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Matuszkiewicz M, Sobczak M. Syncytium Induced by Plant-Parasitic Nematodes. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 71:371-403. [PMID: 37996687 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-37936-9_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes from the genera Globodera, Heterodera (cyst-forming nematodes), and Meloidogyne (root-knot nematodes) are notorious and serious pests of crops. They cause tremendous economic losses between US $80 and 358 billion a year. Nematodes infect the roots of plants and induce the formation of specialised feeding structures (syncytium and giant cells, respectively) that nourish juveniles and adults of the nematodes. The specialised secretory glands enable nematodes to synthesise and secrete effectors that facilitate migration through root tissues and alter the morphogenetic programme of host cells. The formation of feeding sites is associated with the suppression of plant defence responses and deep reprogramming of the development and metabolism of plant cells.In this chapter, we focus on syncytia induced by the sedentary cyst-forming nematodes and provide an overview of ultrastructural changes that occur in the host roots during syncytium formation in conjunction with the most important molecular changes during compatible and incompatible plant responses to infection with nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Matuszkiewicz
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Mirosław Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Ramanathan R, Hatzios SK. Activity-based Tools for Interrogating Host Biology During Infection. Isr J Chem 2023; 63:e202200095. [PMID: 37744997 PMCID: PMC10512441 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202200095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Host cells sense and respond to pathogens by dynamically regulating cell signaling. The rapid modulation of signaling pathways is achieved by post-translational modifications (PTMs) that can alter protein structure, function, and/or binding interactions. By using chemical probes to broadly profile changes in enzyme function or side-chain reactivity, activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) can reveal PTMs that regulate host-microbe interactions. While ABPP has been widely utilized to uncover microbial mechanisms of pathogenesis, in this review, we focus on more recent applications of this technique to the discovery of host PTMs and enzymes that modulate signaling within infected cells. Collectively, these advances underscore the importance of ABPP as a tool for interrogating the host response to infection and identifying potential targets for host-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Ramanathan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516 USA
| | - Stavroula K. Hatzios
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
- Microbial Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 USA
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3
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Hasan MS, Chopra D, Damm A, Koprivova A, Kopriva S, Meyer AJ, Müller‐Schüssele S, Grundler FMW, Siddique S. Glutathione contributes to plant defence against parasitic cyst nematodes. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1048-1059. [PMID: 35352464 PMCID: PMC9190975 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cyst nematodes (CNs) are an important group of root-infecting sedentary endoparasites that severely damage many crop plants worldwide. An infective CN juvenile enters the host's roots and migrates towards the vascular cylinder, where it induces the formation of syncytial feeding cells, which nourish the CN throughout its parasitic stages. Here, we examined the role of glutathione (l-γ-glutamyl-l-cysteinyl-glycine) in Arabidopsis thaliana on infection with the CN Heterodera schachtii. Arabidopsis lines with mutations pad2, cad2, or zir1 in the glutamate-cysteine ligase (GSH1) gene, which encodes the first enzyme in the glutathione biosynthetic pathway, displayed enhanced CN susceptibility, but susceptibility was reduced for rax1, another GSH1 allele. Biochemical analysis revealed differentially altered thiol levels in these mutants that was independent of nematode infection. All glutathione-deficient mutants exhibited impaired activation of defence marker genes as well as genes for biosynthesis of the antimicrobial compound camalexin early in infection. Further analysis revealed a link between glutathione-mediated plant resistance to CN infection and the production of camalexin on nematode infection. These results suggest that glutathione levels affect plant resistance to CN by fine-tuning the balance between the cellular redox environment and the production of compounds related to defence against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Shamim Hasan
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)Molecular PhytomedicineUniversity of BonnINRESBonnGermany
- Department of Plant PathologyFaculty of AgricultureHajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology UniversityDinajpurBangladesh
| | - Divykriti Chopra
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)Molecular PhytomedicineUniversity of BonnINRESBonnGermany
| | - Anika Damm
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)Molecular PhytomedicineUniversity of BonnINRESBonnGermany
| | - Anna Koprivova
- Institute for Plant SciencesCluster of Excellence on Plant SciencesUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Stanislav Kopriva
- Institute for Plant SciencesCluster of Excellence on Plant SciencesUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
