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He W, Chai Q, Zhao C, Yu A, Fan Z, Yin W, Hu F, Fan H, Sun Y, Wang F. Blue light regulated lignin and cellulose content of soybean petioles and stems under low light intensity. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2024; 51:FP23091. [PMID: 38669458 DOI: 10.1071/fp23091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
To improve light harvest and plant structural support under low light intensity, it is useful to investigate the effects of different ratios of blue light on petiole and stem growth. Two true leaves of soybean seedlings were exposed to a total light intensity of 200μmolm-2 s-1 , presented as either white light or three levels of blue light (40μmolm-2 s-1 , 67μmolm-2 s-1 and 100μmolm-2 s-1 ) for 15days. Soybean petioles under the low blue light treatment upregulated expression of genes relating to lignin metabolism, enhancing lignin content compared with the white light treatment. The low blue light treatment had high petiole length, increased plant height and improved petiole strength arising from high lignin content, thus significantly increasing leaf dry weight relative to the white light treatment. Compared with white light, the treatment with the highest blue light ratio reduced plant height and enhanced plant support through increased cellulose and hemicellulose content in the stem. Under low light intensity, 20% blue light enhanced petiole length and strength to improve photosynthate biomass; whereas 50% blue light lowered plants' centre of gravity, preventing lodging and conserving carbohydrate allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei He
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China; and College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Cai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Aizhong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China; and College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhilong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China; and College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China; and College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Falong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China; and College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yali Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China; and College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People's Republic of China
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2
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Diehn S, Kirby N, Ben-Zeev S, Alemu MD, Saranga Y, Elbaum R. Raman developmental markers in root cell walls are associated with lodging tendency in tef. PLANTA 2024; 259:54. [PMID: 38294548 PMCID: PMC10830713 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Using Raman micro-spectroscopy on tef roots, we could monitor cell wall maturation in lines with varied genetic lodging tendency. We describe the developing cell wall composition in root endodermis and cylinder tissue. Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] is an important staple crop in Ethiopia and Eritrea, producing gluten-free and protein-rich grains. However, this crop is not adapted to modern farming practices due to high lodging susceptibility, which prevents the application of mechanical harvest. Lodging describes the displacement of roots (root lodging) or fracture of culms (stem lodging), forcing plants to bend or fall from their vertical position, causing significant yield losses. In this study, we aimed to understand the microstructural properties of crown roots, underlining tef tolerance/susceptibility to lodging. We analyzed plants at 5 and 10 weeks after emergence and compared trellised to lodged plants. Root cross sections from different tef genotypes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, micro-computed tomography, and Raman micro-spectroscopy. Lodging susceptible genotypes exhibited early tissue maturation, including developed aerenchyma, intensive lignification, and lignin with high levels of crosslinks. A comparison between trellised and lodged plants suggested that lodging itself does not affect the histology of root tissue. Furthermore, cell wall composition along plant maturation was typical to each of the tested genotypes independently of trellising. Our results suggest that it is possible to select lines that exhibit slow maturation of crown roots. Such lines are predicted to show reduction in lodging and facilitate mechanical harvest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Diehn
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Noa Kirby
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shiran Ben-Zeev
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Muluken Demelie Alemu
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yehoshua Saranga
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rivka Elbaum
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001, Rehovot, Israel.
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3
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Gangwar T, Schillinger D. Thermodynamically consistent concurrent material and structure optimization of elastoplastic multiphase hierarchical systems. STRUCTURAL AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY OPTIMIZATION : JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR STRUCTURAL AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY OPTIMIZATION 2023; 66:195. [PMID: 37600469 PMCID: PMC10439103 DOI: 10.1007/s00158-023-03648-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The concept of concurrent material and structure optimization aims at alleviating the computational discovery of optimum microstructure configurations in multiphase hierarchical systems, whose macroscale behavior is governed by their microstructure composition that can evolve over multiple length scales from a few micrometers to centimeters. It is based on the split of the multiscale optimization problem into two nested sub-problems, one at the macroscale (structure) and the other at the microscales (material). In this paper, we establish a novel formulation of concurrent material and structure optimization for multiphase hierarchical systems with elastoplastic constituents at the material scales. Exploiting the thermomechanical foundations of elastoplasticity, we reformulate the material optimization problem based on the maximum plastic dissipation principle such that it assumes the format of an elastoplastic constitutive law and can be efficiently solved via modified return mapping algorithms. We integrate continuum micromechanics based estimates of the stiffness and the yield criterion into the formulation, which opens the door to a computationally feasible treatment of the material optimization problem. To demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of our framework, we define new benchmark tests with several material scales that, for the first time, become computationally feasible. We argue that our formulation naturally extends to multiscale optimization under further path-dependent effects such as viscoplasticity or multiscale fracture and damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Gangwar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
- Institute for Mechanics, Computational Mechanics Group, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Dominik Schillinger
