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Chen Y, Dong S, Dai Y, Zhang X, Chen D, Chen Y, Liu Z. Low temperature exposure influences nitrogen metabolism resulting in decreased Cry1Ac insecticidal endotoxin content in cotton seeds. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:781. [PMID: 39148017 PMCID: PMC11325731 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05500-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sudden temperature drops, resulting from extreme weather events, often occur during the boll-setting period of cotton in Xinjiang, China, causing decreased expression of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal proteins in cotton bolls. The precise threshold temperatures and durations that lead to significant changes in Cry1Ac endotoxin levels under low temperatures remain unclear. To address this, we investigated the effects of different temperatures and stress durations on Cry1Ac endotoxin levels in cotton bolls. In 2020-2021, two Bt transgenic cotton varieties, conventional Sikang1 and hybrid Sikang3, were selected as experimental materials. Various low temperatures (ranging from 16 to 20 °C) with different durations (12 h, 24 h and 48 h) were applied during the peak boll-setting period. RESULTS As the temperature decreased, the Cry1Ac endotoxin content in the boll shell, fiber, and seed exhibited a declining trend. Moreover, the threshold temperature which caused a significant reduction in Cry1Ac endotoxin content increased with the prolonged duration of low-temperature stress. Among the components of cotton bolls, seeds were most affected by low-temperature stress, with the threshold temperature for a significant reduction in Cry1Ac endotoxin content ranging from 17 °C to 19 °C. Correlation analysis indicated that low temperatures led to a decrease in protein synthesis capacity and an increase in degradation ability, resulting in reduced Cry1Ac endotoxin content. Pathway analysis revealed that both free amino acid and peptidase had significant negative effects on Cry1Ac endotoxin content. CONCLUSION In summary, when the daily average temperature was ≤ 19 °C, implementing cultural practices to reduce free amino acid content and peptidase activity could serve as effective cold defense strategies for Bt cotton production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shu Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuyang Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dehua Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yinglong Chen
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, and School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
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Yu B, Xue X, Nie P, Lu N, Wang L. Fulvic acid alleviates cadmium-induced root growth inhibition by regulating antioxidant enzyme activity and carbon-nitrogen metabolism in apple seedlings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1370637. [PMID: 38711608 PMCID: PMC11072189 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1370637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Substantial previous studies have reported that fulvic acid (FA) application plays an important role in Chinese agricultural production. However, little is known about the mechanisms for using FA to increase apple trees resistance to Cd toxicity. In order to clarify the mechanism underlying FA alleviation in Cd-induced growth inhibition in apple seedlings. Methods Herein, we treated M9T337 seedlings to either 0 or 30 µM/L Cd together with 0 or 0.2 g/L FA and analyzed the root growth, antioxidant enzyme activities, carbon (C) assimilation, nitrogen (N) metabolism, and C and N transport. Results The results presented that, compared with CK (without Cd addition or FA spraying application), Cd poisoning significantly inhibited the root growth of apple seedlings. However, this Cd-induced root growth inhibition was significantly alleviated by FA spraying relative to the Cd treatment (Cd addition alone). On the one hand, the mitigation of inhibition effects was due to the reduced oxidative damage by enhancing antioxdiant enzyme (SOD, POD, and CAT) activities in leaves and roots. On the other hand, this growth advantage demonstrated compared to the Cd treatment was found to be associated with the strengthen of photosynthetic performance and the elevation of C and N metabolism enzymes activities. Meanwhile, we also found that under Cd stress condition, the distribution of C and N nutrients in apple seedlings was optimised by FA spraying application relative to the Cd treatment, according to the results of 13C and 15N tracing. Conclusion Conclusively, our results suggested that the inhibitory effect of Cd on apple seedlings root growth was alleviated by FA through regulating antioxdiant capacities and C and N metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yu
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Fruit Biotechnology Breeding, Taian, China
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaomin Xue
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Fruit Biotechnology Breeding, Taian, China
| | - Peixian Nie
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Fruit Biotechnology Breeding, Taian, China
| | - Ninglin Lu
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Fruit Biotechnology Breeding, Taian, China
| | - Laiping Wang
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Fruit Biotechnology Breeding, Taian, China
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Khan MN, Siddiqui MH, Alhussaen KM, El-Alosey AR, AlOmrani MAM, Kalaji HM. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles require K + and hydrogen sulfide to regulate nitrogen and carbohydrate metabolism during adaptive response to drought and nickel stress in cucumber. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 334:122008. [PMID: 37356795 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Crop plants face severe yield losses worldwide owing to their exposure to multiple abiotic stresses. The study described here, was conducted to comprehend the response of cucumber seedlings to drought (induced by 15% w/v polyethylene glycol 8000; PEG) and nickel (Ni) stress in presence or absence of titanium dioxide nanoparticle (nTiO2). In addition, it was also investigated how nitrogen (N) and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as the defense system, are affected by endogenous potassium (K+) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Cucumber seedlings were subjected to Ni stress and drought, which led to oxidative stress and triggered the defense system. Under the stress, N and carbohydrate metabolism were differentially affected. Supplementation of the stressed seedlings with nTiO2 (15 mg L-1) enhanced the activity of antioxidant enzymes, ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) system and elevated N and carbohydrates metabolism. Application of nTiO2 also enhanced the accumulation of phytochelatins and activity of the enzymes of glyoxalase system that provided additional protection against the metal and toxic methylglyoxal. Osmotic stress brought on by PEG and Ni, was countered by the increase of proline and carbohydrates levels, which helped the seedlings keep their optimal level of hydration. Application nTiO2 improved the biosynthesis of H2S and K+ retention through regulating Cys biosynthesis and H+-ATPase activity, respectively. Observed outcomes lead to the conclusion that nTiO2 maintains redox homeostasis, and normal functioning of N and carbohydrates metabolism that resulted in the protection of cucumber seedlings against drought and Ni stress. Use of 20 mM tetraethylammonium chloride (K+- channel blocker), 500 μM sodium orthovanadate (PM H+-ATPase inhibitor), and 1 mM hypotaurine (H2S scavenger) demonstrate that endogenous K+ and H2S were crucial for the nTiO2-induced modulation of plants' adaptive responses to the imposed stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nasir Khan
- Department of Biology, College of Haql, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Manzer H Siddiqui
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalaf M Alhussaen
- Department of Biology, College of Haql, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Rafat El-Alosey
- Department of Biology, College of Haql, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hazem M Kalaji
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
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Chen P, Li L, Xia S, Zhang R, Zhang R, Zeng XM, Shuai D, Liu Y, Li ZG. Enhancement patterns of potassium on nitrogen transport and functional genes in cotton vary with nitrogen levels. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 335:111824. [PMID: 37572966 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
The application of potassium (K) in conjunction with nitrogen (N) has been shown to enhance N use efficiency. However, there is still a need for further understanding of the optimal ratios and molecular regulatory mechanisms, particularly in soil-cotton systems. Here, a field trial was conducted, involving varying rates of N and K, alongside pot and hydroponic experiments. The objective was to assess the impact of N-K interaction on the absorption, transport and distribution of N in cotton. The results showed that K supply at 90 and 240 kg ha-1 had a beneficial impact on N uptake and distribution to both seed and lint, resulting in the highest N use efficiency ranging from 22% to 62% and yield improvements from 20% to 123%. The increase in stem and root diameters, rather than the quantify of xylem vessels and phloem sieve tubes, facilitated the uptake and transport of N due to the provision of K. At the molecular level, K supply upregulated the expression levels of genes encoding GhNRT2.1 transporter and GhSLAH3 channel in cotton roots to promote N uptake and GhNRT1.5/NPF7.3 genes to transport N to shoot under low-N conditions. However, under high-N conditions, K supply induced anion channel genes (GhSLAH4) of roots to promote N uptake and genes encoding GhNRT1.5/NPF7.3 and GhNRT1.8/NPF7.2 transporters to facilitate NO3- unloading from xylem to mesophyll cell in high-N plants. Furthermore, K supply resulted in the upregulation of gene expression for GhGS2 in leaves, while simultaneously downregulating the expression of GhNADH-GOGAT, GhGDH1 and GhGDH3 genes in high-N roots. The enzyme activities of nitrite reductase and glutamine synthetase increased and glutamate dehydrogenase decreased, but the concentration of NO3- and soluble protein exhibited a significant increase and free amino acid decreased in the shoots subsequent to K supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Linyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shujie Xia
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Runhua Zhang
- Wuhan Academy of Agriculture Science and Technology, Vegetable Research Institute, Wuhan 430345, China
| | - Runqin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiao-Min Zeng
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Du Shuai
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Center of Conservation Biology / Economic Botany / Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Zhi-Guo Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Yu B, Wang L, Zhang J, Lyu D. Natural Grass Cultivation Management Improves Apple Fruit Quality by Regulating Soil Mineral Nitrogen Content and Carbon-Nitrogen Metabolism. Metabolites 2023; 13:925. [PMID: 37623869 PMCID: PMC10456723 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13080925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Orchard grass cultivation management is an effective measure to safeguard the sustainable development of the fruit industry in China. However, details of the influence of natural sod culture management on carbon (C)-nitrogen (N) nutrition of trees and fruit quality in Hanfu apple orchards are lacking. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted, which consisted of two treatments: clean tillage (CT) and natural grass cultivation (NG). Results revealed that NG treatment contributed to the increases in soil organic matter (SOM), total N, and soil NH4+-N at depths of 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm, while the soil NO3--N concentration under NG treatment was significantly decreased at the same depth, within the range of 0-200 cm of the soil profile, compared with CT. NG treatment also significantly promoted leaf photosynthesis and enhanced leaf N and fruit sugar metabolism. The results of isotope labeling showed that NG treatment obviously elevated the 13C accumulation and distribution rate in fruits, as well as the 15N accumulation in the whole tree, whereas the 15N accumulation in fruits decreased. Furthermore, NG treatment significantly increased the fruit anthocyanin content. These results provide theoretical references for the feasibility of natural sod culture management to improve fruit quality in Hanfu apple orchards.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Deguo Lyu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (B.Y.); (L.W.); (J.Z.)
