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Zhang Y, Zhang J, Wang Y, Luo Z, Li X, Wang Y, Luo J, Yang M. Unveiling the Contamination Patterns of Neonicotinoid Insecticides: Detection, Distribution, and Risk Assessment in Panax notoginseng across Plant Parts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 39083644 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
This study analyzed neonicotinoid insecticides (NEOs) and metabolite (m-NEOs) residues in 136 Panax notoginseng samples via ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Imidacloprid was the most detected NEO (88.24% of samples), ranging from 1.50 to 2850 μg/kg. To the best of our knowledge, some novel NEOs were detected in P. notoginseng for the first time. NEO clustering patterns varied among plant parts, with higher contamination in leaves and flowers. Fourteen NEO/m-NEOs, including cycloxaprid and acetamiprid, showed site-specific behavior, indicating the possibility of using multiple NEOs simultaneously during planting, resulting in formation of distinct metabolites in different plant parts. Transfer rates in decoction and infusion ranged from 10.06 to 32.33%, reducing residues postprocessing. Dietary risk assessment showed low hazard quotients (HQa: 7.05 × 10-7 to 2.09 × 10-2; HQc: 3.74 × 10-7 to 2.38 × 10-3), but risk-ranking scores indicated potential hazards with imidacloprid and acetamiprid in flowers and leaves. The findings are expected to promote safety assessment and distribution research of NEOs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yudan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zuliang Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xueli Li
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yunyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiaoyang Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education & Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Meihua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 570311, China
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Xu W, Duan C, Ma F, Li D, Li X. A Versatile β-Glycosidase from Petroclostridium xylanilyticum Prefers the Conversion of Ginsenoside Rb3 over Rb1, Rb2, and Rc to Rd by Its Specific Cleavage Activity toward 1,6-Glycosidic Linkages. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 39052486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
To convert ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, and Rc into Rd by a single enzyme, a putative β-glycosidase (Pxbgl) from the xylan-degrading bacterium Petroclostridium xylanilyticum was identified and used. The kcat/Km value of Pxbgl for Rb3 was 18.18 ± 0.07 mM-1/s, which was significantly higher than those of Pxbgl for other ginsenosides. Pxbgl converted almost all Rb3 to Rd with a productivity of 5884 μM/h, which was 346-fold higher than that of only β-xylosidase from Thermoascus aurantiacus. The productivity of Rd from the Panax ginseng root and Panax notoginseng leaf was 146 and 995 μM/h, respectively. Mutants N293 K and I447L from site-directed mutagenesis based on bioinformatics analysis showed an increase in specific activity of 29 and 7% toward Rb3, respectively. This is the first report of a β-glycosidase that can simultaneously remove four different glycosyls at the C-20 position of natural PPD-type ginsenosides and produce Rd as the sole product from P. notoginseng leaf extracts with the highest productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing Technology, Education Department of Jilin Province, Changchun University, 6543 Weixing Road, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuicui Duan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing Technology, Education Department of Jilin Province, Changchun University, 6543 Weixing Road, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Fumin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing Technology, Education Department of Jilin Province, Changchun University, 6543 Weixing Road, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing Technology, Education Department of Jilin Province, Changchun University, 6543 Weixing Road, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Barrier-free For the Disabled, Ministry of Education, Changchun University, 6543 Weixing Road, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing Technology, Education Department of Jilin Province, Changchun University, 6543 Weixing Road, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Barrier-free For the Disabled, Ministry of Education, Changchun University, 6543 Weixing Road, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
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Mancuso C. Panax notoginseng: Pharmacological Aspects and Toxicological Issues. Nutrients 2024; 16:2120. [PMID: 38999868 PMCID: PMC11242943 DOI: 10.3390/nu16132120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Current evidence suggests a beneficial role of herbal products in free radical-induced diseases. Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen has long occupied a leading position in traditional Chinese medicine because of the ergogenic, nootropic, and antistress activities, although these properties are also acknowledged in the Western world. The goal of this paper is to review the pharmacological and toxicological properties of P. notoginseng and discuss its potential therapeutic effect. A literature search was carried out on Pubmed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases. The following search terms were used: "notoginseng", "gut microbiota", "immune system", "inflammation", "cardiovascular system", "central nervous system", "metabolism", "cancer", and "toxicology". Only peer-reviewed articles written in English, with the full text available, have been included. Preclinical evidence has unraveled the P. notoginseng pharmacological effects in immune-inflammatory, cardiovascular, central nervous system, metabolic, and neoplastic diseases by acting on several molecular targets. However, few clinical studies have confirmed the therapeutic properties of P. notoginseng, mainly as an adjuvant in the conventional treatment of cardiovascular disorders. Further clinical studies, which both confirm the efficacy of P. notoginseng in free radical-related diseases and delve into its toxicological aspects, are mandatory to broaden its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Mancuso
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; ; Tel.: +39-06-30154367; Fax: +39-06-3050159
- Department of Healthcare Surveillance and Bioethics, Section of Pharmacology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Zhang H, Li J, Diao M, Li J, Xie N. Production and pharmaceutical research of minor saponins in Panax notoginseng (Sanqi): Current status and future prospects. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 223:114099. [PMID: 38641143 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen is a traditional medicinal herb known as Sanqi or Tianqi in Asia and is commonly used worldwide. It is one of the main raw ingredients of Yunnan Baiyao, Fu fang dan shen di wan, and San qi shang yao pian. It is also a source of cardiotonic pill used to treat cardiovascular diseases in China, Korea, and Russia. Approximately 270 Panax notoginseng saponins have been isolated and identified as the major active components. Although the absorption and bioavailability of saponins are predominantly dependent on the gastrointestinal biotransformation capacity of an individual, minor saponins are better absorbed into the bloodstream and act as active substances than major saponins. Notably, minor saponins are absent or are present in minimal quantities under natural conditions. In this review, we focus on the strategies for the enrichment and production of minor saponins in P. notoginseng using physical, chemical, enzyme catalytic, and microbial methods. Moreover, pharmacological studies on minor saponins derived from P. notoginseng over the last decade are discussed. This review serves as a meaningful resource and guide, offering scholarly references for delving deeper into the exploration of the minor saponins in P. notoginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, China; National Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass Energy Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, 530007, China.
| | - Jianxiu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass Energy Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, 530007, China.
| | - Mengxue Diao
- National Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass Energy Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, 530007, China.
| | - Jianbin Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Nengzhong Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass Energy Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Non-Food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, 98 Daling Road, Nanning, 530007, China.
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Zhang L, Gao X, Yang C, Liang Z, Guan D, Yuan T, Qi W, Zhao D, Li X, Dong H, Zhang H. Structural Characters and Pharmacological Activity of Protopanaxadiol-Type Saponins and Protopanaxatriol-Type Saponins from Ginseng. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2024; 2024:9096774. [PMID: 38957183 PMCID: PMC11217582 DOI: 10.1155/2024/9096774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Ginseng has a long history of drug application in China, which can treat various diseases and achieve significant efficacy. Ginsenosides have always been deemed important ingredients for pharmacological activities. Based on the structural characteristics of steroidal saponins, ginsenosides are mainly divided into protopanaxadiol-type saponins (PDS, mainly including Rb1, Rb2, Rd, Rc, Rh2, CK, and PPD) and protopanaxatriol-type saponins (PTS, mainly including Re, R1, Rg1, Rh1, Rf, and PPT). The structure differences between PDS and PTS result in the differences of pharmacological activities. This paper provides an overview of PDS and PTS, mainly focusing on their chemical profile, pharmacokinetics, hydrolytic metabolism, and pharmacological activities including antioxidant, antifatigue, antiaging, immunodulation, antitumor, cardiovascular protection, neuroprotection, and antidiabetes. It is intended to contribute to an in-depth study of the relationship between PDS and PTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lancao Zhang
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- College of PharmacyChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Chunhui Yang
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
- Tuina DepartmentThe Third Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Zuguo Liang
- College of PharmacyChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Dongsong Guan
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
- Quality Testing Laboratory, Haerbin Customs District 150008, Foshan, China
| | - Tongyi Yuan
- College of PharmacyChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Wenxiu Qi
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Haisi Dong
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - He Zhang
- Northeast Asia Research Institute of Traditional Chinese MedicineChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
- College of PharmacyChangchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese MedicineThe Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130021, China
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Yang C, Qu L, Wang R, Wang F, Yang Z, Xiao F. Multi-layered effects of Panax notoginseng on immune system. Pharmacol Res 2024; 204:107203. [PMID: 38719196 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Recent research has demonstrated the immunomodulatory potential of Panax notoginseng in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases and cerebral hemorrhage, suggesting its significance in clinical practice. Nevertheless, the complex immune activity of various components has hindered a comprehensive understanding of the immune-regulating properties of Panax notoginseng, impeding its broader utilization. This review evaluates the effect of Panax notoginseng to various types of white blood cells, elucidates the underlying mechanisms, and compares the immunomodulatory effects of different Panax notoginseng active fractions, aiming to provide the theory basis for future immunomodulatory investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhao Yang
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China
| | - Liping Qu
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Innovation Materials Research and Development Center, Botanee Research Institute, Shanghai Jiyan Biomedical Development Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201702, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Innovation Materials Research and Development Center, Botanee Research Institute, Shanghai Jiyan Biomedical Development Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201702, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Yang
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China
| | - Fengkun Xiao
- Yunnan Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory, Yunnan Yunke Characteristic Plant Extraction Laboratory Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China; Yunnan Botanee Bio-Technology Group Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, China.
