1
|
Francis DV, Abdalla AK, Mahakham W, Sarmah AK, Ahmed ZFR. Interaction of plants and metal nanoparticles: Exploring its molecular mechanisms for sustainable agriculture and crop improvement. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 190:108859. [PMID: 38970982 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Metal nanoparticles offer promising prospects in agriculture, enhancing plant growth and ensuring food security. Silver, gold, copper, and zinc nanoparticles possess unique properties making them attractive for plant applications. Understanding molecular interactions between metal nanoparticles and plants is crucial for unlocking their potential to boost crop productivity and sustainability. This review explores metal nanoparticles in agriculture, emphasizing the need to understand these interactions. By elucidating mechanisms, it highlights the potential for enhancing crop productivity, stress tolerance, and nutrient-use efficiency, contributing to sustainable agriculture and food security. Quantifying benefits and risks reveal significant advantages. Metal nanoparticles enhance crop productivity by 20% on average and reduce disease incidence by up to 50% when used as antimicrobial agents. They also reduce nutrient leaching by 30% and enhance soil carbon sequestration by 15%, but concerns about toxicity, adverse effects on non-target organisms, and nanoparticle accumulation in the food chain must be addressed. Metal nanoparticles influence cellular processes including sensing, signaling, transcription, translation, and post-translational modifications. They act as signaling molecules, activate stress-responsive genes, enhance defense mechanisms, and improve nutrient uptake. The review explores their catalytic role in nutrient management, disease control, precision agriculture, nano-fertilizers, and nano-remediation. A bibliometric analysis offers insights into the current research landscape, highlighting trends, gaps, and future directions. In conclusion, metal nanoparticles hold potential for revolutionizing agriculture, enhancing productivity, mitigating environmental stressors, and promoting sustainability. Addressing risks and gaps is crucial for their safe integration into agricultural practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dali V Francis
- Department of Integrative Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdelmoneim K Abdalla
- Food Science and Technology Department, College of Agriculture, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Wuttipong Mahakham
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Ajit K Sarmah
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Zienab F R Ahmed
- Department of Integrative Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li T, Luo K, Wang C, Wu L, Pan J, Wang M, Liu J, Li Y, Yao J, Chen W, Zhu S, Zhang Y. GhCKX14 responding to drought stress by modulating antioxi-dative enzyme activity in Gossypium hirsutum compared to CKX family genes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:409. [PMID: 37658295 PMCID: PMC10474641 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04419-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKX) plays a vital role in response to abiotic stress through modulating the antioxidant enzyme activities. Nevertheless, the biological function of the CKX gene family has yet to be reported in cotton. RESULT In this study, a total of 27 GhCKXs were identified by the genome-wide investigation and distributed across 18 chromosomes. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that CKX genes were clustered into four clades, and most gene expansions originated from segmental duplications. The CKXs gene structure and motif analysis displayed remarkably well conserved among the four groups. Moreover, the cis-acting elements related to the abiotic stress, hormones, and light response were identified within the promoter regions of GhCKXs. Transcriptome data and RT-qPCR showed that GhCKX genes demonstrated higher expression levels in various tissues and were involved in cotton's abiotic stress and phytohormone response. The protein-protein interaction network indicates that the CKX family probably participated in redox regulation, including oxidoreduction or ATP levels, to mediate plant growth and development. Functionally identified via virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) found that the GhCKX14 gene improved drought resistance by modulating the antioxidant-related activitie. CONCLUSIONS In this study, the CKX gene family members were analyzed by bioinformatics, and validates the response of GhCKX gene to various phytohormone treatment and abiotic stresses. Our findings established the foundation of GhCKXs in responding to abiotic stress and GhCKX14 in regulating drought resistance in cotton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tengyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Kun Luo
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenlei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Lanxin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Jingwen Pan
- College of Plant Science, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Mingyang Wang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jinwei Liu
- College of Plant Science, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Jinbo Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
| | - Shouhong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China.
| | - Yongshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China.
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
- College of Plant Science, Tarim University, Alar, 843300, Xinjiang, China.
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pramanik B, Sar P, Bharti R, Gupta RK, Purkayastha S, Sinha S, Chattaraj S, Mitra D. Multifactorial role of nanoparticles in alleviating environmental stresses for sustainable crop production and protection. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 201:107831. [PMID: 37418817 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
In the era of dire environmental fluctuations, plants undergo several stressors during their life span, which severely impact their development and overall growth in negative aspects. Abiotic stress factors, especially moisture stress i.e shortage (drought) or excess (flooding), salinity, temperature divergence (i.e. heat and cold stress), heavy metal toxicity, etc. create osmotic and ionic imbalance inside the plant cells, which ultimately lead to devastating crop yield, sometimes crop failure. Apart from the array of abiotic stresses, various biotic stress caused by pathogens, insects, and nematodes also affect production. Therefore, to combat these major challenges in order to increase production, several novel strategies have been adapted, among which the use of nanoparticles (NPs) i.e. nanotechnology is becoming an emerging tool in various facets of the current agriculture system, nowadays. This present review will elaborately depict the deployment and mechanisms of different NPs to withstand these biotic and abiotic stresses, along with a brief overview and indication of the future research works to be oriented based on the steps provided for future research in advance NPs application through the sustainable way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Pramanik
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Palli Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva-Bharati, 731236, Sriniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Puranjoy Sar
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Palli Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva-Bharati, 731236, Sriniketan, West Bengal, India.
