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Yang L, Teng Y, Bu S, Ma B, Guo S, Liang M, Huang L. Effect of SlSAHH2 on metabolites in over-expressed and wild-type tomato fruit. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17466. [PMID: 38827284 PMCID: PMC11143970 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an annual or perennial herb that occupies an important position in daily agricultural production. It is an essential food crop for humans and its ripening process is regulated by a number of genes. S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine hydrolase (AdoHcyase, EC 3.3.1.1) is widespread in organisms and plays an important role in regulating biological methylation reactions. Previous studies have revealed that transgenic tomato that over-express SlSAHH2 ripen earlier than the wild-type (WT). However, the differences in metabolites and the mechanisms driving how these differences affect the ripening cycle are unclear. Objective To investigate the effects of SlSAHH2 on metabolites in over-expressed tomato and WT tomato. Methods SlSAHH2 over-expressed tomato fruit (OE-5# and OE-6#) and WT tomato fruit at the breaker stage (Br) were selected for non-targeted metabolome analysis. Results A total of 733 metabolites were identified by mass spectrometry using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database and the Human Metabolome database (HMDB). The metabolites were divided into 12 categories based on the superclass results and a comparison with the HMDB. The differences between the two databases were analyzed by PLS-DA. Based on a variable important in projection value >1 and P < 0.05, 103 differential metabolites were found between tomato variety OE-5# and WT and 63 differential metabolites were found between OE-6# and WT. These included dehydrotomatine, L-serine, and gallic acid amongst others. Many metabolites are associated with fruit ripening and eight common metabolites were found between the OE-5# vs. WT and OE-6# vs. WT comparison groups. The low L-tryptophan expression in OE-5# and OE-6# is consistent with previous reports that its content decreases with fruit ripening. A KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of the significantly different metabolites revealed that in the OE-5# and WT groups, up-regulated metabolites were enriched in 23 metabolic pathways and down-regulated metabolites were enriched in 11 metabolic pathways. In the OE-6# and WT groups, up-regulated metabolites were enriched in 29 pathways and down-regulated metabolites were enriched in six metabolic pathways. In addition, the differential metabolite changes in the L-serine to flavonoid transformation metabolic pathway also provide evidence that there is a phenotypic explanation for the changes in transgenic tomato. Discussion The metabolomic mechanism controlling SlSAHH2 promotion of tomato fruit ripening has been further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Yue Teng
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Sijia Bu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Ben Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Shijia Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Mengxiao Liang
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lifen Huang
- Majorbio Bio-PharmTechnology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
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Sobieszczuk-Nowicka E, Arasimowicz-Jelonek M, Tanwar UK, Floryszak-Wieczorek J. Plant homocysteine, a methionine precursor and plant's hallmark of metabolic disorders. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1044944. [PMID: 36570932 PMCID: PMC9773845 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1044944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) is a sulfur-containing non-proteinogenic amino acid, which arises from redox-sensitive methionine metabolism. In plants, Hcy synthesis involves both cystathionine β-lyase and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase activities. Thus, Hcy itself is crucial for de novo methionine synthesis and S-adenosylmethionine recycling, influencing the formation of ethylene, polyamines, and nicotianamine. Research on mammalian cells has shown biotoxicity of this amino acid, as Hcy accumulation triggers oxidative stress and the associated lipid peroxidation process. In addition, the presence of highly reactive groups induces Hcy and Hcy derivatives to modify proteins by changing their structure and function. Currently, Hcy is recognized as a critical, independent hallmark of many degenerative metabolic diseases. Research results indicate that an enhanced Hcy level is also toxic to yeast and bacteria cells. In contrast, in the case of plants the metabolic status of Hcy remains poorly examined and understood. However, the presence of the toxic Hcy metabolites and Hcy over-accumulation during the development of an infectious disease seem to suggest harmful effects of this amino acid also in plant cells. The review highlights potential implications of Hcy metabolism in plant physiological disorders caused by environmental stresses. Moreover, recent research advances emphasize that recognizing the Hcy mode of action in various plant systems facilitates verification of the potential status of Hcy metabolites as bioindicators of metabolism disorders and thus may constitute an element of broadly understood biomonitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Sobieszczuk-Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Umesh Kumar Tanwar
