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Cosse M, Rehders T, Eirich J, Finkemeier I, Selinski J. Cysteine oxidation as a regulatory mechanism of Arabidopsis plastidial NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14340. [PMID: 38741259 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Malate dehydrogenases (MDHs) catalyze a reversible NAD(P)-dependent-oxidoreductase reaction that plays an important role in central metabolism and redox homeostasis of plant cells. Recent studies suggest a moonlighting function of plastidial NAD-dependent MDH (plNAD-MDH; EC 1.1.1.37) in plastid biogenesis, independent of its enzyme activity. In this study, redox effects on activity and conformation of recombinant plNAD-MDH from Arabidopsis thaliana were investigated. We show that reduced plNAD-MDH is active while it is inhibited upon oxidation. Interestingly, the presence of its cofactors NAD+ and NADH could prevent oxidative inhibition of plNAD-MDH. In addition, a conformational change upon oxidation could be observed via non-reducing SDS-PAGE. Both effects, its inhibition and conformational change, were reversible by re-reduction. Further investigation of single cysteine substitutions and mass spectrometry revealed that oxidation of plNAD-MDH leads to oxidation of all four cysteine residues. However, cysteine oxidation of C129 leads to inhibition of plNAD-MDH activity and oxidation of C147 induces its conformational change. In contrast, oxidation of C190 and C333 does not affect plNAD-MDH activity or structure. Our results demonstrate that plNAD-MDH activity can be reversibly inhibited, but not inactivated, by cysteine oxidation and might be co-regulated by the availability of its cofactors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Cosse
- Plant Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tanja Rehders
- Plant Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jürgen Eirich
- Plant Physiology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Iris Finkemeier
- Plant Physiology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Jennifer Selinski
- Plant Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
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2
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Li Y, Zhang L, Shen Y, Peng L, Gao F. CBSX2 is required for the efficient oxidation of chloroplast redox-regulated enzymes in darkness. PLANT DIRECT 2023; 7:e542. [PMID: 38028645 PMCID: PMC10643993 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Thiol/disulfide-based redox regulation in plant chloroplasts is essential for controlling the activity of target proteins in response to light signals. One of the examples of such a role in chloroplasts is the activity of the chloroplast ATP synthase (CFoCF1), which is regulated by the redox state of the CF1γ subunit and involves two cysteines in its central domain. To investigate the mechanism underlying the oxidation of CF1γ and other chloroplast redox-regulated enzymes in the dark, we characterized the Arabidopsis cbsx2 mutant, which was isolated based on its altered NPQ (non-photochemical quenching) induction upon illumination. Whereas in dark-adapted WT plants CF1γ was completely oxidized, a small amount of CF1γ remained in the reduced state in cbsx2 under the same conditions. In this mutant, reduction of CF1γ was not affected in the light, but its oxidation was less efficient during a transition from light to darkness. The redox states of the Calvin cycle enzymes FBPase and SBPase in cbsx2 were similar to those of CF1γ during light/dark transitions. Affinity purification and subsequent analysis by mass spectrometry showed that the components of the ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase/thioredoxin (FTR-Trx) and NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase (NTRC) systems as well as several 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (Prxs) can be co-purified with CBSX2. In addition to the thioredoxins, yeast two-hybrid analysis showed that CBSX2 also interacts with NTRC. Taken together, our results suggest that CBSX2 participates in the oxidation of the chloroplast redox-regulated enzymes in darkness, probably through regulation of the activity of chloroplast redox systems in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Li
- College of Biology and Brewing EngineeringTaiShan UniversityTaianChina
| | - Lin Zhang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Plant Germplasm Resources Development, College of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yurou Shen
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Plant Germplasm Resources Development, College of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Lianwei Peng
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Plant Germplasm Resources Development, College of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Fudan Gao
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Plant Germplasm Resources Development, College of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Sciences, College of Life SciencesShanghai Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
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3
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Waheeda K, Kitchel H, Wang Q, Chiu PL. Molecular mechanism of Rubisco activase: Dynamic assembly and Rubisco remodeling. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1125922. [PMID: 36845545 PMCID: PMC9951593 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1125922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco) enzyme is the limiting step of photosynthetic carbon fixation, and its activation is regulated by its co-evolved chaperone, Rubisco activase (Rca). Rca removes the intrinsic sugar phosphate inhibitors occupying the Rubisco active site, allowing RuBP to split into two 3-phosphoglycerate (3PGA) molecules. This review summarizes the evolution, structure, and function of Rca and describes the recent findings regarding the mechanistic model of Rubisco activation by Rca. New knowledge in these areas can significantly enhance crop engineering techniques used to improve crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazi Waheeda
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States,Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Heidi Kitchel
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States,Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Quan Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Po-Lin Chiu
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States,Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States,*Correspondence: Po-Lin Chiu,
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4
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The ferredoxin/thioredoxin pathway constitutes an indispensable redox-signaling cascade for light-dependent reduction of chloroplast stromal proteins. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102650. [PMID: 36448836 PMCID: PMC9712825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To ensure efficient photosynthesis, chloroplast proteins need to be flexibly regulated under fluctuating light conditions. Thiol-based redox regulation plays a key role in reductively activating several chloroplast proteins in a light-dependent manner. The ferredoxin (Fd)/thioredoxin (Trx) pathway has long been recognized as the machinery that transfers reducing power generated by photosynthetic electron transport reactions to redox-sensitive target proteins; however, its biological importance remains unclear, because the complete disruption of the Fd/Trx pathway in plants has been unsuccessful to date. Especially, recent identifications of multiple redox-related factors in chloroplasts, as represented by the NADPH-Trx reductase C, have raised a controversial proposal that other redox pathways work redundantly with the Fd/Trx pathway. To address these issues directly, we used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to create Arabidopsis mutant plants in which the activity of the Fd/Trx pathway was completely defective. The mutants generated showed severe growth inhibition. Importantly, these mutants almost entirely lost the ability to reduce several redox-sensitive proteins in chloroplast stroma, including four Calvin-Benson cycle enzymes, NADP-malate dehydrogenase, and Rubisco activase, under light conditions. These striking phenotypes were further accompanied by abnormally developed chloroplasts and a drastic decline in photosynthetic efficiency. These results indicate that the Fd/Trx pathway is indispensable for the light-responsive activation of diverse stromal proteins and photoautotrophic growth of plants. Our data also suggest that the ATP synthase is exceptionally reduced by other pathways in a redundant manner. This study provides an important insight into how the chloroplast redox-regulatory system operates in vivo.