| | - Ruchi Bharti
- Department of Agronomy, Palli Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva-Bharati, 731236, Sriniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Rahul Kumar Gupta
- Department of Agronomy, Palli Siksha Bhavana (Institute of Agriculture), Visva-Bharati, 731236, Sriniketan, West Bengal, India
| | - Shampa Purkayastha
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding and Seed Science and Technology, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Paralekhamundi, 761211, Odisha, India
| | - Somya Sinha
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, 248 002, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sourav Chattaraj
- Department of Microbiology, Raiganj University, Raiganj, 733134, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Debasis Mitra
- Department of Microbiology, Raiganj University, Raiganj, 733134, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu H, Li J, Pu Q, Mi C, Zeng G, Chen Y, Kong D, Zuo X, Hu X, Li O. Physiological and transcriptome analysis of Dendrobium officinale under low nitrogen stress. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2023; 50:314-334. [PMID: 36872310 DOI: 10.1071/fp22061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is the main nutrient of plants, and low nitrogen usually affects plant growth and crop yield. The traditional Chinese herbal medicine Dendrobium officinale Kimura et. Migo is a typical low nitrogen-tolerant plant, and its mechanism in response to low nitrogen stress has not previously been reported. In this study, physiological measurements and RNA-Seq analysis were used to analyse the physiological changes and molecular responses of D. officinale under different nitrogen concentrations. The results showed that under low nitrogen levels, the growth, photosynthesis and superoxide dismutase activity were found to be significantly inhibited, while the activities of peroxidase and catalase, the content of polysaccharides and flavonoids significantly increased. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis showed that nitrogen and carbon metabolisms, transcriptional regulation, antioxidative stress, secondary metabolite synthesis and signal transduction all made a big difference in low nitrogen stress. Therefore, copious polysaccharide accumulation, efficient assimilation and recycling of nitrogen, as well as rich antioxidant components play critical roles. This study is helpful for understanding the response mechanism of D. officinale to low nitrogen levels, which might provide good guidance for practical production of high quality D. officinale .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hangtao Wu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Jin Li
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Qian Pu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Chunyi Mi
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Guohong Zeng
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Ying Chen
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Dedong Kong
- Institute of Digital Agriculture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Xiaorong Zuo
- Xi'an Ande Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Zhenping Branch, Xi'an 710000, P. R. China
| | - Xiufang Hu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| | - Ou Li
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang QC, Wang J, Wang JG. Use of plant growth regulators to reduce 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy acetic acid-Na (MPCA-Na) damage in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:533. [PMID: 36380296 PMCID: PMC9667669 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03917-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy acetic acid-Na (MPCA-Na) is a phenoxy carboxylic acid selective hormone herbicide that is widely used in the crop fields. However, drift of MPCA-Na during application is highly damaging to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and other crop plants. This study was carried out from 2019 to 2020 to determine the effects of different concentrations of MPCA-Na on physiological and metabolic activities besides growth and yield of cotton plants at seedling, budding, flowering and boll stages. Moreover, we evaluated the different combinations of 24-epibrassinolide, gibberellin (GA3), phthalanilic acid and seaweed fertilizer to ameliorate herbicide damage. RESULTS 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy acetic acid-Na (MPCA-Na) exposure caused a decrease in the chlorophyll content, and an increase in the soluble protein content, Malondialdehyde (MDA) content and protective enzyme activity. It also caused significant reductions in plant height, boll number and the single boll weight at the seedling and budding stages, but had little effects on plant height and the single boll weight at flowering and boll stage. Under the maximum recommended dose of MPCA-Na (130 g/L), the number of cotton bolls at seedling and budding stages decreased by 75.33 and 79.50%, respectively, and the single boll weight decreased by 46.42 and 36.31%, respectively. Nevertheless, the number of G. hirsutum bolls and single boll weight at flowering and boll stage decreased by 48.15 and 5.38%, respectively. Application of plant growth regulators decreased the MDA content, and increased chlorophyll, soluble protein content and protective enzyme activity, and alleviated MCPA-Na toxicity. Positive effects in case of growth regulators treated plants were also observed in terms of G. hirsutum yield. Phthalanilic acid + seaweed fertilizer, 24-epibrassinolide + seaweed fertilizer, and GA3 + seaweed fertilizer should be used at the seedling, budding, and flowering and boll stages, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The results of current study suggest that certain plant growth regulators could be used to alleviate MPCA-Na damage and maintain G. hirsutum yield. When the cotton exposed to MCPA-Na at the seedling stage, it should be treated with phthalanilic acid + seaweed fertilizer, while plants exposed at the budding stage should be treated with 24-epibrassinolide + seaweed fertilizer, and those exposed at the flowering and boll stages should be treated with GA3 + seaweed fertilizer to mitigate stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Cheng Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China
| | - Jun-Gang Wang
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rehman S, Rashid A, Manzoor MA, Li L, Sun W, Riaz MW, Li D, Zhuge Q. Genome-Wide Evolution and Comparative Analysis of Superoxide Dismutase Gene Family in Cucurbitaceae and Expression Analysis of Lagenaria siceraria Under Multiple Abiotic Stresses. Front Genet 2022; 12:784878. [PMID: 35211150 PMCID: PMC8861505 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.784878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an important enzyme that serves as the first line of defense in the plant antioxidant system and removes reactive oxygen species (ROS) under adverse conditions. The SOD protein family is widely distributed in the plant kingdom and plays a significant role in plant growth and development. However, the comprehensive analysis of the SOD gene family has not been conducted in Cucurbitaceae. Subsequently, 43 SOD genes were identified from Cucurbitaceae species [Citrullus lanatus (watermelon), Cucurbita pepo (zucchini), Cucumis sativus (cucumber), Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd), Cucumis melo (melon)]. According to evolutionary analysis, SOD genes were divided into eight subfamilies (I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII). The gene structure analysis exhibited that the SOD gene family had comparatively preserved exon/intron assembly and motif as well. Phylogenetic and structural analysis revealed the functional divergence of Cucurbitaceae SOD gene family. Furthermore, microRNAs 6 miRNAs were predicted targeting 3 LsiSOD genes. Gene ontology annotation outcomes confirm the role of LsiSODs under different stress stimuli, cellular oxidant detoxification processes, metal ion binding activities, SOD activity, and different cellular components. Promoter regions of the SOD family revealed that most cis-elements were involved in plant development, stress response, and plant hormones. Evaluation of the gene expression showed that most SOD genes were expressed in different tissues (root, flower, fruit, stem, and leaf). Finally, the expression profiles of eight LsiSOD genes analyzed by qRT-PCR suggested that these genetic reserves responded to drought, saline, heat, and cold stress. These findings laid the foundation for further study of the role of the SOD gene family in Cucurbitaceae. Also, they provided the potential for its use in the genetic improvement of Cucurbitaceae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shamsur Rehman
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Arif Rashid
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | | | - Lingling Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Weibo Sun
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Waheed Riaz
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Protection and Innovation of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dawei Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Zhuge
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Romero-Puertas MC, Peláez-Vico MÁ, Pazmiño DM, Rodríguez-Serrano M, Terrón-Camero L, Bautista R, Gómez-Cadenas A, Claros MG, León J, Sandalio LM. Insights into ROS-dependent signalling underlying transcriptomic plant responses to the herbicide 2,4-D. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:572-590. [PMID: 34800292 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) functions as an agronomic weed control herbicide. High concentrations of 2,4-D induce plant growth defects, particularly leaf epinasty and stem curvature. Although the 2,4-D triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, little is known about its signalling. In this study, by using a null mutant in peroxisomal acyl CoA oxidase 1 (acx1-2), we identified acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (ACX1) as one of the main sources of ROS production and, in part, also causing the epinastic phenotype following 2,4-D application. Transcriptomic analyses of wild type (WT) plants after treatment with 2,4-D revealed a ROS-related peroxisomal footprint in early plant responses, while other organelles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, are involved in later responses. Interestingly, a group of 2,4-D-responsive ACX1-dependent transcripts previously associated with epinasty is related to auxin biosynthesis, metabolism, and signalling. We found that the auxin receptor auxin signalling F-box 3 (AFB3), a component of Skp, Cullin, F-box containing complex (SCF) (ASK-cullin-F-box) E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, which mediates auxin/indole acetic acid (AUX/IAA) degradation by the 26S proteasome, acts downstream of ACX1 and is involved in the epinastic phenotype induced by 2,4-D. We also found that protein degradation associated with ubiquitin E3-RING and E3-SCF-FBOX in ACX1-dependent signalling in plant responses to 2,4-D is significantly regulated over longer treatment periods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María C Romero-Puertas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, EEZ, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Diana M Pazmiño
