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Yang L, Dong GH, Ma QY, Xie QY, Guo JC, Lu JJ, Wu YG, Dai HF, Zhao YX. Lanostane triterpenoids from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma amboinense. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2024; 218:113952. [PMID: 38096963 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Lanostane-type triterpenoids are the main characteristic constituents in Ganoderma mushrooms. Phytochemical analysis on the ethanol extract of the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma amboinense led to isolation and identification of twelve previously undescribed lanostane triterpenoids (1-12). Their chemical structures were determined by HR-ESI-MS, IR, and NMR spectroscopic analysis, NMR calculation, as well as X-ray crystallography. All isolates were evaluated for the α-glucosidase inhibitory and anti-inflammatory activities. Compounds 1, 5, 6, and 11 showed significant α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 values ranging from 33.5 μM to 96.0 μM. Moreover, compound 12 showed anti-inflammatory activity with IC50 value of 21.7 ± 2.1 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province & National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Guan-Hai Dong
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province & National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Qing-Yun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province & National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Qing-Yi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province & National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Jiao-Cen Guo
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province & National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China
| | - Jia-Ju Lu
- Guizhou Institute of Subtropical Crops, Xingyi, Guizhou, 562400, China
| | - You-Gen Wu
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya, 572025, China.
| | - Hao-Fu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province & National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China.
| | - You-Xing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province & National Key Laboratory for Tropical Crop Breeding, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China.
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Synytsya A, Bleha R, Skrynnikova A, Babayeva T, Čopíková J, Kvasnička F, Jablonsky I, Klouček P. Mid-Infrared Spectroscopic Study of Cultivating Medicinal Fungi Ganoderma: Composition, Development, and Strain Variability of Basidiocarps. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 10:23. [PMID: 38248933 PMCID: PMC10817577 DOI: 10.3390/jof10010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy was proposed for rapid, versatile, and non-invasive screening of Ganoderma basidiocarps to assess their potential for specific applications. Fifteen species and strains of this fungus were selected for analysis, and fine sections at different parts of young and mature basidiocarps were obtained. The spectra of fungal samples showed significant differences interpreted in terms of biochemical composition using characteristic bands of proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and triterpenoids. Obviously, for the transverse sections in trama, especially in the basal part, the most intense bands at 950-1200 cm-1 corresponded to polysaccharide vibrations, while for the superficial sections, the bands of carbonyl and aliphatic groups of triterpenoids at 1310-1470, 1550-1740, and 2850-2980 cm-1 predominated. The pilei, especially hymenium tubes, apparently contained more proteins than the bases and stipes, as evidenced by the intense bands of amide vibrations at 1648 and 1545-1550 cm-1. The specificity of the Ganoderma basidiocarp is a densely pigmented surface layer rich in triterpenoids, as proved by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. The spectral differences corresponding to the specificity of the triterpenoid composition may indicate the prospects of individual strains and species of this genus for cultivation and further use in food, cosmetics, or medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy Synytsya
- Department of Carbohydrates and Cereals, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (T.B.); (J.Č.)
| | - Roman Bleha
- Department of Carbohydrates and Cereals, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (T.B.); (J.Č.)
| | - Anastasia Skrynnikova
- Department of Carbohydrates and Cereals, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (T.B.); (J.Č.)
| | - Tamilla Babayeva
- Department of Carbohydrates and Cereals, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (T.B.); (J.Č.)
| | - Jana Čopíková
- Department of Carbohydrates and Cereals, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (A.S.); (T.B.); (J.Č.)