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7
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Li W, Chen Y, Yang R, Hu Z, Wei S, Hu S, Xiong X, Wang M, Lubeiny A, Li X, Feng M, Dong S, Xie X, Nie C, Zhang J, Luo Y, Zhou Y, Liu R, Pan J, Kong DX, Hu X. A terpenoids database with the chemical content as a novel agronomic trait. Database (Oxford) 2024; 2024:baae027. [PMID: 38776380 PMCID: PMC11110934 DOI: 10.1093/database/baae027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Natural products play a pivotal role in drug discovery, and the richness of natural products, albeit significantly influenced by various environmental factors, is predominantly determined by intrinsic genetics of a series of enzymatic reactions and produced as secondary metabolites of organisms. Heretofore, few natural product-related databases take the chemical content into consideration as a prominent property. To gain unique insights into the quantitative diversity of natural products, we have developed the first TerPenoids database embedded with Content information (TPCN) with features such as compound browsing, structural search, scaffold analysis, similarity analysis and data download. This database can be accessed through a web-based computational toolkit available at http://www.tpcn.pro/. By conducting meticulous manual searches and analyzing over 10 000 reference papers, the TPCN database has successfully integrated 6383 terpenoids obtained from 1254 distinct plant species. The database encompasses exhaustive details including isolation parts, comprehensive molecule structures, chemical abstracts service registry number (CAS number) and 7508 content descriptions. The TPCN database accentuates both the qualitative and quantitative dimensions as invaluable phenotypic characteristics of natural products that have undergone genetic evolution. By acting as an indispensable criterion, the TPCN database facilitates the discovery of drug alternatives with high content and the selection of high-yield medicinal plant species or phylogenetic alternatives, thereby fostering sustainable, cost-effective and environmentally friendly drug discovery in pharmaceutical farming. Database URL: http://www.tpcn.pro/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Li
- Institute for Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Innovation Academy of International Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yinliang Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ruofei Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zilong Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shaozhong Wei
- Colorectal cancer clinical research center of HuBei Province,Colorectal cancer clinical research center of Wuhan, Hubei Cancer Hospital,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology,, Wuhan, Hubei 430069, China
| | - Sheng Hu
- Colorectal cancer clinical research center of HuBei Province,Colorectal cancer clinical research center of Wuhan, Hubei Cancer Hospital,Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology,, Wuhan, Hubei 430069, China
| | - Xinjun Xiong
- Research Center for Rural Revitalization, Power China Kunming Engineering Corporation Limited, Kunming 650051, China
| | - Meijuan Wang
- Shennongjia Academy of Forestry, Shennongjia, Hubei 442400 China
| | | | - Xiaohua Li
- Institute for Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Innovation Academy of International Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Minglei Feng
- Research Center for Rural Revitalization, Power China Kunming Engineering Corporation Limited, Kunming 650051, China
| | - Shuang Dong
- Institute for Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Innovation Academy of International Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xinlu Xie
- Institute for Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Innovation Academy of International Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chao Nie
- Institute for Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Innovation Academy of International Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Institute for Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Innovation Academy of International Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yunhao Luo
- Institute for Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Innovation Academy of International Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yichen Zhou
- Institute for Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Innovation Academy of International Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ruodi Liu
- Institute for Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Innovation Academy of International Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinhai Pan
- Institute for Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Innovation Academy of International Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - De-Xin Kong
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Agricultural Bioinformatics Key Laboratory of Hubei Province, College of Informatics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xuebo Hu
- Institute for Medicinal Plants, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Innovation Academy of International Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center in Hubei for Medicinal Plant Breeding and Cultivation, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Medicinal Plant Engineering Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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8
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Niu X, Shi Y, Teng L, Lv C, Lu J. Two new dammarane-type saponins from radix and rhizomes of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:1463-1470. [PMID: 36503373 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2150848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Two new dammarane-type ginsenosides elucidated as 6-O-[α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-dammar-24-ene-3β, 6α, 12β, 20S-tetraol, named 20(S)-Ginsenoside Re10 (4); 6-O-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-20-O-[α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-dammar-24-ene-3β, 6α, 12β, 20R-tetraol, named 20(R)-Ginsenoside Re11 (8); along with one steroidal saponin (1) and six known triterpenoid ginsenosides (2, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 9) were isolated from the radix and rhizomes of mountain-cultivated ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, family Araliaceae). Their structures were determined by comprehensive chemical and spectroscopic analysis. In addition, what's even more concerning is that protodioscin was isolated for the first time from Panax ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueni Niu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yinuo Shi
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Linxuan Teng
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chongning Lv
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jincai Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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9
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Shin J, Lee Y, Ju SH, Jung YJ, Sim D, Lee SJ. Unveiling the Potential of Natural Compounds: A Comprehensive Review on Adipose Thermogenesis Modulation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4915. [PMID: 38732127 PMCID: PMC11084502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The process of adipocyte browning has recently emerged as a novel therapeutic target for combating obesity and obesity-related diseases. Non-shivering thermogenesis is the process of biological heat production in mammals and is primarily mediated via brown adipose tissue (BAT). The recruitment and activation of BAT can be induced through chemical drugs and nutrients, with subsequent beneficial health effects through the utilization of carbohydrates and fats to generate heat to maintain body temperature. However, since potent drugs may show adverse side effects, nutritional or natural substances could be safe and effective as potential adipocyte browning agents. This review aims to provide an extensive overview of the natural food compounds that have been shown to activate brown adipocytes in humans, animals, and in cultured cells. In addition, some key genetic and molecular targets and the mechanisms of action of these natural compounds reported to have therapeutic potential to combat obesity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeeun Shin
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea; (J.S.); (Y.L.); (S.H.J.); (Y.J.J.); (D.S.)
| | - Yeonho Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea; (J.S.); (Y.L.); (S.H.J.); (Y.J.J.); (D.S.)
| | - Seong Hun Ju
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea; (J.S.); (Y.L.); (S.H.J.); (Y.J.J.); (D.S.)
| | - Young Jae Jung
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea; (J.S.); (Y.L.); (S.H.J.); (Y.J.J.); (D.S.)
| | - Daehyeon Sim
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea; (J.S.); (Y.L.); (S.H.J.); (Y.J.J.); (D.S.)
| | - Sung-Joon Lee
- Department of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02855, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, BK21 Four Institute of Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul 02846, Republic of Korea
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10
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Zhao L, Zhang T, Zhang K. Pharmacological effects of ginseng and ginsenosides on intestinal inflammation and the immune system. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1353614. [PMID: 38698858 PMCID: PMC11064651 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1353614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Intestinal inflammatory imbalance and immune dysfunction may lead to a spectrum of intestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and gastrointestinal tumors. As the king of herbs, ginseng has exerted a wide range of pharmacological effects in various diseases. Especially, it has been shown that ginseng and ginsenosides have strong immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory abilities in intestinal system. In this review, we summarized how ginseng and various extracts influence intestinal inflammation and immune function, including regulating the immune balance, modulating the expression of inflammatory mediators and cytokines, promoting intestinal mucosal wound healing, preventing colitis-associated colorectal cancer, recovering gut microbiota and metabolism imbalance, alleviating antibiotic-induced diarrhea, and relieving the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. In addition, the specific experimental methods and key control mechanisms are also briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kai Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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11
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Wu Z, Dou W, Yang X, Niu T, Han Z, Yang L, Wang R, Wang Z. Novel glycosidase from Paenibacillus lactis 154 hydrolyzing the 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester bond of oleanane-type saponins. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:282. [PMID: 38573330 PMCID: PMC10995091 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13109-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Oleanane-type ginsenosides are a class of compounds with remarkable pharmacological activities. However, the lack of effective preparation methods for specific rare ginsenosides has hindered the exploration of their pharmacological properties. In this study, a novel glycoside hydrolase PlGH3 was cloned from Paenibacillus lactis 154 and heterologous expressed in Escherichia coli. Sequence analysis revealed that PlGH3 consists of 749 amino acids with a molecular weight of 89.5 kDa, exhibiting the characteristic features of the glycoside hydrolase 3 family. The enzymatic characterization results of PlGH3 showed that the optimal reaction pH and temperature was 8 and 50 °C by using p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside as a substrate, respectively. The Km and kcat values towards ginsenoside Ro were 79.59 ± 3.42 µM and 18.52 s-1, respectively. PlGH3 exhibits a highly specific activity on hydrolyzing the 28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester bond of oleanane-type saponins. The mechanism of hydrolysis specificity was then presumably elucidated through molecular docking. Eventually, four kinds of rare oleanane-type ginsenosides (calenduloside E, pseudoginsenoside RP1, zingibroside R1, and tarasaponin VI) were successfully prepared by biotransforming total saponins extracted from Panax japonicus. This study contributes to understanding the mechanism of enzymatic hydrolysis of the GH3 family and provides a practical route for the preparation of rare oleanane-type ginsenosides through biotransformation. KEY POINTS: • The glucose at C-28 in oleanane-type saponins can be directionally hydrolyzed. • Mechanisms to interpret PlGH3 substrate specificity by molecular docking. • Case of preparation of low-sugar alternative saponins by directed hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongzhan Wu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyu Dou
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Tengfei Niu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuzhen Han
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Rufeng Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Zhu L, Wang Y, Cai J. Molecular cloning, expression, purification, and characterization of Bacillus subtilis hydrolyzed ginsenoside Rc of α-L-arabinofuranosidase in Escherichia coli. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:181. [PMID: 38502253 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03902-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The α-L-arabinofuranosidase enzyme plays a crucial role in the degradation of ginsenosides. In this study, we successfully cloned and expressed a novel α-L-arabinofuranosidase bsafs gene (1503 bp, 501 amino acids, 55 kDa, and pI = 5.4) belonging to glycosyl hydrolase (GH) family 51 from Bacillus subtilis genome in Escherichia coli BL21 cells. The recombinant protein Bsafs was purified using Ni2+ sepharose fastflow affinity chromatography and exhibited a specific activity of 2.91 U/mg. Bsafs effectively hydrolyzed the α-L-arabinofuranoside at C20 site of ginsenoside Rc to produce Rd as the product. The Km values for hydrolysis of pNP-α-L-arabinofuranoside (pNPαAraf) and ginsenoside Rc were determined as 0.74 and 4.59 mmol/L, respectively; while the Vmax values for these substrates were found to be 24 and 164 μmol/min/mg, respectively; furthermore, the Kcat values for these enzymes were calculated as 22.3 and 1.58 S-1 correspondingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhu
- Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Fruit Wine, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655011, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- School of Chemical Biology and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, 653100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Cai
- Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Fruit Wine, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655011, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Son SH, Kang J, Shin Y, Lee C, Sung BH, Lee JY, Lee W. Sustainable production of natural products using synthetic biology: Ginsenosides. J Ginseng Res 2024; 48:140-148. [PMID: 38465212 PMCID: PMC10920010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Synthetic biology approaches offer potential for large-scale and sustainable production of natural products with bioactive potency, including ginsenosides, providing a means to produce novel compounds with enhanced therapeutic properties. Ginseng, known for its non-toxic and potent qualities in traditional medicine, has been used for various medical needs. Ginseng has shown promise for its antioxidant and neuroprotective properties, and it has been used as a potential agent to boost immunity against various infections when used together with other drugs and vaccines. Given the increasing demand for ginsenosides and the challenges associated with traditional extraction methods, synthetic biology holds promise in the development of therapeutics. In this review, we discuss recent developments in microorganism producer engineering and ginsenoside production in microorganisms using synthetic biology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Hee Son
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kang
- Synthetic Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, Korea National University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - YuJin Shin
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - ChaeYoung Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Hyun Sung
- Synthetic Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, Korea National University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Engineering Biology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Young Lee
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonsik Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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14
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Zhao Z, Yang Q, Ma Y, Jiang B, Ning K, Sun G, Sun Z, Sun Z, Ma G, Tong X, Qin H, Liu H, Xu X, Yang M, Wu H, Liu X. Identifying potential Q-markers for quality evaluation of Zhenyuan capsule by integrating chemical analysis, network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38389428 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2319650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Quality markers (Q-markers) are of great significance for quality evaluation of herbal medicines. Zhenyuan Capsule (ZYC) is a kind of Chinese patent medicine used to treat cardiovascular diseases. However, reliable and effective Q-markers for ZYC are still lacking. Herein, a UHPLC-Q/Orbitrap-MS/MS was performed to characterise the preliminary chemical profile of ZYC. A total of 86 components were characterised among which 20 constituents were unambiguously identified by reference compounds. Based on network pharmacology, seven major ginsenosides with great importance in the network were identified as Q-markers among which ginsenoside Re with the highest betweenness was screened to inhibit the development of coronary heart disease (CHD) by binding with vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA). Docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies suggested that ginsenoside Re stably bound to VEGFA. Quantitative determination and chemical fingerprinting analysis were performed using HPLC-DAD. The results showed that ginsenosides screened might function as potential Q-markers for ZYC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qinwen Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yinghong Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Baoping Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Ning
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- School of Biomedicine, Beijing City University, Beijing, China
| | - Guangli Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- School of Biomedicine, Beijing City University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhonghao Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaocui Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guoxu Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaole Tong
- Jilin Ji'an Yisheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Jilin, China
| | - Hailong Qin
- Jilin Ji'an Yisheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Jilin, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Jilin Ji'an Yisheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Jilin, China
| | - Xudong Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Meihua Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haifeng Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery Based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Beijing Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Beijing, China
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15
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Li J, Zhao J, Wang X, Lin Z, Lin H, Lin Z. Ginsenoside - a promising natural active ingredient with steroidal hormone activity. Food Funct 2024; 15:1825-1839. [PMID: 38315542 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo05484e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Ginsenosides are a class of natural products with hormone-like activity of triterpenoid saponins and have a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-aging, immune regulation and cognitive improvement. With the great research interest in alternative medicine and natural products, they are gradually becoming research hotspots. Ginsenosides have a four-ring rigid steroid backbone similar to steroid hormones, and a series of experimental studies have shown that they can exhibit hormone-like activity by binding to nuclear receptors or affecting hormone levels, thereby affecting a wide range of inflammatory conditions, cancers, and menopause-related diseases. This review summarizes the mechanisms and potential health effects of ginsenosides exhibiting estrogen-like, glucocorticoid-like and androgen-like activities, providing an important reference for the exploration of safe phytohormone replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China.