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, EEZ, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | - María Rodríguez-Serrano
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, EEZ, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Rocío Bautista
- Plataforma Andaluza de Bioinformática-SCBI, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Department Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - M Gonzalo Claros
- Plataforma Andaluza de Bioinformática-SCBI, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Ciencias, Univ. de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Institute for Mediterranean and Subtropical Horticulture "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Málaga, Spain
| | - José León
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-Univ. Valencia), CPI Edificio 8E, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luisa M Sandalio
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas, EEZ, CSIC, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Siddiqui MH, Mukherjee S, Kumar R, Alansi S, Shah AA, Kalaji HM, Javed T, Raza A. Potassium and melatonin-mediated regulation of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) and sedoheptulose-1,7- bisphosphatase (SBPase) activity improve photosynthetic efficiency, carbon assimilation and modulate glyoxalase system accompanying tolerance to cadmium stress in tomato seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 171:49-65. [PMID: 34971955 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of the combined action of potassium (K) and melatonin (Mel) in modulating tolerance to cadmium (Cd) stress in plants is not well understood. The present study reveals the synergistic role of K and Mel in enhancing physiological and biochemical mechanisms of Cd stress tolerance in tomato seedlings. The present findings reveal that seedlings subjected to Cd toxicity exhibited disturbed nutrients balance [nitrogen (N) and potassium (K)], chlorophyll (Chl) biosynthesis [reduced δ-aminolevulinic acid (δ-ALA) content and δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALAD) activity], pathway of carbon fixation [reduced fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) and sedoheptulose-1,7- bisphosphatase (SBPase) activity] and photosynthesis process in tomato seedlings. However, exogenous application of K and Mel alone as well as together improved physiological and biochemical mechanisms in tomato seedlings, but their combined application proved best by efficiently improving nutrient uptake, photosynthetic pigments biosynthesis (increased Chl a and b, and Total Chl), carbon flow in Calvin cycle, activity of Rubisco, carbonic anhydrase activity, and accumulation of total soluble carbohydrates content in seedlings under Cd toxicity. Furthermore, the combined treatment of K and Mel suppressed overproduction of reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide and superoxide), Chl degradation [reduced chlorophyllase (Chlase) activity] and methylglyoxal content in Cd-stressed tomato seedlings by upregulating glyoxalase (increased glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II activity) and antioxidant systems (increased ascorbate-glutathione metabolism). Thus, the present study provides stronger evidence that the co-application of K and Mel exhibited synergistic roles in mitigating the toxic effect of Cd stress by increasing glyoxalase and antioxidant systems and also by improving photosynthetic efficiency in tomato seedlings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manzer H Siddiqui
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Soumya Mukherjee
- Department of Botany, Jangipur College, University of Kalyani, West Bengal, 742213, India
| | - Ritesh Kumar
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Saleh Alansi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anis Ali Shah
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology University of Education, Lahore
| | - Hazem M Kalaji
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Talha Javed
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Departemnet of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan
| | - Ali Raza
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular and Cell Biology, Oil Crops Research Institute, Center of Legume Crop Genetics and Systems Biology/College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), Fuzhou, 350002, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Crop Enhancement of Cucumber Plants under Heat Stress by Shungite Carbon. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144858. [PMID: 32659984 PMCID: PMC7402313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress negatively impacts plant growth and yield. The effects of carbon materials on plants in response to abiotic stress and antioxidant activity are poorly understood. In this study, we propose a new method for improving heat tolerance in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) using a natural carbon material, shungite, which can be easily mixed into any soil. We analyzed the phenotype and physiological changes in cucumber plants maintained at 35 °C or 40 °C for 1 week. Our results show that shungite-treated cucumber plants had a healthier phenotype, exhibiting dark green leaves, compared to the plants in the control soil group. Furthermore, in the shungite-treated plants, the monodehydroascorbate content (a marker of oxidative damage) of the leaf was 34% lower than that in the control group. In addition, scavengers against reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase were significantly upregulated. These results indicate that the successive pre-treatment of soil with a low-cost natural carbon material can improve the tolerance of cucumber plants to heat stress, as well as improve the corresponding antioxidant activity.
Collapse
|
10
|
Silva SAF, Silva FLB, Ribas AF, de Souza SGH, dos Santos TB. Genome-wide in silico analysis of SOD genes in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12892-020-00030-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
11
|
Rontani JF. Biotic and abiotic degradation of Δ 5-sterols in senescent Mediterranean marine and terrestrial angiosperms. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 167:112097. [PMID: 31445450 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This work used Δ5-sterols and their degradation products to compare the efficiency of biotic and abiotic degradation processes in senescent Mediterranean marine (Posidonia oceanica) and terrestrial (Quercus ilex and Smilax aspera) angiosperms. Type II photosensitized oxidation processes appeared to be more efficient in P. oceanica than in Q. ilex and S. aspera. The low efficiency of these processes in senescent terrestrial angiosperms was attributed to: (i) the fast degradation of the sensitizer (chlorophyll) in these organisms and (ii) the relatively high on-ground temperatures observed in Mediterranean regions favoring the diffusion of singlet oxygen outside the membranes. Senescent leaves of P. oceanica contained the highest proportions of photochemically-produced 6-hydroperoxysterols, likely due to the presence of trace amounts of metal ions in seawater catalyzing selective homolytic cleavage of 5- and 7-hydroperoxysterols. Bacterial metabolites of sitosterol and its photooxidation products could be detected in senescent leaves of P. oceanica but not Q. ilex or S. aspera. These results confirmed that biotic and abiotic degradation processes may be intimately linked in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Rontani
- Aix Marseille University, Université de Toulon, CNRS/INSU/IRD, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO) UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
ul Haq S, Khan A, Ali M, Khattak AM, Gai WX, Zhang HX, Wei AM, Gong ZH. Heat Shock Proteins: Dynamic Biomolecules to Counter Plant Biotic and Abiotic Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5321. [PMID: 31731530 PMCID: PMC6862505 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the present scenario of climate change, plants have to evolve strategies to survive and perform under a plethora of biotic and abiotic stresses, which restrict plant productivity. Maintenance of plant protein functional conformation and preventing non-native proteins from aggregation, which leads to metabolic disruption, are of prime importance. Plant heat shock proteins (HSPs), as chaperones, play a pivotal role in conferring biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. Moreover, HSP also enhances membrane stability and detoxifies the reactive oxygen species (ROS) by positively regulating the antioxidant enzymes system. Additionally, it uses ROS as a signal to molecules to induce HSP production. HSP also enhances plant immunity by the accumulation and stability of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins under various biotic stresses. Thus, to unravel the entire plant defense system, the role of HSPs are discussed with a special focus on plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses, which will be helpful in the development of stress tolerance in plant crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed ul Haq
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (S.u.H.); (A.K.); (M.A.); (W.-X.G.); (H.-X.Z.)