- Institute for Mechanics, Computational Mechanics Group, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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4
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Gangwar T, Susko AQ, Baranova S, Guala M, Smith KP, Heuschele DJ. Multi-scale modelling predicts plant stem bending behaviour in response to wind to inform lodging resistance. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:221410. [PMID: 36636313 PMCID: PMC9810429 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Lodging impedes the successful cultivation of cereal crops. Complex anatomy, morphology and environmental interactions make identifying reliable and measurable traits for breeding challenging. Therefore, we present a unique collaboration among disciplines for plant science, modelling and simulations, and experimental fluid dynamics in a broader context of breeding lodging resilient wheat and oat. We ran comprehensive wind tunnel experiments to quantify the stem bending behaviour of both cereals under controlled aerodynamic conditions. Measured phenotypes from experiments concluded that the wheat stems response is stiffer than the oat. However, these observations did not in themselves establish causal relationships of this observed behaviour with the physical traits of the plants. To further investigate we created an independent finite-element simulation framework integrating our recently developed multi-scale material modelling approach to predict the mechanical response of wheat and oat stems. All the input parameters including chemical composition, tissue characteristics and plant morphology have a strong physiological meaning in the hierarchical organization of plants, and the framework is free from empirical parameter tuning. This feature of our simulation framework reveals the multi-scale origin of the observed wide differences in the stem strength of both cereals that would not have been possible with purely experimental approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Gangwar
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | - Alexander Q. Susko
- Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | - Svetlana Baranova
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | - Michele Guala
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | - Kevin P. Smith
- Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | - D. Jo Heuschele
- Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
- Plant Science Research Unit, USDA – Agricultural Research Services, St. Paul, MN, USA
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Zhao D, Luan Y, Shi W, Tang Y, Huang X, Tao J. Melatonin enhances stem strength by increasing lignin content and secondary cell wall thickness in herbaceous peony. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:5974-5991. [PMID: 35436332 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cut flower quality is severely restrained by stem bending due to low stem strength. Melatonin has been shown to function in many aspects of plant growth and development, yet whether it can enhance stem strength, and the corresponding underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We investigated the role of melatonin in enhancement of stem strength in herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) by applying exogenous melatonin and changing endogenous melatonin biosynthesis. Endogenous melatonin content positively correlated with lignin content and stem strength in various P. lactiflora cultivars. Supplementation with exogenous melatonin significantly enhanced stem strength by increasing lignin content and the S/G lignin compositional ratio, up-regulating lignin biosynthetic gene expression. Moreover, overexpression of TRYPTOPHAN DECARBOXYLASE GENE (TDC) responsible for the first committed step of melatonin biosynthesis in tobacco, significantly increased endogenous melatonin, which further increased the S/G ratio and stem strength. In contrast, silencing PlTDC in P. lactiflora decreased endogenous melatonin, the S/G ratio and stem strength. Finally, manipulating the expression of CAFFEIC ACID O-METHYLTRANSFERASE GENE (COMT1), which is involved in both melatonin and lignin biosynthesis, showed even greater effects on melatonin, the S/G ratio and stem strength. Our results suggest that melatonin has a positive regulatory effect on P. lactiflora stem strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqiu Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yuting Luan
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wenbo Shi
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yuhan Tang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xingqi Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Jun Tao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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6
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Cano-Garrido O, Serna N, Unzueta U, Parladé E, Mangues R, Villaverde A, Vázquez E. Protein scaffolds in human clinics. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 61:108032. [PMID: 36089254 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Fundamental clinical areas such as drug delivery and regenerative medicine require biocompatible materials as mechanically stable scaffolds or as nanoscale drug carriers. Among the wide set of emerging biomaterials, polypeptides offer enticing properties over alternative polymers, including full biocompatibility, biodegradability, precise interactivity, structural stability and conformational and functional versatility, all of them tunable by conventional protein engineering. However, proteins from non-human sources elicit immunotoxicities that might bottleneck further development and narrow their clinical applicability. In this context, selecting human proteins or developing humanized protein versions as building blocks is a strict demand to design non-immunogenic protein materials. We review here the expanding catalogue of human or humanized proteins tailored to execute different levels of scaffolding functions and how they can be engineered as self-assembling materials in form of oligomers, polymers or complex networks. In particular, we emphasize those that are under clinical development, revising their fields of applicability and how they have been adapted to offer, apart from mere mechanical support, highly refined functions and precise molecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Cano-Garrido
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Naroa Serna
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Ugutz Unzueta
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain; Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain; Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, 08916 Badalona (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Eloi Parladé
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Ramón Mangues
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain; Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, 08916 Badalona (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Antonio Villaverde
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain; Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain.
| | - Esther Vázquez
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain; Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès (Barcelona), Spain.