| | - Andreas J. Meyer
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)Chemical SignallingUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Stefanie Müller‐Schüssele
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)Chemical SignallingUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Florian M. W. Grundler
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)Molecular PhytomedicineUniversity of BonnINRESBonnGermany
| | - Shahid Siddique
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)Molecular PhytomedicineUniversity of BonnINRESBonnGermany
- Department of Entomology and NematologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCaliforniaUSA
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Anjam MS, Siddique S, Marhavy P. RNA Isolation from Nematode-Induced Feeding Sites in Arabidopsis Roots Using Laser Capture Microdissection. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2494:313-324. [PMID: 35467217 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2297-1_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nematodes are diverse multicellular organisms that are most abundantly found in the soil. Most nematodes are free-living and feed on a range of organisms. Based on their feeding habits, soil nematodes can be classified into four groups: bacterial, omnivorous, fungal, and plant-feeding. Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) are a serious threat to global food security, causing substantial losses to the agricultural sector. Root-knot and cyst nematodes are the most important of PPNs, significantly limiting the yield of commercial crops such as sugar beet, mustard, and cauliflower. The life cycle of these nematodes consists of four molting stages (J1-J4) that precede adulthood. Nonetheless, only second-stage juveniles (J2), which hatch from eggs, are infective worms that can parasitize the host's roots. The freshly hatched juveniles (J2) of beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii, establish a permanent feeding site inside the roots of the host plant. A cocktail of proteinaceous secretions is injected into a selected cell which later develops into a syncytium via local cell wall dissolution of several hundred neighboring cells. The formation of syncytium is accompanied by massive transcriptional, metabolic, and proteomic changes inside the host tissues. It creates a metabolic sink in which solutes are translocated to feed the nematodes throughout their life cycle. Deciphering the molecular signaling cascades during syncytium establishment is thus essential in studying the plant-nematode interactions and ensuring sustainability in agricultural practices. However, isolating RNA, protein, and metabolites from syncytial cells remains challenging. Extensive use of laser capture microdissection (LCM) in animal and human tissues has shown this approach to be a powerful technique for isolating a single cell from complex tissues. Here, we describe a simplified protocol for Arabidopsis-Heterodera schachtii infection assays, which is routinely applied in several plant-nematode laboratories. Next, we provide a detailed protocol for isolating high-quality RNA from syncytial cells induced by Heterodera schachtii in the roots of Arabidopsis thaliana plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahzad Anjam
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Siddique
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Peter Marhavy
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden.
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Filipecki M, Żurczak M, Matuszkiewicz M, Święcicka M, Kurek W, Olszewski J, Koter MD, Lamont D, Sobczak M. Profiling the Proteome of Cyst Nematode-Induced Syncytia on Tomato Roots. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212147. [PMID: 34830029 PMCID: PMC8625192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyst nematodes are important herbivorous pests in agriculture that obtain nutrients through specialized root structures termed syncytia. Syncytium initiation, development, and functioning are a research focus because syncytia are the primary interface for molecular interactions between the host plant and parasite. The small size and complex development (over approximately two weeks) of syncytia hinder precise analyses, therefore most studies have analyzed the transcriptome of infested whole-root systems or syncytia-containing root segments. Here, we describe an effective procedure to microdissect syncytia induced by Globodera rostochiensis from tomato roots and to analyze the syncytial proteome using mass spectrometry. As little as 15 mm2 of 10-µm-thick sections dissected from 30 syncytia enabled the identification of 100–200 proteins in each sample, indicating that mass-spectrometric methods currently in use achieved acceptable sensitivity for proteome profiling of microscopic samples of plant tissues (approximately 100 µg). Among the identified proteins, 48 were specifically detected in syncytia and 7 in uninfected roots. The occurrence of approximately 50% of these proteins in syncytia was not correlated with transcript abundance estimated by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR analysis. The functional categories of these proteins confirmed that protein turnover, stress responses, and intracellular trafficking are important components of the proteome dynamics of developing syncytia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Filipecki
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.Ż.); (M.M.); (M.D.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-5932171
| | - Marek Żurczak
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.Ż.); (M.M.); (M.D.K.)