- Department of Horticulture, University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan;
| | - Abid Khan
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (S.u.H.); (A.K.); (M.A.); (W.-X.G.); (H.-X.Z.)
| | - Muhammad Ali
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (S.u.H.); (A.K.); (M.A.); (W.-X.G.); (H.-X.Z.)
| | - Abdul Mateen Khattak
- Department of Horticulture, University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar 25130, Pakistan;
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wen-Xian Gai
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (S.u.H.); (A.K.); (M.A.); (W.-X.G.); (H.-X.Z.)
| | - Huai-Xia Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (S.u.H.); (A.K.); (M.A.); (W.-X.G.); (H.-X.Z.)
| | - Ai-Min Wei
- Tianjin Vegetable Research Center, Tianjin 300192, China;
| | - Zhen-Hui Gong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (S.u.H.); (A.K.); (M.A.); (W.-X.G.); (H.-X.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation, Tianjin 300384, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sambo P, Nicoletto C, Giro A, Pii Y, Valentinuzzi F, Mimmo T, Lugli P, Orzes G, Mazzetto F, Astolfi S, Terzano R, Cesco S. Hydroponic Solutions for Soilless Production Systems: Issues and Opportunities in a Smart Agriculture Perspective. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:923. [PMID: 31396245 PMCID: PMC6668597 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Soilless cultivation represent a valid opportunity for the agricultural production sector, especially in areas characterized by severe soil degradation and limited water availability. Furthermore, this agronomic practice embodies a favorable response toward an environment-friendly agriculture and a promising tool in the vision of a general challenge in terms of food security. This review aims therefore at unraveling limitations and opportunities of hydroponic solutions used in soilless cropping systems focusing on the plant mineral nutrition process. In particular, this review provides information (1) on the processes and mechanisms occurring in the hydroponic solutions that ensure an adequate nutrient concentration and thus an optimal nutrient acquisition without leading to nutritional disorders influencing ultimately also crop quality (e.g., solubilization/precipitation of nutrients/elements in the hydroponic solution, substrate specificity in the nutrient uptake process, nutrient competition/antagonism and interactions among nutrients); (2) on new emerging technologies that might improve the management of soilless cropping systems such as the use of nanoparticles and beneficial microorganism like plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs); (3) on tools (multi-element sensors and interpretation algorithms based on machine learning logics to analyze such data) that might be exploited in a smart agriculture approach to monitor the availability of nutrients/elements in the hydroponic solution and to modify its composition in realtime. These aspects are discussed considering what has been recently demonstrated at the scientific level and applied in the industrial context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Sambo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Carlo Nicoletto
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Andrea Giro
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Youry Pii
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Fabio Valentinuzzi
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Tanja Mimmo
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Paolo Lugli
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Guido Orzes
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Mazzetto
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Stefania Astolfi
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (DAFNE), University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Roberto Terzano
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefano Cesco
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Öktem M, Keleş Y. The role of silver ions in the regulation of the senescence process in Triticum aestivum. Turk J Biol 2019; 42:517-526. [PMID: 30983866 PMCID: PMC6451841 DOI: 10.3906/biy-1802-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of senescence has economic importance due to its effects on parameters such as herbal product quality and shelf life. This study is on the control of induced senescence in Triticum aestivum L. 'Gün-91' plants with silver nitrate (AgNO3) treatments. It was observed that some changes that occurred with dark and indole-1-acetic acid (IAA) treatments could be reduced with AgNO3 treatments. After dark-induced senescence, it was observed in plants that seedling length, relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll, β-carotene, xanthophylls, total antioxidant capacity, soluble phenol, total soluble protein, catalase (CAT), total superoxide dismutase (SOD), copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) activities, and expression of genes encoding these enzymes declined. After IAA treatments, seedling length, RWC, chlorophyll, β-carotene, xanthophylls, total antioxidant capacity, soluble phenolics, and soluble protein levels declined, whereas activities of CAT, total SOD, and Cu/Zn-SOD enzymes and expression of Cu/Zn-SOD and CAT genes increased. AgNO3 (200 mg L-1 ) applied by spraying onto leaves led to an increase in seedling length, RWC, chlorophyll, β-carotene, xanthophylls, total antioxidant capacity, soluble phenolics, soluble protein levels, and expression of Cu/Zn-SOD, CAT genes, CAT, SOD, and Cu/Zn-SOD enzyme activities compared to controls. Findings obtained from this study showed that the senescence process was related to changes in the levels of antioxidant compounds and enzymes. It was defined that the role of silver ions in slowing senescence was related to antioxidant defense capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mert Öktem
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Sciences, Mersin University , Mersin , Turkey
| | - Yüksel Keleş
- Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Education, Mersin University , Mersin , Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hu C, Zhao H, Shi J, Li J, Nie X, Yang G. Effects of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid on Cucumber Fruit Development and Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1126. [PMID: 30841619 PMCID: PMC6429315 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The auxin-like compound 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) has been widely used as a plant growth regulator in cucumber fruit production; however, its influence on fruit development and metabolism has not been evaluated. In this study, the phenotype of cucumber fruits in both 2,4-D treatment and non-treatment control groups were recorded, and the metabolome of different segments of cucumber fruit at various sampling time points were profiled by a standardized non-targeted metabolomics method based on UPLC-qTOF-MS. The application of 2,4-D increased the early growth rate of the fruit length but had no significant effect on the final fruit length, and produced cucumber fruits with fresh flowers at the top. The 2,4-D treatment also affected the cucumber fruit metabolome, causing significant changes in the stylar end at 4 days after flowering (DAF). The significantly changed metabolites were mainly involved in methionine metabolism, the citric acid cycle and flavonoid metabolism pathways. At the harvest stage, 2,4⁻D treatment significantly decreased the levels of flavonoids and cinnamic acid derivatives while increased the levels of some of the amino acids. In summary, exogenous application of 2,4-D can greatly alter the phenotype and metabolism of cucumber fruit. These findings will assist in exploring the mechanisms of how 2,4-D treatment changes the fruit phenotype and evaluating the influence of 2,4-D treatment on the nutritional qualities of cucumber fruit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Department of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Huiyu Zhao
- Lab (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agricultural Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Jianxin Shi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Jian Li
- Lab (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agricultural Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Xiangbo Nie
- Shaoxing Jin Shuo Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., Shaoxing 312000, China.
| | - Guiling Yang
- Lab (Hangzhou) for Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agricultural Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization, and Expression Analysis of the Grapevine Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Family. Int J Genomics 2019; 2019:7350414. [PMID: 30923713 PMCID: PMC6409070 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7350414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an essential enzyme of the plant antioxidant system that responds to oxidative damage caused by adverse conditions. However, little is known about the SOD gene family in Vitis vinifera (Vv). In the present study, ten SOD genes, including 6 copper/zinc SODs, 2 iron SODs, and 2 manganese SODs, were identified in the grapevine genome where they were unevenly distributed on 12 chromosomes. Ten VvSOD genes were divided into three main groups based on phylogenetic analysis, subcellular localization, and the distribution of conserved protein motifs. Additionally, many cis-elements related to different stresses were found in the promoters of the 10 VvSOD genes. Syntenic analysis revealed that VvMSD1 and VvMSD2 were derived from segmental duplication, and VvCSD4 and VvCSD5 belong to a pair of tandemly duplicated genes. Gene expression analysis based on microarray data showed that the 10 VvSOD genes were expressed in all the tested tissues. Interestingly, the segmentally duplicated gene pair (VvMSD1 and VvMSD2) exhibited differential expression patterns in various organs. In contrast, the tandemly duplicated gene pair (VvCSD4 and VvCSD5) displayed similar expression patterns in the tested organs. Our results provide a basis for further functional research on the SOD gene family in grapevine.