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Vogelsang L, Dietz KJ. Plant thiol peroxidases as redox sensors and signal transducers in abiotic stress acclimation. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 193:764-778. [PMID: 36403735 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The temporal and spatial patterns of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells and tissues decisively determine the plant acclimation response to diverse abiotic and biotic stresses. Recent progress in developing dynamic cell imaging probes provides kinetic information on changes in parameters like H2O2, glutathione (GSH/GSSG) and NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+, that play a crucial role in tuning the cellular redox state. Central to redox-based regulation is the thiol-redox regulatory network of the cell that integrates reductive information from metabolism and oxidative ROS signals. Sensitive proteomics allow for monitoring changes in redox-related posttranslational modifications. Thiol peroxidases act as sensitive peroxide and redox sensors and play a central role in this signal transduction process. Peroxiredoxins (PRX) and glutathione peroxidases (GPX) are the two main thiol peroxidases and their function in ROS sensing and redox signaling in plants is emerging at present and summarized in this review. Depending on their redox state, PRXs and GPXs act as redox-dependent binding partners, direct oxidants of target proteins and oxidants of thiol redox transmitters that in turn oxidize target proteins. With their versatile functions, the multiple isoforms of plant thiol peroxidases play a central role in plant stress acclimation, e.g. to high light or osmotic stress, but also in ROS-mediated immunity and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Vogelsang
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, W5-134, Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Dietz
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, W5-134, Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
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Riaz A, Deng F, Chen G, Jiang W, Zheng Q, Riaz B, Mak M, Zeng F, Chen ZH. Molecular Regulation and Evolution of Redox Homeostasis in Photosynthetic Machinery. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11112085. [PMID: 36358456 PMCID: PMC9686623 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent advances in plant biology have significantly improved our understanding of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as signaling molecules in the redox regulation of complex cellular processes. In plants, free radicals and non-radicals are prevalent intra- and inter-cellular ROS, catalyzing complex metabolic processes such as photosynthesis. Photosynthesis homeostasis is maintained by thiol-based systems and antioxidative enzymes, which belong to some of the evolutionarily conserved protein families. The molecular and biological functions of redox regulation in photosynthesis are usually to balance the electron transport chain, photosystem II, photosystem I, mesophyll and bundle sheath signaling, and photo-protection regulating plant growth and productivity. Here, we review the recent progress of ROS signaling in photosynthesis. We present a comprehensive comparative bioinformatic analysis of redox regulation in evolutionary distinct photosynthetic cells. Gene expression, phylogenies, sequence alignments, and 3D protein structures in representative algal and plant species revealed conserved key features including functional domains catalyzing oxidation and reduction reactions. We then discuss the antioxidant-related ROS signaling and important pathways for achieving homeostasis of photosynthesis. Finally, we highlight the importance of plant responses to stress cues and genetic manipulation of disturbed redox status for balanced and enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and plant productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Riaz
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 414000, China
| | - Fenglin Deng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 414000, China
| | - Guang Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 414000, China
| | - Qingfeng Zheng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 414000, China
| | - Bisma Riaz
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Okara, Okara, Punjab 56300, Pakistan
| | - Michelle Mak
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Fanrong Zeng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 414000, China
- Correspondence: (F.Z.); (Z.-H.C.)
| | - Zhong-Hua Chen
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
- Correspondence: (F.Z.); (Z.-H.C.)
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7
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Rog I, Chaturvedi AK, Tiwari V, Danon A. Low light-regulated intramolecular disulfide fine-tunes the role of PTOX in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:585-597. [PMID: 34767654 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Disulfide-based regulation links the activity of numerous chloroplast proteins with photosynthesis-derived redox signals. The plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) is a thylakoid-bound plastoquinol oxidase that has been implicated in multiple roles in the light and in the dark, which could require different levels of PTOX activity. Here we show that Arabidopsis PTOX contains a conserved C-terminus domain (CTD) with cysteines that evolved progressively following the colonization of the land by plants. Furthermore, the CTD contains a regulatory disulfide that is in the oxidized state in the dark and is rapidly reduced, within 5 min, in low light intensity (1-5 µE m-2 sec-1 ). The reduced PTOX form in the light was reoxidized within 15 min after transition to the dark. Mutation of the cysteines in the CTD prevented the formation of the oxidized form. This resulted in higher levels of reduced plastoquinone when measured at transition to the onset of low light. This is consistent with the reduced state of PTOX exhibiting diminished PTOX oxidase activity under conditions of limiting PQH2 substrate. Our findings suggest that AtPTOX-CTD evolved to provide light-dependent regulation of PTOX activity for the adaptation of plants to terrestrial conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido Rog
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Amit Kumar Chaturvedi
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Vivekanand Tiwari
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Avihai Danon
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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8
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Current Knowledge on Mechanisms Preventing Photosynthesis Redox Imbalance in Plants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111789. [PMID: 34829660 PMCID: PMC8614926 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthesis includes a set of redox reactions that are the source of reducing power and energy for the assimilation of inorganic carbon, nitrogen and sulphur, thus generating organic compounds, and oxygen, which supports life on Earth. As sessile organisms, plants have to face continuous changes in environmental conditions and need to adjust the photosynthetic electron transport to prevent the accumulation of damaging oxygen by-products. The balance between photosynthetic cyclic and linear electron flows allows for the maintenance of a proper NADPH/ATP ratio that is adapted to the plant’s needs. In addition, different mechanisms to dissipate excess energy operate in plants to protect and optimise photosynthesis under adverse conditions. Recent reports show an important role of redox-based dithiol–disulphide interchanges, mediated both by classical and atypical chloroplast thioredoxins (TRXs), in the control of these photoprotective mechanisms. Moreover, membrane-anchored TRX-like proteins, such as HCF164, which transfer electrons from stromal TRXs to the thylakoid lumen, play a key role in the regulation of lumenal targets depending on the stromal redox poise. Interestingly, not all photoprotective players were reported to be under the control of TRXs. In this review, we discuss recent findings regarding the mechanisms that allow an appropriate electron flux to avoid the detrimental consequences of photosynthesis redox imbalances.