| | - František Kvasnička
- Department of Meat and Preservation, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Ivan Jablonsky
- Department of Gardening, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Pavel Klouček
- Department of Food Science, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Prague, Czech Republic;
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Chinthanom P, Vichai V, Rachtawee P, Boonpratuang T, Isaka M. Antimalarial Lanostane Dimers from Artificially Cultivated Fruiting Bodies of Ganoderma weberianum. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:2304-2314. [PMID: 37816683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of cultivated fruiting bodies of Ganoderma weberianum led to the isolation of 11 previously unreported lanostane dimers, ganoweberianones C (3a), D (4a), E (5a), F (6a), G (7a), and H (8a) and isoganoweberianones A (1b), B (2b), D (4b), G (7b), and H (8b). Six new ganodermanontriol derivatives as three pairs of diastereomers (11/12, 13/14, and 15/16) and five new ganoweberianic acids (17-21) were also isolated. A method for semisynthesis of lanostane dimers by condensation of natural lanostanes was established, which was utilized in the structure elucidation and NMR data assignments of the undescribed natural lanostane dimers. Ganoweberianone D (4a) and isoganoweberianone D (4b) showed significant antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum K1 (multidrug-resistant strain) with IC50 values of 0.057 and 0.035 μM, respectively, whereas their cytotoxicity to Vero cells was weaker (IC50 8.1 and 19 μM, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Panida Chinthanom
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Vanicha Vichai
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pranee Rachtawee
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Thitiya Boonpratuang
- National Biobank of Thailand (NBT), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Masahiko Isaka
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
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Dembitsky VM. Fascinating Furanosteroids and Their Pharmacological Profile. Molecules 2023; 28:5669. [PMID: 37570639 PMCID: PMC10419491 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article delves into the realm of furanosteroids and related isoprenoid lipids derived from diverse terrestrial and marine sources, exploring their wide array of biological activities and potential pharmacological applications. Fungi, fungal endophytes, plants, and various marine organisms, including sponges, corals, molluscs, and other invertebrates, have proven to be abundant reservoirs of these compounds. The biological activities exhibited by furanosteroids and related lipids encompass anticancer, cytotoxic effects against various cancer cell lines, antiviral, and antifungal effects. Notably, the discovery of exceptional compounds such as nakiterpiosin, malabaricol, dysideasterols, and cortistatins has revealed their potent anti-tuberculosis, antibacterial, and anti-hepatitis C attributes. These compounds also exhibit activity in inhibiting protein kinase C, phospholipase A2, and eliciting cytotoxicity against cancer cells. This comprehensive study emphasizes the significance of furanosteroids and related lipids as valuable natural products with promising therapeutic potential. The remarkable biodiversity found in both terrestrial and marine ecosystems offers an extensive resource for unearthing novel biologically active compounds, paving the way for future drug development and advancements in biomedical research. This review presents a compilation of data obtained from various studies conducted by different authors who employed the PASS software 9.1 to evaluate the biological activity of natural furanosteroids and compounds closely related to them. The utilization of the PASS software in this context offers valuable advantages, such as screening large chemical libraries, identifying compounds for subsequent experimental investigations, and gaining insights into potential biological activities based on their structural features. Nevertheless, it is crucial to emphasize that experimental validation remains indispensable for confirming the predicted activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery M Dembitsky
- Centre for Applied Research, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Lethbridge College, 3000 College Drive South, Lethbridge, AB T1K 1L6, Canada
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5
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Galappaththi MCA, Patabendige NM, Premarathne BM, Hapuarachchi KK, Tibpromma S, Dai DQ, Suwannarach N, Rapior S, Karunarathna SC. A Review of Ganoderma Triterpenoids and Their Bioactivities. Biomolecules 2022; 13:24. [PMID: 36671409 PMCID: PMC9856212 DOI: 10.3390/biom13010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
For centuries, Ganoderma has been used as a traditional medicine in Asian countries to prevent and treat various diseases. Numerous publications are stating that Ganoderma species have a variety of beneficial medicinal properties, and investigations on different metabolic regulations of Ganoderma species, extracts or isolated compounds have been performed both in vitro and in vivo. However, it has frequently been questioned whether Ganoderma is simply a dietary supplement for health or just a useful "medication" for restorative purposes. More than 600 chemical compounds including alkaloids, meroterpenoids, nucleobases, nucleosides, polysaccharides, proteins, steroids and triterpenes were extracted and identified from Ganoderma, with triterpenes serving as the primary components. In recent years, Ganoderma triterpenes and other small molecular constituents have aroused the interest of chemists and pharmacologists. Meanwhile, considering the significance of the triterpene constituents in the development of new drugs, this review describes 495 compounds from 25 Ganoderma species published between 1984 and 2022, commenting on their source, biosynthetic pathway, identification, biological activities and biosynthesis, together with applications of advanced analytical techniques to the characterization of Ganoderma triterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh C. A. Galappaththi
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China
- Postgraduate Institute of Science (PGIS), University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Kalani K. Hapuarachchi
- The Engineering Research Center of Southwest Bio-Pharmaceutical Resource Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Saowaluck Tibpromma
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China
| | - Dong-Qin Dai
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China
| | - Nakarin Suwannarach
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sylvie Rapior