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7
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Ana LM, Rogelio S, Xose Carlos S, Rosa Ana M. Cell Wall Composition Impacts Structural Characteristics of the Stems and Thereby the Biomass Yield. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:3136-3141. [PMID: 35232018 PMCID: PMC8931758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Maize stalks support leaves and reproductive structures and functionally support water and nutrient transport; besides, their anatomical and biochemical characteristics have been described as a plant defense against stress, also impacting economically important applications. In this study, we evaluated agronomical and stem description traits in a subset of maize inbred lines that showed variability for cell wall composition in the internodes. Overall, a great proportion of lignin subunit G and a low concentration of p-coumaric acid and lignin subunit S are beneficial for greater rind puncture resistance and taller plants, with a greater biomass yield. Also, the greater the proportions of subunit H, the longer the internode. Finally, the lower the total hemicellulose content, the greater the rind puncture resistance. Our results confirmed the effect of the cell wall on agronomic and stalk traits, which would be useful in applied breeding programs focused on biomass yield improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- López-Malvar Ana
- Facultad
de Biología, Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ciencias
del Suelo, Universidade de Vigo, As Lagoas Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Santiago Rogelio
- Facultad
de Biología, Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ciencias
del Suelo, Universidade de Vigo, As Lagoas Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Agrobiología
Ambiental, Calidad de Suelos y Plantas (UVIGO), Unidad Asociada a la MBG (CSIC), 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Misión
Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), Pazo
de Salcedo, Carballeira 8, 36143 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Souto Xose Carlos
- Departamente
Ingeniería Recursos Naturales Y Medio Ambiente, E.E. Forestales, Universidade de Vigo, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Malvar Rosa Ana
- Agrobiología
Ambiental, Calidad de Suelos y Plantas (UVIGO), Unidad Asociada a la MBG (CSIC), 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Misión
Biológica de Galicia (CSIC), Pazo
de Salcedo, Carballeira 8, 36143 Pontevedra, Spain
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8
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Lauderbaugh LK, Holder CD. The biomechanics of leaf oscillations during rainfall events. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1139-1154. [PMID: 34791162 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants are dynamic systems during rainfall events. As raindrops splash on leaf surfaces, the momentum of the raindrop is transferred to the leaf, causing the leaf to oscillate. The emphasis of this review is on the general principles of leaf oscillation models after raindrop impact and the ecological importance. Various leaf oscillation models and the underlying physical properties from biomechanics theory are highlighted. Additionally, we review experimental methods to derive the model parameters for and explore advances in our understanding of the raindrop-leaf impact process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leal K Lauderbaugh
- Dynamics and Control of Complex Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Curtis D Holder
- Leaf Biomechanics and Ecohydrology Research Group (L-BERG), Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
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9
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Zargar O, Li Q, Nwaobi C, Pharr M, Finlayson SA, Muliana A. Thigmostimulation alters anatomical and biomechanical properties of bioenergy sorghum stems. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 127:105090. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Sridharan N, Gussev M, Babu S. Tailoring plasticity mechanisms in compositionally graded hierarchical steels fabricated using additive manufacturing. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20112. [PMID: 34635679 PMCID: PMC8505413 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
While there exists in nature abundant examples of materials with site-specific gradients in microstructures and properties, engineers and designers have traditionally used monolithic materials with discrete properties. Now, however, additive manufacturing (AM) offers the possibility of creating structures that mimic some aspects of nature. One example that has attracted attention in the recent years is the hierarchical structure in bamboo. The hierarchical architecture in bamboo is characterized by spatial gradients in properties and microstructures and is well suited to accommodate and survive complex stress states, severe mechanical forces, and large deformations. While AM has been used routinely to fabricate functionally graded materials, this study distinguishes itself by leveraging AM and physical metallurgy concepts to trigger cascading deformation in a single sample. Specifically, we have been successful in using AM to fabricate steel with unique spatial hierarchies in structure and property to emulate the structure and deformation mechanisms in natural materials. This study shows an improvement in the strength and ductility of the nature-inspired "hierarchical steel" compared with conventional cast stainless steels. In situ characterization proves that this improvement is due to the sequential activation of multiple deformation mechanisms namely twinning, transformation-induced plasticity, and dislocation-based plasticity. While significantly higher strengths can be achieved by refining the chemical and processing technique, this study sets the stage to achieve the paradigm of using AM to fabricate structures which emulate the flexibility in mechanical properties of natural materials and are able to adapt to in-service conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sudarsanam Babu
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, USA.,University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, USA
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11
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Duarte VP, Pereira MP, Corrêa FF, de Castro EM, Pereira FJ. Aerenchyma, gas diffusion, and catalase activity in Typha domingensis: a complementary model for radial oxygen loss. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:765-777. [PMID: 33404920 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01597-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Radial oxygen loss is a physical phenomenon that occurs naturally in aquatic plants. Typha domingensis was chosen as a model plant because it possesses basic morphological characteristics, such as a stem (rhizome) that produces leaves and adventitious roots, which are present in many aquatic plants. This study aimed to evaluate the following: the relevance of the anatomy of T. domingensis on gas diffusion among organs; the influence of plant parts on radial oxygen loss; the role of catalase in radial oxygen loss; and the proposition of a novel explanation for the downward diffusion of oxygen through the organs of this aquatic macrophyte and into the environment. Typha domingensis plants were cultivated in a greenhouse under different conditions: plants with intact leaves, plants with leaves cut in half, and plants without leaves. Furthermore, we evaluated the percentage of aerenchyma in different vegetative organs, the minimum pressure required for radial oxygen loss, the daily variations of dissolved oxygen, and the roots' catalase activity. The results demonstrated that certain cellular features contributed to decreased oxygen diffusion among the organs, specifically, those found in the leaf-rhizome and root-rhizome interfaces as well as the suberin and lignin layers in these regions. Additionally, our experiments with a catalase activator and inhibitor validated that a significant amount of the oxygen released in radial oxygen loss could not, in fact, be exclusively supplied by the atmosphere. Thus, a complementary model is proposed in which catalase activity is an important component of radial oxygen loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius P Duarte
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Marcio P Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Felipe F Corrêa
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Evaristo M de Castro
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, 37200-000, Brazil
| | - Fabricio J Pereira
- Instituto de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, 37130-001, Brazil.