| | - Jiarui Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China.
| | - Xinhe Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China.
| | - Zhi Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China.
| | - He Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China.
| | - Zhe Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China.
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16
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Gębalski J, Małkowska M, Gawenda-Kempczyńska D, Słomka A, Strzemski M, Styczyński J, Załuski D. Eleutherococcus divaricatus Fruits Decrease Hyaluronidase Activity in Blood Serum and Protect from Antioxidative Damages in In Vitro Model. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2033. [PMID: 38396710 PMCID: PMC10889509 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Fruits are very important dietary components and a source of biologically active compounds used in nutritional pharmacology. Particularly due to the presence of polyphenolic compounds, fruits play an important role in the prevention of diseases of civilization. Therefore, it is important to study the phytochemicals and biological activity of fruits, especially those with a long-standing use in ethnomedicine. In this study, we determined the chemical profile and biological activity of a methanolic extract of the Eleutherococcus divaricatus fruits. Amongst nine polyphenols studied, only chlorogenic acid, protocatechuic acid, and eleutheroside E have been detected. The extract showed a weak anti-hyaluronidase activity from bovine testicular in a range of 9.06-37.70% and quite high for human serum hyaluronidase from children diagnosed with acute leukemia in a range of 76-86%. A weak anti-tyrosinase activity was obtained in a range of 2.94-12.46%. Moreover, the extract showed antioxidant properties against DPPH radical, ABTS radical, and O2•-. In addition, the antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated by FRAP assay and Fe2+ ion chelation assay. These preliminary studies partially justify the traditional use of the plant in inflammatory- and immune-related diseases, in which hyaluronidase and free radicals can participate. A difference in human serum hyaluronidase inhibition may result from the inter-patient variability. Regardless of that, the results mean that polyphenolic compounds may stimulate activity of hyaluronidase, as well as to protect cells from the oxidative damages. However, further studies in ex vivo and in vivo models are needed, including blood isolated from a larger number of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Gębalski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Pharmacognosy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Marie Curie-Skłodowska 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (J.G.); (M.M.); (D.G.-K.)
| | - Milena Małkowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Pharmacognosy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Marie Curie-Skłodowska 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (J.G.); (M.M.); (D.G.-K.)
| | - Dorota Gawenda-Kempczyńska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Pharmacognosy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Marie Curie-Skłodowska 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (J.G.); (M.M.); (D.G.-K.)
| | - Artur Słomka
- Department of Pathophysiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Marie Curie-Skłodowska 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Maciej Strzemski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Jan Styczyński
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Marie Curie-Skłodowska 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Daniel Załuski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Pharmacognosy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Marie Curie-Skłodowska 9, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (J.G.); (M.M.); (D.G.-K.)
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17
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Fan J, Liu F, Ji W, Wang X, Li L. Comprehensive Investigation of Ginsenosides in the Steamed Panax quinquefolius with Different Processing Conditions Using LC-MS. Molecules 2024; 29:623. [PMID: 38338369 PMCID: PMC10856252 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Panax quinquefolius (PQ) has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine and functional food. Ginsenosides are the important functional components of PQ. The ginsenosides' diversity is deeply affected by the processing conditions. The ginsenosides in the steamed PQ have been not well-characterized yet because of the complexity of their structure. In the study, the comprehensive investigation of ginsenosides was performed on the steamed PQ with different steaming times and temperatures by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. Based on the molecular weight, retention time and characterized fragment ions, 175 ginsenosides were unambiguously identified or tentatively characterized, including 45 protopanaxatriol type, 49 protopanaxadiol type, 19 octillol type, 6 oleanolic acid type ginsenosides, and 56 other ginsenosides. Ten new ginsenosides and three new aglycones were discovered in the steamed PQ samples through searching the database of CAS SciFindern. Principal component analysis showed the significant influence on the chemical components of PQ through different processing conditions. The steaming temperature was found to promote the transformation of ginsenosides more than the steaming time. The protoginsenosides were found to transform into the rare ginsenosides by elimination reactions. The malonyl ginsenosides were degraded into acetyl ginsenosides, and then degraded into neutral ginsenosides. The sugar chain experienced degradation, with position changes and configuration inversions. Furthermore, 20 (S/R)-ginsenoside Rh1, Rh2, Rg2, and Rh12 were found to transform from the S-configuration to the R-configuration significantly. This study could present a comprehensive ginsenosides profile of PQ with different steaming conditions, and provide technical support for the development and utilization of PQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Fan
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China; (J.F.); (F.L.); (W.J.); (X.W.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China; (J.F.); (F.L.); (W.J.); (X.W.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Wenhua Ji
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China; (J.F.); (F.L.); (W.J.); (X.W.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China; (J.F.); (F.L.); (W.J.); (X.W.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
| | - Lili Li
- Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China; (J.F.); (F.L.); (W.J.); (X.W.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, China
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Fan W, Fan L, Wang Z, Mei Y, Liu L, Li L, Yang L, Wang Z. Rare ginsenosides: A unique perspective of ginseng research. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00003-1. [PMID: 38195040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rare ginsenosides (Rg3, Rh2, C-K, etc.) refer to a group of dammarane triterpenoids that exist in low natural abundance, mostly produced by deglycosylation or side chain modification via physicochemical processing or metabolic transformation in gut, and last but not least, exhibited potent biological activity comparing to the primary ginsenosides, which lead to a high concern in both the research and development of ginseng and ginsenoside-related nutraceutical and natural products. Nevertheless, a comprehensive review on these promising compounds is not available yet. AIM OF REVIEW In this review, recent advances of Rare ginsenosides (RGs) were summarized dealing with the structurally diverse characteristics, traditional usage, drug discovery situation, clinical application, pharmacological effects and the underlying mechanisms, structure-activity relationship, toxicity, the stereochemistry properties, and production strategies. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW A total of 144 RGs with diverse skeletons and bioactivities were isolated from Panax species. RGs acted as natural ligands on some specific receptors, such as bile acid receptors, steroid hormone receptors, and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptors. The RGs showed promising bioactivities including immunoregulatory and adaptogen-like effect, anti-aging effect, anti-tumor effect, as well as their effects on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular system, central nervous system, obesity and diabetes, and interaction with gut microbiota. Clinical trials indicated the potential of RGs, while high quality data remains inadequate, and no obvious side effects was found. The stereochemistry properties induced by deglycosylation at C (20) were also addressed including pharmacodynamics behaviors, together with the state-of-art analytical strategies for the identification of saponin stereoisomers. Finally, the batch preparation of targeted RGs by designated strategies including heating or acid/ alkaline-assisted processes, and enzymatic biotransformation and biosynthesis were discussed. Hopefully, the present review can provide more clues for the extensive understanding and future in-depth research and development of RGs, originated from the worldwide well recognized ginseng plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Fan
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Linhong Fan
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ziying Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuqi Mei
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Longchan Liu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Linnan Li
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, and SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Zhang L, Gao X, Yang C, Liang Z, Guan D, Yuan T, Qi W, Zhao D, Li X, Dong H, Zhang H. Structural Characters and Pharmacological Activity of Protopanaxadiol‐Type Saponins and Protopanaxatriol‐Type Saponins from Ginseng. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2024; 2024. [DOI: org/10.1155/2024/9096774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Ginseng has a long history of drug application in China, which can treat various diseases and achieve significant efficacy. Ginsenosides have always been deemed important ingredients for pharmacological activities. Based on the structural characteristics of steroidal saponins, ginsenosides are mainly divided into protopanaxadiol‐type saponins (PDS, mainly including Rb1, Rb2, Rd, Rc, Rh2, CK, and PPD) and protopanaxatriol‐type saponins (PTS, mainly including Re, R1, Rg1, Rh1, Rf, and PPT). The structure differences between PDS and PTS result in the differences of pharmacological activities. This paper provides an overview of PDS and PTS, mainly focusing on their chemical profile, pharmacokinetics, hydrolytic metabolism, and pharmacological activities including antioxidant, antifatigue, antiaging, immunodulation, antitumor, cardiovascular protection, neuroprotection, and antidiabetes. It is intended to contribute to an in‐depth study of the relationship between PDS and PTS.