Collapse
|
17
|
Mehmood A. Brief overview of the application of silver nanoparticles to improve growth of crop plants. IET Nanobiotechnol 2018; 12:701-705. [PMID: 30104441 PMCID: PMC8676502 DOI: 10.1049/iet-nbt.2017.0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advancement in nanotechnology, nanoparticles are reported to have applications in various fields. Their positive role in the environment, especially in plant ecosystem, is extensively studied nowadays. Among the metal nanoparticles, the silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are receiving special attention because of their ability to increase the growth and yield in many crops. Although many studies are found containing toxic effects of AgNPs the perspective of the present review is to collect the information about their positive role in growth and yield enhancement of crops. During this brief overview, many important crop plants are found to have a positive response towards the application of AgNPs. The appropriate elucidation of physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanism of nanoparticles in plant leads to better plant growth and development. It is concluded from this review that cautious and sensible use of nanotechnology can warrant food security through boosting agricultural production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ansar Mehmood
- Department of Botany, University of Poonch, Rawalakot 12350, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Unraveling Field Crops Sensitivity to Heat Stress:Mechanisms, Approaches, and Future Prospects. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy8070128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The astonishing increase in temperature presents an alarming threat to crop production worldwide. As evident by huge yield decline in various crops, the escalating drastic impacts of heat stress (HS) are putting global food production as well as nutritional security at high risk. HS is a major abiotic stress that influences plant morphology, physiology, reproduction, and productivity worldwide. The physiological and molecular responses to HS are dynamic research areas, and molecular techniques are being adopted for producing heat tolerant crop plants. In this article, we reviewed recent findings, impacts, adoption, and tolerance at the cellular, organellar, and whole plant level and reported several approaches that are used to improve HS tolerance in crop plants. Omics approaches unravel various mechanisms underlying thermotolerance, which is imperative to understand the processes of molecular responses toward HS. Our review about physiological and molecular mechanisms may enlighten ways to develop thermo-tolerant cultivars and to produce crop plants that are agriculturally important in adverse climatic conditions.
Collapse
|
19
|
Xu H, Shi X, He L, Guo Y, Zang D, Li H, Zhang W, Wang Y. Arabidopsis thaliana Trihelix Transcription Factor AST1 Mediates Salt and Osmotic Stress Tolerance by Binding to a Novel AGAG-Box and Some GT Motifs. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:946-965. [PMID: 29420810 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Trihelix transcription factors are characterized by containing a conserved trihelix (helix-loop-helix-loop-helix) domain that binds to GT elements required for light response, and they play roles in light stress and in abiotic stress responses. However, only a few of them have been functionally characterized. In the present study, we characterized the function of AST1 (Arabidopsis SIP1 clade Trihelix1) in response to salt and osmotic stress. AST1 shows transcriptional activation activity, and its expression is induced by osmotic and salt stress. A conserved sequence highly present in the promoters of genes regulated by AST1 was identified, which was bound by AST1, and termed the AGAG-box with the sequence [A/G][G/A][A/T]GAGAG. Additionally, AST1 also binds to some GT motifs including the sequence of GGTAATT, TACAGT, GGTAAAT and GGTAAA, but failed in binding to the sequence of GTTAC and GGTTAA. Chromatin immunoprecipitation combined with quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis suggested that AST1 binds to the AGAG-box and/or some GT motifs to regulate the expression of stress tolerance genes, resulting in reduced reactive oxygen species, Na+ accumulation, stomatal apertures, lipid peroxidation, cell death and water loss rate, and increased proline content and reactive oxygen species scavenging capability. These physiological changes affected by AST1 finally improve salt and osmotic tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xinxin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Lin He
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Dandan Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yucheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding (Northeast Forestry University), 26 Hexing Road, Harbin 150040, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Islam F, Xie Y, Farooq MA, Wang J, Yang C, Gill RA, Zhu J, Zhou W. Salinity reduces 2,4-D efficacy in Echinochloa crusgalli by affecting redox balance, nutrient acquisition, and hormonal regulation. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:785-802. [PMID: 29151143 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1159-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Distinct salinity levels have been reported to enhance plants tolerance to different types of stresses. The aim of this research is to assess the interaction of saline stress and the use of 2,4-D as a means of controlling the growth of Echinochloa crusgalli. The resultant effect of such interaction is vital for a sustainable approach of weed management and food production. The results showed that 2,4-D alone treatment reduces the chlorophyll contents, photosynthetic capacity, enhanced MDA, electrolyte leakage, and ROS production (H2O2, O2·-) and inhibited the activities of ROS scavenging enzymes. Further analysis of the ultrastructure of chloroplasts indicated that 2,4-D induced severe damage to the ultrastructure of chloroplasts and thylakoids. Severe saline stress (8 dS m-1) followed by mild saline stress treatments (4 dS m-1) also reduced the E. crusgalli growth, but had the least impact as compared to the 2,4-D alone treatment. Surprisingly, under combined treatments (salinity + 2,4-D), the phytotoxic effect of 2,4-D was reduced on saline-stressed E. crusgalli plants, especially under mild saline + 2,4-D treatment. This stimulated growth of E. crusgalli is related to the higher activities of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and dynamic regulation of IAA, ABA under mild saline + 2,4-D treatment. This shows that 2,4-D efficacy was affected by salinity in a stress intensity-dependent manner, which may result in the need for greater herbicide application rates, additional application times, or more weed control operations required for controlling salt-affected weed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Islam
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuan Xie
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Muhammad A Farooq
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chong Yang
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Rafaqat A Gill
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jinwen Zhu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Weijun Zhou
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Islam F, Wang J, Farooq MA, Khan MSS, Xu L, Zhu J, Zhao M, Muños S, Li QX, Zhou W. Potential impact of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on human and ecosystems. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 111:332-351. [PMID: 29203058 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is applied directly to aquatic and conventional farming systems to control weeds, and is among the most widely distributed pollutants in the environment. Non-target organisms are exposed to 2,4-D via several ways, which could produce toxic effects depending on the dose, frequency of exposure, and the host factors that influence susceptibility and sensitivity. An increasing number of experimental evidences have shown concerns about its presence/detection in the environment, because several investigations have pointed out its potential lethal effects on non-target organisms. In this review, we critically evaluated the environmental fate and behavior of 2,4-D along with its eco-toxicological effects on aquatic, plants and human life to provide concise assessment in the light of recently published reports. The findings demonstrate that 2,4-D is present in a low concentration in surface water of regions where its usage is high. The highest concentrations of 2,4-D were detected in soil, air and surface water surrounded by crop fields, which suggest that mitigation strategies must be implanted locally to prevent the entry of 2,4-D into the environment. A general public may have frequent exposure to 2,4-D due to its wide applications at home lawns and public parks, etc. Various in vivo and in vitro investigations suggest that several species (or their organs) at different trophic levels are extremely sensitive to the 2,4-D exposure, which may explain variation in outcomes of reported investigations. However, implications for the prenatal exposure to 2,4-D remain unknown because 2,4-D-induced toxicity thresholds in organism have only been derived from juveniles or adults. In near future, introduction of 2,4-D resistant crops will increase its use in agriculture, which may cause relatively high and potentially unsafe residue levels in the environment. The recent findings indicate the urgent need to further explore fate, accumulation and its continuous low level exposure impacts on the environment to generate reliable database which is key in drafting new regulation and policies to protect the population from further exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Islam