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Serrato AJ, Rojas-González JA, Torres-Romero D, Vargas P, Mérida Á, Sahrawy M. Thioredoxins m are major players in the multifaceted light-adaptive response in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:120-133. [PMID: 34288193 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxins (TRXs) are well-known redox signalling players, which carry out post-translational modifications in target proteins. Chloroplast TRXs are divided into different types and have central roles in light energy uptake and the regulation of primary metabolism. The isoforms TRX m1, m2, and m4 from Arabidopsis thaliana are considered functionally related. Knowing their key position in the hub of plant metabolism, we hypothesized that the impairment of the TRX m signalling would not only have harmful consequences on chloroplast metabolism but also at different levels of plant development. To uncover the physiological and developmental processes that depend on TRX m signalling, we carried out a comprehensive study of Arabidopsis single, double, and triple mutants defective in the TRX m1, m2, and m4 proteins. As light and redox signalling are closely linked, we investigated the response to high light (HL) of the plants that are gradually compromised in TRX m signalling. We provide experimental evidence relating the lack of TRX m and the appearance of novel phenotypic features concerning mesophyll structure, stomata biogenesis, and stomatal conductance. We also report new data indicating that the isoforms of TRX m fine-tune the response to HL, including the accumulation of the protective pigment anthocyanin. These results reveal novel signalling functions for the TRX m and underline their importance for plant growth and fulfilment of the acclimation/response to HL conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Serrato
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, 18008, Spain
| | - José A Rojas-González
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, 18008, Spain
| | - Diego Torres-Romero
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis (IBVF), Universidad de Sevilla y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, 41092, Spain
| | - Paola Vargas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, 18008, Spain
| | - Ángel Mérida
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis (IBVF), Universidad de Sevilla y Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Seville, 41092, Spain
| | - Mariam Sahrawy
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Granada, 18008, Spain
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Qi WY, Li Q, Chen H, Liu J, Xing SF, Xu M, Yan Z, Song C, Wang SG. Selenium nanoparticles ameliorate Brassica napus L. cadmium toxicity by inhibiting the respiratory burst and scavenging reactive oxygen species. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 417:125900. [PMID: 33975164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a widely distributed soil contaminant which induces oxidative damage and is therefore toxic to plants. Although selenium oxyanions such as selenite (SeO32-) and selenate (SeO42-) can alleviate Cd stress to plants, it is not known whether selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are able to do the same. The present study demonstrated the positive impact of both SeNPs and SeO32- on Brassica napus L. growth under conditions of Cd stress. Underlying mechanisms were elucidated using an oxidative stress detection assay, whole-genome RNA sequencing, and RT-qPCR. Application of selenium, especially in the form of SeNPs, decreased Cd-induced reactive oxygen species production by inhibiting the expression of NADPH oxidases (BnaRBOHC, BnaRBOHD1, and BnaRBOHF1) and glycolate oxidase (BnaGLO), thereby decreasing oxidative protein and membrane lipid damage. In addition, SeNPs improved resistance to Cd stress by decreasing Cd accumulation, maintaining intracellular calcium homeostasis, promoting disulfide bond formation, and restoring the waxy outer layer of the leaf surface. Although both forms of selenium decreased Cd toxicity, the beneficial concentration range was more extensive for SeNPs than for SeO32-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Qi
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Qiang Li
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi 276002, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Su-Fang Xing
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Meng Xu
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Linyi University, Linyi 276002, China
| | - Zhen Yan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chao Song
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shu-Guang Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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11
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Gurrieri L, Fermani S, Zaffagnini M, Sparla F, Trost P. Calvin-Benson cycle regulation is getting complex. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 26:898-912. [PMID: 33893047 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenic phototrophs use the Calvin-Benson cycle to fix CO2 during photosynthesis. In the dark, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and phosphoribulokinase (PRK), two enzymes of the Calvin-Benson cycle, form an inactive complex with the regulatory protein CP12, mainly under the control of thioredoxins and pyridine nucleotides. In the light, complex dissociation allows GAPDH and PRK reactivation. The GAPDH/CP12/PRK complex is conserved from cyanobacteria to angiosperms and coexists in land plants with an autoassembling GAPDH that is analogously regulated. With the recently described 3D structures of PRK and GAPDH/CP12/PRK, the structural proteome of this ubiquitous regulatory system has been completed. This outcome opens a new avenue for understanding the regulatory potential of photosynthetic carbon fixation by laying the foundation for its knowledge-based manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libero Gurrieri
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Fermani
- Department of Chemistry Giacomo Ciamician, University of Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy; CIRI Health Sciences and Technologies, University of Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Mirko Zaffagnini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Sparla
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Trost
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, I-40126, Bologna, Italy.