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Khan MN, Siddiqui MH, Mukherjee S, AlSolami MA, Alhussaen KM, AlZuaibr FM, Siddiqui ZH, Al-Amri AA, Alsubaie QD. Melatonin involves hydrogen sulfide in the regulation of H +-ATPase activity, nitrogen metabolism, and ascorbate-glutathione system under chromium toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 323:121173. [PMID: 36740162 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of soils with chromium (Cr) jeopardized agriculture production globally. The current study was planned with the aim to better comprehend how melatonin (Mel) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) regulate antioxidant defense system, potassium (K) homeostasis, and nitrogen (N) metabolism in tomato seedlings under Cr toxicity. The data reveal that application of 30 μM Mel to the seedlings treated with 25 μM Cr has a positive effect on H2S metabolism that resulted in a considerable increase in H2S. Exogenous Mel improved phytochelatins content and H+-ATPase activity with an associated increase in K content as well. Use of tetraethylammonium chloride (K+-channel blocker) and sodium orthovanadate (H+-ATPase inhibitor) showed that Mel maintained K homeostasis through regulating H+-ATPase activity under Cr toxicity. Supplementation of the stressed seedlings with Mel substantially scavenged excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) that maintained ROS homeostasis. Reduced electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation were additional signs of Mel's ROS scavenging effects. In addition, Mel also maintained normal functioning of nitrogen (N) metabolism and ascorbate-glutathione (AsA-GSH) system. Improved level of N fulfilled its requirement for various enzymes that have induced resilience during Cr stress. Additionally, the AsA-GSH cycle's proper operation maintained redox equilibrium, which is necessary for the biological system to function normally. Conversely, 1 mM hypotaurine (H2S scavenger) abolished the Mel-effect and again Cr-induced impairment on the above-mentioned parameters was observed even in presence of Mel. Therefore, based on the observed findings, we concluded that Mel needs endogenous H2S to alleviate Cr-induced impairments in tomato seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nasir Khan
- Department of Biology, College of Haql, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Manzer H Siddiqui
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Soumya Mukherjee
- Department of Botany, Jangipur College, University of Kalyani, Jangipur, India
| | - Mazen A AlSolami
- Department of Biology, College of Haql, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalaf M Alhussaen
- Department of Biology, College of Haql, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad M AlZuaibr
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zahid H Siddiqui
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A Al-Amri
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Qasi D Alsubaie
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
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Sun M, Li S, Yu H, Gong Q, Zhang B, Liu G, Xiao Y, Peng F. Effects of Valine and Urea on Carbon and Nitrogen Accumulation and Lignin Content in Peach Trees. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1596. [PMID: 37111820 PMCID: PMC10144635 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen availability and uptake levels can affect nutrient accumulation in plants. In this study, the effects of valine and urea supplementation on the growth of new shoots, lignin content, and carbon and the nitrogen metabolism of 'Ruiguang 39/peach' were investigated. Relative to fertilization with urea, the application of valine inhibited shoot longitudinal growth, reduced the number of secondary shoots in autumn, and increased the degree of shoot lignification. The application of valine also increased the protein level of sucrose synthase (SS) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) in plant leaves, phloem, and xylem, thereby increasing the soluble sugar and starch content. It also resulted in an increase in nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthase (GS), and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) protein levels, with an increase in plant contents of ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and soluble proteins. Although urea application increased the protein level of carbon- and nitrogen-metabolizing enzymes, the increase in plant growth reduced the overall nutrient accumulation and lignin content per unit tree mass. In conclusion, the application of valine has a positive effect on increasing the accumulation of carbon and nitrogen nutrients in peach trees and increasing the lignin content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoxiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Suhong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Haixiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Qingtao Gong
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Binbin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Guangyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Yuansong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Futian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
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Iqbal A, Jing N, Qiang D, Kayoumu M, Wang X, Gui H, Zhang H, Xiling Z, Meizhen S. Genotypic variation in carbon and nitrogen metabolism in the cotton subtending leaves and seed cotton yield under various nitrogen levels. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:2602-2617. [PMID: 36571565 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrogen (N) is the key nutrient required for high cotton production; however, its excessive use can increase the cost of production and environmental problems. Reducing the application of N while sustaining the yield is an important issue to be solved. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the genotypic variations in subtending leaf physiology and its contribution to seed cotton yield of contrasting N-efficient cotton genotypes under various N levels in pot and field conditions. RESULTS The results showed that the application of N increased the enzymatic activities related to carbon (C) and N metabolisms. Under the same N level, the C/N metabolisms of the N-efficient genotypes were significantly higher than N-inefficient genotypes, indicating a strong N assimilation and photoassimilation ability in N-efficient genotypes, especially under low N level. Moreover, the antioxidant enzymatic activities were significantly higher, whereas malondialdehyde content was lower in N-efficient cotton genotypes than in N-inefficient ones. Therefore, N-efficient cotton genotypes showed strong resistance, higher C/N metabolisms, and provided sufficient dry matter for boll development. As a result, the yield, N use efficiency, and value cost ratio of the N-efficient cotton genotypes were higher than in the N-inefficient genotypes. CONCLUSION It was confirmed that the higher C/N metabolisms in the cotton subtending leaves of N-efficient cotton genotypes could support higher seed cotton yield under relatively low N application. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Iqbal
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Niu Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Anyang Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Dong Qiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mirezhatijiang Kayoumu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China
| | - Huiping Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hengheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhang Xiling
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China
| | - Song Meizhen
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China
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Wdowikowska A, Reda M, Kabała K, Chohura P, Jurga A, Janiak K, Janicka M. Water and Nutrient Recovery for Cucumber Hydroponic Cultivation in Simultaneous Biological Treatment of Urine and Grey Water. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1286. [PMID: 36986974 PMCID: PMC10053017 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Water and nutrient deficiencies in soil are becoming a serious threat to crop production. Therefore, usable water and nutrient recovery from wastewater, such as urine and grey water, should be considered. In this work, we showed the possibility of using grey water and urine after processing in an aerobic reactor with activated sludge in which the nitrification process takes place. The resulting liquid (nitrified urine and grey water, NUG) contains three potential factors that can adversely affect plant growth in a hydroponic system: anionic surfactants, nutrient deficits, and salinity. After dilution and supplementation with small amounts of macro- and micro-elements, NUG was suitable for cucumber cultivation. Plant growth on this modified medium (enriched nitrified urine and grey water, NUGE) was similar to that of plants cultivated on Hoagland solution (HS) and reference commercial fertilizer (RCF). The modified medium (NUGE) contained a significant amount of sodium (Na) ions. Therefore, typical effects of salt stress were observed in cucumber plants, including reduced chlorophyll levels, slightly weaker photosynthesis parameters, increased H2O2 levels, lipid peroxidation, ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity, and proline content in the leaves. In addition, reduced protein levels were observed in plants treated with recycled medium. At the same time, lower nitrate content in tissues was found, which may have resulted from their intensive use by nitrate reductase (NR), the activity of which significantly increased. Although cucumber is a glycophyte, it grew very well in this recycled medium. Interestingly, salt stress and possibly anionic surfactants promoted flower formation, which in turn could positively affect plant yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wdowikowska
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Reda
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kabała
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr Chohura
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, St. C. K. Norwida 27, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Jurga
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Janiak
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
- Wroclaw Municipal Water and Sewage Company, Na Grobli 19, 50-421 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Janicka
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland
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Shi J, Xun M, Song J, Li J, Zhang W, Yang H. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes promote the accumulation, distribution, and assimilation of 15N-KNO 3 in Malus hupehensis by entering the roots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1131978. [PMID: 36968357 PMCID: PMC10033859 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1131978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multi-walled nanotubes (MWCNTs) consist of multiple rolled layers of graphene. Nitrogen plays an important role in apple growth. The effect of MWCNTs on nitrogen utilization in apple needs to be further investigated. METHODS In this study, the woody plant Malus hupehensis seedlings were used as plant materials, the distribution of MWCNTs in the roots was observed, and the effects of MWCNTs on the accumulation, distribution, and assimilation of nitrate by the seedlings were explored. RESULTS The results showed that MWCNTs could penetrate the roots of Malus hupehensis seedlings, and the 50, 100, and 200 µg·mL-1 MWCNTs significantly promoted the root growth of seedlings, increased root number, root activity, fresh weight, and nitrate content of seedlings, and also increased nitrate reductase activity, free amino acid, and soluble protein content of roots and leaves. 15N tracer experiments indicated that MWCNTs decreased the distribution ratio of 15N-KNO3 in Malus hupehensis roots but increased its distribution ratio in stems and leaves. MWCNTs improved the utilization ratio of 15N-KNO3 in Malus hupehensis seedlings, with the values being increased by 16.19%, 53.04%, and 86.44% following the 50, 100, and 200 µg·mL-1 MWCNTs, respectively. The RT-qPCR analysis showed that MWCNTs significantly affected the expression of genes (MhNRTs) related to nitrate uptake and transport in roots and leaves, and MhNRT1.4, MhNRT1.7, MhNRT1.8, MhNRT2.1, MhNRT2.5, and MhNRT2.7 were notably up-regulated in response to 200 µg·mL-1 MWCNTs. Raman analysis and transmission electron microscopy images indicated that MWCNTs could enter the root tissue of Malus hupehensis and were distributed between the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane. Pearson correlation analysis showed that root tip number, root fractal dimension, and root activity were the main factors affecting root uptake and assimilation of nitrate. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that MWCNTs promoted root growth by entering the root, stimulated the expression of MhNRTs, and increased NR activity, thereby enhancing the uptake, distribution, and assimilation of nitrate by root, and ultimately improved the utilization of 15N-KNO3 by Malus hupehensis seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Weiwei Zhang