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Muhammad A Farooq
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad S S Khan
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jinwen Zhu
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Stéphane Muños
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes, Université de Toulouse, CNRS-INRA, 441-2594, France
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu 96822, USA
| | - Weijun Zhou
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tyagi S, Sharma S, Taneja M, Shumayla, Kumar R, Sembi JK, Upadhyay SK. Superoxide dismutases in bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.): Comprehensive characterization and expression analysis during development and, biotic and abiotic stresses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aggene.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
23
|
Pradhan S, Mailapalli DR. Interaction of Engineered Nanoparticles with the Agri-environment. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:8279-8294. [PMID: 28876911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles with their unique surface properties can modulate the physiological, biochemical, and physicochemical pathways, such as photosynthesis, respiration, nitrogen metabolism, and solute transport. In this context, researchers have developed a wide range of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) for the improvement of growth and productivity by modulating the metabolic pathways in plants. This class of tailor-made materials can potentially lead to the development of a new group of agrochemical nanofertilizers. However, there are reports that engineered nanomaterials could impart phytotoxicity to edible and medicinal plants. On the contrary, there is a series of ENMs that might be detrimental when applied directly and/or indirectly to the plants. These particles can sometimes readily aggregate and dissolute in the immediate vicinity; the free ions released from the nanomatrix can cause serious tissue injury and membrane dysfunction to the plant cell through oxidative stress. On that note, thorough studies on uptake, translocation, internalization, and nutritional quality assessment must be carried out to understand ENM-plant interactions. This review critically discusses the possible beneficial or adverse aftereffect of nanofertilizers in the immediate environment to interrelate the impacts of ENMs on the crop health and food security management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saheli Pradhan
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur , Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Damodhara Rao Mailapalli
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur , Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Islam F, Farooq MA, Gill RA, Wang J, Yang C, Ali B, Wang GX, Zhou W. 2,4-D attenuates salinity-induced toxicity by mediating anatomical changes, antioxidant capacity and cation transporters in the roots of rice cultivars. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10443. [PMID: 28874677 PMCID: PMC5585390 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09708-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth regulator herbicides are widely used in paddy fields to control weeds, however their role in conferring environmental stress tolerance in the crop plants are still elusive. In this study, the effects of recommended dose of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on growth, oxidative damage, antioxidant defense, regulation of cation transporter genes and anatomical changes in the roots of rice cultivars XS 134 (salt resistant) and ZJ 88 (salt sensitive) were investigated under different levels of saline stress. Individual treatments of saline stress and 2,4-D application induced oxidative damage as evidenced by decreased root growth, enhanced ROS production, more membrane damage and Na+ accumulation in sensitive cultivar compared to the tolerant cultivar. Conversely, combined treatments of 2,4-D and saline stress significantly alleviated the growth inhibition and oxidative stress in roots of rice cultivars by modulating lignin and callose deposition, redox states of AsA, GSH, and related enzyme activities involved in the antioxidant defense system. The expression analysis of nine cation transporter genes showed altered and differential gene expression in salt-stressed roots of sensitive and resistant cultivars. Together, these results suggest that 2,4-D differentially regulates the Na+ and K+ levels, ROS production, antioxidant defense, anatomical changes and cation transporters/genes in roots of rice cultivars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Islam
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Muhammad A Farooq
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Rafaqat A Gill
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chong Yang
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Basharat Ali
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Guang-Xi Wang
- Department of Environmental Bioscience, Meijo University, Nagoya City, Aichi, 468-8502, Japan
| | - Weijun Zhou
- Institute of Crop Science and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Jan AU, Hadi F, Nawaz MA, Rahman K. Potassium and zinc increase tolerance to salt stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 116:139-149. [PMID: 28558283 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Potassium and zinc are essential elements in plant growth and metabolism and plays a vital role in salt stress tolerance. To investigate the physiological mechanism of salt stress tolerance, a pot experiment was conducted. Potassium and zinc significantly minimize the oxidative stress and increase root, shoot and spike length in wheat varieties. Fresh and dry biomass were significantly increased by potassium followed by zinc as compared to control C. The photosynthetic pigment and osmolyte regulator (proline, total phenolic, and total carbohydrate) were significantly enhanced by potassium and zinc. Salt stress increases MDA content in wheat varieties while potassium and zinc counteract the adverse effect of salinity and significantly increased membrane stability index. Salt stress decreases the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase) while the exogenous application of potassium and zinc significantly enhanced the activities of these enzymes. A significant positive correlation was found of spike length with proline (R2 = 0.966 ∗∗∗), phenolic (R2 = 0.741∗) and chlorophyll (R2 = 0.853∗∗). The MDA content showed significant negative correlation (R2 = 0.983∗∗∗) with MSI. It is concluded that potassium and zinc reduced toxic effect of salinity while its combine application showed synergetic effect and significantly enhanced salt tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Ullah Jan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal Dir Upper, 18800, Pakistan.
| | - Fazal Hadi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Chakdara, 18800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Nawaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal Dir Upper, 18800, Pakistan
| | - Khaista Rahman
- Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir (L), Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Khan MN, Mobin M, Abbas ZK, AlMutairi KA, Siddiqui ZH. Role of nanomaterials in plants under challenging environments. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2017; 110:194-209. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
|
27
|
Mohapatra S, Mittra B. Protein glutathionylation protects wheat (Triticum aestivum Var. Sonalika) against Fusarium induced oxidative stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 109:319-325. [PMID: 27788422 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium induced oxidative stress could be recovered by reversible protein oxidative modification through the process of glutathionylation in co-stressed (low-dose (50 μM) Cd2+ pre-treatment followed by Fusarium inoculation) wheat seedlings. Co-stressed seedlings showed low disease severity index as compared to Fusarium infected seedlings. A reduced level of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and carbonyl contents due to irreversible protein oxidation were observed in co-stressed seedlings as compared to Fusarium infected seedlings. Further, a comparative biochemical assay showed an enhanced glutathione content in co-stressed tissues as compared to Fusarium infected tissues. In an investigation, reduced glutathione pre-coated agarose gel beads were used to pull down proteins having affinity with GSH. Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate aldolase and 3-Phosphoglycerate kinase were observed to be co-existed in co-stressed seedlings when analysed by LC-MS/MS after being processed through protein-pull assay. Co-stressed tissues showed an enhanced free protein thiol content as compared to Fusarium infected tissues. The ratio of free thiol to thiol disulfides was also observed to be increased in co-stressed tissues as compared to Fusarium infected tissues. In contrast, the quantitative assay by Ellman's reagent and qualitative analysis by diagonal gel electrophoresis showed enhanced protein thiol disulfides in Fusarium infected tissues as compared to co-stressed tissues. Further, glutaredoxin, responsible for the reverse reduction of proteins was observed to be enhanced in co-stressed tissues as compared to Fusarium infected tissues. Thus, a low dose Cd2+ triggered glutathionylation is suggestive of offering tolerance against Fusarium induced oxidative stress and protects target proteins from irreversible modification and permanent damage in wheat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhalaxmi Mohapatra