- Laboratory of Botany, Phytochemistry and Mycology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Univ Montpellier, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, CS 14491, CEDEX 5, 34093 Montpellier, France
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Natural Substances and Chemical Mediation Team, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, CS 14491, CEDEX 5, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Samantha C. Karunarathna
- Center for Yunnan Plateau Biological Resources Protection and Utilization, College of Biological Resource and Food Engineering, Qujing Normal University, Qujing 655011, China
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6
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Anti-Adipogenic Lanostane-Type Triterpenoids from the Edible and Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma applanatum. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8040331. [PMID: 35448561 PMCID: PMC9028577 DOI: 10.3390/jof8040331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous research has shown that lanostane triterpenoids from Ganoderma applanatum exhibit significant anti-adipogenesis effects. In order to obtain more structurally diverse lanostane triterpenoids to establish a structure–activity relationship, we continued the study of lanostane triterpenoids from the fruiting bodies of G. applanatum, and forty highly oxygenated lanostane-type triterpenoinds (1–40), including sixteen new compounds (1–16), were isolated. Their structures were elucidated using NMR spectra, X-ray crystallographic analysis, and Mosher’s method. In addition, some of their parts were evaluated to determine their anti-adipogenesis activities in the 3T3-L1 cell model. The results showed that compounds 16, 22, 28, and 32 exhibited stronger anti-adipogenesis effects than the positive control (LiCl, 20 mM) at the concentration of 20 μM. Compounds 15 and 20 could significantly reduce the lipid accumulation during the differentiation process of 3T3-L1 cells, comparable to the untreated group. Their IC50 values were 6.42 and 5.39 μM, respectively. The combined results of our previous and present studies allow us to establish a structure-activity relationship of lanostane triterpenoids, indicating that the A-seco-23→26 lactone skeleton could play a key role in anti-adipogenesis activity.
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Lin YX, Sun JT, Liao ZZ, Sun Y, Tian XG, Jin LL, Wang C, Leng AJ, Zhou J, Li DW. Triterpenoids from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum and their inhibitory activity against FAAH. Fitoterapia 2022; 158:105161. [PMID: 35217118 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2022.105161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Seventeen triterpenoids including four new lanostane triterpenoids (1-3 and 5) were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum by various chromatographic techniques. Their chemical structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic data, including 1D-NMR, 2D-NMR, and HRESIMS. In addition, the spectral data of compound 4 was reported for the first time. In an in vitro bioassay, most isolated triterpenoids could inhibit the hydrolysis activity of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Furthermore, there is no cytotoxicity observed for these isolated triterpenoids. Therefore, G. lucidum showed the potential application for anti-neuroinflammation and more FAAH inhibitors may be explored from G. lucidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xin Lin
- College of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, PR China
| | - Jin-Tao Sun
- College of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, PR China
| | - Zheng-Zheng Liao
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Yan Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
| | - Xiang-Ge Tian
- College of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, PR China
| | - Ling-Ling Jin
- College of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, PR China
| | - Ai-Jing Leng
- College of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, PR China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China.
| | - Da-Wei Li
- College of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, PR China.
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8
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Tri MD, Phat NT, Trung NT, Phan CTD, Minh PN, Chi MT, Nguyen TP, Dang CH, Hong Truong L, Pham NKT, Mai TTN, Duong TH. A new 26-norlanostane from Phlogacanthus turgidus growing in Vietnam. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2022; 24:196-202. [PMID: 33876656 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2021.1913125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical investigation on chloroform extract of Phlogacanthus turgidus led to the isolation of one new compound namely turgidol, together with five known triterpenoids, lupeol, lupenone, betulin, betulinic acid, and taraxerol. Their structures and stereochemistry have been determined by 1 D and 2 D NMR analysis, high resolution mass spectrometry, and compared with those in literatures. The relative configuration of turgidol was defined using DFT-NMR chemical shift calculations and subsequent DP4+ probability method. Turgidol, betulin, and betulinic acid were evaluated for cytotoxic activity toward K562 cancer cell line and the alpha-glucosidase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Dinh Tri
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Ha noi 11355, Vietnam
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City 71515, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Tan Phat
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Ha noi 11355, Vietnam
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City 71515, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Tien Trung
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Modelling (LCCM), Quy Nhon University, Quy Nhon 55100, Vietnam
| | - Cam-Tu D Phan
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Modelling (LCCM), Quy Nhon University, Quy Nhon 55100, Vietnam
| | - Phan Nhat Minh
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City 71515, Vietnam
| | - Mai Thanh Chi
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Ha noi 11355, Vietnam
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City 71515, Vietnam
| | - Thi-Phuong Nguyen
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 72806, Vietnam
| | - Chi Hien Dang
- Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Graduate University of Science and Technology, Ha noi 11355, Vietnam
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City 71515, Vietnam
| | - Luu Hong Truong
- Southern Institute of Ecology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City 71515, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Kim Tuyen Pham