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Li P, Ling X, Zhao S, Xu L, Wang R. Diversity and Isolation of Endophytic Fungi in Panax japonicus and Biotransformation Activity on Saponins. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2024; 25:1199-1208. [PMID: 37767797 DOI: 10.2174/0113892010247700230919053439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study reports the diversity and community structure differences of the endophytic fungi of Panax japonicus of different ages to obtain novel endophytic fungi with glycoside hydrolytic activity for rare saponins production. METHODS This study used the high-throughput sequencing method to analyze the diversity and community structure of endophytic fungi of P. japonicus. The endophytic fungi were processed by traditional isolation, culture, conservation, and ITS rDNA sequence analyses. Then the total saponins of P. japonicus were used as the substrate to evaluate the glycoside hydrolytic activity. RESULTS The composition analysis of the community structure showed that the abundance, evenness, and diversity of endophytic fungi of nine-year-old P. japonicus were the best among all samples. A total of 210 endophytic fungi were isolated from P. japonicus samples and further annotated by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer. Then the biotransformation activity of obtained strains was further examined on total saponins of P. japonicus (TSPJ), with a strain identified as Fusarium equiseti (No.30) from 7-year-old P. japonicus showing significant glycoside hydrolytic activity on TSPJ, including ginsenoside Ro→zinglbroside R1, pseudoginsenoside RT1→pseudoginsenoside RP1, chikusetsusaponin IV→tarasaponin VI and chikusetsusaponin IVa →calenduloside E. CONCLUSION These results reveal the diversity and community structure differences of the endophytic fungi of P. japonicus with different ages and establish a resource library of endophytic fungi of P. japonicus. More importantly, we identified a valuable endophytic fungus with glycoside hydrolytic activity and provided a promising convenient microbial transformation approach to produce minor deglycosylated ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Ling
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
| | - Shujuan Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
| | - Lili Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
| | - Rufeng Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, P.R. China
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Hong LL, Liu YN, Kong JQ. Exploring 3-O-glycosylations of 20(R)-dammarane ginsenosides and the catalytic mechanism underlying the stereoselectivity with the combined assistance of AlphaFold 2 and molecular docking. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127721. [PMID: 37913883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation at C3-OH is the favorable modification for pharmaceutical activities and diversity expansion of 20(R)-dammarane ginsenosides. The 3-O-glycosylation, exclusively occurring in 20(R)-PPD ginsenosides, has never been achieved in 20(R)-PPT ginsenosides. Herein, 3-O-glycosylation of 20(R)-PPT enabled by a glycosyltransferase (GT) OsSGT2 was achieved with the combined assistance of AlphaFold 2 and molecular docking. Firstly, we combined AlphaFold2 algorithm and molecular docking to predict interactions between 20(R)-PPT and candidate GTs. A catalytically favorable binding geometry was thus identified in the OsSGT2-20(R)-PPT complex, suggesting OsSGT2 might act on 20(R)-PPT. The enzymatic assays demonstrated that OsSGT2 reacted with varied sugar donors to form 20(R)-PPT 3-O-glycosides, exhibiting donor promiscuity. Additionally, OsSGT2 displayed acceptor promiscuity, catalyzing 3-O-glucosylation of 20(R/S)-PPT, 20(R/S)-PPD and 20(R/S)-Rh1, respectively. Protein engineering on OsSGT2 was thus performed to probe its catalytic mechanism underlying its stereoselectivity. The W207A mutant preferred 20(S)-dammarane aglycons, while F395Q/A396G(QG) displayed a conversion enhancement towards both 20(R/S)-dammarane aglycons. The QG mutant was then used to synthesize 20(R)-PPT 3-O-glucoside, which displayed a moderate angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory effect with an IC50 of 27.5 ± 4.7 μM, superior to that of its 20(S)-epimer, with the combined assistance of target fishing and reverse docking. The water solubility of 20(R)-PPT 3-O-glucoside increased as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Hong
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products & CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs), Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yuan-Ning Liu
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products & CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs), Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Kong
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosynthesis of Natural Products & CAMS Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Biocatalysis of Natural Drugs), Beijing 100050, China.
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Liu J, Li X, Guo JW, Chen BX, Sun H, Huang JQ, Hu Y, Xu XY, Jiang MT, Gao XM, Yang WZ, Wang QL, Guo DA. Characterization and comparison of cardiomyocyte protection activities of non-starch polysaccharides from six ginseng root herbal medicines. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126994. [PMID: 37730001 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng is rich of polysaccharides, however, the evidence supporting polysaccharides to distinguish various ginseng species is rarely reported. Focusing on six root ginseng (e.g., Panax ginseng-PG, P. quinquefolius-PQ, P. notoginseng-PN, red ginseng-RG, P. japonicus-PJ, and P. japonicus var. major-PJM), the contained non-starch polysaccharides (NPs) were structurally characterized and compared by both the chemical and biological evaluation. Holistic fingerprinting at three levels (the NPs and the acid hydrolysates involving oligosaccharides and monosaccharides) utilized various chromatography methods, and the treatment of H9c2 cells with the NPs by OGD and H2O2-induced injury models was used to assess the protective effect. NPs from six Panax herbal medicines occupied about 20 % of the total polysaccharides, which were of the highest content in RG and the lowest in PN. NPs from six ginseng exhibited weak differentiations in the molecular weight distribution, while marker oligosaccharides were found to distinguish PN and RG from the others. Glc and GalA were more abundant in the NPs for PG and RG, respectively. NPs from PQ (100/200 μg/mL) showed significant cardiomyocyte protection effect by regulating the mitochondrial functions. This work further testifies the role of polysaccharides in quality control of herbal medicine, with new markers discovered beneficial to distinguish the ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, 361 Zhongshan Donglu, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, China
| | - Xue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jing-Wen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Bo-Xue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - He Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jia-Qi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Ying Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Mei-Ting Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiu-Mei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Wen-Zhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Qi-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - De-An Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Kwak YB, Lee E, Choi H, Park T, Kim A, Kim J, Yoon J, Yoo HH. A pharmacokinetic study on red ginseng with furosemide in equine. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1319998. [PMID: 38076549 PMCID: PMC10704239 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1319998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Red ginseng (RG) is a popular ingredient in traditional Korean medicine that has various health benefits. It is commonly taken orally as a dietary supplement; however, its potential interactions with concomitantly administered drugs are unclear. In this study, we examined the pharmacokinetic interaction between furosemide and RG in equine plasma. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis was performed to evaluate ginsenosides in the plasma of horses after feeding them RG and furosemide and validate the results. A single bolus of furosemide (0.5 mg/kg) was administered intravenously to female horses that had consumed RG (600 mg/kg/day) every morning for 3 weeks (experimental group), and blood samples were collected from 0 to 24 h, analyzed, and compared with those from female horses that did not consume RG (control group). Four (20s)-protopanaxadiol ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd) were detected in the plasma. Rb1 and Rc individually showed a high concentration distribution in the plasma. The Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ of furosemide was significantly increased in the experimental group (p < 0.05), while the CL, Vz, and Vss was decreased (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). These changes indicate the potential for pharmacokinetic interactions between furosemide and RG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Beom Kwak
- Racing Laboratory, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju-si, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunkyu Lee
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjoo Choi
- Training Support Team, Jeju Stud Farm, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju-si, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Taemook Park
- Equine Clinic, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju-si, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahram Kim
- Equine Clinic, Jeju Stud Farm, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju-si, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungon Kim
- Management Team, Jeju Stud Farm, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju-si, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungho Yoon
- Equine Clinic, Jeju Stud Farm, Korea Racing Authority, Jeju-si, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Hyun Yoo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology and College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
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Zhang YY, Li MZ, Shen HH, Abudukeyoumu A, Xie F, Ye JF, Xu FY, Sun JS, Li MQ. Ginsenosides in endometrium-related diseases: Emerging roles and mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115340. [PMID: 37625321 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides, agents extracted from an important herb (ginseng), are expected to provide new therapies for endometrium-related diseases. Based on the molecular types of ginsenosides, we reviewed the main pharmacological effects of ginsenosides against endometrium-related diseases (e.g., endometrial cancers, endometriosis, and endometritis). The mechanism of action of ginsenosides involves inducing apoptosis of endometrium-related cells, promoting autophagy of endometrium-related cells, regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in endometrium-related cells, and activating the immune system to kill cells associated with endometrial diseases. We hope to provide a theoretical foundation for the treatment of endometrium-related diseases by ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yang Zhang
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Mao-Zhi Li
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Hui Shen
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China
| | - Ayitila Abudukeyoumu
- Department of Gynecology, Shanghai Jiading Maternal Child Health Hospital, Shanghai 201800, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Xie
- Medical Center of Diagnosis and Treatment for Cervical and Intrauterine Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang-Feng Ye
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138632, Singapore
| | - Feng-Yuan Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jian-Song Sun
- School of Life Science and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Qing Li
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200080, People's Republic of China.