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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Wang Z, He F, Mu Y, Zhang L, Liu Z, Liu D, Yang J, Jin Z, Pei Y. Identification and functional characterization of a cystathionine β-lyase (CBL) enzyme for H 2S production in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 182:76-89. [PMID: 35472754 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sulfide or sulfur metabolism plays an important role in the growth and development of plants. Cystathionine β-lyase (CBL) is an important enzyme in methionine synthesis, but a comprehensive understanding of CBL functions is limited. As the third gasotransmitter, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays important physiological roles in plants. In this study, we found that the endogenous H2S content in Arabidopsis thaliana cbl mutants was lower than that in the wild type. Under PEG-based osmotic stress conditions, the H2S contents of CBL-overexpression (OE-CBL) plants increased significantly compared with the wild type. Additionally, the OE-CBL plants increased their tolerance to osmotic stress by increasing the transcription levels of drought-related genes and their relative water-loss rates. Compared with cbl and wild type, OE-CBL plants resisted drought stress by significantly closing their stomata, resulting in improved survival rates. Root tip-bending experiments showed that CBL overexpression relieved osmotic, heavy metal and cold stresses in Arabidopsis. The recombinant CBL activity in vitro revealed that CBL produced H2S using L-cysteine as a substrate. Thus, CBL had a very strong cysteine desulfhydrase activity that could produce endogenous H2S using L-cysteine as a substrate, and it played an important role in plant abiotic stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqing Wang
- School of Life Science and Shanxi Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Regional Plants, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030006, China
| | - Feng He
- School of Life Science and Shanxi Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Regional Plants, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030006, China; The Affiliated High School of Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030006, China
| | - Yao Mu
- Institute of Space Information, Space Engineering University, Beijing, 101416, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- School of Life Science and Shanxi Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Regional Plants, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030006, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- School of Life Science and Shanxi Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Regional Plants, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030006, China
| | - Danmei Liu
- School of Life Science and Shanxi Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Regional Plants, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030006, China
| | - Jinbao Yang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Zhuping Jin
- School of Life Science and Shanxi Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Regional Plants, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030006, China.
| | - Yanxi Pei
- School of Life Science and Shanxi Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Regional Plants, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030006, China.
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Perlikowski D, Lechowicz K, Pawłowicz I, Arasimowicz-Jelonek M, Kosmala A. Scavenging of nitric oxide up-regulates photosynthesis under drought in Festuca arundinacea and F. glaucescens but reduces their drought tolerance. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6500. [PMID: 35444199 PMCID: PMC9021232 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10299-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) has been proven to be involved in the regulation of many physiological processes in plants. Though the contribution of NO in plant response to drought has been demonstrated in numerous studies, this phenomenon remains still not fully recognized. The research presented here was performed to decipher the role of NO metabolism in drought tolerance and the ability to recover after stress cessation in two closely related species of forage grasses, important for agriculture in European temperate regions: Festuca arundinacea and F. glaucescens. In both species, two genotypes with distinct levels of drought tolerance were selected to compare their physiological reactions to simulated water deficit and further re-watering, combined with a simultaneous application of NO scavenger, 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (PTIO). The results clearly indicated a strong relationship between scavenging of NO in leaves and physiological response of both analyzed grass species to water deficit and re-watering. It was revealed that NO generated under drought was mainly located in mesophyll cells. In plants with reduced NO level a higher photosynthetic capacity and delay in stomatal closure under drought, were observed. Moreover, NO scavenging resulted also in the increased membrane permeability and higher accumulation of ROS in cells of analyzed plants both under drought and re-watering. This phenomena indicate that lower NO level might reduce drought tolerance and the ability of F. arundinacea and F. glaucescens to recover after stress cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Perlikowski