| | - Mateusz Matuszkiewicz
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.Ż.); (M.M.); (M.D.K.)
| | - Magdalena Święcicka
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.Ś.); (W.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Wojciech Kurek
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.Ś.); (W.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Jarosław Olszewski
- Veterinary Research Centre, Centre for Biomedicine Research, Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Large Animal Diseases and Clinic, Institute for Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 100, 02-797 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marek Daniel Koter
- Department of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.Ż.); (M.M.); (M.D.K.)
| | - Douglas Lamont
- ‘FingerPrints’ Proteomics Facility, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK;
| | - Mirosław Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (M.Ś.); (W.K.); (M.S.)
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Interrogating Plant-Microbe Interactions with Chemical Tools: Click Chemistry Reagents for Metabolic Labeling and Activity-Based Probes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26010243. [PMID: 33466477 PMCID: PMC7796436 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Continued expansion of the chemical biology toolbox presents many new and diverse opportunities to interrogate the fundamental molecular mechanisms driving complex plant-microbe interactions. This review will examine metabolic labeling with click chemistry reagents and activity-based probes for investigating the impacts of plant-associated microbes on plant growth, metabolism, and immune responses. While the majority of the studies reviewed here used chemical biology approaches to examine the effects of pathogens on plants, chemical biology will also be invaluable in future efforts to investigate mutualistic associations between beneficial microbes and their plant hosts.
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Anjam MS, Shah SJ, Matera C, Różańska E, Sobczak M, Siddique S, Grundler FMW. Host factors influence the sex of nematodes parasitizing roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1160-1174. [PMID: 32103526 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic cyst nematodes induce hypermetabolic syncytial nurse cells in the roots of their host plants. Syncytia are their only food source. Cyst nematodes are sexually dimorphic, with their differentiation into male or female strongly influenced by host environmental conditions. Under favourable conditions with plenty of nutrients, more females develop, whereas mainly male nematodes develop under adverse conditions such as in resistant plants. Here, we developed and validated a method to predict the sex of beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii) during the early stages of its parasitism in the host plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We collected root segments containing male-associated syncytia (MAS) or female-associated syncytia (FAS), isolated syncytial cells by laser microdissection, and performed a comparative transcriptome analysis. Genes belonging to categories of defence, nutrient deficiency, and nutrient starvation were over-represented in MAS as compared with FAS. Conversely, gene categories related to metabolism, modification, and biosynthesis of cell walls were over-represented in FAS. We used β-glucuronidase analysis, qRT-PCR, and loss-of-function mutants to characterize FAS- and MAS-specific candidate genes. Our results demonstrate that various plant-based factors, including immune response, nutrient availability, and structural modifications, influence the sexual fate of the cyst nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahzad Anjam
- Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES, Bonn, Germany
| | - Syed Jehangir Shah
- Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christiane Matera
- Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES, Bonn, Germany
| | - Elżbieta Różańska
- Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Miroslaw Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Shahid Siddique
- Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Florian M W Grundler
- Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES, Bonn, Germany
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8
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Labudda M, Różańska E, Prabucka B, Muszyńska E, Marecka D, Kozak M, Dababat AA, Sobczak M. Activity profiling of barley vacuolar processing enzymes provides new insights into the plant and cyst nematode interaction. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:38-52. [PMID: 31605455 PMCID: PMC6913211 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs) play an important role during regular growth and development and defence responses. Despite substantial attempts to understand the molecular basis of plant-cyst nematode interaction, the mechanism of VPEs functioning during this interaction remains unknown. The second-stage Heterodera filipjevi juvenile penetrates host roots and induces the formation of a permanent feeding site called a syncytium. To investigate whether infection with H. filipjevi alters plant host VPEs, the studies were performed in Hordeum vulgare roots and leaves on the day of inoculation and at 7, 14 and 21 days post-inoculation (dpi). Implementing molecular, biochemical and microscopic methods we identified reasons for modulation of barley VPE activity during interaction with H. filipjevi. Heterodera filipjevi parasitism caused a general decrease of VPE activity in infected roots, but live imaging of VPEs showed that their activity is up-regulated in syncytia at 7 and 14 dpi and down-regulated at 21 dpi. These findings were accompanied by tissue-specific VPE gene expression patterns. Expression of the barley cystatin HvCPI-4 gene was stimulated in leaves but diminished in roots upon infestation. External application of cyclotides that can be produced naturally by VPEs elicits in pre-parasitic juveniles vesiculation of their body, enhanced formation of granules, induction of exploratory behaviour (stylet thrusts and head movements), production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and final death by methuosis. Taken together, down-regulation of VPE activity through nematode effectors promotes the nematode invasion rates and leads to avoidance of the induction of the plant proteolytic response and death of the invading juveniles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Labudda
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of BiologyWarsaw University of Life Sciences‐SGGWWarsawPoland
| | - Elżbieta Różańska
- Department of Botany, Institute of BiologyWarsaw University of Life Sciences‐SGGWWarsawPoland
| | - Beata Prabucka
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of BiologyWarsaw University of Life Sciences‐SGGWWarsawPoland
| | - Ewa Muszyńska
- Department of Botany, Institute of BiologyWarsaw University of Life Sciences‐SGGWWarsawPoland
| | - Dorota Marecka
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of BiologyWarsaw University of Life Sciences‐SGGWWarsawPoland
| | - Marcin Kozak
- Department of Botany, Institute of BiologyWarsaw University of Life Sciences‐SGGWWarsawPoland
| | - Abdelfattah A. Dababat
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT)Soil Borne Pathogens ProgramP.K. 39 Emek06511AnkaraTurkey
| | - Mirosław Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Institute of BiologyWarsaw University of Life Sciences‐SGGWWarsawPoland
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Holbein J, Franke RB, Marhavý P, Fujita S, Górecka M, Sobczak M, Geldner N, Schreiber L, Grundler FMW, Siddique S. Root endodermal barrier system contributes to defence against plant-parasitic cyst and root-knot nematodes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:221-236. [PMID: 31322300 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) cause tremendous yield losses worldwide in almost all economically important crops. The agriculturally most important PPNs belong to a small group of root-infecting sedentary endoparasites that includes cyst and root-knot nematodes. Both cyst and root-knot nematodes induce specialized long-term feeding structures in root vasculature from which they obtain their nutrients. A specialized cell layer in roots called the endodermis, which has cell walls reinforced with suberin deposits and a lignin-based Casparian strip (CS), protects the vascular cylinder against abiotic and biotic threats. To date, the role of the endodermis, and especially of suberin and the CS, during plant-nematode interactions was largely unknown. Here, we analyzed the role of suberin and CS during interaction between Arabidopsis plants and two sedentary root-parasitic nematode species, the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii and the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. We found that nematode infection damages the endodermis leading to the activation of suberin biosynthesis genes at nematode infection sites. Although feeding sites induced by both cyst and root-knot nematodes are surrounded by endodermis during early stages of infection, the endodermis is degraded during later stages of feeding site development, indicating periderm formation or ectopic suberization of adjacent tissue. Chemical suberin analysis showed a characteristic suberin composition resembling peridermal suberin in nematode-infected tissue. Notably, infection assays using Arabidopsis lines with CS defects and impaired compensatory suberization, revealed that the CS and suberization impact nematode infectivity and feeding site size. Taken together, our work establishes the role of the endodermal barrier system in defence against a soil-borne pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Holbein
- INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rochus B Franke
- IZMB - Ecophysiology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Marhavý
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mirosława Górecka
- Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-787, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mirosław Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-787, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Niko Geldner
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- IZMB - Ecophysiology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Florian M W Grundler
- INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Shahid Siddique
- INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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10