- Faculty of Environmental Science, Sai Gon University, Ho Chi Minh City 72711, Vietnam
| | - Trần Thị Ngọc Mai
- Ho Chi Minh city University of Technology (HUTECH), Ho Chi Minh city 72324, Vietnam
| | - Thuc-Huy Duong
- Department of Chemistry, Ho Chi Minh City University of Education, Ho Chi Minh City 72711, Vietnam
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9
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Chinthanom P, Srichomthong K, Rachtawee P, Boonpratuang T, Choeyklin R, Feng T, Liu JK, Isaka M. Lanostane triterpenoids from cultivated fruiting bodies of Ganoderma sichuanense: Determination of the C-25 absolute configuration of ganoderic acid A and its derivatives using the phenylglycine methyl ester (PGME) method. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 192:112963. [PMID: 34562671 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Three undescribed lanostane triterpenoids, together with twenty-one known compounds, were isolated from artificially cultivated fruiting bodies of the basidiomycete Ganoderma sichuanense. The absolute configuration at C-25 of ganoderic acid A and its derivatives was determined to be 25R by application of the phenylglycine methyl ester (PGME) method. Among the isolated compounds, ganoderiol F exhibited the most potent activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra with an MIC value of 0.781 μg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panida Chinthanom
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Kitlada Srichomthong
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Pranee Rachtawee
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Thitiya Boonpratuang
- National Biobank of Thailand, 114 Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Rattaket Choeyklin
- National Biobank of Thailand, 114 Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Tao Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Kai Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Masahiko Isaka
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand.
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10
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Xu JB, Li YZ, Huang S, Chen L, Luo YY, Gao F, Zhou XL. Diterpenoid alkaloids from the whole herb of Delphinium grandiflorum L. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 190:112866. [PMID: 34271299 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Seven previously undescribed diterpenoid alkaloids, eight reaction products and thirteen known compounds were isolated from the whole plant of Delphinium grandiflorum L. (Ranunculaceae). Grandiflonines A and B have an unprecedented C20-diterpenoid alkaloid skeleton, which features inversion of the configuration of C-18. Their structures were determined by comprehensive analyses of spectroscopic data, X-ray diffraction and Mosher's method. The probable biosynthetic pathway of grandiflonine A was discussed. Additionally, the analgesic activity and anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of NO production were evaluated. Among them, deoxylappaconitine (ED50 = 0.35 mg/kg, TI = 46.22) showed significant analgesic activity that was superior to the reference drug lappaconitine (ED50 = 3.5 mg/kg, TI = 3.34).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Bu Xu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yu-Zhu Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Shuai Huang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Lin Chen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yan-Yan Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Feng Gao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xian-Li Zhou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, Sichuan, PR China.
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11
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Isaka M, Chinthanom P, Vichai V, Sommai S, Choeyklin R. Ganoweberianones A and B, Antimalarial Lanostane Dimers from Cultivated Fruiting Bodies of the Basidiomycete Ganoderma weberianum. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:3404-3412. [PMID: 33107297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two lanostane dimers, ganoweberianones A (1) and B (2), together with seven previously undescribed lanostanes, ganoweberianic acids A-G (3-9), and three known compounds (10-12), were isolated from the artificially cultivated fruiting bodies of the basidiomycete Ganoderma weberianum. Ganoweberianone A (1) exhibited significant antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum K1 (multidrug-resistant strain) with an IC50 value of 0.050 μM. A method for semisynthesis of 1 by condensation of the corresponding lanostane monomers and acid-catalyzed intramolecular transesterification was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Isaka
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Panida Chinthanom
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Vanicha Vichai
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Sujinda Sommai
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Rattaket Choeyklin
- National Biobank of Thailand (NBT), 114 Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
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Su HG, Peng XR, Shi QQ, Huang YJ, Zhou L, Qiu MH. Lanostane triterpenoids with anti-inflammatory activities from Ganoderma lucidum. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 173:112256. [PMID: 32062196 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is one of the most famous medicinal fungi and is traditional Chinese medicine with various biological activities in Asian countries. To clarify its pharmacodynamic material basis, 15 lanostane triterpenoidswere obtained from the fruiting bodies of G. lucidum, including 8 previously undescribed lanostanoids. Their structures, including absolute configuration, were established based on ultraviolet, infrared, high-resolution electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry, 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance, and X-ray crystallographic analysis. Ganoluciduone A was an unusual octonorlanostane, which was isolated from Ganoderma for the first time. In addition, the anti-inflammatory activities of all isolates were evaluated by observing their inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 cells activated by a lipopolysaccharide. Ganoluciduone B exhibited moderate inhibitory activity on nitric oxide production, with an inhibition rate of 45.5% at a concentration of 12.5 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Guo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xing-Rong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Qiang-Qiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yan-Jie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Ming-Hua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, China.