- *Correspondence: Hongqiang Yang, ; Weiwei Zhang,
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Tian G, Qin H, Liu C, Xing Y, Feng Z, Xu X, Liu J, Lyu M, Jiang H, Zhu Z, Jiang Y, Ge S. Magnesium improved fruit quality by regulating photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency, carbon-nitrogen metabolism, and anthocyanin biosynthesis in 'Red Fuji' apple. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1136179. [PMID: 36909439 PMCID: PMC9995890 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1136179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Both nitrogen (N) and magnesium (Mg) play important roles in biochemical and physiological processes in plants. However, the application of excessive N and insufficient Mg may be the factor leading to low nitrogen utilization rate (NUE) and fruit quality degradation in apple production. METHODS In this study, we analyzed the effects of different application rates of Mg (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 kg/ha) on the photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE), the accumulation and distribution of carbon (C), N metabolism, anthocyanin biosynthesis and fruit quality of the 'Red Fuji' apple in 2018 and 2019. RESULTS The results showed that the application of Mg significantly increased the 15NUE and increased the allocation rate of 15N in the leaves whereas the 15N allocation rate in the perennial organs and fruits was decreased. With the increase in Mg supply, the activities of N metabolism enzymes (NiR, GS, and GOGAT) were significantly promoted and the content of intermediate products in N metabolism ( NO 2 - , NH 4 + , and free amino acid) was significantly decreased. Furthermore, an appropriate rate of Mg significantly promoted the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE), enhanced the enzyme activities of C metabolism (SS, SPS, S6PDH), and increased the contents of sorbitol and sucrose in leaves. In addition, Mg upregulated the gene expression of sugar transporters (MdSOT1, MdSOT3, MdSUT1, and MdSUT4) in fruit stalk and fruit fresh; 13C isotope tracer technology also showed that Mg significantly increased the 13C allocation in the fruits. Mg also significantly increased the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes (MdCHS and MdF3H) and transcription factors (MdMYB1 and MdbZIP44) and the content of anthocyanin in apple peel. CONCLUSION The comprehensive analysis showed that the appropriate application of Mg (150 kg/ha) promoted PNUE, C-N metabolism, and anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple trees.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhanling Zhu
- *Correspondence: Zhanling Zhu, ; Yuanmao Jiang, ; Shunfeng Ge,
| | - Yuanmao Jiang
- *Correspondence: Zhanling Zhu, ; Yuanmao Jiang, ; Shunfeng Ge,
| | - Shunfeng Ge
- *Correspondence: Zhanling Zhu, ; Yuanmao Jiang, ; Shunfeng Ge,
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Yu B, Wang L, Guan Q, Xue X, Gao W, Nie P. Exogenous 24-epibrassinolide promoted growth and nitrogen absorption and assimilation efficiency of apple seedlings under salt stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1178085. [PMID: 37123869 PMCID: PMC10140579 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1178085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Introduction High salinity significantly hampers global agricultural productivity. Plants typically undergo lower nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) under salt stress. As an active byproduct from brassinolide biosynthesis, 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) is involved in regulating the stress-treated plant N absorption and assimilation. However, the exogenous EBR application effects' on N absorption and assimilation in apple exposed to the salt-stressed condition remains unclear. Methods We sprayed exogenous EBR (0.2 mg L-1) on apple dwarf rootstock (M9T337) seedlings (growing hydroponically) under salt (NaCl) stress in a growth chamber. We analyzed the seedling development, photosynthesis and its-mediated C fixation, N ( NO 3 - ) absorption and assimilation in reponse to exogenous EBR application under salt stress. Results The findings demonstrated that NaCl stress greatly hampered seedlings' root growth and that exogenous EBR application obviously alleviated this growth suppression. Exogenous EBR-treated plants under NaCl stress displayed the more ideal root morphology and root activity, stronger salt stress tolerance and photosynthetic capacity as well as higher C- and N-assimilation enzyme activities, NO 3 - ion flow rate and nitrate transporter gene expression level than did untreated plants. Furthermore, the results of isotope labeling noted that exogenous EBR application also enhanced 13C-photoassimilate transport from leaves to roots and 15 NO 3 - transport from roots to leaves under NaCl stress. Conclusion Our findings imply that exogenous EBR application, through strengthening photosynthesis, C- and N-assimilation enzyme activities, nitrate absorption and transport as well as synchronized optimizing the distribution of seedlings' C and N, has a fundamental role in improving NUE in apple rootstock seedlings under salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yu
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Fruit Biotechnology Breeding, Taian, China
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Laiping Wang
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Fruit Biotechnology Breeding, Taian, China
| | - Qiuzhu Guan
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Fruit Biotechnology Breeding, Taian, China
| | - Xiaomin Xue
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Fruit Biotechnology Breeding, Taian, China
| | - Wensheng Gao
- Shandong Provincial Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Jinan, China
| | - Peixian Nie
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Shandong Key Laboratory of Fruit Biotechnology Breeding, Taian, China
- *Correspondence: Peixian Nie,
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13
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Li Y, Yin M, Li L, Zheng J, Yuan X, Wen Y. Optimized potassium application rate increases foxtail millet grain yield by improving photosynthetic carbohydrate metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1044065. [PMID: 36531412 PMCID: PMC9748707 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1044065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic carbohydrate metabolism is an important biochemical process related to crop production and quality traits. Potassium (K) critically contributes to the process of photosynthetic carbon assimilation and carbohydrate metabolism. We explored the effects of potassium fertilization on physiological mechanisms including carbohydrate metabolism in foxtail millet and its yield. Field experiments were performed using two foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) cultivars: 1) Jingu 21 (low-K sensitive); and 2) Zhangza 10 (low-K tolerant). Effect of five different potassium fertilizer (K2O) rates (0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 kg·hm-2) were tested in two consecutive years, 2020 and 2021. We found that potassium application significantly increases the K content, dry matter accumulation and yield. Jingu 21 and Zhangza 10 had maximum yields at 180 kg·hm-2 K application, which were 29.91% and 31.51% larger than without K application, respectively. Excessive K application (K240) did not further improve their yields. The suitable K fertilizer application of Jingu 21 and Zhangza 10 are 195.25-204.27 and 173.95-175.87 kg·K2O·hm-2, respectively. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn), ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) were positively correlated with the potassium content. Potassium application improved the availability of carbon sources for carbohydrate synthesis. Compared with the K0 treatment, variations in the activities of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and sucrose synthase (SuSy) in potassium-treated Jingu 21 (K60, K120, K180, and K240) were 17.94%-89.93% and 22.48%-182.10%, respectively, which were greater than those of Zhangza 10 (11.34%-71.12% and 16.18%-109.13%, respectively) and indicate that Jingu 21 is more sensitive to potassium application. The sucrose contents in the Jingu 21 and Zhangza 10 grains were 0.97%-1.15% and 1.04%-1.23%, respectively. The starch contents were 28.99%-37.75% and 24.81%-34.62%, respectively. The sucrose: ratio of Jingu 21 was smaller than that of Zhangza 10, indicating that Jingu 21 utilized nutrients better than Zhangza 10. Stepwise regression and path analysis showed that leaf and grain SuSy activity, by coordinating the source-sink relationship, have the greatest direct effect on Jingu 21 yield, whereas leaf SuSy activity, by promoting the generation of photosynthates at the source leaf, plays a leading role in Zhangza 10 yield increase. In conclusion, optimized K application can increase foxtail millet grain yield by improving photosynthesis and promoting carbohydrate accumulation and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yinyuan Wen
- *Correspondence: Yinyuan Wen, ; Xiangyang Yuan,
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14
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He B, Hu F, Du H, Cheng J, Pang B, Chen X, Lv Y. Omics-driven crop potassium use efficiency breeding. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1076193. [PMID: 36507409 PMCID: PMC9730507 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1076193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing He
- Institute of Germplasm Resources and Biotechnology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengqin Hu
- Excellence and Innovation Center, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongyang Du
- Key Laboratory of Rice Genetic Breeding of Anhui Province, Rice Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei, China
| | - Junjie Cheng
- Excellence and Innovation Center, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Bingwen Pang
- Excellence and Innovation Center, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Agronomy and Horticulture, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, China
| | - Yuanda Lv
