0.88-0.96) and a significant interaction between genotypes and tester lines and genotypes and flushes was found. Using SNP markers evenly spread over all chromosomes, a very low recombination was found between markers allowing only assignment of QTL for bruising sensitivity to chromosomes and not to sub-regions of chromosomes. The cap color of the two parental lines of population 1 is white and brown respectively. A major QTL for bruising sensitivity was assigned to chromosome 8 in population 1 that also harbors the main determinant for cap color (brown versus white). Splitting offspring in white and non-white mushrooms made minor QTL for bruising sensitivity on other chromosomes (e.g. 3 and 10) more prominent. The one on chromosome 10 explained 31% phenotypic variation of bruising sensitivity in flush 2 in the subpopulations of population 1. The two parental lines of population 2 are both white. Major QTL of bruising sensitivity were detected on chromosome 1 and 2, contributing totally more than 44% variation of the bruising sensitivity in flush 1 and 54% variation of that in flush 2. A considerable consistency was found in QTL for bruising sensitivity in the different populations studied across tester lines and flushes indicating that this study will provide a base for breeding cultivars that are less sensitive for bruising allowing the use of mechanical harvest and automatic postharvest handling for produce for the fresh market. The low recombination between homologous chromosomes, however, underlines the need to introduce a normal recombination pattern found in a subspecies of the button mushroom.
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Ilesanmi OS, Ojopagogo YA, Adewale IO. Kinetic characteristics of purified tyrosinase from different species of Dioscorea (yam) in aqueous and non-aqueous systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Mauracher SG, Molitor C, Al-Oweini R, Kortz U, Rompel A. Latent and active abPPO4 mushroom tyrosinase cocrystallized with hexatungstotellurate(VI) in a single crystal. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2014; 70:2301-15. [PMID: 25195745 PMCID: PMC4157443 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004714013777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosinases, bifunctional metalloenzymes, catalyze the oxidation of monophenols and o-diphenols to o-quinones, the precursor compounds of the brown-coloured pigment melanin. In eukaryotic organisms, tyrosinases are expressed as latent zymogens that have to be proteolytically cleaved in order to form highly active enzymes. This activation mechanism, known as the tyrosinase maturation process, has scientific and industrial significance with respect to biochemical and technical applications of the enzyme. Here, not only the first crystal structure of the mushroom tyrosinase abPPO4 is presented in its active form (Ser2-Ser383) and in its 21 kDa heavier latent form (Ser2-Thr545), but furthermore the simultaneous presence of both forms within one single-crystal structure is shown. This allows for a simple approach to investigate the transition between these two forms. Isoform abPPO4 was isolated and extensively purified from the natural source (Agaricus bisporus), which contains a total of six polyphenol oxidases (PPOs). The enzyme formed crystals (diffracting to a resolution of 2.76 Å) owing to the employment of the 6-tungstotellurate(VI) salt (Na6[TeW6O24]·22H2O) as a cocrystallization agent. Two of these disc-shaped Anderson-type polyoxoanions [TeW6O24](6-) separate two asymmetric units comprising one crystallographic heterodimer of abPPO4, thus resulting in very interesting crystal packing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Gerhard Mauracher
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Christian Molitor
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Rami Al-Oweini
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University, PO Box 750 561, 28725 Bremen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kortz
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University, PO Box 750 561, 28725 Bremen, Germany
| | - Annette Rompel
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Wien, Austria
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Zekiri F, Bijelic A, Molitor C, Rompel A. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of polyphenol oxidase from Juglans regia (jrPPO1). Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2014; 70:832-4. [PMID: 24915104 PMCID: PMC4051548 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x1400884x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is a type 3 copper enzyme that catalyzes the ortho-hydroxylation of monophenols to diphenols as well as their subsequent oxidation to quinones, which are precursors for the biosynthesis of melanins. The first plant tyrosinase from walnut leaves (Juglans regia) was purified to homogeneity and crystallized. During the purification, two forms of the enzyme differing only in their C-termini [jrPPO1(Asp101-Pro444) and jrPPO1(Asp101-Arg445)] were obtained. The most abundant form jrPPO1(Asp101-Arg445), as described in Zekiri et al. [Phytochemistry (2014), 101, 5-15], was crystallized, resulting in crystals that belonged to space group C121, with unit-cell parameters a=115.56, b=91.90, c=86.87 Å, α=90, β=130.186, γ=90°, and diffracted to 2.39 Å resolution. Crystals were only obtained from solutions containing at least 30% polyethylene glycol 5000 monomethyl ether in a close-to-neutral pH range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florime Zekiri
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Aleksandar Bijelic
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Christian Molitor
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Annette Rompel
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Wien, Austria
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Zekiri F, Molitor C, Mauracher SG, Michael C, Mayer RL, Gerner C, Rompel A. Purification and characterization of tyrosinase from walnut leaves (Juglans regia). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 101:5-15. [PMID: 24613318 PMCID: PMC3989047 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) is a type-3 copper enzyme catalyzing the oxidation of phenolic compounds to their quinone derivates, which are further converted to melanin, a ubiquitous pigment in living organisms. In this study a plant originated tyrosinase was isolated from walnut leaves (Juglans regia) and biochemically characterized. It was possible to isolate and purify the enzyme by means of an aqueous two-phase extraction method followed by chromatographic purification and identification. Interestingly, the enzyme showed a rather high monophenolase activity considering that the main part of plant PPOs with some exceptions solely possess diphenolase activity. The average molecular mass of 39,047 Da (Asp(101)→Arg(445)) was determined very accurately by high resolution mass spectrometry. This proteolytically activated tyrosinase species was identified as a polyphenol oxidase corresponding to the known jrPPO1 sequence by peptide sequencing applying nanoUHPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The polypeptide backbone with sequence coverage of 96% was determined to start from Asp(101) and not to exceed Arg(445).
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Affiliation(s)
- Florime Zekiri
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Christian Molitor
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Stephan G Mauracher
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Claudia Michael
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Wien, Währinger Straße 38, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Rupert L Mayer
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Wien, Währinger Straße 38, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Institut für Analytische Chemie, Universität Wien, Währinger Straße 38, A-1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Annette Rompel
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Wien, Austria.
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Mauracher SG, Molitor C, Al-Oweini R, Kortz U, Rompel A. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of latent isoform PPO4 mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) tyrosinase. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2014; 70:263-6. [PMID: 24637771 PMCID: PMC3936457 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x14000582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase exhibits catalytic activity for the ortho-hydroxylation of monophenols to diphenols as well as their subsequent oxidation to quinones. Owing to polymerization of these quinones, brown-coloured high-molecular-weight compounds called melanins are generated. The latent precursor form of polyphenol oxidase 4, one of the six tyrosinase isoforms from Agaricus bisporus, was purified to homogeneity and crystallized. The obtained crystals belonged to space group C121 (two molecules per asymmetric unit) and diffracted to 2.78 Å resolution. The protein only formed crystals under low-salt conditions using the 6-tungstotellurate(VI) salt Na6[TeW6O24] · 22H2O as a co-crystallization agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Molitor
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Rami Al-Oweini
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University, PO Box 750 561, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kortz
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University, PO Box 750 561, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Annette Rompel
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Wien, Austria
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