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Shi QQ, Huang YJ, Su HG, Gao Y, Lu SY, Peng XR, Li XN, Zhou L, Qiu MH. Structurally diverse lanostane triterpenoids from medicinal and edible mushroom Ganoderma resinaceum Boud. Bioorg Chem 2020; 100:103871. [PMID: 32344184 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderma resinaceum is a multi-purpose herbal medicine that is homologous to functional food that has long been used for enhancing health and treating chronic hepatopathy in Traditional Chinese Medicine. In a search program to discover the key bioactive composition of G. resinaceum, sixteen new lanostane-type triterpenoids (1-16), and twenty known analogues (17-36) were isolated from the fruiting bodies of G. resinaceum. Spectroscopic analyses and X-ray crystallography were used to determine the new structures. Furthermore, the spectroscopic properties of 15β-hydroxy-4,4,14α- trimethyl-3,7,11,20-tetraoxo-5α-pregn-8-ene (15) and 15α-hydroxy-4,4,14α-trimethyl- 3,7,11,20-tetraoxo-5α-pregn-8-ene (34) indicated a potential structural misassignment of their analogues, lucidone E and lucidone H, reported previously. To probe this hypothesis, ROESY experiments and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis were conducted. These results undoubtedly reassigned the structure of lucidone E and lucidone H. Biological evaluation of the selected compounds disclosed that compounds 3, 4, 7/21, 11, 12, 13/14, 17, 18, 24/25, 27, 30, 31, and 35 had significant hepatoprotective activities, due to their remarkable in vitro inhibitory activities against the increase of ALT and AST levels in HepG2 cells induced by H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang-Qiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Jie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Guo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang-Yang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Rong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Nian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Hua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, People's Republic of China.
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Zhou H, Peng X, Hou T, Zhao N, Qiu M, Zhang X, Liang X. Identification of novel phytocannabinoids from Ganoderma by label-free dynamic mass redistribution assay. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 246:112218. [PMID: 31494202 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Located throughout the body, cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) are therapeutic targets for obesity/metabolic diseases, neurological/mental disorders, and immune modulation. Phytocannabinoids are greatly important for the development of new medicines with high efficacy and/or minor side effects. Plants and fungi are used in traditional medicine for beneficial effects to mental and immune system. The current research studied five fungi from the genus Ganoderma and five plants: Ganoderma hainanense J.D. Zhao, L.W. Hsu & X.Q. Zhang; Ganoderma capense (Lloyd) Teng, Zhong Guo De Zhen Jun; Ganoderma cochlear (Blume & T. Nees) Bres., Hedwigia; Ganoderma resinaceum Boud.; Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat.; Carthamus tinctorius L. (Compositae); Cynanchum otophyllum C. K. Schneid. (Asclepiadaceae); Coffea arabica L. (Rubiaceae); Prinsepia utilis Royle (Rosaceae); Lepidium meyenii Walp. (Brassicaceae). They show immunoregulation, promotion of longevity and maintenance of vitality, stimulant effects on the central nervous system, hormone balance and other beneficial effects. However, it remains unclear whether cannabinoid receptors are involved in these effects. AIM OF THE STUDY This work aimed to identify components working on CB1 and CB2 from the above plants and fungi, as novel phytocannabinoids, and to investigate mechanisms of how these compounds affected the cells. By analyzing the structure-activity relationship, we could identify the core structure for future development. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty-two natural compounds were screened on stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines, CHO-CB1 and CHO-CB2, with application of a label-free dynamic mass redistribution (DMR) technology that measured cellular responses to compounds. CP55,940 and WIN55,212-2 were agonist probe molecules, and SR141716A and SR144528 were antagonist probes. Pertussis toxin, cholera toxin, LY294002 and U73122 were signaling pathway inhibitors. The DMR data were acquired by Epic Imager software (Corning, NY), processed by Imager Beta 3.7 (Corning), and analyzed by GraphPad Prism 6 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA). RESULTS Transfected CHO-CB1 and CHO-CB2 cell lines were established and characterized. Seven compounds induced responses/activities in the cells. Among the seven compounds, four were purified from two Ganoderma species with potencies between 20 and 35 μM. Three antagonists: Kfb68 antagonized both receptors with a better desensitizing effect on CB2 to WIN55,212-2 over CP55,940. Kga1 and Kfb28 were antagonists selective to CB1 and CB2, respectively. Kfb77 was a special agonist and it stimulated CB1 in a mechanism different from that of CP55,940. Another three active compounds, derived from the Lepidium meyenii Walp. (Brassicaceae), were also identified but their effects were mediated through mechanisms much related to the signaling transduction pathways, especially through the stimulatory Gs protein. CONCLUSIONS We identified four natural cannabinoids that exhibited structural and functional diversities. Our work confirms the presence of active ingredients in the Ganoderma species to CB1 and CB2, and this finding establishes connections between the fungi and the cannabinoid receptors, which will serve as a starting point to connect their beneficial effects to the endocannabinoid system. This research will also enrich the inventory of cannabinoids and phytocannabinoids from fungi. Yet due to some limitations, further structure-activity relationship studies and mechanism investigation are warranted in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhou
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Xingrong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Tao Hou
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Nan Zhao
- Pharmacology Department, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Minghua Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
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Wang W, Yang YP, Tasneem S, Daniyal M, Zhang L, Jia YZ, Jian YQ, Li B. Lanostane tetracyclic triterpenoids as important sources for anti-inflammatory drug discovery. WORLD JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/wjtcm.wjtcm_17_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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16
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Abstract
This review covers newly isolated triterpenoids that have been reported during 2015.