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Zou H, Ding Y, Shang J, Ma C, Li J, Yang Y, Cui X, Zhang J, Ji G, Wei Y. Isolation, characterization, and genomic analysis of a novel bacteriophage MA9V-1 infecting Chryseobacterium indologenes: a pathogen of Panax notoginseng root rot. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1251211. [PMID: 37779709 PMCID: PMC10537231 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1251211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chryseobacterium indologenes is one of the primary causative agents of root rot of Panax notoginseng, which significantly affected plant growth and caused economic losses. With the increasing incidence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial phytopathogens, phage therapy has been garnered renewed attention in treating pathogenic bacteria. However, the therapeutic potential of phage therapy on root rot of P. notoginseng has not been evaluated. In this study, we isolated a novel lytic phage MA9V-1 infecting C. indologenes MA9 from sewage and monitored the formation of clear and round plaques with a diameter of approximately 0.5-1.5 mm. Phage MA9V-1 exhibited rapid absorption (>75% in 8 min), a latency period of 20 min, and a burst size of 10 particles per cell. Transmission electron microscopy indicated that the phage MA9V-1 is a new myovirus hosting C. indologenes MA9. Sequencing of phage genomes revealed that phage MA9V-1 contained a linear double-stranded DNA genome of 213,507 bp with 263 predicted open reading frames, including phage structure, host lysing, and DNA polymerase/helicase but no genes of tRNA, virulence, and antibiotic resistance. Our proteomic tree and genomic analysis revealed that phage MA9V-1 shares identity with Sphingomonas phage PAU and Tenacibaculum phage PTm1; however, they also showed apparent differences. Further systemic evaluation using phage therapy experiments on P. notoginseng suggested that phage MA9V-1 can be a potential candidate for effectively controlling C. indologenes MA9 infection. Thus, we have presented a novel approach to solving root rot in P. notoginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zou
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yafang Ding
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Junjie Shang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chunlan Ma
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jinhua Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ye Yang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Panax notoginseng Resources in Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiuming Cui
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Panax notoginseng Resources in Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jinhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Guanghai Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yunlin Wei
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development and Utilization of Panax notoginseng Resources in Yunnan Province, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Sun MX, Li XH, Jiang MT, Zhang L, Ding MX, Zou YD, Gao XM, Yang WZ, Wang HD, Guo DA. A practical strategy enabling more reliable identification of ginsenosides from Panax quinquefolius flower by dimension-enhanced liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and quantitative structure-retention relationship-based retention behavior prediction. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1706:464243. [PMID: 37567002 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
To accurately identify the metabolites is crucial in a number of research fields, and discovery of new compounds from the natural products can benefit the development of new drugs. However, the preferable phytochemistry or liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry approach is time-/labor-extensive or receives unconvincing identifications. Herein, we presented a strategy, by integrating offline two-dimensional liquid chromatography/ion mobility-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (2D-LC/IM-QTOF-MS), exclusion list-containing high-definition data-dependent acquisition (HDDDA-EL), and quantitative structure-retention relationship (QSRR) prediction of the retention time (tR), to facilitate the in-depth and more reliable identification of herbal components and thus to discover new compounds more efficiently. Using the saponins in Panax quinquefolius flower (PQF) as a case, high orthogonality (0.79) in separating ginsenosides was enabled by configuring the XBridge Amide and CSH C18 columns. HDDDA-EL could improve the coverage in MS2 acquisition by 2.26 folds compared with HDDDA (2933 VS 1298). Utilizing 106 reference compounds, an accurate QSRR prediction model (R2 = 0.9985 for the training set and R2 = 0.88 for the validation set) was developed based on Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM), by which the predicted tR matching could significantly reduce the isomeric candidates identification for unknown ginsenosides. Isolation and establishment of the structures of two malonylginsenosides by NMR partially verified the practicability of the integral strategy. By these efforts, 421 ginsenosides were identified or tentatively characterized, and 284 thereof were not ever reported from the Panax species. The current strategy is thus powerful in the comprehensive metabolites characterization and rapid discovery of new compounds from the natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Xiao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiao-Hang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Mei-Ting Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Meng-Xiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Ya-Dan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiu-Mei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Wen-Zhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Hong-da Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - De-An Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin 301617, China; Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Jiang M, Li X, Zhao Y, Zou Y, Bai M, Yang Z, Wang W, Xu X, Wang H, Yang W, Chen Q, Guo D. Characterization of ginsenosides from Panax japonicus var. major (Zhu-Zi-Shen) based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry imaging. Chin Med 2023; 18:115. [PMID: 37684699 PMCID: PMC10486018 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00830-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Panax japonicus var. major (PJM) belongs to the well-known ginseng species used in west China for hundreds of years, which has the effects of lung tonifying and yin nourishing, and exerts the analgesic, antitussive, and hemostatic activities. Compared with the other Panax species, the chemical composition and the spatial tissue distribution of the bioactive ginsenosides in PJM have seldom been investigated. METHODS Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC/QTOF-MS) and desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (DESI-MSI) were integrated for the systematic characterization and spatial tissue distribution studies of ginsenosides in the rhizome of PJM. Considering the great difficulty in exposing the minor saponins, apart from the conventional Auto MS/MS (M1), two different precursor ions list-including data-dependent acquisition (PIL-DDA) approaches, involving the direct input of an in-house library containing 579 known ginsenosides (M2) and the inclusion of the target precursors screened from the MS1 data by mass defect filtering (M3), were developed. The in situ spatial distribution of various ginsenosides in PJM was profiled based on DESI-MSI with a mass range of m/z 100-1500 in the negative ion mode, with the imaging data processed by the High Definition Imaging (HDI) software. RESULTS Under the optimized condition, 272 ginsenosides were identified or tentatively characterized, and 138 thereof were possibly not ever reported from the Panax genus. They were composed by 75 oleanolic acid type, 22 protopanaxadiol type, 52 protopanaxatriol type, 16 octillol type, 19 malonylated, 35 C-17 side-chain varied, and 53 others. In addition, the DESI-MSI experiment unveiled the differentiated distribution of saponins, but the main location in the cork layer and phloem of the rhizome. The abundance of the oleanolic acid ginsenosides was high in the rhizome slice of PJM, which was consistent with the results obtained by UHPLC/QTOF-MS. CONCLUSION Comprehensive characterization of the ginsenosides in the rhizome of PJM was achieved, with a large amount of unknown structures unveiled primarily. We, for the first time, reported the spatial tissue distribution of different subtypes of ginsenosides in the rhizome slice of PJM. These results can benefit the quality control and further development of PJM and the other ginseng species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiting Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Xiaohang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yuying Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yadan Zou
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Maoli Bai
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Zhiming Yang
- Shenzhen Baoan Authentic TCM Therapy Hospital, Shenzhen, 518101, China
| | - Wei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Hongda Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Wenzhi Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China.
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China.
- Shenzhen Baoan Authentic TCM Therapy Hospital, Shenzhen, 518101, China.
| | - Qinhua Chen
- Shenzhen Baoan Authentic TCM Therapy Hospital, Shenzhen, 518101, China.
| | - Dean Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Modernization, State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China
- Shenzhen Baoan Authentic TCM Therapy Hospital, Shenzhen, 518101, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
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Balusamy SR, Perumalsamy H, Huq MA, Yoon TH, Mijakovic I, Thangavelu L, Yang DC, Rahimi S. A comprehensive and systemic review of ginseng-based nanomaterials: Synthesis, targeted delivery, and biomedical applications. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:1374-1410. [PMID: 36939049 DOI: 10.1002/med.21953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Among 17 Panax species identified across the world, Panax ginseng (Korean ginseng), Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng), and Panax notoginseng (Chinese ginseng) are highly recognized for the presence of bioactive compound, ginsenosides and their pharmacological effects. P. ginseng is widely used for synthesis of different types of nanoparticles compared to P. quinquefolius and P. notoginseng. The use of nano-ginseng could increase the oral bioavailability, membrane permeability, and thus provide effective delivery of ginsenosides to the target sites through transport system. In this review, we explore the synthesis of ginseng nanoparticles using plant extracts from various organs, microbes, and polymers, as well as their biomedical applications. Furthermore, we highlight transporters involved in transport of ginsenoside nanoparticles to the target sites. Size, zeta potential, temperature, and pH are also discussed as the critical parameters affecting the quality of ginseng nanoparticles synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Renukadevi Balusamy
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul, Gwangjin-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Haribalan Perumalsamy
- Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Next Generation Material Design, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Amdadul Huq
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung Ang University, Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Yoon
- Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Next Generation Material Design, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ivan Mijakovic
- Division of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lakshmi Thangavelu
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Deok Chun Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Shadi Rahimi
- Division of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Chen Z, Chen X, Guo L, Cui X, Qu Y, Yang X, Liu Y, Wang C, Yang Y. Effect of different cooking methods on saponin content and hematopoietic effects of Panax notoginseng-steamed chicken on mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 311:116434. [PMID: 37030555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Panax notoginseng-steamed chicken (PNSC) is a medicinal food with ethnic characteristics developed by the Miao ethnic group in the southeast of Yunnan Province, China. PNSC has been eaten for hundreds of years, and its tonic effect has been widely recognized by the people. However, its cooking conditions and scientific connotation of its effect of toning blood and supplementing deficiency are also lack of in-depth analysis. AIM OF THE STUDY To optimize the cooking conditions of Panax notoginseng-steamed chicken (PNSC) and to explore its anemia-improving effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS The ratio of P. notoginseng (PN) to chicken and the steaming time were systematically altered, and the PNSC cooking conditions was optimized with the response surface method. By establishing animal models of postpartum blood-deficiency anemia, acute hemorrhagic anemia and myelosuppressive anemia, the blood replenishing effect of PNSC was explored, and the blood replenishing mechanism of PNSC on myelosuppressive anemia was revealed by immunoblotting analyses and histopathological sectioning. RESULTS The optimal processing conditions included a ratio of chicken to P. notoginseng of 100:5 and a steaming time of 5.5 h. The amounts of P. notoginseng polysaccharides (PNPS), total protein and blood-enriching P. notoginseng saponins were 44.3 mg/g, 2.48% and 2.04%, respectively. Freeze-dried powder of P. notoginseng steamed chicken soup (FPSC) was found to promote the recovery of routine blood factors and organ indexes in the three models of anemia and to activate the JAK2-STAT5 signaling pathway, induce phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT5 and normalize the secretion of hematopoietic regulators EPO, IL-3, and TNF-α. CONCLUSION FPSC improves the symptoms of anemia in mice, and it plays a role in tonifying blood by activating the JAK2-STAT5 signaling pathway and altering the expression of hematopoiesis-related factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuowen Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng Resources of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiaoya Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng Resources of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Lanping Guo
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xiuming Cui
- School of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng Resources of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yuan Qu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng Resources of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng Resources of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng Resources of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Chengxiao Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng Resources of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Ye Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Utilization of Panax Notoginseng Resources of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650500, China.