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12
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Inhibition of Carotenoid Biosynthesis by CRISPR/Cas9 Triggers Cell Wall Remodelling in Carrot. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126516. [PMID: 34204559 PMCID: PMC8234013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data indicate that modifications to carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in plants alter the expression of genes affecting chemical composition of the cell wall. Phytoene synthase (PSY) is a rate limiting factor of carotenoid biosynthesis and it may exhibit species-specific and organ-specific roles determined by the presence of psy paralogous genes, the importance of which often remains unrevealed. Thus, the aim of this work was to elaborate the roles of two psy paralogs in a model system and to reveal biochemical changes in the cell wall of psy knockout mutants. For this purpose, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR associated (Cas9) proteins (CRISPR/Cas9) vectors were introduced to carotenoid-rich carrot (Daucus carota) callus cells in order to induce mutations in the psy1 and psy2 genes. Gene sequencing, expression analysis, and carotenoid content analysis revealed that the psy2 gene is critical for carotenoid biosynthesis in this model and its knockout blocks carotenogenesis. The psy2 knockout also decreased the expression of the psy1 paralog. Immunohistochemical staining of the psy2 mutant cells showed altered composition of arabinogalactan proteins, pectins, and extensins in the mutant cell walls. In particular, low-methylesterified pectins were abundantly present in the cell walls of carotenoid-rich callus in contrast to the carotenoid-free psy2 mutant. Transmission electron microscopy revealed altered plastid transition to amyloplasts instead of chromoplasts. The results demonstrate for the first time that the inhibited biosynthesis of carotenoids triggers the cell wall remodelling.
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13
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Manga-Robles A, Santiago R, Malvar RA, Moreno-González V, Fornalé S, López I, Centeno ML, Acebes JL, Álvarez JM, Caparros-Ruiz D, Encina A, García-Angulo P. Elucidating compositional factors of maize cell walls contributing to stalk strength and lodging resistance. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 307:110882. [PMID: 33902850 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lodging is one of the causes of maize (Zea mays L.) production losses worldwide and, at least, the resistance to stalk lodging has been positively correlated with stalk strength. In order to elucidate the putative relationship between cell wall, stalk strength and lodging resistance, twelve maize inbreds varying in rind penetration strength and lodging resistance were characterized for cell wall composition and structure. Stepwise multiple regression indicates that H lignin subunits confer a greater rind penetration strength. Besides, the predictive model for lodging showed that a high ferulic acid content increases the resistance to lodging, whereas those of diferulates decrease it. These outcomes highlight that the strength and lodging susceptibility of maize stems may be conditioned by structural features of cell wall rather than by the net amount of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. The results presented here provide biotechnological targets in breeding programs aimed at improving lodging in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Manga-Robles
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, E-24071, León, Spain.
| | - Rogelio Santiago
- Facultad de Biología, Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ciencias del Suelo, Universidad de Vigo E-36310. Vigo, Spain; Agrobiología Ambiental, Calidad de Suelos y Plantas (UVIGO), Unidad Asociada a la MBG (CSIC), Spain.
| | - Rosa A Malvar
- Agrobiología Ambiental, Calidad de Suelos y Plantas (UVIGO), Unidad Asociada a la MBG (CSIC), Spain; Misión Biológica de Galicia, CSIC, Pontevedra, Spain.
| | - Víctor Moreno-González
- Área de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, E-24071, León, Spain.
| | - Silvia Fornalé
- Centre de Recerca en AgriGenómica (Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, E-08193. Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ignacio López
- Centre de Recerca en AgriGenómica (Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, E-08193. Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - María Luz Centeno
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, E-24071, León, Spain.
| | - José L Acebes
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, E-24071, León, Spain.
| | - Jesús Miguel Álvarez
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, E-24071, León, Spain.
| | - David Caparros-Ruiz
- Centre de Recerca en AgriGenómica (Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Campus UAB, E-08193. Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Antonio Encina
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, E-24071, León, Spain.
| | - Penélope García-Angulo
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, E-24071, León, Spain.