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17
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Su HG, Zhou QM, Guo L, Huang YJ, Peng C, Xiong L. Lanostane triterpenoids from Ganoderma luteomarginatum and their cytotoxicity against four human cancer cell lines. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 156:89-95. [PMID: 30240975 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Lanostane triterpenoids are major metabolites of macrofungi from the genus Ganoderma and possess enormous substitution diversity and remarkable biological activities, especially anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. The present phytochemical investigation resulted in the isolation of nine undescribed lanostane triterpenoids and five known analogues from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma luteomarginatum, which was first phytochemically studied by our group. Chemical structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic evidence. (5α,23E)-27-nor-lanosta-8,23-dien-3,7,25-trione and (5α,23E)-27-nor-3β-hydroxylanosta-8,23-dien-7,25-dione are undescribed triterpenoids with an unusual 27-nor-lanostane carbon skeleton. All isolates were assayed for their cytotoxic activities using four human cancer cell lines (HGC-27, HeLa, A549, and SMMC-7721) and one human normal cell line (LO2), and the structure-cytotoxicity relationships were preliminarily explored. (5α,24E)-3β-acetoxyl-26-hydroxylanosta-8,24-dien-7-one exhibited the highest cytotoxicity against HeLa and A549 cell lines, with IC50 values of 1.29 and 1.50 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Guo Su
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Qin-Mei Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Institute of Innovative Medicine Ingredients of Southwest Specialty Medicinal Materials, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Li Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Institute of Innovative Medicine Ingredients of Southwest Specialty Medicinal Materials, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yuan-Jin Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Liang Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Institute of Innovative Medicine Ingredients of Southwest Specialty Medicinal Materials, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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18
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Yang C, Li W, Li C, Zhou Z, Xiao Y, Yan X. Metabolism of ganoderic acids by a Ganoderma lucidum cytochrome P450 and the 3-keto sterol reductase ERG27 from yeast. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 155:83-92. [PMID: 30077898 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderic acids, a group of oxygenated lanostane-type triterpenoids, are the major bioactive compounds produced by the well-known medicinal macro fungus Ganoderma lucidum. More than 150 ganoderic acids have been identified, and the genome of G. lucidum has been sequenced recently. However, the biosynthetic pathways of ganoderic acids have not yet been elucidated. Here, we report the functional characterization of a cytochrome P450 gene CYP512U6 from G. lucidum, which is involved in the ganoderic acid biosynthesis. CYP512U6 hydroxylates the ganoderic acids DM and TR at the C-23 position to produce hainanic acid A and ganoderic acid Jc, respectively. In addition, CYP512U6 can also hydroxylate a modified ganoderic acid DM in which the C-3 ketone has been reduced to hydroxyl by the sterol reductase ERG27 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. An NADPH-dependent cytochrome P450 reductase from G. lucidum was also isolated and characterized. These results will help elucidate the biosynthetic pathways of ganoderic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengshuai Yang
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weichao Li
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chen Li
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhihua Zhou
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Youli Xiao
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xing Yan
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Rd, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Lian C, Wang C, Xiao Q, Xiao L, Xu Y, Liu J. The triterpenes and steroids from the fruiting body Ganoderma duripora. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
For the past several decades, cancer patients in the U.S. have chosen the use of natural products as an alternative or complimentary medicine approach to treat or improve their quality of life via reduction or prevention of the side effects during or after cancer treatment. The genus Ganoderma includes about 80 species of mushrooms, of which several have been used for centuries in traditional Asian medicine for their medicinal properties, including anticancer and immunoregulatory effects. Numerous bioactive compounds seem to be responsible for their healing effects. Among the approximately 400 compounds produced by Ganoderma spp., triterpenes, peptidoglycans and polysaccharides are the major physiologically-active constituents. Ganoderma anticancer effects are attributed to its efficacy in reducing cancer cell survival and growth, as well as by its chemosensitizing role. In vitro and in vivo studies have been conducted in various cancer cells and animal models; however, in this review, we focus on Ganoderma’s efficacy on breast cancers. Evidence shows that some species of Ganoderma have great potential as a natural therapeutic for breast cancer. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to investigate their potential in the clinical setting and to translate our basic scientific findings into therapeutic interventions for cancer patients.