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Tong A, Liu W, Wang H, Liu X, Xia G, Zhu J. Transcriptome analysis provides insights into the cell wall and aluminum toxicity related to rusty root syndrome of Panax ginseng. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1142211. [PMID: 37384362 PMCID: PMC10293891 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1142211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Rusty root syndrome is a common and serious disease in the process of Panax ginseng cultivation. This disease greatly decreases the production and quality of P. ginseng and causes a severe threat to the healthy development of the ginseng industry. However, its pathogenic mechanism remains unclear. In this study, Illumina high-throughput sequencing (RNA-seq) technology was used for comparative transcriptome analysis of healthy and rusty root-affected ginseng. The roots of rusty ginseng showed 672 upregulated genes and 526 downregulated genes compared with the healthy ginseng roots. There were significant differences in the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, plant hormone signal transduction, and plant-pathogen interaction. Further analysis showed that the cell wall synthesis and modification of ginseng has a strong response to rusty root syndrome. Furthermore, the rusty ginseng increased aluminum tolerance by inhibiting Al entering cells through external chelating Al and cell wall-binding Al. The present study establishes a molecular model of the ginseng response to rusty roots. Our findings provide new insights into the occurrence of rusty root syndrome, which will reveal the underlying molecular mechanisms of ginseng response to this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aizi Tong
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation and Application of Changbai Mountain Biological Germplasm Resources of Jilin Province, College of Life Science, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation and Application of Changbai Mountain Biological Germplasm Resources of Jilin Province, College of Life Science, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, China
| | - Haijiao Wang
- College of Life Science, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoliang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation and Application of Changbai Mountain Biological Germplasm Resources of Jilin Province, College of Life Science, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, China
| | - Guangqing Xia
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation and Application of Changbai Mountain Biological Germplasm Resources of Jilin Province, College of Life Science, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, China
| | - Junyi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Evaluation and Application of Changbai Mountain Biological Germplasm Resources of Jilin Province, College of Life Science, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, China
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Chen LH, Zhang YB, Yang XW, Xu J, Wang ZJ, Sun YZ, Xu W, Wang YP. Application of UPLC-Triple TOF-MS/MS metabolomics strategy to reveal the dynamic changes of triterpenoid saponins during the decocting process of Asian ginseng and American ginseng. Food Chem 2023; 424:136425. [PMID: 37263091 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoid saponins are the main bioactive components contributed to the nutritional value of ginseng, and different process conditions will affect their content and quality. To study the holistic characterization and dynamic changes of triterpenoid saponins in Asian ginseng (ASG) and American ginseng (AMG) during soaking and decoction, a UPLC-Triple TOF-MS/MS-based metabolomics strategy was used to characterize and discover differential saponin markers. In total, 739 triterpenoid saponins (including 225 potential new saponins) were identified from ASG and AMG in untargeted metabolomics. Based on PCA and OPLS-DA, 51 and 48 saponin markers were screened from soaked and decocted ASG and AMG, respectively. Additionally, targeted metabolomics analysis and HCA of 22 ginsenoside markers suggested that decoction of ASG and AMG for 2 h to 4 h could significantly increase the contents of rare ginsenosides (G), such as G-Rg3, G-Rg5, G-F4. This study provides a scientific insight that high boiling combined with simmering enriches ASG and AMG extracts with rich rare ginsenosides that are more beneficial to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - You-Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiu-Wei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhao-Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yi-Zheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ying-Ping Wang
- State Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Ginseng Breeding and Application, International Joint Research Center of Plants of the Genus Panax, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
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Xie Y, Wang C. Herb-drug interactions between Panax notoginseng or its biologically active compounds and therapeutic drugs: A comprehensive pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 307:116156. [PMID: 36754189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Herbs, along with the use of herb-drug interactions (HDIs) to combat diseases, are increasing in popularity worldwide. HDIs have two effects: favorable interactions that tend to improve therapeutic outcomes and/or minimize the toxic effects of drugs, and unfavorable interactions aggravating the condition of patients. Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen is a medicinal plant that has long been commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine to reduce swelling, relieve pain, clear blood stasis, and stop bleeding. Numerous studies have demonstrated the existence of intricate pharmacodynamic (PD) and pharmacokinetic (PK) interactions between P. notoginseng and conventional drugs. However, these HDIs have not been systematically summarized. AIM OF THE REVIEW To collect the available literature on the combined applications of P. notoginseng and drugs published from 2005 to 2022 and summarize the molecular mechanisms of interactions to circumvent the potential risks of combination therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS This work was conducted by searching PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and CNKI databases. The search terms included "notoginseng", "Sanqi", "drug interaction," "synergy/synergistic", "combination/combine", "enzyme", "CYP", and "transporter". RESULTS P. notoginseng and its bioactive ingredients interact synergistically with numerous drugs, including anticancer, antiplatelet, and antimicrobial agents, to surmount drug resistance and side effects. This review elaborates on the molecular mechanisms of the PD processed involved. P. notoginseng shapes the PK processes of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of other drugs by regulating metabolic enzymes and transporters, mainly cytochrome P450 enzymes and P-glycoprotein. This effect is a red flag for drugs with a narrow therapeutic window. Notably, amphipathic saponins in P. notoginseng act as auxiliary materials in drug delivery systems to enhance drug solubility and absorption and represent a new entry point for studying interactions. CONCLUSION This article provides a comprehensive overview of HDIs by analyzing the results of the in vivo and in vitro studies on P. notoginseng and its bioactive components. The knowledge presented here offers a scientific guideline for investigating the clinical importance of combination therapies. Physicians and patients need information on possible interactions between P. notoginseng and other drugs, and this review can help them make scientific predictions regarding the consequences of combination treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Xie
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Changhong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, Shanghai R&D Centre for Standardization of Chinese Medicines, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Wang Y, Sui Z, Wang M, Liu P. Natural products in attenuating renal inflammation via inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome in diabetic kidney disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1196016. [PMID: 37215100 PMCID: PMC10196020 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1196016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a prevalent and severe complications of diabetes and serves as the primary cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) globally. Increasing evidence indicates that renal inflammation is critical in the pathogenesis of DKD. The nucleotide - binding oligomerization domain (NOD) - like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is the most extensively researched inflammasome complex and is considered a crucial regulator in the pathogenesis of DKD. The activation of NLRP3 inflammasome is regulated by various signaling pathways, including NF- κB, thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), and non-coding RNAs (ncRNA), among others. Natural products are chemicals extracted from living organisms in nature, and they typically possess pharmacological and biological activities. They are invaluable sources for drug design and development. Research has demonstrated that many natural products can alleviate DKD by targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome. In this review, we highlight the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in DKD, and the pathways by which natural products fight against DKD via inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome activation, so as to provide novel insights for the treatment of DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhun Sui
- Department of Nephrology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mi Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Shunyi Hospital, Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Beijing, China
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Valdés-González JA, Sánchez M, Moratilla-Rivera I, Iglesias I, Gómez-Serranillos MP. Immunomodulatory, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Cancer Properties of Ginseng: A Pharmacological Update. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093863. [PMID: 37175273 PMCID: PMC10180039 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng, a medicinal plant of the genus Panax, boasts a rich historical record of usage that dates back to the Paleolithic period. This botanical is extensively acknowledged and consumed in Eastern countries for its therapeutic properties, and, in Western countries, it is becoming increasingly popular as a remedy for fatigue and asthenia. This review provides an update on current research pertaining to ginseng and its isolated compounds, namely, ginsenosides and polysaccharides. The primary focus is on three crucial pharmacological activities, namely, immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. The review encompasses studies on both isolated compounds and various ginseng extracts obtained from the root, leaves, and berries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Antonio Valdés-González
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Sánchez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Moratilla-Rivera
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Iglesias
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Pilar Gómez-Serranillos
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Xu X, Jiang M, Li X, Wang Y, Liu M, Wang H, Mi Y, Chen B, Gao X, Yang W. Three-dimensional characteristic chromatogram by online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography: Application to the identification and differentiation of ginseng from herbal medicines to various Chinese patent medicines. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1700:464042. [PMID: 37163941 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
One bottleneck problem in the quality control of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is the accurate identification of easily confused herbal medicines from Chinese patent medicine (CPM). Ginseng products derived from the multiple parts (e.g., root/rhizome, leaf, and flower bud) of multiple Panax species (P. ginseng, P. quinquefolius, P. notoginseng, P. japonicus, and P. japonicus var. major) are globally popular; however, their authentication is very challenging. Using online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC), we propose the concept of a three-dimensional characteristic chromatogram (3D CC) by integrating enhanced LC × LC separation and a contour plot that visualizes the stereoscopic chromatographic peaks and examine its performance in authenticating various ginseng products. Targeted at the resolution of 17 ginsenoside markers, an online LC × LC/UV system with a 56 min analysis time was constructed: a CORTECS UPLC Shield RP 18 column running at 0.1 mL/min for the first-dimensional chromatography and a Poroshell SB-Aq column at 2.0 mL/min in shift gradient mode in the second dimension of separation. In particular, ginsenosides Rg1/Re and Rc/Ra1 were well resolved. According to the presence/absence of stereo peaks consistent with the main ginsenoside markers in the 3D CC and the depth of shade (depending on peak volume), it was feasible to use a single method to identify and distinguish among 12 different ginseng species as the drug materials and the use of ginseng simultaneously from 21 CPMs. Conclusively, a practical solution enabling the accurate identification of easily confused TCMs was provided, covering both the drug materials and the compound preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Meiting Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Xiaohang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Meiyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Hongda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yueguang Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Boxue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Xiumei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Wenzhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617, China.