- Plant Physiology Team, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Lechowicz
- Plant Physiology Team, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479, Poznan, Poland
| | - Izabela Pawłowicz
- Plant Physiology Team, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479, Poznan, Poland
| | - Magdalena Arasimowicz-Jelonek
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Kosmala
- Plant Physiology Team, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479, Poznan, Poland
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Zeng X, Chen W, Liu C, Yin J, Yang GF. Fluorescence Probes for Reactive Sulfur Species in Agricultural Chemistry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:13700-13712. [PMID: 34752105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur is an element that is indispensable throughout the growth of plants. In plant cells, reactive sulfur species (RSS) play a vital role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis and signal transduction. There is demand accordingly for a simple, highly selective, and sensitive method of RSS detection and imaging for monitoring dynamic changes and clarifying the biological functions of RSS in plant systems. Fluorescent analysis based on organic small-molecule fluorescent probes is an effective and specific approach to tracking plant RSS characteristics. This perspective summarizes the recent progress regarding organic small-molecule fluorescent probes for RSS monitoring, including small-molecule biological thiols, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfane sulfurs, in plants; it also discusses their response mechanism toward RSS and their imaging applications in plants across the agricultural chemistry field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunrong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, People's Republic of China
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6
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Fu R, Zhang H, Zhao Y, Wang L, Wang S, Li J, Zhang J. Transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling revealed the role of succinoglycan Riclin octaose in eliciting the defense response of Solanum tuberosum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:7439-7450. [PMID: 34536104 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11588-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Activating the defense response of plants by elicitors provides a promising method for biocontrol of pathogens. The homogeneous octaose (RiOc) which was depolymerized from the succinoglycan Riclin was investigated as a novel elicitor to activate the immune system of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). After foliar spray, RiOc quickly induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species in potato leaves in a dose-dependent manner. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that 2712 out of 30,863 genes were differentially expressed at the early stage (24 h), while 367 of them were changed later (72 h). Results from the transcriptome and quantitative RT-PCR suggested that RiOc was probably perceived by the receptor LYK3 and it activated the MKK2/3/9/-MPK6/7 signaling cascade and promoted the salicylic acid-mediated defense response. Meanwhile, RiOc changed the metabolome profile of potato leaves over time as demonstrated by the 1H NMR-based metabolomic analysis. Homeostasis of amino acids was affected at the early stage while the secondary metabolism was strengthened later. More importantly, RiOc significantly reduced the severity of potato leaf lesions caused by the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. In conclusion, RiOc effectively improved the resistance of potato to P. infestans by eliciting the salicylic acid-mediated defense response. RiOc becomes a promising carbohydrate-based elicitor for biocontrol of plant pathogens. KEY POINTS: • Homogeneous Riclin octaose was a novel elicitor for biocontrol of plant pathogens. • Riclin octaose primed the salicylic acid-mediated defense response of potato plants. • Riclin octaose changed the metabolome profile of potato leaves over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Fu
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing, 210094, China.,School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing, 210094, China.,School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Shiming Wang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Jing Li
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing, 210094, China. .,School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing, 210094, China.