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12
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Yoshida K, Hisabori T. Biochemical Basis for Redox Regulation of Chloroplast-Localized Phosphofructokinase from Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:401-410. [PMID: 33416847 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Various proteins in plant chloroplasts are subject to thiol-based redox regulation, allowing light-responsive control of chloroplast functions. Most redox-regulated proteins are known to be reductively activated in the light in a thioredoxin (Trx)-dependent manner, but its regulatory network remains incompletely understood. Using a biochemical procedure, we here show that a specific form of phosphofructokinase (PFK) is a novel redox-regulated protein whose activity is suppressed upon reduction. PFK is a key enzyme in the glycolytic pathway. In Arabidopsis thaliana, PFK5 is targeted to chloroplasts and uniquely contains an insertion sequence harboring two Cys residues (Cys152 and Cys157) in the N-terminal region. Redox shift assays using a thiol-modifying reagent indicated that PFK5 is efficiently reduced by a specific type of Trx, namely, Trx-f. PFK5 enzyme activity was lowered with the Trx-f-dependent reduction. PFK5 redox regulation was bidirectional; PFK5 was also oxidized and activated by the recently identified Trx-like2/2-Cys peroxiredoxin pathway. Mass spectrometry-based peptide mapping analysis revealed that Cys152 and Cys157 are critical for the intramolecular disulfide bond formation in PFK5. The involvement of Cys152 and Cys157 in PFK5 redox regulation was further supported by a site-directed mutagenesis study. PFK5 catalyzes the reverse reaction of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase), which is reduced and activated specifically by Trx-f. Our data suggest that PFK5 redox regulation, together with that of FBPase, constitutes a checkpoint for switching light/dark metabolism in chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yoshida
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503 Japan
| | - Toru Hisabori
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8503 Japan
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13
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Müller-Schüssele SJ, Bohle F, Rossi J, Trost P, Meyer AJ, Zaffagnini M. Plasticity in plastid redox networks: evolution of glutathione-dependent redox cascades and glutathionylation sites. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:322. [PMID: 34225654 PMCID: PMC8256493 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flexibility of plant metabolism is supported by redox regulation of enzymes via posttranslational modification of cysteine residues, especially in plastids. Here, the redox states of cysteine residues are partly coupled to the thioredoxin system and partly to the glutathione pool for reduction. Moreover, several plastid enzymes involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging and damage repair draw electrons from glutathione. In addition, cysteine residues can be post-translationally modified by forming a mixed disulfide with glutathione (S-glutathionylation), which protects thiol groups from further oxidation and can influence protein activity. However, the evolution of the plastid glutathione-dependent redox network in land plants and the conservation of cysteine residues undergoing S-glutathionylation is largely unclear. RESULTS We analysed the genomes of nine representative model species from streptophyte algae to angiosperms and found that the antioxidant enzymes and redox proteins belonging to the plastid glutathione-dependent redox network are largely conserved, except for lambda- and the closely related iota-glutathione S-transferases. Focussing on glutathione-dependent redox modifications, we screened the literature for target thiols of S-glutathionylation, and found that 151 plastid proteins have been identified as glutathionylation targets, while the exact cysteine residue is only known for 17% (26 proteins), with one or multiple sites per protein, resulting in 37 known S-glutathionylation sites for plastids. However, 38% (14) of the known sites were completely conserved in model species from green algae to flowering plants, with 22% (8) on non-catalytic cysteines. Variable conservation of the remaining sites indicates independent gains and losses of cysteines at the same position during land plant evolution. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the glutathione-dependent redox network in plastids is highly conserved in streptophytes with some variability in scavenging and damage repair enzymes. Our analysis of cysteine conservation suggests that S-glutathionylation in plastids plays an important and yet under-investigated role in redox regulation and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie J Müller-Schüssele
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113, Bonn, Germany.
- Present Address: Department of Biology, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Finja Bohle
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jacopo Rossi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Trost
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mirko Zaffagnini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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14
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Selinski J, Scheibe R. Central Metabolism in Mammals and Plants as a Hub for Controlling Cell Fate. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:1025-1047. [PMID: 32620064 PMCID: PMC8060724 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Significance: The importance of oxidoreductases in energy metabolism together with the occurrence of enzymes of central metabolism in the nucleus gave rise to the active research field aiming to understand moonlighting enzymes that undergo post-translational modifications (PTMs) before carrying out new tasks. Recent Advances: Cytosolic enzymes were shown to induce gene transcription after PTM and concomitant translocation to the nucleus. Changed properties of the oxidized forms of cytosolic glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and also malate dehydrogenases and others, are the basis for a hypothesis suggesting moonlighting functions that directly link energy metabolism to adaptive responses required for maintenance of redox-homeostasis in all eukaryotes. Critical Issues: Small molecules, such as metabolic intermediates, coenzymes, or reduced glutathione, were shown to fine-tune the redox switches, interlinking redox state, metabolism, and induction of new functions via nuclear gene expression. The cytosol with its metabolic enzymes connecting energy fluxes between the various cell compartments can be seen as a hub for redox signaling, integrating the different signals for graded and directed responses in stressful situations. Future Directions: Enzymes of central metabolism were shown to interact with p53 or the assumed plant homologue suppressor of gamma response 1 (SOG1), an NAM, ATAF, and CUC transcription factor involved in the stress response upon ultraviolet exposure. Metabolic enzymes serve as sensors for imbalances, their inhibition leading to changed energy metabolism, and the adoption of transcriptional coactivator activities. Depending on the intensity of the impact, rerouting of energy metabolism, proliferation, DNA repair, cell cycle arrest, immune responses, or cell death will be induced. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 34, 1025-1047.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Selinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Renate Scheibe
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, Osnabrueck University, Osnabrueck, Germany
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15