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Li M, Ma M, Wu Z, Liang X, Zheng Q, Li D, An T, Wang G. Advances in the biosynthesis and metabolic engineering of rare ginsenosides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:3391-3404. [PMID: 37126085 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12549-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Rare ginsenosides are the deglycosylated secondary metabolic derivatives of major ginsenosides, and they are more readily absorbed into the bloodstream and function as active substances. The traditional preparation methods hindered the potential application of these effective components. The continuous elucidation of ginsenoside biosynthesis pathways has rendered the production of rare ginsenosides using synthetic biology techniques effective for their large-scale production. Previously, only the progress in the biosynthesis and biotechnological production of major ginsenosides was highlighted. In this review, we summarized the recent advances in the identification of key enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathways of rare ginsenosides, especially the glycosyltransferases (GTs). Then the construction of microbial chassis for the production of rare ginsenosides, mainly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was presented. In the future, discovery of more GTs and improving their catalytic efficiencies are essential for the metabolic engineering of rare ginsenosides. This review will give more clues and be helpful for the characterization of the biosynthesis and metabolic engineering of rare ginsenosides. KEY POINTS: • The key enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathways of rare ginsenosides are summarized. • The recent progress in metabolic engineering of rare ginsenosides is presented. • The discovery of glycosyltransferases is essential for the microbial production of rare ginsenosides in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkai Li
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Mengyu Ma
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Zhenke Wu
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Xiqin Liang
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Qiusheng Zheng
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Defang Li
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
| | - Tianyue An
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
| | - Guoli Wang
- Featured Laboratory for Biosynthesis and Target Discovery of Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Tumor Metabolism, School of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
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Niu X, Fan X, Lv C, Lu J. Two new dammarane-type ginsenosides from Panax ginseng. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:1116-1121. [PMID: 34927483 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1991338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Two new dammarane-type ginsenosides elucidated as 3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-20-O-[α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl]-20(S)-protopanaxadiol, named Ginsenoside Rb6(2); (Z)-6-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-dammar-20(22), 24-diene-3β, 6α, 12β-triol, named (20Z)-Ginsenoside Rh4 (4); along with five known ginsenosides(1, 3, 5, 6, 7) were isolated from the radix and rhizome of wild ginseng (Panax ginseng). The structures were determined by chemical and comprehensive spectroscopic analysis, including 1D, 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS and hydrolysis reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueni Niu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Fan
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chongning Lv
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jincai Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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Qu H, Wang J, Yao C, Wei X, Wu Y, Cheng M, He X, Li J, Wei W, Zhang J, Bi Q, Guo DA. Enhanced profiling and quantification of ginsenosides from mountain-cultivated ginseng and comparison with garden-cultivated ginseng. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1692:463826. [PMID: 36774914 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Panax ginseng can be generally divided into mountain-cultivated ginseng (MCG) and garden-cultivated ginseng (GCG). The market price of MCG is significantly higher than that of GCG. However, the chemical compositions of MCG and the differences from GCG remained unclear. In this study, an integrated strategy combing an offline two-dimensional liquid chromatography separation, LTQ-orbitrap dual mode acquisition, and Q-trap full quantification/quasi-quantification was proposed to explore and compare the chemical compositions of MCG. Consequently, 559 ginsenosides were characterized, among which 437 ginsenosides were in-depth characterized with α-chain and β-chain annotated. Subsequently, enhanced quantification of 213 ginsenosides was conducted in 57 batches of MCG and GCG. Ginsenosides were found more abundant in MCG than GCG. In addition, 25-year-old MCG could be distinctly differentiated from 15/20-year-old MCG. This strategy facilitated the enhanced profiling and comparison of ginsenosides, improved the quality control tactics of MCG and provided a reference approach for other ginseng related products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Qu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jing Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China
| | - Changliang Yao
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xuemei Wei
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yisong Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mengzhen Cheng
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xin He
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiayuan Li
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenlong Wei
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianqing Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qirui Bi
- National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - De-An Guo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, China.
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Lee JW, Kim JU, Bang KH, Kwon N, Kim YC, Jo IH, Park YD. Efficient Somatic Embryogenesis, Regeneration and Acclimatization of Panax ginseng Meyer: True-to-Type Conformity of Plantlets as Confirmed by ISSR Analysis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1270. [PMID: 36986958 PMCID: PMC10053578 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Panax ginseng Meyer grows in east Russia and Asia. There is a high demand for this crop due to its medicinal properties. However, its low reproductive efficiency has been a hindrance to the crop's widespread use. This study aims to establish an efficient regeneration and acclimatization system for the crop. The type of basal media and strength were evaluated for their effects on somatic embryogenesis, germination, and regeneration. The highest rate of somatic embryogenesis was achieved for the basal media MS, N6, and GD, with the optimal nitrogen content (≥35 mM) and NH4+/NO3- ratio (1:2 or 1:4). The full-strength MS medium was the best one for somatic embryo induction. However, the diluted MS medium had a more positive effect on embryo maturation. Additionally, the basal media affected shooting, rooting, and plantlet formation. The germination medium containing 1/2 MS facilitated good shoot development; however, the medium with 1/2 SH yielded outstanding root development. In vitro-grown roots were successfully transferred to soil, and they exhibited a high survival rate (86.3%). Finally, the ISSR marker analysis demonstrated that the regenerated plants were not different from the control. The obtained results provide valuable information for a more efficient micropropagation of various P. ginseng cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Woo Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institution of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, Republic of Korea
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Uk Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institution of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong-Hwan Bang
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institution of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayeong Kwon
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institution of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Chang Kim
- Research Policy Bureau, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54875, Republic of Korea
| | - Ick-Hyun Jo
- Department of Crop Science and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Doo Park
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
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Yang X, Sun H, Zhang Z, Ou W, Xu F, Luo L, Liu Y, Chen W, Chen J. Antiviral Effect of Ginsenosides rk1 against Influenza a Virus Infection by Targeting the Hemagglutinin 1-Mediated Virus Attachment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054967. [PMID: 36902398 PMCID: PMC10003360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infections have been a serious hazard to public health everywhere. With the growing concern of drug-resistant IAV strains, there is an urgent need for novel anti-IAV medications, especially those with alternative mechanisms of action. Hemagglutinin (HA), an IAV glycoprotein, plays critical roles in the early stage of virus infection, including receptor binding and membrane fusion, making it a good target for developing anti-IAV drugs. Panax ginseng is a widely used herb in traditional medicine with extensive biological effects in various disease models, and its extract was reported to show protection in IAV-infected mice. However, the main effective anti-IAV constituents in panax ginseng remain unclear. Here, we report that ginsenoside rk1 (G-rk1) and G-rg5, out of the 23 screened ginsenosides, exhibit significant antiviral effects against 3 different IAV subtypes (H1N1, H5N1, and H3N2) in vitro. Mechanistically, G-rk1 blocked IAV binding to sialic acid in a hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay and an indirect ELISA assay; more importantly, we showed that G-rk1 interacted with HA1 in a dose-dependent manner in a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis. Furthermore, G-rk1 treatment by intranasal inoculation effectively reduced the weight loss and mortality of mice challenged with a lethal dose of influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8). In conclusion, our findings reveal for the first time that G-rk1 possesses potent anti-IAV effects in vitro and in vivo. We have also identified and characterized with a direct binding assay a novel ginseng-derived IAV HA1 inhibitor for the first time, which could present potential approaches to prevent and treat IAV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hailiang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhening Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Weixin Ou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fengxiang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ling Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yahong Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Weisan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
- Correspondence: (W.C.); (J.C.); Tel./Fax: +61-3-9479-3961 (W.C.); +86-20-8528-0234 (J.C.)
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (W.C.); (J.C.); Tel./Fax: +61-3-9479-3961 (W.C.); +86-20-8528-0234 (J.C.)
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Wang R, Pu Z, Janke JJ, Zheng YC, Kong XD, Niu T, Zhao S, Yang L, Wang Z, Xu JH. Engineered Glycosidase for Significantly Improved Production of Naturally Rare Vina-Ginsenoside R7. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:3852-3861. [PMID: 36790033 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c09115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides are the main bioactive ingredients in plants of the genus Panax. Vina-ginsenoside R7 (VG-R7) is one of the rare high-value ginsenosides with health benefits. The only reported method for preparing VG-R7 involves inefficient and low-yield isolation from highly valuable natural resources. Notoginsenoside Fc (NG-Fc) isolated in the leaves and stems of Panax notoginseng is a suitable substrate for the preparation of VG-R7 via specific hydrolysis of the outside xylose at the C-20 position. Here, we first screened putative enzymes belonging to the glycoside hydrolase (GH) families 1, 3, and 43 and found that KfGH01 can specifically hydrolyze the β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-glucopyranoside linkage of NG-Fc to form VG-R7. The I248F/Y410R variant of KfGH01 obtained by protein engineering displayed a kcat/KM value (305.3 min-1 mM-1) for the reaction enhanced by approximately 270-fold compared with wild-type KfGH01. A change in the shape of the substrate binding pockets in the mutant allows the substrate to sit closer to the catalytic residues which may explain the enhanced catalytic efficiency of the engineered enzyme. This study identifies the first glycosidase for bioconversion of a ginsenoside with more than four sugar units, and it will inspire efforts to investigate other promising enzymes to obtain valuable natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufeng Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhongji Pu
- Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jonathan Joel Janke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Yu-Cong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xu-Dong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Tengfei Niu
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shujuan Zhao
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Jung DH, Nahar J, Mathiyalagan R, Rupa EJ, Ramadhania ZM, Han Y, Yang DC, Kang SC. A Focused Review on Molecular Signalling Mechanisms of Ginsenosides Anti-Lung Cancer and Anti-inflammatory Activities. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2023; 23:3-14. [PMID: 35319393 DOI: 10.2174/1871520622666220321091022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is a cultivated medicinal herb that has been widely available in the Asian region since the last century. Ginseng root is used worldwide in Oriental medicine. Currently, the global mortality and infection rates for lung cancer and inflammation are significantly increasing. Therefore, various preventative methods related to the activity of ginsenosides have been used for lung cancer as well as inflammation. METHODS Web-based searches were performed on Web of Science, Springer, PubMed, and Scopus. A cancer statistical analysis was also conducted to show the current ratio of affected cases and death from lung cancer around the world. RESULTS Ginsenosides regulate the enzymes that participate in tumor growth and migration, such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signalregulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), the gelatinase network metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2/9) and activator protein 1 (AP-1). In addition, ginsenosides also possess anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the formation of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α) (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and controlling the activities of inflammatory signalling pathways, such as NF-κB, Janus kinase2/signal transducer, and activator of transcription 3 (Jak2/Stat3). CONCLUSION In several in vitro and in vivo models, P. ginseng showed potential beneficial effects in lung cancer and inflammation treatment. In this review, we provide a detailed and up-to-date summary of research evidence for antilung cancer and anti-inflammatory protective effects of ginsenosides and their potential molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Hyo Jung
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinnatun Nahar
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramya Mathiyalagan