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Radakovic ZS, Anjam MS, Escobar E, Chopra D, Cabrera J, Silva AC, Escobar C, Sobczak M, Grundler FMW, Siddique S. Arabidopsis HIPP27 is a host susceptibility gene for the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2018; 19:1917-1928. [PMID: 29470862 PMCID: PMC6638061 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Sedentary plant-parasitic cyst nematodes are obligate biotrophs that infect the roots of their host plant. Their parasitism is based on the modification of root cells to form a hypermetabolic syncytium from which the nematodes draw their nutrients. The aim of this study was to identify nematode susceptibility genes in Arabidopsis thaliana and to characterize their roles in supporting the parasitism of Heterodera schachtii. By selecting genes that were most strongly upregulated in response to cyst nematode infection, we identified HIPP27 (HEAVY METAL-ASSOCIATED ISOPRENYLATED PLANT PROTEIN 27) as a host susceptibility factor required for beet cyst nematode infection and development. Detailed expression analysis revealed that HIPP27 is a cytoplasmic protein and that HIPP27 is strongly expressed in leaves, young roots and nematode-induced syncytia. Loss-of-function Arabidopsis hipp27 mutants exhibited severely reduced susceptibility to H. schachtii and abnormal starch accumulation in syncytial and peridermal plastids. Our results suggest that HIPP27 is a susceptibility gene in Arabidopsis whose loss of function reduces plant susceptibility to cyst nematode infection without increasing the susceptibility to other pathogens or negatively affecting the plant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran S. Radakovic
- INRES–Molecular PhytomedicineRheinische‐Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐University of BonnD‐53115 BonnGermany
| | - Muhammad Shahzad Anjam
- INRES–Molecular PhytomedicineRheinische‐Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐University of BonnD‐53115 BonnGermany
| | - Elizabeth Escobar
- INRES–Molecular PhytomedicineRheinische‐Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐University of BonnD‐53115 BonnGermany
| | - Divykriti Chopra
- INRES–Molecular PhytomedicineRheinische‐Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐University of BonnD‐53115 BonnGermany
| | - Javier Cabrera
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y BioquímicaUniversidad de Castilla‐La Mancha, Área de Fisiología VegetalAvda, Carlos III, s/n, 45071 ToledoSpain
| | - Ana Cláudia Silva
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y BioquímicaUniversidad de Castilla‐La Mancha, Área de Fisiología VegetalAvda, Carlos III, s/n, 45071 ToledoSpain
| | - Carolina Escobar
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y BioquímicaUniversidad de Castilla‐La Mancha, Área de Fisiología VegetalAvda, Carlos III, s/n, 45071 ToledoSpain
| | - Miroslaw Sobczak
- Department of BotanyWarsaw University of Life SciencesPL‐02787 WarsawPoland
| | - Florian M. W. Grundler
- INRES–Molecular PhytomedicineRheinische‐Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐University of BonnD‐53115 BonnGermany
| | - Shahid Siddique
- INRES–Molecular PhytomedicineRheinische‐Friedrich‐Wilhelms‐University of BonnD‐53115 BonnGermany
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11
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Labudda M, Różańska E, Szewińska J, Sobczak M, Dzik JM. Protease activity and phytocystatin expression in Arabidopsis thaliana upon Heterodera schachtii infection. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 109:416-429. [PMID: 27816823 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The activity of plant proteases is important for amino acids recycling, removal of damaged proteins as well as defence responses. The second-stage juvenile of the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii penetrates host roots and induces the feeding site called a syncytium. To determine whether infection by H. schachtii affects proteolysis, the protease activity was studied in Arabidopsis roots and shoots at the day of inoculation and 3, 7 and 15 days post inoculation (dpi). Nematode infection caused a decrease of protease activities in infected roots over the entire examination period at all studied pH values. In contrast, the activities of the low molecular mass as well as Ca2+-dependent cysteine proteases were found to be stimulated. In shoots of infected plants, the protease activity was diminished only at 15 dpi at all tested pH values. It was accompanied by changes in total soluble protein content, a higher protein carbonylation and a total polyphenol content. To go deeper into proteolysis regulation, the expression of phytocystatin genes, endogenous inhibitors of cysteine proteases, was examined in syncytia, roots and shoots. Expression of AtCYS1, AtCYS5 and AtCYS6 genes was enhanced upon cyst nematode infection. Our results suggest that changes in protease activities in roots and shoots and altered cystatin expression patterns in syncytia, roots and shoots are important for protein metabolism during cyst nematode infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Labudda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Różańska