- Excellence and Innovation Center, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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Liu J, Xia H, Gao Y, Pan D, Sun J, Liu M, Tang Z, Li Z. Potassium deficiency causes more nitrate nitrogen to be stored in leaves for low-K sensitive sweet potato genotypes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1069181. [PMID: 36561445 PMCID: PMC9764221 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1069181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In order to explore the effect of potassium (K) deficiency on nitrogen (N) metabolism in sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.), a hydroponic experiment was conducted with two genotypes (Xushu 32, low-K-tolerant; Ningzishu 1, low-K-sensitive) under two K treatments (-K, <0.03 mM of K+; +K, 5 mM of K+) in the greenhouse of Jiangsu Normal University. The results showed that K deficiency decreased root, stem, and leaf biomass by 13%-58% and reduced whole plant biomass by 24%-35%. Compared to +K, the amount of K and K accumulation in sweet potato leaves and roots was significantly decreased by increasing root K+ efflux in K-deficiency-treated plants. In addition, leaf K, N, ammonium nitrogen (NH4 +-N), or nitrate nitrogen (NO3 --N) in leaves and roots significantly reduced under K deficiency, and leaf K content had a significant quadratic relationship with soluble protein, NO3 --N, or NH4 +-N in leaves and roots. Under K deficiency, higher glutamate synthase (GOGAT) activity did not increase amino acid synthesis in roots; however, the range of variation in leaves was larger than that in roots with increased amino acid in roots, indicating that the transformation of amino acids into proteins in roots and the amino acid export from roots to leaves were not inhibited. K deficiency decreased the activity of nitrate reductase (NR) and nitrite reductase (NiR), even if the transcription level of NR and NiR increased, decreased, or remained unchanged. The NO3 -/NH4 + ratio in leaves and roots under K deficiency decreased, except in Ningzishu 1 leaves. These results indicated that for Ningzishu 1, more NO3 - was stored under K deficiency in leaves, and the NR and NiR determined the response to K deficiency in leaves. Therefore, the resistance of NR and NiR activities to K deficiency may be a dominant factor that ameliorates the growth between Xushu 32 and Ningzishu 1 with different low-K sensitivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingran Liu
- Institute of Integrative Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Houqiang Xia
- Institute of Integrative Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Institute of Integrative Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Dongyu Pan
- Institute of Integrative Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Institute of Integrative Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Institute of Integrative Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhonghou Tang
- Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Xuhuai District of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zongyun Li
- Institute of Integrative Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
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Dong X, Zhang Z, Wang S, Shen Z, Cheng X, Lv X, Pu X. Soil properties, root morphology and physiological responses to cotton stalk biochar addition in two continuous cropping cotton field soils from Xinjiang, China. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12928. [PMID: 35190786 PMCID: PMC8857900 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term and widespread cotton production in Xinjiang, China, has resulted in significant soil degradation, thereby leading to continuous cropping obstacles; cotton stalk biochar (CSB) addition may be an effective countermeasure to this issue, with effects that are felt immediately by root systems in direct contact with the soil. In this study, we assess the effects of different CSB application rates on soil nutrient contents, root morphology, and root physiology in two soil types commonly used for cotton production in the region. Compared with CK (no CSB addition), a 1% CSB addition increased total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP), and organic matter (OM) by 13.3%, 7.2%, and 50% in grey desert soil, respectively , and 36.5%, 19.9%, and 176.4%, respectively, in aeolian sandy soil. A 3% CSB addition increased TN, AP, and OM by 38.8%, 23.8%, and 208.1%, respectively, in grey desert soil, and 36%, 13%, and 183.2%, respectively, in aeolian sandy soil. Compared with the aeolian sandy soil, a 1% CSB addition increased TN, OM, and AP by 95%, 94.8%, and 33.3%, respectively, in the grey desert soil , while in the same soil 3% CSB addition increased TN, OM, and AP by 108%, 21.1%, and 73.9%, respectively. In the grey desert soil, compared with CK, a 1% CSB application increased the root length (RL) (34%), specific root length (SRL) (27.9%), and root volume (RV) (32.6%) during the bud stage, increased glutamine synthetase (GS) (13.9%) and nitrate reductase (NR) activities (237%), decreased the RV (34%) and average root diameter (ARD) (36.2%) during the harvesting stage. A 3% CSB addition increased the RL (44%), SRL (20%), and RV (41.2%) during the bud stage and decreased the RV (29%) and ARD (27%) during the harvesting stage. In the aeolian sandy soil, 1% CSB increased the RL (38.3%), SRL (73.7%), and RV (17%), while a 3% caused a greater increase in the RL (55%), SRL (89%), RV (28%), soluble sugar content (128%), and underground biomass (33.8%). Compared with the grey desert soil, a 1% CSB addition increased the RL (48.6%), SRL (58%), and RV (18.6%) in the aeolian sandy soil, while a 3% further increased the RL (54.8%), SRL (84.2%), RV (21.9%), and soluble sugar content (233%). The mechanisms by which CSB addition improves the two soils differ: root morphology changed from coarse and short to fine and long in the grey desert soil, and from fine and long to longer in the aeolian sandy soil. Overall, a 3% CSB addition may be a promising and sustainable strategy for maintaining cotton productivity in aeolian sandy soil in the Xinjiang region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shaoming Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zihui Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiaojiao Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xinhua Lv
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiaozhen Pu
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China,Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Pharmacy School, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
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Iqbal A, Jing N, Qiang D, Xiangru W, Huiping G, Hengheng Z, Nianchang P, Xiling Z, Meizhen S. Physiological Characteristics of Cotton Subtending Leaf Are Associated With Yield in Contrasting Nitrogen-Efficient Cotton Genotypes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:825116. [PMID: 35197997 PMCID: PMC8859460 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.825116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) plays an important role in various plant physiological processes, but studies on the photosynthetic efficiency and enzymatic activities in the cotton subtending leaves and their contribution to yield are still lacking. This study explored the influence of low, moderate, and high N levels on the growth, photosynthesis, carbon (C) and N metabolizing enzymes, and their contribution to yield in CCRI-69 (N-efficient) and XLZ-30 (N-inefficient). The results showed that moderate to high N levels had significantly improved growth, photosynthesis, and sucrose content of CCRI-69 as compared to XLZ-30. The seed cotton yield and lint yield of CCRI-69 were similar under moderate and high N levels but higher than XLZ-30. Similarly, moderate to high N levels improved the C/N metabolizing enzymatic activities in the subtending leaf of CCRI-69 than XLZ-30. A strong correlation was found between subtending leaf N concentration with C/N metabolizing enzymes, photosynthesis, sucrose contents, boll weight, and seed cotton yield of N-efficient cotton genotype. These findings suggest that subtending leaf N concentration regulates the enzymatic activities and has a key role in improving the yield. These parameters may be considered for breeding N-efficient cotton genotypes, which might help to reduce fertilizer loss and improve crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Iqbal
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Niu Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Dong Qiang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Wang Xiangru
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China
| | - Gui Huiping
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Zhang Hengheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Pang Nianchang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Zhang Xiling
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Song Meizhen
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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de Souza Mateus N, Oliveira Ferreira EV, Florentino AL, Vicente Ferraz A, Domec JC, Jordan-Meille L, Bendassolli JA, Moraes Gonçalves JL, Lavres J. Potassium supply modulates Eucalyptus leaf water-status under PEG-induced osmotic stress: integrating leaf gas exchange, carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition and plant growth. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:59-70. [PMID: 34302172 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to quantify the effect of potassium (K) supply on osmotic adjustment and drought avoidance mechanisms of Eucalyptus seedlings growing under short-term water stress. The effects of K supply on plant growth, nutritional status, leaf gas exchange parameters, leaf water potential (Ψw), leaf area (LA), stomatal density (SD), leaf carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) isotopic compositions (δ13C and δ15N ‰) and leaf C/N ratio under polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced water deficit were measured. Under both control (non-PEG) and osmotic stress (+PEG) conditions, K supply increased plant growth, boosting dry matter yield with decreased C/N leaf ratio and δ15N ‰ values. The +PEG significantly reduced LA, plant growth, dry matter yield, Ψw, number of stomata per plant and leaf gas exchange, relative to non-PEG condition. Potassium supply alleviated osmotic-induced alterations in Eucalyptus seedlings by better regulating leaf development as well as SD, thus improving the rate of leaf gas exchange parameters, mesophyll conductance to CO2 (lower δ13C ‰ values) and water use efficiency (WUE). Consequently, K-supplied plants under drought better acclimated to osmotic stress than K-deficient plants, which in turn induced lower CO2 assimilation and dry matter yield, as well as higher leaf δ13C ‰ and δ15N ‰ values. In conclusion, management practices should seek to optimize K-nutrition to improve WUE, photosynthesis-related parameters and plant growth under water deficit conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolas de Souza Mateus
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 13400-970, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - José Lavres
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 13400-970, Brazil