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14
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Gangwar T, Schillinger D. Concurrent material and structure optimization of multiphase hierarchical systems within a continuum micromechanics framework. STRUCTURAL AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY OPTIMIZATION : JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR STRUCTURAL AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY OPTIMIZATION 2021; 64:1175-1197. [PMID: 34720791 PMCID: PMC8550188 DOI: 10.1007/s00158-021-02907-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present a concurrent material and structure optimization framework for multiphase hierarchical systems that relies on homogenization estimates based on continuum micromechanics to account for material behavior across many different length scales. We show that the analytical nature of these estimates enables material optimization via a series of inexpensive "discretization-free" constraint optimization problems whose computational cost is independent of the number of hierarchical scales involved. To illustrate the strength of this unique property, we define new benchmark tests with several material scales that for the first time become computationally feasible via our framework. We also outline its potential in engineering applications by reproducing self-optimizing mechanisms in the natural hierarchical system of bamboo culm tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Gangwar
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-Engineering, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, USA
- Institute of Mechanics and Computational Mechanics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dominik Schillinger
- Institute of Mechanics and Computational Mechanics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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15
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Zhdanov O, Blatt MR, Zare-Behtash H, Busse A. Wind-evoked anemotropism affects the morphology and mechanical properties of Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1906-1918. [PMID: 33206167 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants are known to exhibit a thigmomorphogenetic response to mechanical stimuli by altering their morphology and mechanical properties. Wind is widely perceived as mechanical stress and in many experiments its influence is simulated by applying mechanical perturbations. However, it is known that wind-induced effects on plants can differ and at times occur even in the opposite direction compared with those induced by mechanical perturbations. In the present study, the long-term response of Arabidopsis thaliana to a constant unidirectional wind was investigated. We found that exposure to wind resulted in a positive anemotropic response and in significant alterations to Arabidopsis morphology, mechanical properties, and anatomical tissue organization that were associated with the plant's strategy of acclimation to a windy environment. Overall, the observed response of Arabidopsis to wind differs significantly from previously reported responses of Arabidopsis to mechanical perturbations. The presented results suggest that the response of Arabidopsis is sensitive to the type of mechanical stimulus applied, and that it is not always straightforward to simulate one type of perturbation by another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Zhdanov
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michael R Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Glasgow, Bower Building, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Angela Busse
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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16
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Grant KR, Brennan M, Hoad SP. The Structure of the Barley Husk Influences Its Resistance to Mechanical Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:614334. [PMID: 33574825 PMCID: PMC7871009 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.614334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper explores the links between genotype, plant development, plant structure and plant material properties. The barley husk has two organs, the lemma and the palea, which protect the grain. When the husk is exposed to mechanical stress, such as during harvesting, it can be damaged or detached. This is known as grain skinning, which is detrimental to grain quality and has a significant economic impact on industry. This study focused on the lemma, the husk organ which is most susceptible to grain skinning. This study tested three hypotheses: (1) genotype and plant development determine lemma structure, (2) lemma structure influences the material properties of the lemma, and (3) the material properties of the lemma determine grain skinning risk. The effect of genotype was investigated by using plant material from four malting barley varieties: two with a high risk of grain skinning, two with a low risk. Plant material was assessed at two stages of plant development (anthesis, GS 65; grain filling, GS 77). Structure was assessed using light microscopy to measure three physiological features: thickness, vasculature and cell area. Material properties were approximated using a controlled impact assay and by analyzing fragmentation behavior. Genotype had a significant effect on lemma structure and material properties from anthesis. This indicates that differences between genotypes were established during floral development. The lemma was significantly thinner in high risk genotypes, compared to low risk genotypes. Consequently, in high risk genotypes, the lemma was significantly more likely to fragment. This indicates a relationship between reduced lemma thickness and increased fragmentation. Traditionally, a thin husk has been considered beneficial for malting quality, due to an association with malt extract. However, this study finds a thin lemma is less resistant to mechanical stress. This may explain the differences in grain skinning risk in the genotypes studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn R. Grant
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Agriculture, Horticulture and Engineering Sciences, Scotland's Rural College, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Maree Brennan
- Department of Agriculture, Horticulture and Engineering Sciences, Scotland's Rural College, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen P. Hoad
- Department of Agriculture, Horticulture and Engineering Sciences, Scotland's Rural College, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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17
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Nakata MT, Nakao M, Denda A, Onoda Y, Ueda H, Demura T. Estimating the flexural rigidity of Arabidopsis inflorescence stems: Free-vibration test vs. three-point bending test. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2020; 37:471-474. [PMID: 33850436 PMCID: PMC8034677 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.20.1214a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical strength of a plant stem (a load-bearing organ) helps the plant resist drooping, buckling and fracturing. We previously proposed a method for quickly evaluating the stiffness of an inflorescence stem in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana based on measuring its natural frequency in a free-vibration test. However, the relationship between the stiffness and flexural rigidity of inflorescence stems was unclear. Here, we compared our previously described free-vibration test with the three-point bending test, the most popular method for calculating the flexural rigidity of A. thaliana stems, and examined the extent to which the results were correlated. Finally, to expand the application range, we present an example of a modified free-vibration test. Our results provide a reference for improving estimates of the flexural rigidity of A. thaliana inflorescence stems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki T Nakata
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Mao Nakao
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Asuka Denda
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe, Hyogo 658-8501, Japan
| | - Yusuke Onoda
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Haruko Ueda
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe, Hyogo 658-8501, Japan
| | - Taku Demura
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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18
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Zhdanov O, Blatt MR, Cammarano A, Zare-Behtash H, Busse A. A new perspective on mechanical characterisation of Arabidopsis stems through vibration tests. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 112:104041. [PMID: 32891976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of plants are important for understanding plant biomechanics and for breeding new plants that can survive in challenging environments. Thus, accurate and reliable methods are required for the determination of mechanical properties such as stiffness and Young's modulus of elasticity. Much attention has been paid to the application of static methods to plants, while dynamic methods have received considerably less attention. In the present study, a dynamic forced vibration method for mechanical characterisation of Arabidopsis inflorescence stems was developed and validated against the conventional three-point bending test. Compared to dynamic tests based on free vibration, the current method allows to determine simultaneously more than one natural frequency, thus increasing the overall accuracy of the results. In addition, this method can be applied to the top parts of the stems that are more flexible, and where application of the three-point bending test is often limited. To demonstrate one of the potential applications of this method, it was applied to evaluate the influence of turgor pressure on the mechanical properties of Arabidopsis stems. Overall, the new dynamic testing approach has been shown to provide reliable data for the local mechanical properties along the Arabidopsis inflorescence stem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Zhdanov
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK; Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Michael R Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Andrea Cammarano
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | | | - Angela Busse
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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19
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Multiscale characterization and micromechanical modeling of crop stem materials. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2020; 20:69-91. [PMID: 32860537 PMCID: PMC8302559 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-020-01369-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An essential prerequisite for the efficient biomechanical tailoring of crops is to accurately relate mechanical behavior to compositional and morphological properties across different length scales. In this article, we develop a multiscale approach to predict macroscale stiffness and strength properties of crop stem materials from their hierarchical microstructure. We first discuss the experimental multiscale characterization based on microimaging (micro-CT, light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy) and chemical analysis, with a particular focus on oat stems. We then derive in detail a general micromechanics-based model of macroscale stiffness and strength. We specify our model for oats and validate it against a series of bending experiments that we conducted with oat stem samples. In the context of biomechanical tailoring, we demonstrate that our model can predict the effects of genetic modifications of microscale composition and morphology on macroscale mechanical properties of thale cress that is available in the literature.