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Vyasa Vihar, Balasore, 756020, Orissa, India
| | - Bhabatosh Mittra
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Vyasa Vihar, Balasore, 756020, Orissa, India.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Feng K, Yu J, Cheng Y, Ruan M, Wang R, Ye Q, Zhou G, Li Z, Yao Z, Yang Y, Zheng Q, Wan H. The SOD Gene Family in Tomato: Identification, Phylogenetic Relationships, and Expression Patterns. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1279. [PMID: 27625661 PMCID: PMC5003820 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are critical antioxidant enzymes that protect organisms from reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by adverse conditions, and have been widely found in the cytoplasm, chloroplasts, and mitochondria of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an important economic crop and is cultivated worldwide. However, abiotic and biotic stresses severely hinder growth and development of the plant, which affects the production and quality of the crop. To reveal the potential roles of SOD genes under various stresses, we performed a systematic analysis of the tomato SOD gene family and analyzed the expression patterns of SlSOD genes in response to abiotic stresses at the whole-genome level. The characteristics of the SlSOD gene family were determined by analyzing gene structure, conserved motifs, chromosomal distribution, phylogenetic relationships, and expression patterns. We determined that there are at least nine SOD genes in tomato, including four Cu/ZnSODs, three FeSODs, and one MnSOD, and they are unevenly distributed on 12 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analyses of SOD genes from tomato and other plant species were separated into two groups with a high bootstrap value, indicating that these SOD genes were present before the monocot-dicot split. Additionally, many cis-elements that respond to different stresses were found in the promoters of nine SlSOD genes. Gene expression analysis based on RNA-seq data showed that most genes were expressed in all tested tissues, with the exception of SlSOD6 and SlSOD8, which were only expressed in young fruits. Microarray data analysis showed that most members of the SlSOD gene family were altered under salt- and drought-stress conditions. This genome-wide analysis of SlSOD genes helps to clarify the function of SlSOD genes under different stress conditions and provides information to aid in further understanding the evolutionary relationships of SOD genes in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Feng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
- State key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
| | - Jiahong Yu
- State key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal UniversityJinhua, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- State key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
| | - Meiying Ruan
- State key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
| | - Rongqing Wang
- State key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
| | - Qingjing Ye
- State key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
| | - Guozhi Zhou
- State key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
| | - Zhimiao Li
- State key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
| | - Zhuping Yao
- State key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
| | - Yuejian Yang
- State key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
| | - Qingsong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Hongjian Wan
- State key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Largo-Gosens A, Encina A, de Castro M, Mélida H, Acebes JL, García-Angulo P, Álvarez JM. Early habituation of maize (Zea mays) suspension-cultured cells to 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile is associated with the enhancement of antioxidant status. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2016; 157:193-204. [PMID: 26612685 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (DCB) has been widely used to gain insights into cell wall composition and architecture. Studies of changes during early habituation to DCB can provide information on mechanisms that allow tolerance/habituation to DCB. In this context, maize-cultured cells with a reduced amount of cellulose (∼20%) were obtained by stepwise habituation to low DCB concentrations. The results reported here attempt to elucidate the putative role of an antioxidant strategy during incipient habituation. The short-term exposure to DCB of non-habituated maize-cultured cells induced a substantial increase in oxidative damage. Concomitantly, short-term treated cells presented an increase in class III peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase activities and total glutathione content. Maize cells habituated to 0.3-1 µM DCB (incipient habituation) were characterized by a reduction in the relative cell growth rate, an enhancement of ascorbate peroxidase and class III peroxidase activities, and a net increment in total glutathione content. Moreover, these cell lines showed increased levels of glutathione S-transferase activity. Changes in antioxidant/conjugation status enabled 0.3 and 0.5 µM DCB-habituated cells to control lipid peroxidation levels, but this was not the case of maize cells habituated to 1 μM DCB, which despite showing an increased antioxidant capacity were not capable of reducing the oxidative damage to control levels. The results reported here confirm that exposure and incipient habituation of maize cells to DCB are associated with an enhancement in antioxidant/conjugation activities which could play a role in incipient DCB habituation of maize-cultured cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asier Largo-Gosens
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, León, E-24071, Spain
| | - Antonio Encina
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, León, E-24071, Spain
| | - María de Castro
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, León, E-24071, Spain
| | - Hugo Mélida
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, León, E-24071, Spain
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, E-28223, Spain
| | - José L Acebes
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, León, E-24071, Spain
| | - Penélope García-Angulo
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, León, E-24071, Spain
| | - Jesús M Álvarez
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, León, E-24071, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Feng X, Lai Z, Lin Y, Lai G, Lian C. Genome-wide identification and characterization of the superoxide dismutase gene family in Musa acuminata cv. Tianbaojiao (AAA group). BMC Genomics 2015; 16:823. [PMID: 26486759 PMCID: PMC4615540 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2046-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an essential enzyme of the plant antioxidant system that responds to oxidative stresses caused by adverse conditions. Banana is an important staple and economic crop in tropical and subtropical regions. However, its growth and yield are constantly affected by various abiotic stresses. To analyze the roles of distinct SOD genes under various stresses, a detailed characterization and analysis of the SOD gene family in Cavendish banana is indispensable. METHODS The presence and structure of the SOD family genes were experimentally verified using 5'/3' RACE-PCR, reverse transcription PCR and PCR. Then, their syntenic relationships, conserved motifs and phylogenetic relationships were analyzed using software. Cis-elements present in the promoters were predicted via PlantCARE. And the expression levels under abiotic and hormonal stresses were determined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS In total, 25 'Tianbaojiao' SOD cDNAs (MaSODs), which encoded six Cu/ZnSODs, four MnSODs and two FeSODs, were cloned. The 12 MaSOD genes were divided into four groups based on their conserved motifs, which corroborated their classifications based on gene-structure patterns and subcellular localizations. Eleven MaSOD promoters were isolated and found to contain many cis-acting elements involved in stress responses. Gene expression analysis showed that 11 out of the 12 MaSODs were expressed in all tested tissues (leaf, pseudostem and root), whereas MaCSD2B was expressed only in leaves and roots. Specific MaSOD members exhibited different expression patterns under abiotic and hormonal treatments. Among the 12 MaSOD genes, MaCSD1D was the only one that responded to all eight treatments, suggesting that this gene plays a predominant role in reactive oxygen species scavenging caused by various stresses in banana. CONCLUSIONS A genome-wide analysis showed that the 'Tianbaojiao' banana harbored an expanded SOD gene family. Whole genome duplication, segmental duplication and complex transcriptional regulation contributed to the gene expansion and mRNA diversity of the MaSODs. The expression patterns of distinct MaSOD genes showed that they are important responses to different abiotic and hormonal stresses in banana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Feng
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.
| | - Zhongxiong Lai
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.
| | - Yuling Lin
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.
| | - Gongti Lai
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.