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna Szewińska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Mirosław Sobczak
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jolanta Maria Dzik
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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Morimoto K, van der Hoorn RAL. The Increasing Impact of Activity-Based Protein Profiling in Plant Science. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:446-61. [PMID: 26872839 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The active proteome dictates plant physiology. Yet, active proteins are difficult to predict based on transcript or protein levels, because protein activities are regulated post-translationally in their microenvironments. Over the past 10 years, activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) is increasingly used in plant science. ABPP monitors the activities of hundreds of plant proteins using tagged chemical probes that react with the active site of proteins in a mechanism-dependent manner. Since labeling is covalent and irreversible, labeled proteins can be detected and identified on protein gels and by mass spectrometry using tagged fluorophores and/or biotin. Here, we discuss general concepts, approaches and practical considerations of ABPP, before we summarize the discoveries made using 40 validated probes representing 14 chemotypes that can monitor the active state of >4,500 plant proteins. These discoveries and new opportunities indicate that this emerging functional proteomic technology is a powerful discovery tool that will have an increasing impact on plant science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Morimoto
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Renier A L van der Hoorn
- The Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
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Anjam MS, Ludwig Y, Hochholdinger F, Miyaura C, Inada M, Siddique S, Grundler FMW. An improved procedure for isolation of high-quality RNA from nematode-infected Arabidopsis roots through laser capture microdissection. PLANT METHODS 2016; 12:25. [PMID: 27123040 PMCID: PMC4847226 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-016-0123-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyst nematodes are biotrophs that form specialized feeding structures in the roots of host plants, which consist of a syncytial fusion of hypertrophied cells. The formation of syncytium is accompanied by profound transcriptional changes and active metabolism in infected tissues. The challenge in gene expression studies for syncytium has always been the isolation of pure syncytial material and subsequent extraction of intact RNA. Root fragments containing syncytium had been used for microarray analyses. However, the inclusion of neighbouring cells dilutes the syncytium-specific mRNA population. Micro-sectioning coupled with laser capture microdissection (LCM) offers an opportunity for the isolation of feeding sites from heterogeneous cell populations. But recovery of intact RNA from syncytium dissected by LCM is complicated due to extended steps of fixation, tissue preparation, embedding and sectioning. RESULTS In the present study, we have optimized the procedure of sample preparation for LCM to isolate high quality of RNA from cyst nematode induced syncytia in Arabidopsis roots which can be used for transcriptomic studies. We investigated the effect of various sucrose concentrations as cryoprotectant on RNA quality and morphology of syncytial sections. We also compared various types of microscopic slides for strong adherence of sections while removing embedding material. CONCLUSION The use of optimal sucrose concentrations as cryoprotection plays a key role in RNA stability and morphology of sections. Treatment with higher sucrose concentrations minimizes the risk of RNA degradation, whereas longer incubation times help maintaining the morphology of tissue sections. Our method allows isolating high-quality RNA from nematode feeding sites that is suitable for downstream applications such as microarray experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahzad Anjam
- />INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitaet Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- />Institute of Molecular Biology and Bio-technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Yvonne Ludwig
- />INRES - Crop Functional Genomics, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitaet Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank Hochholdinger
- />INRES - Crop Functional Genomics, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitaet Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Chisato Miyaura
- />Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, and Global Innovation Research Organization, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Masaki Inada
- />Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, and Global Innovation Research Organization, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588 Japan
| | - Shahid Siddique
- />INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitaet Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Florian M. W. Grundler
- />INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitaet Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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