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20
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Sonego M, Fleck C, Pessan LA. Hierarchical levels of organization of the Brazil nut mesocarp. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6786. [PMID: 32321974 PMCID: PMC7176704 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62245-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Aiming to understand Nature´s strategies that inspire new composite materials, the hierarchical levels of organization of the Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) mesocarp were investigated. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), microtomography (MicroCT) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) were used to deeply describe the cellular and fibrillary levels of organization. The mesocarp is the middle layer of the fruit which has developed several strategies to avoid its opening and protect its seed. Fibers have a different orientation in the three layers of the mesocarp, what reduces the anisotropy of the structure. Sclereids cells with thick cell walls fill the spaces between the fibers resembling a foam-filled structural composite. The mesocarp has several tubular channels and fractured surfaces which may work as sites for crack trapping and increase toughness. The thick and lignified cell wall of sclereids and fibers and the weak interface between cells can promote a longer and tortuous intercellular crack path. Additionally, fibers with high strength and stiffness due to microfibrils oriented along the main cell axis (µ = 0° to 17°) were identified in the innermost layer of the mesocarp. Such an understanding of each hierarchical level can inspire the development of new cellular composites with improved mechanical behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Sonego
- Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, via Washington Luiz, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering (PPGCEM), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), via Washington Luiz, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Claudia Fleck
- Materials Science and Engineering, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, 10623, Germany
| | - Luiz Antonio Pessan
- Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, via Washington Luiz, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering (PPGCEM), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), via Washington Luiz, Km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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21
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Nano-indentation reveals a potential role for gradients of cell wall stiffness in directional movement of the resurrection plant Selaginella lepidophylla. Sci Rep 2020; 10:506. [PMID: 31949232 PMCID: PMC6965169 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57365-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
As a physical response to water loss during drought, inner Selaginella lepidophylla stems curl into a spiral shape to prevent photoirradiation damage to their photosynthetic surfaces. Curling is reversible and involves hierarchical deformation, making S. lepidophylla an attractive model with which to study water-responsive actuation. Investigation at the organ and tissue level has led to the understanding that the direction and extent of stem curling can be partially attributed to stiffness gradients between adaxial and abaxial stem sides at the nanoscale. Here, we examine cell wall elasticity to understand how it contributes to the overall stem curling. We compare the measured elastic moduli along the stem length and between adaxial and abaxial stem sides using atomic force microscopy nano-indentation testing. We show that changes in cortex secondary cell wall development lead to cell wall stiffness gradients from stem tip to base, and also between adaxial and abaxial stem sides. Changes in cortical cell wall morphology and secondary cell wall composition are suggested to contribute to the observed stiffness gradients.