| | - Conglong Lian
- Institute of Horticultural Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Comparative and quantitative analysis of antioxidant and scavenging potential of Indigofera tinctoria Linn. extracts. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2015; 13:269-78. [DOI: 10.1016/s2095-4964(15)60183-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
32
|
Ma Q, Ding Y, Chang J, Sun X, Zhang L, Wei Q, Cheng Y, Chen L, Xu J, Deng X. Comprehensive insights on how 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid retards senescence in post-harvest citrus fruits using transcriptomic and proteomic approaches. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:61-74. [PMID: 24215076 PMCID: PMC3883282 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Auxin-like 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), a high-efficiency anti-stalling agent for the post-harvest fresh fruit industry, has had its use restricted due to environmental concerns. However, no other substitutes for 2,4-D are available to the post-harvest industry. Insights into the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of 2,4-D on fruit quality preservation will provide a theoretical basis for exploring new safe and effective anti-stalling agents. This study comprehensively analysed changes in the peel of Olinda Valencia orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] induced by 500 ppm 2,4-D using 'omic'-driven approaches. Transcriptional profiling revealed that transcriptional factor (mainly AP2/ERF, WRKY, and NAC family members), transport, and hormone metabolism genes were over-represented and up-regulated within 24h post-treatment (HPT). Stress defence genes were up-regulated, while cell wall metabolism genes were down-regulated after 48 HPT. However, secondary metabolism genes, especially phenylpropanoid and lignin biosynthesis-related genes, were over-represented at all the time points. Comparative proteomic analysis indicated that the expression of proteins implicated in stress responses (25%), hormone metabolism, and signal transduction (12%) significantly accumulated at the post-transcriptional level. Hormone levels detected by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) showed that abscisic acid, salicylic acid, and 2,4-D significantly increased, while ethylene production (detected by gas chromatography) decreased after 2,4-D treatment. In addition, lignin and water content in the fruit peel also increased and the epicuticle wax ultrastructure was modified. In conclusion, 2,4-D retarded fruit senescence by altering the levels of many endogenous hormones and by improving stress defence capabilities by up-regulating defence-related genes and proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Ma
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yuduan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Jiwei Chang
- Center for Bioinformatics, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Xiaohua Sun
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Qingjiang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Lingling Chen
- Center for Bioinformatics, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Juan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Shahid M, Pourrut B, Dumat C, Nadeem M, Aslam M, Pinelli E. Heavy-metal-induced reactive oxygen species: phytotoxicity and physicochemical changes in plants. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 232:1-44. [PMID: 24984833 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06746-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
As a result of the industrial revolution, anthropogenic activities have enhanced there distribution of many toxic heavy metals from the earth's crust to different environmental compartments. Environmental pollution by toxic heavy metals is increasing worldwide, and poses a rising threat to both the environment and to human health.Plants are exposed to heavy metals from various sources: mining and refining of ores, fertilizer and pesticide applications, battery chemicals, disposal of solid wastes(including sewage sludge), irrigation with wastewater, vehicular exhaust emissions and adjacent industrial activity.Heavy metals induce various morphological, physiological, and biochemical dysfunctions in plants, either directly or indirectly, and cause various damaging effects. The most frequently documented and earliest consequence of heavy metal toxicity in plants cells is the overproduction of ROS. Unlike redox-active metals such as iron and copper, heavy metals (e.g, Pb, Cd, Ni, AI, Mn and Zn) cannot generate ROS directly by participating in biological redox reactions such as Haber Weiss/Fenton reactions. However, these metals induce ROS generation via different indirect mechanisms, such as stimulating the activity of NADPH oxidases, displacing essential cations from specific binding sites of enzymes and inhibiting enzymatic activities from their affinity for -SH groups on the enzyme.Under normal conditions, ROS play several essential roles in regulating the expression of different genes. Reactive oxygen species control numerous processes like the cell cycle, plant growth, abiotic stress responses, systemic signalling, programmed cell death, pathogen defence and development. Enhanced generation of these species from heavy metal toxicity deteriorates the intrinsic antioxidant defense system of cells, and causes oxidative stress. Cells with oxidative stress display various chemical,biological and physiological toxic symptoms as a result of the interaction between ROS and biomolecules. Heavy-metal-induced ROS cause lipid peroxidation, membrane dismantling and damage to DNA, protein and carbohydrates. Plants have very well-organized defense systems, consisting of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidation processes. The primary defense mechanism for heavy metal detoxification is the reduced absorption of these metals into plants or their sequestration in root cells.Secondary heavy metal tolerance mechanisms include activation of antioxidant enzymes and the binding of heavy metals by phytochelatins, glutathione and amino acids. These defense systems work in combination to manage the cascades of oxidative stress and to defend plant cells from the toxic effects of ROS.In this review, we summarized the biochemiCal processes involved in the over production of ROS as an aftermath to heavy metal exposure. We also described the ROS scavenging process that is associated with the antioxidant defense machinery.Despite considerable progress in understanding the biochemistry of ROS overproduction and scavenging, we still lack in-depth studies on the parameters associated with heavy metal exclusion and tolerance capacity of plants. For example, data about the role of glutathione-glutaredoxin-thioredoxin system in ROS detoxification in plant cells are scarce. Moreover, how ROS mediate glutathionylation (redox signalling)is still not completely understood. Similarly, induction of glutathione and phytochelatins under oxidative stress is very well reported, but it is still unexplained that some studied compounds are not involved in the detoxification mechanisms. Moreover,although the role of metal transporters and gene expression is well established for a few metals and plants, much more research is needed. Eventually, when results for more metals and plants are available, the mechanism of the biochemical and genetic basis of heavy metal detoxification in plants will be better understood. Moreover, by using recently developed genetic and biotechnological tools it may be possible to produce plants that have traits desirable for imparting heavy metal tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, 61100, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hasanuzzaman M, Nahar K, Alam MM, Roychowdhury R, Fujita M. Physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of heat stress tolerance in plants. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:9643-84. [PMID: 23644891 PMCID: PMC3676804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14059643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 686] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
High temperature (HT) stress is a major environmental stress that limits plant growth, metabolism, and productivity worldwide. Plant growth and development involve numerous biochemical reactions that are sensitive to temperature. Plant responses to HT vary with the degree and duration of HT and the plant type. HT is now a major concern for crop production and approaches for sustaining high yields of crop plants under HT stress are important agricultural goals. Plants possess a number of adaptive, avoidance, or acclimation mechanisms to cope with HT situations. In addition, major tolerance mechanisms that employ ion transporters, proteins, osmoprotectants, antioxidants, and other factors involved in signaling cascades and transcriptional control are activated to offset stress-induced biochemical and physiological alterations. Plant survival under HT stress depends on the ability to perceive the HT stimulus, generate and transmit the signal, and initiate appropriate physiological and biochemical changes. HT-induced gene expression and metabolite synthesis also substantially improve tolerance. The physiological and biochemical responses to heat stress are active research areas, and the molecular approaches are being adopted for developing HT tolerance in plants. This article reviews the recent findings on responses, adaptation, and tolerance to HT at the cellular, organellar, and whole plant levels and describes various approaches being taken to enhance thermotolerance in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Kamrun Nahar
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan; E-Mails: (K.N.); (M.M.A.)
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Mahabub Alam
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan; E-Mails: (K.N.); (M.M.A.)
| | - Rajib Roychowdhury
- Department of Biotechnology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan 731235, West Bengal, India; E-Mail:
| | - Masayuki Fujita
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Responses, Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan; E-Mails: (K.N.); (M.M.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Pazmiño DM, Romero-Puertas MC, Sandalio LM. Insights into the toxicity mechanism of and cell response to the herbicide 2,4-D in plants. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:425-7. [PMID: 22476465 PMCID: PMC3443926 DOI: 10.4161/psb.19124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Although structurally similar to the natural plant hormone indol-3- acetic acid, auxin herbicides were developed for purposes other than growth, and have been successfully used in agriculture for the last 60 years. Concerted efforts are being made to understand and decipher the precise mechanism of action of IAA and synthetic auxins. Innumerable results need to be interconnected to resolve the puzzle of auxin biology and action mode of auxin herbicides. To date, different breakthroughs are providing more insights into the process of plant-herbicide interactions. Here we highlight some of the latest findings on how the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid damages susceptible broadleaf plants, emphasizing the role of ROS as a downstream component of the auxin signal transduction under herbicide treatment.
Collapse
|