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Schultenkämper K, Gütle DD, López MG, Keller LB, Zhang L, Einsle O, Jacquot JP, Wendisch VF. Interrogating the Role of the Two Distinct Fructose-Bisphosphate Aldolases of Bacillus methanolicus by Site-Directed Mutagenesis of Key Amino Acids and Gene Repression by CRISPR Interference. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:669220. [PMID: 33995334 PMCID: PMC8119897 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.669220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-positive Bacillus methanolicus shows plasmid-dependent methylotrophy. This facultative ribulose monophosphate (RuMP) cycle methylotroph possesses two fructose bisphosphate aldolases (FBA) with distinct kinetic properties. The chromosomally encoded FBAC is the major glycolytic aldolase. The gene for the major gluconeogenic aldolase FBAP is found on the natural plasmid pBM19 and is induced during methylotrophic growth. The crystal structures of both enzymes were solved at 2.2 Å and 2.0 Å, respectively, and they suggested amino acid residue 51 to be crucial for binding fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) as substrate and amino acid residue 140 for active site zinc atom coordination. As FBAC and FBAP differed at these positions, site-directed mutagenesis (SDM) was performed to exchange one or both amino acid residues of the respective proteins. The aldol cleavage reaction was negatively affected by the amino acid exchanges that led to a complete loss of glycolytic activity of FBAP. However, both FBAC and FBAP maintained gluconeogenic aldol condensation activity, and the amino acid exchanges improved the catalytic efficiency of the major glycolytic aldolase FBAC in gluconeogenic direction at least 3-fold. These results confirmed the importance of the structural differences between FBAC and FBAP concerning their distinct enzymatic properties. In order to investigate the physiological roles of both aldolases, the expression of their genes was repressed individually by CRISPR interference (CRISPRi). The fba C RNA levels were reduced by CRISPRi, but concomitantly the fba P RNA levels were increased. Vice versa, a similar compensatory increase of the fba C RNA levels was observed when fba P was repressed by CRISPRi. In addition, targeting fba P decreased tkt P RNA levels since both genes are cotranscribed in a bicistronic operon. However, reduced tkt P RNA levels were not compensated for by increased RNA levels of the chromosomal transketolase gene tkt C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Schultenkämper
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Marina Gil López
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Laura B Keller
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Lin Zhang
- Institute for Biochemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Einsle
- Institute for Biochemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Volker F Wendisch
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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16
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The Phosphofructokinase Isoform AtPFK5 Is a Novel Target of Plastidic Thioredoxin-f-Dependent Redox Regulation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030401. [PMID: 33800095 PMCID: PMC7998735 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The chloroplast primary metabolism is of central importance for plant growth and performance. Therefore, it is tightly regulated in order to adequately respond to multiple environmental conditions. A major fluctuation that plants experience each day is the change between day and night, i.e., the change between assimilation and dissimilation. Among other mechanisms, thioredoxin-mediated redox regulation is an important component of the regulation of plastid-localized metabolic enzymes. While assimilatory processes such as the Calvin–Benson cycle are activated under illumination, i.e., under reducing conditions, carbohydrate degradation is switched off during the day. Previous analyses have identified enzymes of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway to be inactivated by reduction through thioredoxins. In this work, we present evidence that an enzyme of the plastidic glycolysis, the phosphofructokinase isoform AtPFK5, is also inactivated through reduction by thioredoxins, namely by thioredoxin-f. With the help of chemical oxidation, mutant analyses and further experiments, the highly conserved motif CXDXXC in AtPFK5 was identified as the target sequence for this regulatory mechanism. However, knocking out this isoform in plants had only very mild effects on plant growth and performance, indicating that the complex primary metabolism in plants can overcome a lack in AtPFK5 activity.
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17
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Yokochi Y, Yoshida K, Hahn F, Miyagi A, Wakabayashi KI, Kawai-Yamada M, Weber APM, Hisabori T. Redox regulation of NADP-malate dehydrogenase is vital for land plants under fluctuating light environment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2016903118. [PMID: 33531363 PMCID: PMC8017969 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016903118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many enzymes involved in photosynthesis possess highly conserved cysteine residues that serve as redox switches in chloroplasts. These redox switches function to activate or deactivate enzymes during light-dark transitions and have the function of fine-tuning their activities according to the intensity of light. Accordingly, many studies on chloroplast redox regulation have been conducted under the hypothesis that "fine regulation of the activities of these enzymes is crucial for efficient photosynthesis." However, the impact of the regulatory system on plant metabolism is still unclear. To test this hypothesis, we here studied the impact of the ablation of a redox switch in chloroplast NADP-malate dehydrogenase (MDH). By genome editing, we generated a mutant plant whose MDH lacks one of its redox switches and is active even in dark conditions. Although NADPH consumption by MDH in the dark is expected to be harmful to plant growth, the mutant line did not show any phenotypic differences under standard long-day conditions. In contrast, the mutant line showed severe growth retardation under short-day or fluctuating light conditions. These results indicate that thiol-switch redox regulation of MDH activity is crucial for maintaining NADPH homeostasis in chloroplasts under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Yokochi
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 226-8503 Yokohama, Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 226-8503 Yokohama, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yoshida
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 226-8503 Yokohama, Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 226-8503 Yokohama, Japan
| | - Florian Hahn
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Center for Synthetic Life Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Atsuko Miyagi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 338-8570 Saitama, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Wakabayashi
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 226-8503 Yokohama, Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 226-8503 Yokohama, Japan
| | - Maki Kawai-Yamada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 338-8570 Saitama, Japan
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Center for Synthetic Life Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Toru Hisabori
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 226-8503 Yokohama, Japan;
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 226-8503 Yokohama, Japan
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18
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Yoshida K, Ohtaka K, Hirai MY, Hisabori T. Biochemical insight into redox regulation of plastidial 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase from Arabidopsis thaliana. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14906-14915. [PMID: 32848019 PMCID: PMC7606689 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiol-based redox regulation is a post-translational protein modification for controlling enzyme activity by switching oxidation/reduction states of Cys residues. In plant cells, numerous proteins involved in a wide range of biological systems have been suggested as the target of redox regulation; however, our knowledge on this issue is still incomplete. Here we report that 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PGDH) is a novel redox-regulated protein. PGDH catalyzes the first committed step of Ser biosynthetic pathway in plastids. Using an affinity chromatography-based method, we found that PGDH physically interacts with thioredoxin (Trx), a key factor of redox regulation. The in vitro studies using recombinant proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana showed that a specific PGDH isoform, PGDH1, forms the intramolecular disulfide bond under nonreducing conditions, which lowers PGDH enzyme activity. MS and site-directed mutagenesis analyses allowed us to identify the redox-active Cys pair that is mainly involved in disulfide bond formation in PGDH1; this Cys pair is uniquely found in land plant PGDH. Furthermore, we revealed that some plastidial Trx subtypes support the reductive activation of PGDH1. The present data show previously uncharacterized regulatory mechanisms of PGDH and expand our understanding of the Trx-mediated redox-regulatory network in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Yoshida
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Kinuka Ohtaka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Toru Hisabori
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.