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22
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Schmier S, Hosoda N, Speck T. Hierarchical Structure of the Cocos nucifera (Coconut) Endocarp: Functional Morphology and its Influence on Fracture Toughness. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25010223. [PMID: 31935819 PMCID: PMC6983247 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the biomimetic potential of lignified or partially lignified fruit pericarps has moved into focus. For the transfer of functional principles into biomimetic applications, a profound understanding of the structural composition of the role models is important. The aim of this study was to qualitatively analyze and visualize the functional morphology of the coconut endocarp on several hierarchical levels, and to use these findings for a more precise evaluation of the toughening mechanisms in the endocarp. Eight hierarchical levels of the ripe coconut fruit were identified using different imaging techniques, including light and scanning electron microscopy as well as micro-computer-tomography. These range from the organ level of the fruit (H0) to the molecular composition (H7) of the endocarp components. A special focus was laid on the hierarchical levels of the endocarp (H3–H6). This investigation confirmed that all hierarchical levels influence the crack development in different ways and thus contribute to the pronounced fracture toughness of the coconut endocarp. By providing relevant morphological parameters at each hierarchical level with the associated toughening mechanisms, this lays the basis for transferring those properties into biomimetic technical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schmier
- Germany and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Naoe Hosoda
- National Institute for Materials Science, Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044 1-1, Japan;
| | - Thomas Speck
- Germany and Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestraße 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Germany and Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT, Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-761-203-2875
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23
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Brulé V, Rafsanjani A, Asgari M, Western TL, Pasini D. Three-dimensional functional gradients direct stem curling in the resurrection plant Selaginella lepidophylla. J R Soc Interface 2019; 16:20190454. [PMID: 31662070 PMCID: PMC6833318 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon hydration and dehydration, the vegetative tissue of Selaginella lepidophylla can reversibly swell and shrink to generate complex morphological transformations. Here, we investigate how structural and compositional properties at tissue and cell wall levels in S. lepidophylla lead to different stem curling profiles between inner and outer stems. Our results show that directional bending in both stem types is associated with cross-sectional gradients of tissue density, cell orientation and secondary cell wall composition between adaxial and abaxial stem sides. In inner stems, longitudinal gradients of cell wall thickness and composition affect tip-to-base tissue swelling and shrinking, allowing for more complex curling as compared to outer stems. Together, these features yield three-dimensional functional gradients that allow the plant to reproducibly deform in predetermined patterns that vary depending on the stem type. This study is the first to demonstrate functional gradients at different hierarchical levels combining to operate in a three-dimensional context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Brulé
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Avenue Docteur Penfield, Montréal, QC, CanadaH3A 1B1
| | - Ahmad Rafsanjani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QC, CanadaH3A 0C3
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Meisam Asgari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QC, CanadaH3A 0C3
- Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Tamara L. Western
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Avenue Docteur Penfield, Montréal, QC, CanadaH3A 1B1
| | - Damiano Pasini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QC, CanadaH3A 0C3
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24
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Bidhendi AJ, Geitmann A. Methods to quantify primary plant cell wall mechanics. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:3615-3648. [PMID: 31301141 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The primary plant cell wall is a dynamically regulated composite material of multiple biopolymers that forms a scaffold enclosing the plant cells. The mechanochemical make-up of this polymer network regulates growth, morphogenesis, and stability at the cell and tissue scales. To understand the dynamics of cell wall mechanics, and how it correlates with cellular activities, several experimental frameworks have been deployed in recent years to quantify the mechanical properties of plant cells and tissues. Here we critically review the application of biomechanical tool sets pertinent to plant cell mechanics and outline some of their findings, relevance, and limitations. We also discuss methods that are less explored but hold great potential for the field, including multiscale in silico mechanical modeling that will enable a unified understanding of the mechanical behavior across the scales. Our overview reveals significant differences between the results of different mechanical testing techniques on plant material. Specifically, indentation techniques seem to consistently report lower values compared with tensile tests. Such differences may in part be due to inherent differences among the technical approaches and consequently the wall properties that they measure, and partly due to differences between experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir J Bidhendi
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anja Geitmann
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
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25
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Hesse L, Bunk K, Leupold J, Speck T, Masselter T. Structural and functional imaging of large and opaque plant specimens. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:3659-3678. [PMID: 31188449 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Three- and four-dimensional imaging techniques are a prerequisite for spatially resolving the form-structure-function relationships in plants. However, choosing the right imaging method is a difficult and time-consuming process as the imaging principles, advantages and limitations, as well as the appropriate fields of application first need to be compared. The present study aims to provide an overview of three imaging methods that allow for imaging opaque, large and thick (>5 mm, up to several centimeters), hierarchically organized plant samples that can have complex geometries. We compare light microscopy of serial thin sections followed by 3D reconstruction (LMTS3D) as an optical imaging technique, micro-computed tomography (µ-CT) based on ionizing radiation, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) which uses the natural magnetic properties of a sample for image acquisition. We discuss the most important imaging principles, advantages, and limitations, and suggest fields of application for each imaging technique (LMTS, µ-CT, and MRI) with regard to static (at a given time; 3D) and dynamic (at different time points; quasi 4D) structural and functional plant imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea Hesse
- Plant Biomechanics Group and Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Bunk
- Plant Biomechanics Group and Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Leupold
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group and Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Freiburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT - Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tom Masselter
- Plant Biomechanics Group and Botanic Garden, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), Freiburg, Germany