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Fang S, Yang H, Wei G, Shen T, Wan Z, Wang M, Wang X, Wu Z. Potassium application enhances drought tolerance in sesame by mitigating oxidative damage and regulating osmotic adjustment. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1096606. [PMID: 36578346 PMCID: PMC9791050 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1096606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K) is known for alleviating the negative effects of abiotic stresses on plants. To explore the functions of K in controlling reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant activities, and osmoregulation in sesame under drought stress, a pot experiment was conducted with three K levels (0, 60, and 120 kg ha-1, recorded as K0, K1, and K2, respectively) and exposed to well-watered (WW, 75% ± 5% soil relative water content) and drought-stressed (DS, 50% ± 5% soil relative water content) conditions. The results showed that DS stimulated the production of ROS such as increased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), leading to lipid peroxidation as characterized by higher malondialdehyde (MDA) and, consequently, resulting in the decline in relative water content (RWC) and photosynthetic pigments as compared with WW plants. These adverse effects were exacerbated when drought stress was prolonged. Concurrently, K application alleviated the magnitude of decline in the RWC, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b, and plants applied with K exhibited superior growth, with the optimal mitigation observed under K2 treatment. Additionally, DS plants treated with K exhibited lower lipid peroxidation, higher antioxidant activities, and increased osmotic solute accumulation in comparison with plants under K deficiency, which suggested that exogenous K application mitigated the oxidative damages and this was more prominent under K2 treatment. Noteworthily, proline and soluble protein, respectively, dominated in the osmotic regulation at 3 and 6 days of drought stress according to the analysis of the quantitative comparison among different osmotically active solutes. Based on the correlation of the aforementioned traits and the analysis of variance on the interaction effects of drought stress and potassium, we propose that superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), and MDA could be critical indicators in balancing ROS detoxification and reproduction. In summary, our studies suggest that optimized K application keeps a balance between the production of antioxidants and ROS and simultaneously affects osmoregulation to alleviate the damage from drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Fang
- *Correspondence: Sheng Fang, ; Ziming Wu,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ziming Wu
- *Correspondence: Sheng Fang, ; Ziming Wu,
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Xu X, Wang F, Xing Y, Liu J, Lv M, Meng H, Du X, Zhu Z, Ge S, Jiang Y. Appropriate and Constant Potassium Supply Promotes the Growth of M9T337 Apple Rootstocks by Regulating Endogenous Hormones and Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:827478. [PMID: 35371125 PMCID: PMC8967362 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.827478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K) is an indispensable nutrient element in the development of fruit trees in terms of yield and quality. It is unclear how a stable or unstable supply of K affects plant growth. We studied the root morphology and physiological and molecular changes in the carbon and nitrogen metabolism of M9T337 apple rootstock under different K levels and supply methods using hydroponics. Five K supply treatments were implemented: continuous low K (KL), initial low and then high K (KLH), appropriate and constant K (KAC), initial high and then low K (KHL), and continuous high K (KH). The results showed that the biomass, root activity, photosynthesis, and carbon and nitrogen metabolism of the M9T337 rootstocks were inhibited under KL, KH, KLH and KHL conditions. The KAC treatment promoted root growth by optimizing endogenous hormone content, enhancing carbon and nitrogen metabolism enzyme activities, improving photosynthesis, optimizing the distribution of carbon and nitrogen, and upregulating the transcription levels of nitrogen assimilation-related genes (nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase, glutamate synthase, MdNRT1.1, MdNRT1.2, MdNRT1.5, MdNRT2.4). These results suggest that an appropriate and constant K supply ensures the efficient assimilation and utilization of nitrogen and carbon.
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21
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Sahi N, Mostajeran A, Ghanadian M. Altering Amino Acid Profile in Catharanthus Roseus (L.) G. Don Using Potassium and Ascorbic Acid Treatments. Open Biochem J 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1874091x02115010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don is the main source of alkaloids anticancer drugs. Alkaloids are derived from amino acids and can lead to changes in these valuable compounds.
Objective:
This experiment evaluated the variation of amino acids under potassium and ascorbic acid treatments.
Methods:
Different concentrations (1.5, 3.16, 15 and 30 mM) and forms (K2SO4 and KNO3) of potassium (K+) were added to plants via Hoagland’s nutrient solution. Ascorbic acid (AsA) (750 mg L-1) was sprayed on the leaves surfaces on days 68 and 78. Amino acids were extracted from 90-day-old plant leaves, and different amino acids were determined by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with fluorescence detection.
Results:
Amino acids increased in K+ deficiency (1.5 mM), but changes in negatively charged amino acids were lower. In contrast, N-rich amino acids showed the biggest change. In excessive K+, branched-chain and aromatic amino acids decreased, while the least amount of the other amino acids was observed in the plants treated with optimum K+.
Conclusion:
The exterior of AsA and excessive K+ cause branched-chain and aromatic amino acids, aspartic acid and glutamic acid to decrease.
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22
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Réthoré E, Jing L, Ali N, Yvin JC, Pluchon S, Hosseini SA. K Deprivation Modulates the Primary Metabolites and Increases Putrescine Concentration in Brassica napus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:681895. [PMID: 34484256 PMCID: PMC8409508 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.681895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K) plays a crucial role in plant growth and development and is involved in different physiological and biochemical functions in plants. Brassica napus needs higher amount of nutrients like nitrogen (N), K, phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and boron (B) than cereal crops. Previous studies in B. napus are mainly focused on the role of N and S or combined deficiencies. Hence, little is known about the response of B. napus to K deficiency. Here, a physiological, biochemical, and molecular analysis led us to investigate the response of hydroponically grown B. napus plants to K deficiency. The results showed that B. napus was highly sensitive to the lack of K. The lower uptake and translocation of K induced BnaHAK5 expression and significantly declined the growth of B. napus after 14 days of K starvation. The lower availability of K was associated with a decrease in the concentration of both S and N and modulated the genes involved in their uptake and transport. In addition, the lack of K induced an increase in Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentration which led partially to the accumulation of positive charge. Moreover, a decrease in the level of arginine as a positively charged amino acid was observed which was correlated with a substantial increase in the polyamine, putrescine (Put). Furthermore, K deficiency induced the expression of BnaNCED3 as a key gene in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthetic pathway which was associated with an increase in the levels of ABA. Our findings provided a better understanding of the response of B. napus to K starvation and will be useful for considering the importance of K nutrition in this crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Réthoré
- Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétale, Agro Innovation International—TIMAC AGRO, Saint-Malo, France
| | - Lun Jing
- Plateformes Analytiques de Recherche, Agro Innovation International—TIMAC AGRO, Saint-Malo, France
| | - Nusrat Ali
- Plateformes Analytiques de Recherche, Agro Innovation International—TIMAC AGRO, Saint-Malo, France
| | - Jean-Claude Yvin
- Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétale, Agro Innovation International—TIMAC AGRO, Saint-Malo, France
| | - Sylvain Pluchon
- Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétale, Agro Innovation International—TIMAC AGRO, Saint-Malo, France
| | - Seyed Abdollah Hosseini
- Laboratoire de Nutrition Végétale, Agro Innovation International—TIMAC AGRO, Saint-Malo, France
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23
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Zhang Z, Yu Z, Zhang Y, Shi Y. Optimized nitrogen fertilizer application strategies under supplementary irrigation improved winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) yield and grain protein yield. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11467. [PMID: 34141470 PMCID: PMC8179224 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exploring suitable split nitrogen management is essential for winter wheat production in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain of China (HPC) under water-saving irrigation conditions, which can increase grain and protein yields by improving nitrogen translocation, metabolic enzyme activity and grain nitrogen accumulation. Methods Therefore, a 2-year field experiment was conducted to investigate these effects in HPC. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at a constant total rate (240 kg/ha), split between the sowing and at winter wheat jointing growth stage in varying ratios, N1 (0% basal and 100% dressing fertilizer), N2 (30% basal and 70% dressing fertilizer), N3 (50% basal and 50% dressing fertilizer), N4 (70% basal and 30% dressing fertilizer), and N5 (100% basal and 0% dressing fertilizer). Results We found that the N3 treatment significantly increased nitrogen accumulation post-anthesis and nitrogen translocation to grains. In addition, this treatment significantly increased flag leaf free amino acid levels, and nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activities, as well as the accumulation rate, active accumulation period, and accumulation of 1000-grain nitrogen. These factors all contributed to high grain nitrogen accumulation. Finally, grain yield increase due to N3 ranging from 5.3% to 15.4% and protein yield from 13.7% to 31.6%. The grain and protein yields were significantly and positively correlated with nitrogen transport parameters, nitrogen metabolic enzyme activity levels, grain nitrogen filling parameters. Conclusions Therefore, the use of split nitrogen fertilizer application at a ratio of 50%:50% basal-topdressing is recommended for supporting high grain protein levels and strong nitrogen translocation, in pursuit of high-quality grain yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Zhenwen Yu
- Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | | | - Yu Shi
- Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
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Xia H, Xu T, Zhang J, Shen K, Li Z, Liu J. Drought-Induced Responses of Nitrogen Metabolism in Ipomoea batatas. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9101341. [PMID: 33050634 PMCID: PMC7600920 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of water stress, simulated by the polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) method, on nitrogen (N) metabolism in leaves and roots of hydroponically grown sweet potato seedlings, Xushu 32 (X32) and Ningzishu 1 (N1). The concentrations of PEG-6000 treatments were 0%, 5% and 10% (m/v). The results showed that the drought-treated plants showed a decline leaf relative water content, and revealed severe growth inhibition, compared with the 0% treatment. Under drought stress, the decline in biomass of the leaf and stem was more noticeable than in root biomass for X32, leading to a higher root to shoot ratio. Drought stress increased the nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) and protein in leaves, but reduced all the activities of N-metabolism enzymes and the transcriptional levels of nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate synthase (GOGAT); in roots, NO3--N and NR had opposite trends. The leaf ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), GS and amino acid had different trends between X32 and N1 under drought stress. Furthermore, the transcriptional level of nitrate transporter genes NRT1.1 in leaves and roots were upregulated under drought stress, except in N1 roots. In conclusion, NR determined the different response to drought in leaves for X32 and N1, and GS and GOGAT determined the response to drought in roots, respectively.