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19
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Xiao Y, Guo J, Zhu H, Muhammad A, Deng H, Hu Z, Wu Q. Inhibition of glucose assimilation in Auxenochlorella protothecoides by light. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:146. [PMID: 32831906 PMCID: PMC7437033 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01787-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The yield of microalgae biomass is the key to affect the accumulation of fatty acids. A few microalgae can assimilate organic carbon to improve biomass yield. In mixotrophic cultivation, microalgae can use organic carbon source and light energy simultaneously. The preference of the main energy source by microalgae determines the biomass yield. Auxenochlorella protothecoides is an oleaginous mixotrophic microalga that can efficiently assimilate glucose and accumulate a large amount of biomass and fatty acids. The current study focused on the effect of light on the growth and glucose assimilation of A. protothecoides. RESULTS In this study, we found that the uptake and metabolism of glucose in A. protothecoides could be inhibited by light, resulting in a reduction of biomass growth and lipid accumulation. We employed comparative proteomics to study the influence of light on the regulation of glucose assimilation in A. protothecoides. Proteomics revealed that proteins involving in gene translation and photosynthesis system were up-regulated in the light, such as ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase and phosphoribulokinase. Calvin cycle-related proteins were also up-regulated, suggesting that light may inhibit glucose metabolism by enhancing the production of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) in the Calvin cycle. In addition, the redox homeostasis-related proteins such as thioredoxin reductase were up-regulated in the light, indicating that light may regulate glucose uptake by changing the redox balance. Moreover, the increase of NADH levels and redox potential of the medium under illumination might inhibit the activity of the glucose transport system and subsequently reduce glucose uptake. CONCLUSIONS A theoretical model of how glucose assimilation in A. protothecoides is negatively influenced by light was proposed, which will facilitate further studies on the complex mechanisms underlying the transition from autotrophy to heterotrophy for improving biomass accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Xiao
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of the Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianying Guo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis of the Ministry of Education and Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 People’s Republic of China
| | - Huachang Zhu
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Anwar Muhammad
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of the Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis of the Ministry of Education and Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhangli Hu
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 People’s Republic of China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-Environmental Science, Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingyu Wu
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biocatalysis of the Ministry of Education and Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 People’s Republic of China
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20
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Müller-Schüssele SJ, Wang R, Gütle DD, Romer J, Rodriguez-Franco M, Scholz M, Buchert F, Lüth VM, Kopriva S, Dörmann P, Schwarzländer M, Reski R, Hippler M, Meyer AJ. Chloroplasts require glutathione reductase to balance reactive oxygen species and maintain efficient photosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1140-1154. [PMID: 32365245 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Thiol-based redox-regulation is vital for coordinating chloroplast functions depending on illumination and has been throroughly investigated for thioredoxin-dependent processes. In parallel, glutathione reductase (GR) maintains a highly reduced glutathione pool, enabling glutathione-mediated redox buffering. Yet, how the redox cascades of the thioredoxin and glutathione redox machineries integrate metabolic regulation and detoxification of reactive oxygen species remains largely unresolved because null mutants of plastid/mitochondrial GR are embryo-lethal in Arabidopsis thaliana. To investigate whether maintaining a highly reducing stromal glutathione redox potential (EGSH ) via GR is necessary for functional photosynthesis and plant growth, we created knockout lines of the homologous enzyme in the model moss Physcomitrella patens. In these viable mutant lines, we found decreasing photosynthetic performance and plant growth with increasing light intensities, whereas ascorbate and zeaxanthin/antheraxanthin levels were elevated. By in vivo monitoring stromal EGSH dynamics, we show that stromal EGSH is highly reducing in wild-type and clearly responsive to light, whereas an absence of GR leads to a partial glutathione oxidation, which is not rescued by light. By metabolic labelling, we reveal changing protein abundances in the GR knockout plants, pinpointing the adjustment of chloroplast proteostasis and the induction of plastid protein repair and degradation machineries. Our results indicate that the plastid thioredoxin system is not a functional backup for the plastid glutathione redox systems, whereas GR plays a critical role in maintaining efficient photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie J Müller-Schüssele
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, Bonn, 53113, Germany
| | - Ren Wang
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, Münster, 48143, Germany
| | - Desirée D Gütle
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse1, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Jill Romer
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Marta Rodriguez-Franco
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Martin Scholz
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, Münster, 48143, Germany
| | - Felix Buchert
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, Münster, 48143, Germany
| | - Volker M Lüth
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse1, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- Botanical Institute, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, Münster, 48143, Germany
| | - Ralf Reski
- Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse1, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse18, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Michael Hippler
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, Münster, 48143, Germany
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, Bonn, 53113, Germany
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21