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Li W, Lou LL, Zhu JY, Zhang JS, Liang AA, Bao JM, Tang GH, Yin S. New lanostane-type triterpenoids from the fruiting body of Ganoderma hainanense. Fitoterapia 2016; 115:24-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Chen C, Li P, Li Y, Yao G, Xu JH. Antitumor effects and mechanisms of Ganoderma extracts and spores oil. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:3571-3578. [PMID: 27900038 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a popular herbal medicine used in China to promote health. Modern studies have disclosed that the active ingredients of Ganoderma can exhibit several effects, including antitumor effects and immunomodulation. The present study evaluated the antitumor effects of self-prepared Ganoderma extracts and spores oil, and investigated the possible underlying mechanisms by observing the effects of the extracts and oil on topoisomerases and the cell cycle. The results showed that Ganoderma extracts and spores oil presented dose-dependent inhibitory effects on tumor cells. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of Ganoderma extracts on HL60, K562 and SGC-7901 cells for 24 h were 0.44, 0.39 and 0.90 mg/ml, respectively; for Ganoderma spores oil, the IC50 values were 1.13, 2.27 and 6.29 mg/ml, respectively. In the in vivo study, the inhibitory rates of Ganoderma extracts (4 g/kg/d, intragastrically) on S180 and H22 cells were 39.1 and 44.6%, respectively, and for Ganoderma spores oil (1.2 g/kg/d, intragastrically) the inhibitory rates were 30.9 and 44.9%, respectively. Ganoderma extracts and spores oil inhibited the activities of topoisomerase I and II. Ganoderma spores oil was shown block the cell cycle at the transition between the G1 and S phases and induce a marked decrease in cyclin D1 levels in K562 cells, with no significant change in cyclin E level. These results suggest that the Ganoderma extracts and spores oil possessed antitumor effects in the in vitro and in vivo studies. The antitumor mechanisms of the extracts and spores oil were associated with inhibitory effects on topoisomerase I and II activities, and for Ganoderma spores oil, the antitumor effects may also be associated with decreased cyclin D1 levels, thus inducing G1 arrest in the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
| | - Peng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
| | - Ye Li
- Fujian Xianzhilou Biological Science and Technology Co., Ltd, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Guan Yao
- Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Jian-Hua Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P.R. China
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Peng X, Li L, Wang X, Zhu G, Li Z, Qiu M. Antioxidant farnesylated hydroquinones from Ganoderma capense. Fitoterapia 2016; 111:18-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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24
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Li S, Dong C, Wen H, Liu X. Development of Ling-zhi industry in China - emanated from the artificial cultivation in the Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IMCAS). Mycology 2016; 7:74-80. [PMID: 30123618 PMCID: PMC6059055 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2016.1171805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ling-zhi is a medicinal herb that generally refers to a fungus in the genus Ganoderma. It has been used as a medicinal mushroom in traditional Chinese medicine for more than 2000 years. Mycologists at the Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (IMCAS) first artificially cultivated the Ling-zhi fruiting body in the late 1960s (X.J. Liu's team). In IMCAS, different research teams have extensively studied Ling-zhi in the aspects of national resource surveys, systematic taxonomy, chemical analysis, and processing for medicinal and health applications. The research results from IMCAS have provided essential support and prompted the development of the Ling-zhi industry in China to some extent. This review aims to summarize the history of research on Ling-zhi in IMCAS and its role in the development of the Ling-zhi economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saifei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Caihong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hua'an Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xingzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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25
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Zhao ZZ, Chen HP, Huang Y, Li ZH, Zhang L, Feng T, Liu JK. Lanostane Triterpenoids from Fruiting Bodies of Ganoderma leucocontextum. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2016; 6:103-9. [PMID: 26872455 PMCID: PMC4805654 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-016-0089-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Six new lanostane-type triterpenoids, namely leucocontextins S-X (1-6), together with twelve known compounds, were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma leucocontextum. Their structures were established by MS and NMR data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Zhu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - He-Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zheng-Hui Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Tao Feng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Ji-Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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26