| | - Jianfa Zhang
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing, 210094, China.,School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing, 210094, China
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Lechowicz K, Pawłowicz I, Perlikowski D, Arasimowicz-Jelonek M, Blicharz S, Skirycz A, Augustyniak A, Malinowski R, Rapacz M, Kosmala A. Adjustment of Photosynthetic and Antioxidant Activities to Water Deficit Is Crucial in the Drought Tolerance of Lolium multiflorum/Festuca arundinacea Introgression Forms. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165639. [PMID: 32781659 PMCID: PMC7460672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lolium multiflorum/Festuca arundinacea introgression forms have been proved several times to be good models to identify key components of grass metabolism involved in the mechanisms of tolerance to water deficit. Here, for the first time, a relationship between photosynthetic and antioxidant capacities with respect to drought tolerance of these forms was analyzed in detail. Two closely related L. multiflorum/F. arundinacea introgression forms distinct in their ability to re-grow after cessation of prolonged water deficit in the field were selected and subjected to short-term drought in pots to dissect precisely mechanisms of drought tolerance in this group of plants. The studies revealed that the form with higher drought tolerance was characterized by earlier and higher accumulation of abscisic acid, more stable cellular membranes, and more balanced reactive oxygen species metabolism associated with a higher capacity of the antioxidant system under drought conditions. On the other hand, both introgression forms revealed the same levels of stomatal conductance, CO2 assimilation, and consequently, intrinsic water use efficiency under drought and recovery conditions. However, simultaneous higher adjustment of the Calvin cycle to water deficit and reduced CO2 availability, with respect to the accumulation and activity of plastid fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase, were clearly visible in the form with higher drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Lechowicz
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland; (K.L.); (D.P.); (S.B.); (A.A.); (R.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Izabela Pawłowicz
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland; (K.L.); (D.P.); (S.B.); (A.A.); (R.M.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Dawid Perlikowski
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland; (K.L.); (D.P.); (S.B.); (A.A.); (R.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Magdalena Arasimowicz-Jelonek
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Sara Blicharz
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland; (K.L.); (D.P.); (S.B.); (A.A.); (R.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Aleksandra Skirycz
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany;
| | - Adam Augustyniak
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland; (K.L.); (D.P.); (S.B.); (A.A.); (R.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Robert Malinowski
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland; (K.L.); (D.P.); (S.B.); (A.A.); (R.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Marcin Rapacz
- Department of Plant Breeding, Physiology and Seed Science, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Podłużna 3, 30-239 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Arkadiusz Kosmala
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland; (K.L.); (D.P.); (S.B.); (A.A.); (R.M.); (A.K.)
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Two Festuca Species- F. arundinacea and F. glaucescens-Differ in the Molecular Response to Drought, While Their Physiological Response Is Similar. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093174. [PMID: 32365894 PMCID: PMC7246586 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Impact of photosynthetic and antioxidant capacities on drought tolerance of two closely related forage grasses, Festuca arundinacea and Festuca glaucescens, was deciphered. Within each species, two genotypes distinct in drought tolerance were subjected to a short-term drought, followed by a subsequent re-watering. The studies were focused on: (i) analysis of plant physiological performance, including: water uptake, abscisic acid (ABA) content, membrane integrity, gas exchange, and relative water content in leaf tissue; (ii) analysis of plant photosynthetic capacity (chlorophyll fluorescence; gene expression, protein accumulation, and activity of selected enzymes of the Calvin cycle); and (iii) analysis of plant antioxidant capacity (reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation; gene expression, protein accumulation and activity of selected enzymes). Though, F. arundinacea and F. glaucescens revealed different strategies in water uptake, and partially also in ABA signaling, their physiological reactions to drought and further re-watering, were similar. On the other hand, performance of the Calvin cycle and antioxidant system differed between the analyzed species under drought and re-watering periods. A stable efficiency of the Calvin cycle in F. arundinacea was crucial to maintain a balanced network of ROS/redox signaling, and consequently drought tolerance. The antioxidant capacity influenced mostly tolerance to stress in F. glaucescens.