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Yu J, Li Y, Qin Z, Guo S, Li Y, Miao Y, Song C, Chen S, Dai S. Plant Chloroplast Stress Response: Insights from Thiol Redox Proteomics. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:35-57. [PMID: 31989831 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Plant chloroplasts generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) during photosynthesis, especially under stresses. The sulfhydryl groups of protein cysteine residues are susceptible to redox modifications, which regulate protein structure and function, and thus different signaling and metabolic processes. The ROS-governed protein thiol redox switches play important roles in chloroplasts. Recent Advances: Various high-throughput thiol redox proteomic approaches have been developed, and they have enabled the improved understanding of redox regulatory mechanisms in chloroplasts. For example, the thioredoxin-modulated antioxidant enzymes help to maintain cellular ROS homeostasis. The light- and dark-dependent redox regulation of photosynthetic electron transport, the Calvin/Benson cycle, and starch biosynthesis ensures metabolic coordination and efficient energy utilization. In addition, redox cascades link the light with the dynamic changes of metabolites in nitrate and sulfur assimilation, shikimate pathway, and biosynthesis of fatty acid hormone as well as purine, pyrimidine, and thiamine. Importantly, redox regulation of tetrapyrrole and chlorophyll biosynthesis is critical to balance the photodynamic tetrapyrrole intermediates and prevent oxidative damage. Moreover, redox regulation of diverse elongation factors, chaperones, and kinases plays an important role in the modulation of gene expression, protein conformation, and posttranslational modification that contribute to photosystem II (PSII) repair, state transition, and signaling in chloroplasts. Critical Issues: This review focuses on recent advances in plant thiol redox proteomics and redox protein networks toward understanding plant chloroplast signaling, metabolism, and stress responses. Future Directions: Using redox proteomics integrated with biochemical and molecular genetic approaches, detailed studies of cysteine residues, their redox states, cross talk with other modifications, and the functional implications will yield a holistic understanding of chloroplast stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Yu
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.,College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhi Qin
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyi Guo
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Department of Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yongfang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yuchen Miao
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Department of Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Chunpeng Song
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Department of Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Shaojun Dai
- Development Center of Plant Germplasm Resources, College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Saline-alkali Vegetation Ecology Restoration, Ministry of Education, Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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22
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Yokochi Y, Sugiura K, Takemura K, Yoshida K, Hara S, Wakabayashi KI, Kitao A, Hisabori T. Impact of key residues within chloroplast thioredoxin- f on recognition for reduction and oxidation of target proteins. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:17437-17450. [PMID: 31597700 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin (Trx) is a redox-responsive protein that modulates the activities of its target proteins mostly by reducing their disulfide bonds. In chloroplasts, five Trx isoforms (Trx-f, Trx-m, Trx-x, Trx-y, and Trx-z) regulate various photosynthesis-related enzymes with distinct target selectivity. To elucidate the determinants of the target selectivity of each Trx isoform, here we investigated the residues responsible for target recognition by Trx-f, the most well-studied chloroplast-resident Trx. As reported previously, we found that positively-charged residues on the Trx-f surface are involved in the interactions with its targets. Moreover, several residues that are specifically conserved in Trx-f (e.g. Cys-126 and Thr-158) were also involved in interactions with target proteins. The validity of these residues was examined by the molecular dynamics simulation. In addition, we validated the impact of these key residues on target protein reduction by studying (i) Trx-m variants into which we introduced the key residues for Trx-f and (ii) Trx-like proteins, named atypical Cys His-rich Trx 1 (ACHT1) and ACHT2a, that also contain these key residues. These artificial or natural protein variants could reduce Trx-f-specific targets, indicating that the key residues for Trx-f are critical for Trx-f-specific target recognition. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ACHT1 and ACHT2a efficiently oxidize some Trx-f-specific targets, suggesting that its target selectivity also contributes to the oxidative regulation process. Our results reveal the key residues for Trx-f-specific target recognition and uncover ACHT1 and ACHT2a as oxidation factors of their target proteins, providing critical insight into redox regulation of photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Yokochi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.,School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Kazunori Sugiura
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Takemura
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Keisuke Yoshida
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.,School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Wakabayashi
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan.,School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Akio Kitao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Toru Hisabori
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan .,School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259-R1-8, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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23
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Kang Z, Qin T, Zhao Z. Thioredoxins and thioredoxin reductase in chloroplasts: A review. Gene 2019; 706:32-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Navrot N, Buhl Holstborg R, Hägglund P, Povlsen IL, Svensson B. New Insights into the Potential of Endogenous Redox Systems in Wheat Bread Dough. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7120190. [PMID: 30545045 PMCID: PMC6316651 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7120190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Various redox compounds are known to influence the structure of the gluten network in bread dough, and hence its strength. The cereal thioredoxin system (NTS), composed of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-dependent thioredoxin reductase (NTR) and thioredoxin (Trx), is a major reducing enzymatic system that is involved in seed formation and germination. NTS is a particularly interesting tool for food processing due to its heat stability and its broad range of protein substrates. We show here that barley NTS is capable of remodeling the gluten network and weakening bread dough. Furthermore, functional wheat Trx that is present in the dough can be recruited by the addition of recombinant barley NTR, resulting in dough weakening. These results confirm the potential of NTS, especially NTR, as a useful tool in baking for weakening strong doughs, or in flat product baking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Navrot
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry (EPC), Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 224, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, CNRS UPR 2357, University of Strasbourg, 12 rue du Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg CEDEX, France.
| | - Rikke Buhl Holstborg
- DuPont Nutrition Biosciences ApS, Edwin Rahrs Vej 38, DK-8220 Brabrand, Denmark.
| | - Per Hägglund
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry (EPC), Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 224, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 København N, Denmark.
| | - Inge Lise Povlsen
- DuPont Nutrition Biosciences ApS, Edwin Rahrs Vej 38, DK-8220 Brabrand, Denmark.
- Arla Food Ingredients, Sønderhøj 12, DK-8260 Viby J, Denmark.
