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Qu D, Wu F, Guo Y, Zhang J, Li M, Yang L, Wang L, Su H. Dark septate endophyte Anteaglonium sp. T010 promotes biomass accumulation in poplar by regulating sucrose metabolism and hormones. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpae057. [PMID: 38775231 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Plant biomass is a highly promising renewable feedstock for the production of biofuels, chemicals and materials. Enhancing the content of plant biomass through endophyte symbiosis can effectively reduce economic and technological barriers in industrial production. In this study, we found that symbiosis with the dark septate endophyte (DSE) Anteaglonium sp. T010 significantly promoted the growth of poplar trees and increased plant biomass, including cellulose, lignin and starch. To further investigate whether plant biomass was related to sucrose metabolism, we analyzed the levels of relevant sugars and enzyme activities. During the symbiosis of Anteaglonium sp. T010, sucrose, fructose and glucose levels in the stem of poplar decreased, while the content of intermediates such as glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) and UDP-glucose (UDPG), and the activity of enzymes related to sucrose metabolism, including sucrose synthase (SUSY), cell wall invertase (CWINV), fructokinase (FRK) and hexokinase, increased. In addition, the contents of glucose, fructose, starch, and their intermediates G6P, F6P and UDPG, as well as the enzyme activities of SUSY, CWINV, neutral invertase and FRK in roots were increased, which ultimately led to the increase of root biomass. Besides that, during the symbiotic process of Anteaglonium sp. T010, there were significant changes in the expression levels of root-related hormones, which may promote changes in sucrose metabolism and consequently increase the plant biomass. Therefore, this study suggested that DSE fungi can increase the plant biomass synthesis capacity by regulating the carbohydrate allocation and sink strength in poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehui Qu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Hongqi Road, Zhifu District, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Fanlin Wu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Hongqi Road, Zhifu District, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Yingtian Guo
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Linyi University, Shuangling Road, Lanshan District, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Hongqi Road, Zhifu District, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Hongqi Road, Zhifu District, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Lina Yang
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Basic Medical College, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road, Laoshan District, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Hongqi Road, Zhifu District, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Hongyan Su
- College of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Linyi University, Shuangling Road, Lanshan District, Linyi 276000, China
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Yang C, Lu J, Xiong Z, Wang B, Ren T, Cong R, Lu Z, Li X. Potassium deficiency enhances imbalances in rice water relations under water deficit by decreasing leaf hydraulic conductance. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14360. [PMID: 38797869 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Potassium (K+) is an essential macronutrient for appropriate plant development and physiology. However, little is known about the mechanisms involved in the regulation of leaf water relations by K under water deficit. A pot experiment with two K supplies of 0.45 and 0 g K2O per pot (3 kg soil per pot) and two watering conditions (well-watered and water-deficit) was conducted to explore the effects of K deficiency on canopy transpiration characteristics, leaf water status, photosynthesis, and hydraulic traits in two rice genotypes with contrasting resistance to drought. The results showed that K deficiency reduced canopy transpiration rate by decreasing stomatal conductance, which led to higher canopy temperatures, resulting in limited water deficit tolerance in rice. In addition, K deficiency led to further substantial reductions in leaf relative water content and water potential under water deficit, which increased the imbalance in leaf water relations under water deficit. Notably, K deficiency limited leaf gas exchange by reducing leaf hydraulic conductance, but decreased the intrinsic water use efficiency under water deficit, especially for the drought-resistant cultivar. Further analysis of the underlying process of leaf hydraulic resistance revealed that the key limiting factor of leaf hydraulic conductance under K deficiency was the outside-xylem hydraulic conductance rather than the xylem hydraulic conductance. Overall, our results provide a comprehensive perspective for assessing leaf water relations under K deficiency, water deficit, and their combined stresses, which will be useful for optimal rice fertilization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yang
- College of Resources and Environment / Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianwei Lu
- College of Resources and Environment / Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihao Xiong
- College of Resources and Environment / Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Resources and Environment / Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Ren
- College of Resources and Environment / Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Rihuan Cong
- College of Resources and Environment / Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhifeng Lu
- College of Resources and Environment / Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- College of Resources and Environment / Microelement Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
- Shuangshui Shuanglü Institute, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Rosati A, Paoletti A, Lodolini EM, Famiani F. Cultivar ideotype for intensive olive orchards: plant vigor, biomass partitioning, tree architecture and fruiting characteristics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1345182. [PMID: 38332772 PMCID: PMC10850241 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1345182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