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Mäkinen K, De S. The significance of methionine cycle enzymes in plant virus infections. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 50:67-75. [PMID: 30959442 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Both biotic and abiotic stresses cause changes in the activities of plant methionine cycle (MTC) enzymes. These changes contribute to the ability of the plant to manage stress. On the other hand, viruses utilize MTC enzymes to promote infection. Here, we review the growing but still limited knowledge of the interactions between plant viral proteins and MTC enzymes. Virus-induced changes in S-adenosyl methionine synthetase and S-adenosyl homocysteine hydrolase activities debilitate transcriptional and post-transcriptional RNA silencing and affect antiviral defense reactions connected to ethylene and polyamine biosynthesis pathways. Viral perturbations of host methionine homeostasis couple trans-sulfuration and gluthathione biosynthesis pathways to MTC functions. Large multiprotein complexes, which contain viral proteins and MTC enzymes, may represent metabolons assembled for specific viral functions or host defense responses. Proper understanding of the MTC-associated metabolic and regulatory interactions will reveal those with potential to create virus resistance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Mäkinen
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Microbiology, Viikki Plant Sciences Center, P.O. Box 56, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Swarnalok De
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Microbiology, Viikki Plant Sciences Center, P.O. Box 56, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Keisham M, Jain P, Singh N, von Toerne C, Bhatla SC, Lindermayr C. Deciphering the nitric oxide, cyanide and iron-mediated actions of sodium nitroprusside in cotyledons of salt stressed sunflower seedlings. Nitric Oxide 2019; 88:10-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wang G, Kong J, Cui D, Zhao H, Niu Y, Xu M, Jiang G, Zhao Y, Wang W. Resistance against Ralstonia solanacearum in tomato depends on the methionine cycle and the γ-aminobutyric acid metabolic pathway. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 97:1032-1047. [PMID: 30480846 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a complex and destructive disease that affects over 200 plant species. To investigate the interaction of R. solanacearum and its tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant host, a comparative proteomic analysis was conducted in tomato stems inoculated with highly and mildly aggressive R. solanacearum isolates (RsH and RsM, respectively). The results indicated a significant alteration of the methionine cycle (MTC) and downregulation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) biosynthesis. Furthermore, transcriptome profiling of two key tissues (stem and root) at three stages (0, 3 and 5 days post-inoculation) with RsH in resistant and susceptible tomato plants is presented. Transcript profiles of MTC and GABA pathways were analyzed. Subsequently, the MTC-associated genes SAMS2, SAHH1 and MS1 and the GABA biosynthesis-related genes GAD2 and SSADH1 were knocked-down by virus-induced gene silencing and the plants' defense responses upon infection with R. solanacearum RsM and RsH were analyzed. These results showed that silencing of SAHH1, MS1 and GAD2 in tomato leads to decreased resistance against R. solanacearum. In summary, the infection assays, proteomic and transcriptomic data described in this study indicate that both MTC and GABA biosynthesis play an important role in pathogenic interaction between R. solanacearum and tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoping Wang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Vegetable Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jie Kong
- Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Dandan Cui
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Vegetable Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hongbo Zhao
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Vegetable Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yu Niu
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Research Institute, CATAS, Hainan, Danzhou, 571700, China
| | - Mengyun Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Vegetable Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Gaofei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Yahua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenyi Wang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Department of Plant Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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12
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Kuźnicki D, Meller B, Arasimowicz-Jelonek M, Braszewska-Zalewska A, Drozda A, Floryszak-Wieczorek J. BABA-Induced DNA Methylome Adjustment to Intergenerational Defense Priming in Potato to Phytophthora infestans. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:650. [PMID: 31214209 PMCID: PMC6554679 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We provide evidence that alterations in DNA methylation patterns contribute to the regulation of stress-responsive gene expression for an intergenerational resistance of β-aminobutyric acid (BABA)-primed potato to Phytophthora infestans. Plants exposed to BABA rapidly modified their methylation capacity toward genome-wide DNA hypermethylation. De novo induced DNA methylation (5-mC) correlated with the up-regulation of Chromomethylase 3 (CMT3), Domains rearranged methyltransferase 2 (DRM2), and Repressor of silencing 1 (ROS1) genes in potato. BABA transiently activated DNA hypermethylation in the promoter region of the R3a resistance gene triggering its downregulation in the absence of the oomycete pathogen. However, in the successive stages of priming, an excessive DNA methylation state changed into demethylation with the active involvement of potato DNA glycosylases. Interestingly, the 5-mC-mediated changes were transmitted into the next generation in the form of intergenerational stress memory. Descendants of the primed potato, which derived from tubers or seeds carrying the less methylated R3a promoter, showed a higher transcription of R3a that associated with an augmented intergenerational resistance to virulent P. infestans when compared to the inoculated progeny of unprimed plants. Furthermore, our study revealed that enhanced transcription of some SA-dependent genes (NPR1, StWRKY1, and PR1) was not directly linked with DNA methylation changes in the promoter region of these genes, but was a consequence of methylation-dependent alterations in the transcriptional network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kuźnicki
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Barbara Meller
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Braszewska-Zalewska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, The University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Andżelika Drozda
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jolanta Floryszak-Wieczorek
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
- *Correspondence: Jolanta Floryszak-Wieczorek,
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13
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Ye Z, Pan Y, Zhang Y, Cui H, Jin G, McHardy AC, Fan L, Yu X. Comparative whole-genome analysis reveals artificial selection effects on Ustilago esculenta genome. DNA Res 2018; 24:635-648. [PMID: 28992048 PMCID: PMC5726479 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsx031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ustilago esculenta, infects Zizania latifolia, and induced host stem swollen to be a popular vegetable called Jiaobai in China. It is the long-standing artificial selection that maximizes the occurrence of favourable Jiaobai, and thus maintaining the plant-fungi interaction and modulating the fungus evolving from plant pathogen to entophyte. In this study, whole genome of U. esculenta was sequenced and transcriptomes of the fungi and its host were analysed. The 20.2 Mb U. esculenta draft genome of 6,654 predicted genes including mating, primary metabolism, secreted proteins, shared a high similarity to related Smut fungi. But U. esculenta prefers RNA silencing not repeat-induced point in defence and has more introns per gene, indicating relatively slow evolution rate. The fungus also lacks some genes in amino acid biosynthesis pathway which were filled by up-regulated host genes and developed distinct amino acid response mechanism to balance the infection-resistance interaction. Besides, U. esculenta lost some surface sensors, important virulence factors and host range-related effectors to maintain the economic endophytic life. The elucidation of the U. esculenta genomic information as well as expression profiles can not only contribute to more comprehensive insights into the molecular mechanism underlying artificial selection but also into smut fungi-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihong Ye
- Department of Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yao Pan
- Department of Algorithmic Bioinformatics, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yafen Zhang
- Department of Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haifeng Cui
- Department of Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gulei Jin
- Department of Agronomy & Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Alice C McHardy
- Department of Algorithmic Bioinformatics, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Longjiang Fan
- Department of Agronomy & Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- Department of Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Rahikainen M, Alegre S, Trotta A, Pascual J, Kangasjärvi S. Trans-methylation reactions in plants: focus on the activated methyl cycle. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 162:162-176. [PMID: 28815615 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Trans-methylation reactions are vital in basic metabolism, epigenetic regulation, RNA metabolism, and posttranslational control of protein function and therefore fundamental in determining the physiological processes in all living organisms. The plant kingdom is additionally characterized by the production of secondary metabolites that undergo specific hydroxylation, oxidation and methylation reactions to obtain a wide array of different chemical structures. Increasing research efforts have started to reveal the enzymatic pathways underlying the biosynthesis of complex metabolites in plants. Further engineering of these enzymatic machineries offers significant possibilities in the development of bio-based technologies, but necessitates deep understanding of their potential metabolic and regulatory interactions. Trans-methylation reactions are tightly coupled with the so-called activated methyl cycle (AMC), an essential metabolic circuit that maintains the trans-methylation capacity in all living cells. Tight regulation of the AMC is crucial in ensuring accurate trans-methylation reactions in different subcellular compartments, cell types, developmental stages and environmental conditions. This review addresses the organization and posttranslational regulation of the AMC and elaborates its critical role in determining metabolic regulation through modulation of methyl utilization in stress-exposed plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moona Rahikainen