| | - Birte Svensson
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry (EPC), Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Building 224, DK-2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
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25
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Vaseghi MJ, Chibani K, Telman W, Liebthal MF, Gerken M, Schnitzer H, Mueller SM, Dietz KJ. The chloroplast 2-cysteine peroxiredoxin functions as thioredoxin oxidase in redox regulation of chloroplast metabolism. eLife 2018; 7:38194. [PMID: 30311601 PMCID: PMC6221545 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiol-dependent redox regulation controls central processes in plant cells including photosynthesis. Thioredoxins reductively activate, for example, Calvin-Benson cycle enzymes. However, the mechanism of oxidative inactivation is unknown despite its importance for efficient regulation. Here, the abundant 2-cysteine peroxiredoxin (2-CysPrx), but not its site-directed variants, mediates rapid inactivation of reductively activated fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and NADPH-dependent malate dehydrogenase (MDH) in the presence of the proper thioredoxins. Deactivation of phosphoribulokinase (PRK) and MDH was compromised in 2cysprxAB mutant plants upon light/dark transition compared to wildtype. The decisive role of 2-CysPrx in regulating photosynthesis was evident from reoxidation kinetics of ferredoxin upon darkening of intact leaves since its half time decreased 3.5-times in 2cysprxAB. The disadvantage of inefficient deactivation turned into an advantage in fluctuating light. Physiological parameters like MDH and PRK inactivation, photosynthetic kinetics and response to fluctuating light fully recovered in 2cysprxAB mutants complemented with 2-CysPrxA underlining the significance of 2-CysPrx. The results show that the 2-CysPrx serves as electron sink in the thiol network important to oxidize reductively activated proteins and represents the missing link in the reversal of thioredoxin-dependent regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad-Javad Vaseghi
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Kamel Chibani
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Wilena Telman
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Michael Florian Liebthal
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Melanie Gerken
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Helena Schnitzer
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Sara Mareike Mueller
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Dietz
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
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26
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Knuesting J, Scheibe R. Small Molecules Govern Thiol Redox Switches. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:769-782. [PMID: 30149854 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenic photosynthesis gave rise to a regulatory mechanism based on reversible redox-modifications of enzymes. In chloroplasts, such on-off switches separate metabolic pathways to avoid futile cycles. During illumination, the redox interconversions allow for rapidly and finely adjusting activation states of redox-regulated enzymes. Noncovalent effects by metabolites binding to these enzymes, here addressed as 'small molecules', affect the rates of reduction and oxidation. The chloroplast enzymes provide an example for a versatile regulatory principle where small molecules govern thiol switches to integrate redox state and metabolism for an appropriate response to environmental challenges. In general, this principle can be transferred to reactive thiols involved in redox signaling, oxidative stress responses, and in disease of all organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Knuesting
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Osnabrück University, Barbarastr. 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Renate Scheibe
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Osnabrück University, Barbarastr. 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany.
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27
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Donnelly DP, Dowgiallo MG, Salisbury JP, Aluri KC, Iyengar S, Chaudhari M, Mathew M, Miele I, Auclair JR, Lopez SA, Manetsch R, Agar JN. Cyclic Thiosulfinates and Cyclic Disulfides Selectively Cross-Link Thiols While Avoiding Modification of Lone Thiols. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:7377-7380. [PMID: 29851341 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b01136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This work addresses the need for chemical tools that can selectively form cross-links. Contemporary thiol-selective cross-linkers, for example, modify all accessible thiols, but only form cross-links between a subset. The resulting terminal "dead-end" modifications of lone thiols are toxic, confound cross-linking-based studies of macromolecular structure, and are an undesired, and currently unavoidable, byproduct in polymer synthesis. Using the thiol pair of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1), we demonstrated that cyclic disulfides, including the drug/nutritional supplement lipoic acid, efficiently cross-linked thiol pairs but avoided dead-end modifications. Thiolate-directed nucleophilic attack upon the cyclic disulfide resulted in thiol-disulfide exchange and ring cleavage. The resulting disulfide-tethered terminal thiolate moiety either directed the reverse reaction, releasing the cyclic disulfide, or participated in oxidative disulfide (cross-link) formation. We hypothesized, and confirmed with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, that mono- S-oxo derivatives of cyclic disulfides formed a terminal sulfenic acid upon ring cleavage that obviated the previously rate-limiting step, thiol oxidation, and accelerated the new rate-determining step, ring cleavage. Our calculations suggest that the origin of accelerated ring cleavage is improved frontier molecular orbital overlap in the thiolate-disulfide interchange transition. Five- to seven-membered cyclic thiosulfinates were synthesized and efficiently cross-linked up to 104-fold faster than their cyclic disulfide precursors; functioned in the presence of biological concentrations of glutathione; and acted as cell-permeable, potent, tolerable, intracellular cross-linkers. This new class of thiol cross-linkers exhibited click-like attributes including, high yields driven by the enthalpies of disulfide and water formation, orthogonality with common functional groups, water-compatibility, and ring strain-dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Donnelly
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , 360 Huntington Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis , Northeastern University , 360 Huntington Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Matthew G Dowgiallo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , 360 Huntington Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Joseph P Salisbury
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , 360 Huntington Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis , Northeastern University , 360 Huntington Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Krishna C Aluri
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , 360 Huntington Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis , Northeastern University , 360 Huntington Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Suhasini Iyengar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , 360 Huntington Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Meenal Chaudhari
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , 360 Huntington Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis , Northeastern University , 360 Huntington Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Merlit Mathew
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , 360 Huntington Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Isabella Miele
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , 360 Huntington Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Jared R Auclair
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , 360 Huntington Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis , Northeastern University , 360 Huntington Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Steven A Lopez
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , 360 Huntington Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Roman Manetsch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , 360 Huntington Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Northeastern University , 360 Huntington Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Jeffrey N Agar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , 360 Huntington Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States.,Barnett Institute of Chemical and Biological Analysis , Northeastern University , 360 Huntington Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Northeastern University , 360 Huntington Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
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28
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Nagarajan R, Gill KS. Evolution of Rubisco activase gene in plants. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 96:69-87. [PMID: 29139059 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0680-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Rubisco activase of plants evolved in a stepwise manner without losing its function to adapt to the major evolutionary events including endosymbiosis and land colonization. Rubisco activase is an essential enzyme for photosynthesis, which removes inhibitory sugar phosphates from the active sites of Rubisco, a process necessary for Rubisco activation and carbon fixation. The gene probably evolved in cyanobacteria as different species differ for its presence. However, the gene is present in all other plant species. At least a single gene copy was maintained throughout plant evolution; but various genome and gene duplication events, which occurred during plant evolution, increased its copy number in some species. The exons and exon-intron junctions of present day higher plant's Rca, which is conserved in most species seem to have evolved in charophytes. A unique tandem duplication of Rca gene occurred in a common grass ancestor, and the two genes evolved differently for gene structure, sequence, and expression pattern. At the protein level, starting with a primitive form in cyanobacteria, RCA of chlorophytes evolved by integrating chloroplast transit peptide (cTP), and N-terminal domains to the ATPase, Rubisco recognition and C-terminal domains. The redox regulated C-terminal extension (CTE) and the associated alternate splicing mechanism, which splices the RCA-α and RCA-β isoforms were probably gained from another gene in charophytes, conserved in most species except the members of Solanaceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragupathi Nagarajan
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Kulvinder S Gill
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
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