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25
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Liu C, Gong X, Wang H, Dang K, Deng X, Feng B. Low-nitrogen tolerance comprehensive evaluation and physiological response to nitrogen stress in broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) seedling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 151:233-242. [PMID: 32234662 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Developing the new crop varieties with high productivity under low nitrogen (N) input is an important access to facilitate modern agricultural sustainability. In the present study, 20 broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) varieties were characterized for their morphological and nutrient parameters to different low N levels in seedling. The results showed that 0.25 mM NH4NO3 was the standard concentration for the evaluation and identification of low-N tolerance. Through pearson's correlation analysis, principal component analysis, and subordinate function analysis, the tolerance of 20 varieties under N stress was evaluated and plant height, root length, shoot biomass, and shoot and root N content were considered as the evaluation system of low-N tolerance. Although leaves photosynthetic capacities and activities of N metabolism related enzymes showed the decreasing tendency to N stress, low-N tolerant varieties had higher activities in both leaves and roots as compared to low-N sensitive varieties. The work provides a reliable and comprehensive method for evaluating low-N tolerance in broomcorn millet and our data elucidate possible physiological adaptive mechanisms by which broomcorn millet tolerates N stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjuan Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Xiangwei Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas/Shaanxi Research Station of Crop Gene Resources & Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Honglu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas/Shaanxi Research Station of Crop Gene Resources & Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Ke Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas/Shaanxi Research Station of Crop Gene Resources & Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Xiping Deng
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
| | - Baili Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas/Shaanxi Research Station of Crop Gene Resources & Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
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26
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Zhao L, Li L, Song L, Liu Z, Li X, Li X. HMW-GS at Glu-B1 Locus Affects Gluten Quality Possibly Regulated by the Expression of Nitrogen Metabolism Enzymes and Glutenin-Related Genes in Wheat. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:5426-5436. [PMID: 32314918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GSs) on gluten quality and glutenin synthesis based on the cytological, physicochemical, and transcriptional levels using Xinong1718 and its three near-isogenic lines (NILs). Cytological observations showed that the endosperm of Glu-1Bh with Bx14+By15 accumulated more abundant and larger protein bodies at 10 and 16 days after anthesis than the other NILs. Glu-1Bh exhibited higher nitrogen metabolism enzyme gene expression and activity levels. The transcriptional levels of genes encoding HMW-GSs, protein folding, and transcription factors differed significantly among the NILs, and they were highest in Glu-1Bh. Our results demonstrate that variations in the expression patterns of nitrogen metabolism and glutenin synthesis-related genes may account for the differences in the accumulation of glutenin, glutenin macropolymers, and protein bodies, thereby affecting the structural and thermal stability of gluten. These findings provide novel insights into how different HMW-GSs might improve the quality of wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liye Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Rd, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Liqun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Rd, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Lijun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Rd, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Rd, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Xu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Rd, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
| | - Xuejun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, 3 Taicheng Rd, Yangling, Shaanxi Province 712100, China
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Zhang X, Wu H, Chen J, Chen L, Wan X. Chloride and amino acids are associated with K +-alleviated drought stress in tea (Camellia sinesis). FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 47:398-408. [PMID: 32138810 DOI: 10.1071/fp19221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Drought is one of the main limiting factors affecting tea plant yield and quality. Previous studies have reported that K+ (potassium) application significantly alleviated drought-induced damage in tea plants. However, the intrinsic mechanisms underlying K+-alleviated drought stress are still obscure. In our study, two contrasting varieties, Taicha12 (drought tolerant) and Fuyun6 (drought sensitive), were used to investigate the intrinsic mechanisms behind K+-alleviated drought stress in tea plants. In the present study, we compared with the case of tea plants under drought: higher water and chlorophyll contents were found in drought-stressed tea plants with an external K+ supply, confirming the role of externally supplied K+ in mitigating drought stress. We also found that an adequate K+ supply promoted Cl- accumulation in the mesophyll of Taicha12 (drought tolerant) over that of in Fuyun6 (drought sensitive). Moreover, Gly, Cys, Lys and Arg were not detected in Fuyun6 under 'Drought' or 'Drought + K+' conditions. Results showed that an exogenous supply of Arg and Val significantly alleviated drought-induced damage in Fuyun6, suggesting their role in K+-alleviated drought stress in tea plants. Collectively, our results show that chloride and amino acids are important components associated with K+-alleviated drought stress in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianchen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Honghong Wu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; and College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jingguang Chen
- CAAS-IRRI Joint Laboratory for Genomics-Assisted Germplasm Enhancement, Agricultural Genomics Institute in Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Linmu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilisation, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China; and Corresponding author.
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Benefits of organic manure combined with biochar amendments to cotton root growth and yield under continuous cropping systems in Xinjiang, China. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4718. [PMID: 32170084 PMCID: PMC7070013 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61118-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic manure and biochar amendments have been used in agriculture to improve soil fertility and enhance crop productivity. Plant roots play an important role in the functionality of individual plants, and although the addition of organic manure and biochar reportedly affect roots, it remains unclear how root morphology and physiology respond. We conducted a field experiment to test the hypothesis that organic manure combined with biochar amendment could also enhance the productivity of continuous cropping systems in Xinjiang cotton plantations. Different levels of organic manure and biochar were applied. Organic manure and biochar significantly affected root morphology and physiology by improving soil nutrients. In the absence of biochar, organic manure amendment increased Root TTC reducing capacity, glutamine synthetase and nitrate reductase activity. Furthermore, morphological and physiological parameters peaked with 6% organic manure combined with 1% biochar. A significant increase in root physiology was recognized with an increase in soil nutrient content at the bud stage and a negative relationship between root physiology and soil total K content at the harvesting stage. Thus, our results indicate that organic manure combined with biochar positively influenced cotton roots, and therefore should be used to improve root health in continuous cropping systems.
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29
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Song L, Li L, Zhao L, Liu Z, Xie T, Li X. Absence of Dx2 at Glu-D1 Locus Weakens Gluten Quality Potentially Regulated by Expression of Nitrogen Metabolism Enzymes and Glutenin-Related Genes in Wheat. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041383. [PMID: 32085665 PMCID: PMC7073084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Absence of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) Dx2 weakens the gluten quality, but it is unclear how the absence of Dx2 has these effects. Thus, we investigated the gluten quality in terms of cytological, physicochemical, and transcriptional characteristics using two near-isogenic lines with Dx2 absent or present at Glu-D1 locus. Cytological observations showed that absence of Dx2 delayed and decreased the accumulation of protein bodies (PBs), where fewer and smaller PBs formed in the endosperm. The activity and gene expression levels of nitrogen assimilation and proteolysis enzymes were lower in HMW-D1a without Dx2 than HMW-D1p with Dx2, and thus less amino acid was transported for protein synthesis in the grains. The expression pattern of genes encoding Glu-1Dx2+1Dy12 was similar to those of three transcription factors, where these genes were significantly down-regulated in HMW-D1a than HMW-D1p. Three genes involving with glutenin polymerization were also down-regulated in HMW-D1a. These results may explain the changes in the glutenin and glutenin macropolymer (GMP) levels during grain development. Therefore, we suggest that the lower nitrogen metabolism capacity and expression levels of glutenin synthesis-related genes in HMW-D1a accounted for the lower accumulation of glutenin, GMP, and PBs, thereby weakening the structural‒thermal properties of gluten.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xuejun Li
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-29-8708-2022
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30
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Xu X, Du X, Wang F, Sha J, Chen Q, Tian G, Zhu Z, Ge S, Jiang Y. Effects of Potassium Levels on Plant Growth, Accumulation and Distribution of Carbon, and Nitrate Metabolism in Apple Dwarf Rootstock Seedlings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:904. [PMID: 32655607 PMCID: PMC7325393 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is one of the most required mineral elements for plant growth, and potassium (K) plays a vital role in nitrogen metabolism, both elements being widely applied as fertilizers in agricultural production. However, the exact relationship between K and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) remains unclear. Apple dwarf rootstock seedlings (M9T337) were used to study the impacts of different K levels on plant growth, nitrogen metabolism, and carbon (C) assimilation in water culture experiments for 2 years. The results showed that both deficiency and excess K inhibited the growth and root development of M9T337 seedlings. When the K supply concentration was 0 mM and 12 mM, the biomass of each organ, root-shoot ratio, root activity and NO3 - ion flow rate decreased significantly, net photosynthetic rate (P n) and photochemical efficiency (F v/F m) being lower. Meanwhile, seedlings treated with 6 mM K+ had higher N and C metabolizing enzyme activities and higher nitrate transporter gene expression levels (NRT1.1; NRT2.1). 13C and 15N labeling results showed that deficiency and excess K could not only reduce 15N absorption and 13C assimilation accumulation of M9T337 seedlings, but also reduced the 15N distribution ratio in leaves and 13C distribution ratio in roots. These results suggest that appropriate K supply (6 mM) was optimal as it enhanced photoassimilate transport from leaves to roots and increased NUE by influencing photosynthesis, C and N metabolizing enzyme activities, nitrate assimilation gene activities, and nitrate transport.