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Sonego M, Fleck C, Pessan LA. Mesocarp of Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) as inspiration for new impact resistant materials. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2019; 14:056002. [PMID: 31100740 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ab2298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aiming to produce bioinspired impact and puncture resistant materials, the mesocarp of the Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) was characterized. The mesocarp composition was investigated by chemical extraction and its microstructure was analyzed by optical microscopy and microtomography (microCT). A compression test evaluated the force needed to open the mesocarp shell. Shore D hardness testing and nanoindentation measured the local mechanical properties at different length scales. Brazil nut mesocarp has a higher content of lignin (56%) than other nutshells and is mainly composed of sclereids and fibers cells arranged together and not in separated layers as usually found in nature. The mesocarp has an internal and external layer with fibers oriented from peduncle to opercular opening and a middle layer where entangled fibers are latitudinally oriented. To open a Brazil nut mesocarp, compression forces of 10 079 ± 1460 N (parallel to latitudinal section) and 14 785 ± 4050 N (perpendicular to latitudinal section) are needed. Such forces are higher than the forces needed to open most nutshells, if fracture force is normalized by shell thickness. The Shore D hardness test showed that hardness is uniform in the mesocarp, although it is higher in the center of the thickness than close to the inner or outer surface. The cell wall of fibers has a higher reduced modulus than the cell wall of sclereids although they have a similar hardness. These microstructural and mechanical results indicate that Brazil nutshell has great potential as a source for bioinspiration and motivates further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sonego
- Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering (PPG-CEM), São Carlos, SP, Brazil. Author to whom correspondence should be addressed
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Voigt D, Souza EJ, Kovalev A, Gorb S. Inter‐ and intraspecific differences in leaf beetle attachment on rigid and compliant substrates. J Zool (1987) 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Voigt
- Institute for Botany Technische Universität Dresden Dresden Germany
| | | | - A. Kovalev
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics Zoological Institute Christian‐Albrechts‐Universität zu Kiel Kiel Germany
| | - S. Gorb
- Department of Functional Morphology and Biomechanics Zoological Institute Christian‐Albrechts‐Universität zu Kiel Kiel Germany
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Flores-Johnson EA, Carrillo JG, Zhai C, Gamboa RA, Gan Y, Shen L. Microstructure and mechanical properties of hard Acrocomia mexicana fruit shell. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9668. [PMID: 29941916 PMCID: PMC6018112 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27282-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit and nut shells can exhibit high hardness and toughness. In the peninsula of Yucatan, Mexico, the fruit of the Cocoyol palm tree (Acrocomia mexicana) is well known to be very difficult to break. Its hardness has been documented since the 1500 s, and is even mentioned in the popular Maya legend The Dwarf of Uxmal. However, until now, no scientific studies quantifying the mechanical performance of the Cocoyol endocarp has been found in the literature to prove or disprove that this fruit shell is indeed "very hard". Here we report the mechanical properties, microstructure and hardness of this material. The mechanical measurements showed compressive strength values of up to ~150 and ~250 MPa under quasi-static and high strain rate loading conditions, respectively, and microhardness of up to ~0.36 GPa. Our findings reveal a complex hierarchical structure showing that the Cocoyol shell is a functionally graded material with distinctive layers along the radial directions. These findings demonstrate that structure-property relationships make this material hard and tough. The mechanical results and the microstructure presented herein encourage designing new types of bioinspired superior synthetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Flores-Johnson
- CONACYT - Unidad de Materiales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43, No. 130, Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, 97205, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - J G Carrillo
- Unidad de Materiales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43, No. 130, Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida, 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - C Zhai
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - R A Gamboa
- Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Motul, Carretera Mérida-Motul, Tablaje Catastral 383, Motul de Carrillo Puerto, 97430, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Y Gan
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - L Shen
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Nakata MT, Takahara M, Sakamoto S, Yoshida K, Mitsuda N. High-Throughput Analysis of Arabidopsis Stem Vibrations to Identify Mutants With Altered Mechanical Properties. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:780. [PMID: 29946329 PMCID: PMC6005829 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical properties are rarely used as quantitative indices for the large-scale mutant screening of plants, even in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. The mechanical properties of plant stems generally influence their vibrational characteristics. Here, we developed Python-based software, named AraVib, for the high-throughput analysis of free vibrations of plant stems, focusing specifically on Arabidopsis stem vibrations, and its extended version, named AraVibS, to identify mutants with altered mechanical properties. These programs can be used without knowledge of Python and require only an inexpensive handmade setting stand and an iPhone/iPad with a high-speed shooting function for data acquisition. Using our system, we identified an nst1 nst3 double-mutant lacking secondary cell walls in fiber cells and a wrky12 mutant displaying ectopic formation of secondary cell wall compared with wild type by employing only two growth traits (stem height and fresh weight) in addition to videos of stem vibrations. Furthermore, we calculated the logarithmic decrement, the damping ratio, the natural frequency and the stiffness based on the spring-mass-damper model from the video data using AraVib. The stiffness was estimated to be drastically decreased in nst1 nst3, which agreed with previous tensile test results. However, in wrky12, the stiffness was significantly increased. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of our new system. Because our method can be applied in a high-throughput manner, it can be used to screen for mutants with altered mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki T. Nakata
- Plant Gene Regulation Research Group, Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Shingo Sakamoto
- Plant Gene Regulation Research Group, Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kouki Yoshida
- Technology Center, Taisei Corporation, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Plant Gene Regulation Research Group, Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
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Sedighi Gilani M, Zhao S, Gaan S, Koebel MM, Zimmermann T. Design of a hierarchically structured hybrid material via in situ assembly of a silica aerogel into a wood cellular structure. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra12480a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a route for incorporation of silica aerogel into wood cellular structure. Modification results in an improved dimensional stability and reduced water retention of the material, with lower thermal conductivity and total heat of combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Sedighi Gilani
- Empa
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
- Applied Wood Materials
- Dübendorf
- Switzerland
| | - S. Zhao
- Empa
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
- Building Energy Materials and Components
- Dübendorf
- Switzerland
| | - S. Gaan
- Empa
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
- Advanced Fibers
- CH-9014 St Gallen
- Switzerland
| | - M. M. Koebel
- Empa
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
- Building Energy Materials and Components
- Dübendorf
- Switzerland
| | - T. Zimmermann
- Empa
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
- Applied Wood Materials
- Dübendorf
- Switzerland
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