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Yang YJ, Yao J, Jin XJ, Shi ZN, Shen TF, Fang JG, Yao XJ, Zhu Y. Sesquiterpenoids and tirucallane triterpenoids from the roots of Scorzonera divaricata. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 124:86-98. [PMID: 26832425 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A sulfated guaiane sesquiterpene lactone, an unusual pyridinium alkaloid with a sulfated guaiane sesquiterpene lactone nucleus, an amino conjugate of a sulfated guaiane sesquiterpene lactone, a bisabolane sesquiterpene, three tirucallane triterpenes, and six known compounds, were isolated from roots of Scorzonera divaricata. Their structures and absolute configurations were established based on chemical and spectroscopic methods, X-ray single crystal crystallography, and also by comparison with experimental and calculated ECD spectra. One of the tirucallane triterpenes exhibited significant cytotoxic activities against four human cancer cell lines (HL60, HeLa, HepG2, and SMMC-7721) in vitro. Two of sulfated guaiane sesquiterpenoids also exhibited antioxidant activities by scavenging ABTS cation free radicals. Tirucallane-type and dammarane-type triterpenes were not previously known in the genus Scorzonera. The study suggests that sulfated guaiane-type sesquiterpenoids are a valuable marker for systematic chemical studies in the Lactuceae tribe of the Asteraceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road 222, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road 222, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jie Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road 222, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuan-Ning Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road 222, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Fei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road 222, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Guo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road 222, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road 222, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Tianshui South Road 222, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Lucidumol C, a new cytotoxic lanostanoid triterpene from Ganoderma lingzhi against human cancer cells. J Nat Med 2016; 70:661-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-016-0976-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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28
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Wang K, Bao L, Xiong W, Ma K, Han J, Wang W, Yin W, Liu H. Lanostane Triterpenes from the Tibetan Medicinal Mushroom Ganoderma leucocontextum and Their Inhibitory Effects on HMG-CoA Reductase and α-Glucosidase. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:1977-89. [PMID: 26287401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen new lanostane triterpenes, ganoleucoins A-P (1-16), together with 10 known tripterpenes (17-26), were isolated from the cultivated fruiting bodies of Ganoderma leucocontextum, a new member of the Ganoderma lucidum complex. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis and chemical transformation. The inhibitory effects of 1-26 on HMG-CoA reductase and α-glucosidase were tested in vitro. Compounds 1, 3, 6, 10-14, 17, 18, 23, 25, and 26 showed much stronger inhibitory activity against HMG-CoA reductase than the positive control atorvastatin. Compounds 13, 14, and 16 presented potent inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase from yeast with IC₅₀ values of 13.6, 2.5, and 5.9 μM, respectively. In addition, the cytotoxicity of 1-26 was evaluated against the K562 and PC-3 cell lines by the MTT assay. Compounds 1, 2, 6, 7, 10, 12, 16, 18, and 25 exhibited cytotoxicity against K562 cells with IC₅₀ values in the range 10-20 μM. Paclitaxel was used as the positive control with an IC₅₀ value of 0.9 μM. This is the first report of secondary metabolites from this medicinal mushroom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 1 Beichenxi Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 1 Beichenxi Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Xiong
- Institute of Vegetable Research, Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Science , No. 157 Jinzhuxi Road, Lasa 850000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 1 Beichenxi Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Han
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 1 Beichenxi Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 1 Beichenxi Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 1 Beichenxi Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 1 Beichenxi Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- R Russell M Paterson
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal.
| | - Nelson Lima
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
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30
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Zhang SS, Wang YG, Ma QY, Huang SZ, Hu LL, Dai HF, Yu ZF, Zhao YX. Three new lanostanoids from the mushroom Ganoderma tropicum. Molecules 2015; 20:3281-9. [PMID: 25690289 PMCID: PMC6272550 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20023281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new lanostanoid triterpenes--ganotropic acid (1), 3β,7β,15α,24-tetra- hydroxy-11,23-dioxo-lanost-8-en-26-oic acid (2) and 3β,7β,15α,28-tetrahydroxy-11,23- dioxo-lanost-8,16-dien-26-oic acid (3)--were isolated from the n-BuOH extract of the fruiting bodies of the mushroom Ganoderma tropicum. Their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, as well as HR-EI-MS data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Shuang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yu-Guang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Qing-Yun Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Sheng-Zhuo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Li-Li Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Hao-Fu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Zhi-Fang Yu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - You-Xing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
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