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31
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Han T, Liang Y, Wu Z, Zhang L, Liu Z, Li Q, Chen X, Guo W, Jiang L, Pan F, Ge S, Mi Z, Liu Z, Huang H, Li X, Zhou J, Li Y, Wang J, Zhang Z, Tang Y, Yang L, Wu M. Effects of tetracycline on growth, oxidative stress response, and metabolite pattern of ryegrass. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 380:120885. [PMID: 31377673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tetracycline is an antibiotic that frequently contaminates the environment. In this study, the growth and metabolites of ryegrass seedlings treated with tetracycline (0, 1, 10 or 100 mg/L) for 5 days were investigated. The results showed that the growth of ryegrass and the concentrations of carotenoid and chlorophyll decreased as the tetracycline concentration increased. Tetracycline increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell permeability and triggered mitochondrial membrane potential loss in the roots of ryegrass. The metabolic profiles of ryegrass differed between the control and tetracycline-treated groups. The contents of glucose, shikimic acid, aconitic acid, serine, lactose, phenylalanine, mannitol, galactose, gluconic acid, asparagine, and glucopyranose were positively correlated with root length and had high variable importance projection values. These compounds may have crucial functions in root extension. Tetracycline also affected aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism, and alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism in the roots. Tetracycline may affect root extension by regulating the synthesis/degradation of these metabolites or the activity of their biosynthetic pathways. These results provide an insight into the stress response of ryegrass to tetracycline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Han
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China; Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Yueping Liang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture and rural affairs/Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, 453002, China
| | - Zhineng Wu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China; Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Zhenwei Liu
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China; Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Qingfei Li
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China; Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Xuejin Chen
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China; Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Weili Guo
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China; Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Lina Jiang
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China; Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Feifei Pan
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China; Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Shidong Ge
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Zhaorong Mi
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China; Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
| | - Zunchun Liu
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China; Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Hua Huang
- School of Petroleum and Environmental Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China
| | - Xinzheng Li
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China; Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Junguo Zhou
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China; Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China; Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Jialiang Wang
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China; Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China; Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Yingying Tang
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China; Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Linru Yang
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China; Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Mengdan Wu
- School of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China; Henan Province Engineering Research Center of Horticultural Plant Resource Utilization and Germplasm Enhancement, Xinxiang, 453003, China
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Hu W, Ren T, Meng F, Cong R, Li X, White PJ, Lu J. Leaf photosynthetic capacity is regulated by the interaction of nitrogen and potassium through coordination of CO 2 diffusion and carboxylation. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 167:418-432. [PMID: 30690727 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Combined application of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilizer could significantly enhance crop yield. Crop yield and photosynthesis are inseparable. However, the influence of N and K interaction on photosynthesis is still not fully understood. Field and hydroponic experiments were conducted to examine the effects of N and K interaction on leaf photosynthesis characteristics and to explore the mechanisms in the hydroponic experiment. CO2 conductance and carboxylation characteristic parameters of oilseed leaves were measured under different N and K supplies. Results indicated that detectable increases in leaf area, biomass and net photosynthetic rate (An ) were observed under optimal N and K supply in field and hydroponic experiments. The ratio of total CO2 diffusion conductance to the maximum carboxylation rate (gtot /Vcmax ) and An presented a linear-plateau relationship. Under insufficient N, increased K contributed to the CO2 transmission capacity and improved the proportion of N used for carboxylation, promoting gtot /Vcmax . However, the low Vcmax associated with N insufficiency limited the An . High N supply obviously accelerated Vcmax , yet K deficiency led to a reduction of gtot , which restricted Vcmax . Synchronous increases in N and K supplementation ensured the appropriate ratio of N to K content in leaves, which simultaneously facilitated gtot and Vcmax and preserved a gtot /Vcmax suitable for guaranteeing CO2 transmission and carboxylation coordination; the overall effect was increased An and leaf area. These results highlight the suitable N and K nutrients to coordinate CO2 diffusion and carboxylation, thereby enhancing photosynthetic capacity and area to obtain high crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshi Hu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tao Ren
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fanjin Meng
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Rihuan Cong
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
| | | | - Jianwei Lu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China
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Guo J, Jia Y, Chen H, Zhang L, Yang J, Zhang J, Hu X, Ye X, Li Y, Zhou Y. Growth, photosynthesis, and nutrient uptake in wheat are affected by differences in nitrogen levels and forms and potassium supply. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1248. [PMID: 30718692 PMCID: PMC6362105 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37838-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) are essential macronutrients for plants growth; however, the mechanism by which K mediates negative effects on ammonium-sensitive plants is still poorly understood. We hypothesized that K supplies may enhance antagonistic ammonium stress while improving nitrate nutrition function, which wheat seedlings were grown in sand culture in the presence of two N forms (ammonium; nitrate) supplied at two rates (2, 10 mmol L-1) and three K levels (0.5, 5, 15 mmol L-1). We found that a high N rate increased plant biomass under nitrate nutrition, while it had a negative effect under ammonium nutrition. Compared with nitrate, biomass was depressed by 54% or 85% for low or high N rate under ammonium. This resulted in a reduction in gas exchange parameters and a subsequent decrease in growth variables and nutrient uptake, whereas these parameters increased significantly with increasing K levels. Moreover, in principal components analysis, these variations were highly clustered under nitrate nutrition and highly separated under ammonium nutrition. Our study shows a clear positive interaction between K and N, suggesting that high K supply relieves ammonium stress while improving growth vigor under nitrate nutrition by enhancing nutrient uptake and assimilate production in wheat plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuxin Guo
- International Magnesium Institute, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Yamin Jia
- International Magnesium Institute, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Huanhuan Chen
- International Magnesium Institute, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- International Magnesium Institute, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jinchang Yang
- International Magnesium Institute, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xiangyu Hu
- The Rice Research Institute of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xin Ye
- International Magnesium Institute, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Plant Nutritional Physiology and Molecular Biology, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-organic Fertilizer Creation, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, 233100, China.
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Fang S, Gao K, Hu W, Snider JL, Wang S, Chen B, Zhou Z. Chemical priming of seed alters cotton floral bud differentiation by inducing changes in hormones, metabolites and gene expression. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 130:633-640. [PMID: 30130740 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fruiting branches and floral buds are forming well before squares are visible and determine cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) productivity. Pre-soaking with plant growth regulators (PGRs) affects the quantity of floral buds. However, studies illustrating the physiological mechanism of floral bud differentiation in response to PGRs are lacking. To address this, cotton seeds were primed with water (control), 5 mg L-1 gibberellic acid (GA3), 25 mg L-1 N6-benzyladenine (6-BA), and 150 mg L-1 dimethyl piperidinium chloride (DPC) respectively. Results showed that plants from seed pre-treated with GA3 and 6-BA differentiated more floral buds relative to control, while DPC application initiated less floral buds than control. GA3 and 6-BA application significantly increased the levels of zeatin riboside (ZR) by up-regulating IPT expression and gibberellic acid (GA3) but decreased the indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content. Consequently, the ZR/IAA and GA3/IAA ratios were markedly increased, contributing to higher floral bud numbers. Contrasting results were observed for DPC treatment. Additionally, GA3 and 6-BA treatments up-regulated GhSOC1, GhMADS13 and GhAGL24 expression, which was associated with higher sucrose contents mainly attributed to higher endogenous ZR levels, inducing floral initiation. Whereas the GhMADS13 was down-regulated to suppress floral bud differentiation under DPC application. Surprisingly, the floral-associated genes were more sensitive to GA3 than 6-BA, which induced the differences in bud numbers at the beginning of flower bud differentiation. Thus, we conclude that seed pre-treated with PGRs affected hormone content, induced sugar accumulation in apical buds and regulated genes involved in floral induction, which impacted floral bud differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Fang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
| | - Kai Gao
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
| | - Wei Hu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China; Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, 31794, USA.
| | - John L Snider
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA, 31794, USA.