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Esrat Jahan Rupa
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Korea
| | - Zelika Mega Ramadhania
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Yaxi Han
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Korea
| | - Deok-Chun Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea.,Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Korea
| | - Se Chan Kang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
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Li F, Chen MM, Zhang HM, Wu QP, Han YB. Production of ginsenoside compound K by microbial cell factory using synthetic biology-based strategy: a review. Biotechnol Lett 2023; 45:163-174. [PMID: 36550334 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03326-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside compound K (CK) is a major intestinal bacterial metabolite of the protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside family that can be absorbed in the systemic circulation. CK possesses diverse and important pharmacological properties. The low production and high cost of traditional manufacturing methods based on the extraction and biotransformation of total ginsenosides from ginseng have limited their medical application. However, considerable progress has been made in the area of de novo CK production via microbial cell factories using synthetic biology-based strategies. By introducing key enzymes responsible for CK biosynthesis into microbial cells, CK was produced via a series of in vivo enzymatic reactions that utilize the inherent precursors in microbial cells. After systematic optimization using various metabolic engineering strategies, the yield of CK increased significantly and exceeded the traditional plant extraction-biotransformation method, implying the commercial feasibility of this approach. This review summarizes recent novel advancements in the production of CK using microbial cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Meng Meng Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hui Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qing Ping Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yun Bin Han
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Guo Z, Wang L, Haq SU, Wang L, Guo W, Luo Y, Ijaz N. In-vitro evaluation of immunomodulatory activity of sulphation-modified total ginsenosides derivative-3. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1068315. [PMID: 36761888 PMCID: PMC9907730 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1068315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ginseng has been used in biomedicine to prevent and treat decreased physical and mental capacities. Total ginsenosides (TG) from ginseng root which have antitumor and immune-enhancing properties, are the principal active components of Panax ginseng, while the sulphation-modified TG derivative-3 (SMTG-d3) was expected to enhance the anticancer activity in conventional medicinal treatments. Methods The chlorosulphonic acid-pyridine technique, used for the sulfation modification of TG to improve their biological activity, and the infrared spectroscopic characteristics of TG and SMTG-d3 were investigated, and the effects of SMTG-d3 on immunocytes and cytokines relevant to tumor treatment were assessed. The MTT assay was used to assess the effect of TG and SMTG-d3 on the cytotoxicity and T-lymphocytic proliferation against mouse splenocytes. The LDH method was employed to evaluate NK activity induced by TG or SMTG-d3. The production levels of splenocytes-secreted IL-2 and IFN-γ and peritoneal macrophages-secreted TNF-α were determined using mouse ELISA kits. Results and discussion It showed that the ideal conditions for the sulfation modification of TG: the volume ratio of chlorosulfonic acid to pyridine lower than 1:2.5; controlled amount of chlorosulfonic acid; and a yield of 51.5% SMTG-d3 (2 h, < 45°C). SMTG-d3 showed two characteristic absorption peaks at 1,230 cm-1 and 810 cm-1, indicating the formation of sulfuric acid esters and the presence of sulfuric acid groups. SMTG-d3 exhibited higher antitumor immunological activity than TG by promoting the proliferation of T lymphocytes and the production of IFN-γ and TNF-α, thus enhancing NK cell activity, and reducing cytotoxicity. The findings imply sulfated modification represents an effective method of enhancing the immunomodulatory activities of TG and could be used as the basis for developing new drug target compounds; SMTG-d3 can serve as an antitumor immunomodulator and can be considered an effective and prospective herbal formulation in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiting Guo
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Lanzhou, Gansu, China,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Lanzhou, Gansu, China,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China,*Correspondence: Ling Wang ✉
| | - Shahbaz Ul Haq
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Lanzhou, Gansu, China,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for the Development and Utilization of Southwest Characteristic Medicine Biological Resources, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wenzhu Guo
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Lanzhou, Gansu, China,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yongjiang Luo
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Lanzhou, Gansu, China,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Nabeel Ijaz
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
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Hou M, Nie F, Zhao J, Ju Z, Yang L, Wang Q, Zhao S, Wang Z. New Glycosyltransferases in Panax notoginseng Perfect Main Ginsenosides Biosynthetic Pathways. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:963-973. [PMID: 36548634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides, the main bioactive ingredients of the Panax genus, are dammarane or oleanane triterpenoids with glycosylated modifications at C3/C6/C20 hydroxyls or C28 carboxyl, and their diverse glycosylation pattern has attracted great attention. However, the biosynthesis of some important saponins is still unclear. In this study, six UGTs were characterized, two of which were novel. PnUGT71A3 catalyzes not only the C6 hydroxyl glycosylation of protopanaxatriol (PPT) and F1 to form Rh1 and Rg1, respectively, but also the C20 hydroxyl glycosylation of protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type Rg3 to generate Rd. Especially, PnUGT94M1 is UDP-β-l-rhamnose (UDP-Rha)-dependent, regioselectively catalyzing the C2' hydroxyl rhamnosylation of C6 glucose of the PPT-type ginsenosides Rg1 and Rh1 to generate ginsenosides Re and Rg2, respectively. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that His21, Asp120, Ser363, and Pro372 are key residues, and the triple mutant (G344S/G345S/L346T) highly improved the activity toward Rg1 and Rh1. The findings in this study, perfect main ginsenosides biosynthetic pathways in the Panax genus, expand the biocatalyst toolbox for ginsenoside production and show that the PSPG motif is one of the options to modify UGTs to improve their activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoqi Hou
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Feng Nie
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianing Zhao
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhengcai Ju
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Yang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qingzhong Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shujuan Zhao
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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Koo H, Lee YS, Nguyen VB, Giang VNL, Koo HJ, Park HS, Mohanan P, Song YH, Ryu B, Kang KB, Sung SH, Yang TJ. Comparative transcriptome and metabolome analyses of four Panax species explore the dynamics of metabolite biosynthesis. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:44-53. [PMID: 36644396 PMCID: PMC9834023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The genus Panax in the Araliaceae family has been used as traditional medicinal plants worldwide and is known to biosynthesize ginsenosides and phytosterols. However, genetic variation between Panax species has influenced their biosynthetic pathways is not fully understood. Methods Simultaneous analysis of transcriptomes and metabolomes obtained from adventitious roots of two tetraploid species (Panax ginseng and P. quinquefolius) and two diploid species (P. notoginseng and P. vietnamensis) revealed the diversity of their metabolites and related gene expression profiles. Results The transcriptome analysis showed that 2,3-OXIDOSQUALENE CYCLASEs (OSCs) involved in phytosterol biosynthesis are upregulated in the diploid species, while the expression of OSCs contributing to ginsenoside biosynthesis is higher in the tetraploid species. In agreement with these results, the contents of dammarenediol-type ginsenosides were higher in the tetraploid species relative to the diploid species. Conclusion These results suggest that a whole-genome duplication event has influenced the triterpene biosynthesis pathway in tetraploid Panax species during their evolution or ecological adaptation. This study provides a basis for further efforts to explore the genetic variation of the Panax genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjin Koo
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Sun Lee
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Van Binh Nguyen
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Vo Ngoc Linh Giang
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jo Koo
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Seung Park
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Padmanaban Mohanan
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hun Song
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeol Ryu
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyo Bin Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Sung
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Yang
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author. Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Chen Z, Ye SY. Research progress on antiviral constituents in traditional Chinese medicines and their mechanisms of action. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:1063-1076. [PMID: 35634712 PMCID: PMC9154771 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2074053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Viruses have the characteristics of rapid transmission and high mortality. At present, western medicines still lack an ideal antiviral. As natural products, many traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) have certain inhibitory effects on viruses, which has become the hotspot of medical research in recent years. OBJECTIVE The antiviral active ingredients and mechanisms of TCM against viral diseases was studied in combination with the pathogenesis of viral diseases and antiviral effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS English and Chinese literature from 1999 to 2021 was collected from databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Elsevier, Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2020 (CP), and CNKI (Chinese). Traditional Chinese medicines (TCM), active ingredients, antiviral, mechanism of action, and anti-inflammatory effect were used as the key words. RESULTS The antiviral activity of TCM is clarified to put forward a strategy for discovering active compounds against viruses, and provide reference for screening antivirus drugs from TCM. TCM can not only directly kill viruses and inhibit the proliferation of viruses in cells, but also prevent viruses from infecting cells and causing cytophilia. It can also regulate the human immune system, enhance human immunity, and play an indirect antiviral role. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Based on the experimental study and antiviral mechanism of TCM, this paper can provide analytical evidence that supports the effectiveness of TCM in treating virus infections, as well as their mechanisms against viruses. It could be helpful to provide reference for the research and development of innovative TCMs with multiple components, multiple targets and low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chen
- Pharmaceutical College, Shandong University of TCM, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Si-yong Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Second People's Hospital, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
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Potential of ginsenoside Rh 2and its derivatives as anti-cancer agents. Chin J Nat Med 2022; 20:881-901. [PMID: 36549803 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(22)60193-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As a steroid skeleton-based saponin, ginsenoside Rh2 (G-Rh2) is one of the major bioactive ginsenosides from the plants of genus Panax L. Many studies have reported the notable pharmacological activities of G-Rh2 such as anticancer, antiinflammatory, antiviral, antiallergic, antidiabetic, and anti-Alzheimer's activities. Numerous preclinical studies have demonstrated the great potential of G-Rh2 in the treatment of a wide range of carcinomatous diseases in vitro and in vivo. G-Rh2 is able to inhibit proliferation, induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, retard metastasis, promote differentiation, enhance chemotherapy and reverse multi-drug resistance against multiple tumor cells. The present review mainly summarizes the anticancer effects and related mechanisms of G-Rh2 in various models as well as the recent advances in G-Rh2 delivery systems and structural modification to ameliorate its anticancer activity and pharmacokinetics characteristics.
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49
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Qu ZY, Liu HQ, Zheng PH, Li YL, Wang YP, Hou W. Saponins and flavonoids from the fruits of Panax notoginseng. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2022.104536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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50
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Liu M, Xu X, Wang X, Wang H, Mi Y, Gao X, Guo D, Yang W. Enhanced Identification of Ginsenosides Simultaneously from Seven Panax Herbal Extracts by Data-Dependent Acquisition Including a Preferred Precursor Ions List Derived from an In-House Programmed Virtual Library. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:13796-13807. [PMID: 36239255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Data-dependent acquisition (DDA) is widely utilized for metabolite identification in natural product research and food science, which, however, can suffer from low coverage. A potential solution to improve DDA coverage is to include the precursor ions list (PIL). Here, we aimed to construct a PIL-containing DDA strategy based on an in-house library of ginsenosides (VLG) and identify ginsenosides simultaneously from seven Panax herbal extracts. VLG, combined with mass defect filtering, could efficiently screen the ginsenoside precursors and elaborate the separate PIL involved in DDA for each ginseng extract. Consequently, we could characterize 500 ginsenosides, including 176 ones with unknown masses. Using the Panax ginseng extract, the superiority of this strategy was embodied in targeting more known ginsenoside masses and newly acquiring the MS2 spectra of 13 components. Conclusively, knowledge-based large-scale molecular prediction and PIL-DDA can represent a powerful targeted/untargeted strategy beneficial to novel natural compound discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Hongda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yueguang Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiumei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Dean Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenzhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China
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