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sara Alegre
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Andrea Trotta
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jesús Pascual
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Saijaliisa Kangasjärvi
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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15
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Rahikainen M, Trotta A, Alegre S, Pascual J, Vuorinen K, Overmyer K, Moffatt B, Ravanel S, Glawischnig E, Kangasjärvi S. PP2A-B'γ modulates foliar trans-methylation capacity and the formation of 4-methoxy-indol-3-yl-methyl glucosinolate in Arabidopsis leaves. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:112-127. [PMID: 27598402 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSL) of cruciferous plants comprise a major group of structurally diverse secondary compounds which act as deterrents against aphids and microbial pathogens and have large commercial and ecological impacts. While the transcriptional regulation governing the biosynthesis and modification of GSL is now relatively well understood, post-translational regulatory components that specifically determine the structural variation of indole glucosinolates have not been reported. We show that the cytoplasmic protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B'γ (PP2A-B'γ) physically interacts with indole glucosinolate methyltransferases and controls the methoxylation of indole glucosinolates and the formation of 4-methoxy-indol-3-yl-methyl glucosinolate in Arabidopsis leaves. By taking advantage of proteomic approaches and metabolic analysis we further demonstrate that PP2A-B'γ is required to control the abundance of oligomeric protein complexes functionally linked with the activated methyl cycle and the trans-methylation capacity of leaf cells. These findings highlight the key regulatory role of PP2A-B'γ in methionine metabolism and provide a previously unrecognized perspective for metabolic engineering of glucosinolate metabolism in cruciferous plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moona Rahikainen
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Andrea Trotta
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Sara Alegre
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Jesús Pascual
- Plant Physiology Lab, Organisms and Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Katariina Vuorinen
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirk Overmyer
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Barbara Moffatt
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Stéphane Ravanel
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, CNRS UMR5168, INRA UMR1417, CEA, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38054, Grenoble, France
| | - Erich Glawischnig
- Department of Plant Sciences, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Str.4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Saijaliisa Kangasjärvi
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
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16
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Li X, Huang L, Hong Y, Zhang Y, Liu S, Li D, Zhang H, Song F. Co-silencing of tomato S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase genes confers increased immunity against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and enhanced tolerance to drought stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:717. [PMID: 26442031 PMCID: PMC4561804 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (SAHH), catalyzing the reversible hydrolysis of S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) to adenosine and homocysteine, is a key enzyme that maintain the cellular methylation potential in all organisms. We report here the biological functions of tomato SlSAHHs in stress response. The tomato genome contains three SlSAHH genes that encode SlSAHH proteins with high level of sequence identity. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that SlSAHHs responded with distinct expression induction patterns to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 and Botrytis cinerea as well as to defense signaling hormones such as salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and a precursor of ethylene. Virus-induced gene silencing-based knockdown of individual SlSAHH gene did not affect the growth performance and the response to Pst DC3000. However, co-silencing of three SlSAHH genes using a conserved sequence led to significant inhibition of vegetable growth. The SlSAHH-co-silenced plants displayed increased resistance to Pst DC3000 but did not alter the resistance to B. cinerea. Co-silencing of SlSAHHs resulted in constitutively activated defense responses including elevated SA level, upregulated expression of defense-related and PAMP-triggered immunity marker genes and increased callose deposition and H2O2 accumulation. Furthermore, the SlSAHH-co-silenced plants also exhibited enhanced drought stress tolerance although they had relatively small roots. These data demonstrate that, in addition to the functions in growth and development, SAHHs also play important roles in regulating biotic and abiotic stress responses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Li
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Huang
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongbo Hong