| | - Shanshan Wang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
| | - Binglin Chen
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
| | - Zhiguo Zhou
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
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Wang H, Chen Y, Xu B, Hu W, Snider JL, Meng Y, Chen B, Wang Y, Zhao W, Wang S, Zhou Z. Long-term exposure to slightly elevated air temperature alleviates the negative impacts of short term waterlogging stress by altering nitrogen metabolism in cotton leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 123:242-251. [PMID: 29253802 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Short-term waterlogging and chronic elevated temperature occur frequently in the Yangtze River Valley, yet the effects of these co-occurring environments on nitrogen metabolism of the subtending leaf (a major source leaf for boll development) have received little attention. In this study, plants were exposed to two temperature regimes (31.6/26.5 °C and 34.1/29.0 °C) and waterlogging events (0 d, 3 d, 6 d) during flowering and boll development. The results showed that the effects of waterlogging stress and elevated temperature in isolation on nitrogen metabolism were quite different. Waterlogging stress not only limited NR (EC 1.6.6.1) and GS (EC 6.3.1.2) activities through the down-regulation of GhNR and GhGS expression for amino acid synthesis, but also promoted protein degradation by enhanced protease activity and peptidase activity, leading to lower organ and total biomass (reduced by 12.01%-27.63%), whereas elevated temperature inhibited protein degradation by limited protease activity and peptidase activity, promoting plant biomass accumulation. Furthermore, 2-3 °C chronic elevated temperature alleviated the negative impacts of a brief (3 d) waterlogging stress on cotton leaves, with the expression of GhNiR up-regulated, the activities of NR, GS and GOGAT (EC 1.4.7.1) increased and the activities of protease and peptidase decreased, leading to higher protein concentration and enhanced leaf biomass for EW3 relative to AW3. The results of the study suggested that exposure to slightly elevated air temperature improves the cotton plants' ability to recover from short-term (3 d) waterlogging stress by sustaining processes associated with nitrogen assimilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31794, USA.
| | - Yinglong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Bingjie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Wei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - John L Snider
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Tifton, GA 31794, USA.
| | - Yali Meng
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Binglin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Youhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Wenqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Zhiguo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
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Zahoor R, Zhao W, Abid M, Dong H, Zhou Z. Title: Potassium application regulates nitrogen metabolism and osmotic adjustment in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) functional leaf under drought stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 215:30-38. [PMID: 28527336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the role of potassium (K) in maintaining nitrogen metabolism and osmotic adjustment development of cotton functional leaves to sustain growth under soil drought and rewatering conditions, the plants of two cotton cultivars Siza 3 (low-K sensitive) and Simian 3 (low-K tolerant), were grown under three different K rates (K0, K1, and K2; 0, 150, and 300kgK2Oha-1, respectively) and exposed to drought stress with 40±5% soil relative water content (SRWC). The drought stress was applied at flowering stage by withholding water for eight days followed by rewatering to a well-watered level (75±5% SRWC). The results showed that drought-stressed plants of both cultivars showed a decrease in leaf relative water content (RWC) and osmotic potential in the functional leaves and developed osmotic adjustment with an increase in the contents of free amino acids, soluble sugars, inorganic K, and nitrate as compared to well-watered plants. In drought-stressed plants, nitrogen-metabolizing enzyme activities of nitrogen reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS), and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) were diminished significantly (P≤0.05) along with decreased chlorophyll content and soluble proteins. However, drought-stressed plants under K application not only exhibited higher osmotic adjustment with greater accumulation of osmolytes but also regulated nitrogen metabolism by maintaining higher enzyme activities, soluble proteins, and chlorophyll content in functional leaves as compared to the plants without K application. Siza 3 showed better stability in enzyme activities and resulted in 89% higher seed cotton yield under K2 as compared to K0 in drought-stressed plants, whereas this increase was 53% in the case of Simian 3. The results of the study suggested that K application enhances cotton plants' potential for sustaining high nitrogen-metabolizing enzyme activities and related components to supplement osmotic adjustment under soil drought conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rizwan Zahoor
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China, PR China
| | - Wenqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China, PR China
| | - Muhammad Abid
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China, PR China
| | - Haoran Dong
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China, PR China
| | - Zhiguo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China, PR China.
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37
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Hu W, Coomer TD, Loka DA, Oosterhuis DM, Zhou Z. Potassium deficiency affects the carbon-nitrogen balance in cotton leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 115:408-417. [PMID: 28441628 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K) plays important roles in the metabolism of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), but studies of K deficiency affecting C-N balance are lacking. This study explored the influence of K deficiency on C-N interaction in cotton leaves by conducting a field experiment with cotton cultivar DP0912 under two K rates (K0: 0 kg K2O ha-1 and K67: 67 kg K2O ha-1) and a controlled environment experiment with K-deficient solution (K1: 0 mM K+) and K-sufficient solution (K2: 6 mM K+). The results showed that leaf K content, leaf number, leaf area, boll number, reproductive dry weight and total dry weight were significant lower under K deficiency (K0 or K1). Lower total chlorophyll content and Chl a/b ratio, and decreased Pn along with lower Gs and higher Ci were measured under K deficiency, suggesting that the decrease in Pn was resulted from non-stomatal limitation. Leaf glucose, fructose, sucrose and starch contents were higher under K deficiency, because lower sucrose export was detected in phloem. Although leaf nitrate and ammonium contents significantly decreased, free amino acid content was increased by 40-63% under K deficiency, since lower amino acid export was also measured in phloem. K deficiency also induced lower soluble protein content in leaves. Leaf ATP level was significantly increased under K deficiency, indicating ATP utilization was lower, so that less energy was supplied to C and N metabolism. The ratio of soluble sugar to free amino acid and the C/N ratio markedly increased under K deficiency, and one reason was that the phloem export reduced more prominent for sucrose (54.6-78.0%) than amino acid (36.7-85.4%) under K deficiency. In addition, lower phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity limited malate and citrate biosynthesis under K deficiency, causing a decrease of C flux into the amino acids, which was not beneficial for maintaining C-N balance. Sucrose phosphate synthase and nitrate reductase activities were lower under K deficiency, which would limit sucrose biosynthesis and nitrate assimilation. This was another factor altering soluble sugar to free amino acid ratio and C/N ratio in the K-deficient leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Hu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China; Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, 1366 West Altheimer Drive, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA
| | - Taylor D Coomer
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, 1366 West Altheimer Drive, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA
| | - Dimitra A Loka
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, 1366 West Altheimer Drive, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA; Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, UK
| | - Derrick M Oosterhuis
- Department of Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, 1366 West Altheimer Drive, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA.
| | - Zhiguo Zhou
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
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Zhang X, Wang J, Peng S, Li Y, Tian X, Wang G, Zhang Z, Dong Z, Chen Y, Chen D. Effects of Soil Water Deficit on Insecticidal Protein Expression in Boll Shells of Transgenic Bt Cotton and the Mechanism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2107. [PMID: 29321788 PMCID: PMC5732147 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of soil water deficit on insecticidal protein expression in boll shells of cotton transgenic for a Bt gene. In 2014, Bt cotton cultivars Sikang 1 (a conventional cultivar) and Sikang 3 (a hybrid cultivar) were planted in pots and five soil water content treatments were imposed at peak boll stage: 15% (G1), 35% (G2), 40% (G3), 60% (G4), and 75% field capacity (CK), respectively. Four treatments (G2, G3, G4, and CK) were repeated in 2015 in the field. Results showed that the insecticidal protein content of boll shells decreased with increasing water deficit. Compared with CK, boll shell insecticidal protein content decreased significantly when soil water content was below 60% of maximum water holding capacity for Sikang 1 and Sikang 3. However, increased Bt gene expression was observed when boll shell insecticidal protein content was significantly reduced. Activity assays of key enzymes in nitrogen metabolism showed that boll shell protease and peptidase increased but nitrogen reductase and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) decreased. Insecticidal protein content exhibited significant positive correlation with nitrogen reductase and GPT activities; and significant negative correlation with protease and peptidase activities. These findings suggest that the decrease of insecticidal protein content associated with increasing water deficit was a net result of decreased synthesis and increased decomposition.
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Wang R, Gao M, Ji S, Wang S, Meng Y, Zhou Z. Carbon allocation, osmotic adjustment, antioxidant capacity and growth in cotton under long-term soil drought during flowering and boll-forming period. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 107:137-146. [PMID: 27288990 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Responses of plant to drought largely depend on the intensity, duration and developmental stage at which water stress occurs. The purpose of this study was to analyze the dynamic of cotton physiology response to different levels sustained soil water deficit during reproductive growth stage at leaf basis. Three levels of steady-state water regimes [soil relative water content (SRWC) maintained at (75 ± 5)%, (60 ± 5)% and (45 ± 5)%] were imposed when the white flowers had opened on the first fruiting position of the 6-7th fruiting branches (FB6-7), which was the first day post anthesis (i.e. 1 DPA) and lasted to 50 DPA. Results showed decreasing SRWC slowed cotton growth on the base of biomass and leaf area. However, carbon metabolites levels were globally increased under drought despite of notably inhibited photosynthesis throughout the treatment period. Clear diurnal pattern of sucrose and starch concentrations was obtained and sucrose levels were evaluated while starch concentration was reduced with decreasing soil water content during a 24-h cycle. Osmotic adjustment (OA) was observed at most of the sampling dates throughout the drought period. K(+) was the main contributor to osmotic adjustment (OA) at 10 and 24 DPA then turned out to be amino acid at 38 and 50 DPA. The stressed cotton gradually failed to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) with increasing days post anthesis, primarily due to the permanent decrease in SOD activity. Elevated carbohydrates levels suggest cotton growth was more inhibited by other factors than carbon assimilation. OA and antioxidant could be important protective mechanisms against soil water deficit in this species, and transition of these mechanisms was observed with drought intensity and duration increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Min Gao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Shu Ji
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Yali Meng
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Zhiguo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
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