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Yafen Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Shixia Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Dayong Li
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
| | - Fengming Song
- National Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University Hangzhou, China
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17
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Winterberg B, Du Fall LA, Song X, Pascovici D, Care N, Molloy M, Ohms S, Solomon PS. The necrotrophic effector protein SnTox3 re-programs metabolism and elicits a strong defence response in susceptible wheat leaves. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:215. [PMID: 25123935 PMCID: PMC4243954 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0215-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fungus Stagonospora nodorum is a necrotrophic pathogen of wheat. It causes disease by secreting proteinaceous effectors which interact with proteins encoded by dominant susceptibility genes in the host. The outcome of these interactions results in necrosis, allowing the fungus to thrive on dead plant material. The mechanisms of these effectors though are poorly understood. In this study, we undertake a comprehensive transcriptomics, proteomic and metabolomic approach to understand how a susceptible wheat cultivar responds to exposure to the Stagonospora nodorum effector protein SnTox3. RESULTS Microarray and proteomic studies revealed that SnTox3 strongly induced responses consistent with those previously associated with classical host defence pathways including the expression of pathogenicity-related proteins and the induction of cell death. Collapse of the photosynthetic machinery was also apparent at the transcriptional and translational level. SnTox3-infiltrated wheat leaves also showed a strong induction of enzymes involved in primary metabolism consistent with increases in hexoses, amino acids and organic acids as determined by primary metabolite profiling. Methionine and homocysteine metabolism was strongly induced upon exposure to SnTox3. Pathogenicity in the presence of homocysteine was inhibited confirming that the compound has a role in plant defence. Consistent with the strong defence responses observed, secondary metabolite profiling revealed the induction of several compounds associated with plant defence, including the phenylpropanoids chlorogenic acid and feruloylquinic acid, and the cyanogenic glucoside dhurrin. Serotonin did not accumulate subsequent to SnTox3 infiltration. CONCLUSIONS These data support the theory that the SnTox3 effector protein elicits a host cell death response to facilitate the pathogen's necrotrophic infection cycle. Our data also demonstrate that the mechanism of SnTox3 appears distinct from the previously characterised Stagonospora nodorum effector SnToxA. Collectively, this comprehensive analysis has advanced our understanding of necrotrophic effector biology and highlighted the complexity of effector-triggered susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Winterberg
- />Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200 Australia
| | - Lauren A Du Fall
- />Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200 Australia
| | - Xiaomin Song
- />Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Dana Pascovici
- />Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Natasha Care
- />Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Mark Molloy
- />Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Stephen Ohms
- />Molecular Bioscience Division, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200 Australia
| | - Peter S Solomon
- />Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200 Australia
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18
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Chang YL, Hsieh CL, Huang YM, Chiou WL, Kuo YH, Tseng MH. Modified method for determination of sulfur metabolites in plant tissues by stable isotope dilution-based liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2013; 442:24-33. [PMID: 23911527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of sulfur metabolites play important roles in plant functions. We have developed a precise and sensitive method for the simultaneous measurement of several sulfur metabolites based on liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and (34)S metabolic labeling of sulfur-containing metabolites in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. However, some sulfur metabolites were unstable during the extraction procedure. Our proposed method does not allow for the detection of the important sulfur metabolite homocysteine because of its instability during sample extraction. Stable isotope-labeled sulfur metabolites of A. thaliana shoot were extracted and utilized as internal standards for quantification of sulfur metabolites with LC-MS/MS using S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), methionine (Met), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) as example metabolites. These metabolites were detected using electrospray ionization in positive mode. Standard curves were linear (r(2)>0.99) over a range of concentrations (SAM 0.01-2.0μM, SAH 0.002-0.10μM, Met 0.05-4.0μM, GSH 0.17-20.0μM, GSSG 0.07-20.0μM), with limits of detection for SAM, SAH, Met, GSH, and GSSG of 0.83, 0.67, 10, 0.56, and 1.1nM, respectively; and the within-run and between-run coefficients of variation based on quality control samples were less than 8%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Lan Chang
- Department of Applied Physics and Chemistry, University of Taipei, Taipei 10048, Taiwan
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