In order to achieve higher and earlier yield, modern olive orchards are increasingly intensified, with tree densities up to > 1500 trees hectare-1. With increasing tree densities, individual-tree canopy volume must be proportionally reduced. Not all cultivars are adaptable to high and very high orchard densities, because of excessive vigor and/or insufficient bearing when the canopy is pruned to a small volume. However, what makes an olive cultivar suitable for intensive and super intensive orchards is not clear. Recently, few studies have addressed this topic, suggesting that tree architecture and early bearing are essential traits. Yet, what architectural and productive features are important, how they work and whether they are interrelated remains elusive. This review summarizes and interprets the literature on olive, as well as the more abundant literature available for other fruit species, aiming to provide a comprehensive knowledge framework for understanding how tree architectural characteristics, plant vigor, and fruiting vary across olive genotypes, and how they are interconnected. It is concluded that, among the architectural characteristics, greater branching and smaller diameters of woody structures are particularly important features for cultivar suitability to intensive and super intensive olive orchards. Greater branching allows to produce more fruiting sites in the small volume of canopy allowed in these systems. It also reduces investments in woody structures, liberating resources for fruiting. Additional resources are liberated with smaller structure diameters. Greater branching also increases resources by increasing biomass partitioning into leaves (i.e. the photosynthetic organs), relative to wood. Since yield is affected by the competition for resources with vegetative growth, reducing resource investments in woody structures and/or increasing resource directly, increases yield. Yield, in turn, depresses vegetative growth, reducing vigor and the need for pruning. High yields also produce short shoots which have relatively greater investments in leaf mass and area, and lower in the woody stem, making them more suitable than long shoots to support concurrent fruit growth. This single framework of interpretation of how the different architectural and fruiting characteristics work and interact with one-another, will provide guidance for cultivar selection and breeding for intensive and super intensive olive orchards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Rosati
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’analisi dell’Economia Agraria (CREA), Centro di Ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura e Agrumicoltura, Spoleto, Italy
| | - Andrea Paoletti
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’analisi dell’Economia Agraria (CREA), Centro di Ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura e Agrumicoltura, Spoleto, Italy
| | - Enrico Maria Lodolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Franco Famiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Lian W, Geng A, Wang Y, Liu M, Zhang Y, Wang X, Chen G. The Molecular Mechanism of Potassium Absorption, Transport, and Utilization in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16682. [PMID: 38069005 PMCID: PMC10705939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Potassium is essential for plant growth and development and stress adaptation. The maintenance of potassium homeostasis involves a series of potassium channels and transporters, which promote the movement of potassium ions (K+) across cell membranes and exhibit complex expression patterns and regulatory mechanisms. Rice is a major food crop in China. The low utilization rate of potassium fertilizer limits the yield and quality of rice. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms of potassium absorption, transport, and utilization is critical in improving potassium utilization efficiency in rice. Although some K+ transporter genes have been identified from rice, research on the regulatory network is still in its infancy. Therefore, this review summarizes the relevant information on K+ channels and transporters in rice, covering the absorption of K+ in the roots, transport to the shoots, the regulation pathways, the relationship between K+ and the salt tolerance of rice, and the synergistic regulation of potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus signals. The related research on rice potassium nutrition has been comprehensively reviewed, the existing research foundation and the bottleneck problems to be solved in this field have been clarified, and the follow-up key research directions have been pointed out to provide a theoretical framework for the cultivation of potassium-efficient rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Lian
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Anjing Geng
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yihan Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Minghao Liu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Lu L, Chen S, Yang W, Wu Y, Liu Y, Yin X, Yang Y, Yang Y. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveal key metabolic pathways in response to potassium deficiency in coconut ( Cocos nucifera L.) seedlings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1112264. [PMID: 36860901 PMCID: PMC9968814 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1112264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Potassium ions (K+) are important for plant growth and crop yield. However, the effects of K+ deficiency on the biomass of coconut seedlings and the mechanism by which K+ deficiency regulates plant growth remain largely unknown. Therefore, in this study, we compared the physiological, transcriptome, and metabolite profiles of coconut seedling leaves under K+-deficient and K+-sufficient conditions using pot hydroponic experiments, RNA-sequencing, and metabolomics technologies. K+ deficiency stress significantly reduced the plant height, biomass, and soil and plant analyzer development value, as well as K content, soluble protein, crude fat, and soluble sugar contents of coconut seedlings. Under K+ deficiency, the leaf malondialdehyde content of coconut seedlings were significantly increased, whereas the proline (Pro) content was significantly reduced. Superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activities were significantly reduced. The contents of endogenous hormones such as auxin, gibberellin, and zeatin were significantly decreased, whereas abscisic acid content was significantly increased. RNA-sequencing revealed that compared to the control, there were 1003 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the leaves of coconut seedlings under K+ deficiency. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that these DEGs were mainly related to "integral component of membrane," "plasma membrane," "nucleus", "transcription factor activity," "sequence-specific DNA binding," and "protein kinase activity." Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis indicated that the DEGs were mainly involved in "MAPK signaling pathway-plant," "plant hormone signal transduction," "starch and sucrose metabolism," "plant-pathogen interaction," "ABC transporters," and "glycerophospholipid metabolism." Metabolomic analysis showed that metabolites related to fatty acids, lipidol, amines, organic acids, amino acids, and flavonoids were generally down-regulated in coconut seedlings under K+ deficiency, whereas metabolites related to phenolic acids, nucleic acids, sugars, and alkaloids were mostly up-regulated. Therefore, coconut seedlings respond to K+ deficiency stress by regulating signal transduction pathways, primary and secondary metabolism, and plant-pathogen interaction. These results confirm the importance of K+ for coconut production, and provide a more in-depth understanding of the response of coconut seedlings to K+ deficiency and a basis for improving K+ utilization efficiency in coconut trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilan Lu
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Oil Crops Biology, Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, Hainan, China
| | - Siting Chen
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Oil Crops Biology, Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, Hainan, China
| | - Weibo Yang
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Oil Crops Biology, Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, Hainan, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Oil Crops Biology, Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, Hainan, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xinxing Yin
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Oil Crops Biology, Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, Hainan, China
| | - Yaodong Yang
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Oil Crops Biology, Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Wenchang, Hainan, China
| | - Yanfang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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Grzebisz W, Diatta J, Barłóg P, Biber M, Potarzycki J, Łukowiak R, Przygocka-Cyna K, Szczepaniak W. Soil Fertility Clock-Crop Rotation as a Paradigm in Nitrogen Fertilizer Productivity Control. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2841. [PMID: 36365294 PMCID: PMC9656335 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Soil Fertility Clock (SFC) concept is based on the assumption that the critical content (range) of essential nutrients in the soil is adapted to the requirements of the most sensitive plant in the cropping sequence (CS). This provides a key way to effectively control the productivity of fertilizer nitrogen (Nf). The production goals of a farm are set for the maximum crop yield, which is defined by the environmental conditions of the production process. This target can be achieved, provided that the efficiency of Nf approaches 1.0. Nitrogen (in fact, nitrate) is the determining yield-forming factor, but only when it is balanced with the supply of other nutrients (nitrogen-supporting nutrients; N-SNs). The condition for achieving this level of Nf efficiency is the effectiveness of other production factors, including N-SNs, which should be set at ≤1.0. A key source of N-SNs for a plant is the soil zone occupied by the roots. N-SNs should be applied in order to restore their content in the topsoil to the level required by the most sensitive crop in a given CS. Other plants in the CS provide the timeframe for active controlling the distance of the N-SNs from their critical range.
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Vitasse Y, Baumgarten F, Zohner CM, Kaewthongrach R, Fu YH, Walde MG, Moser B. Impact of microclimatic conditions and resource availability on spring and autumn phenology of temperate tree seedlings. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 232:537-550. [PMID: 34235742 PMCID: PMC8518844 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microclimatic effects (light, temperature) are often neglected in phenological studies and little information is known about the impact of resource availability (nutrient and water) on tree's phenological cycles. Here we experimentally studied spring and autumn phenology in four temperate trees in response to changes in bud albedo (white-painted vs black-painted buds), light conditions (nonshaded vs c. 70% shaded), water availability (irrigated, control and reduced precipitation) and nutrients (low vs high availability). We found that higher bud albedo or shade delayed budburst (up to +12 d), indicating that temperature is sensed locally within each bud. Leaf senescence was delayed by high nutrient availability (up to +7 d) and shade conditions (up to +39 d) in all species, except oak. Autumn phenological responses to summer droughts depended on species, with a delay for cherry (+7 d) and an advance for beech (-7 d). The strong phenological effects of bud albedo and light exposure reveal an important role of microclimatic variation on phenology. In addition to the temperature and photoperiod effects, our results suggest a tight interplay between source and sink processes in regulating the end of the seasonal vegetation cycle, which can be largely influenced by resource availability (light, water and nutrients).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Vitasse
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape ResearchBirmensdorfCH‐8903Switzerland
| | - Frederik Baumgarten
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape ResearchBirmensdorfCH‐8903Switzerland
| | - Constantin M. Zohner
- Institute of Integrative BiologyETH Zürich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology)ZürichCH‐8092Switzerland
| | | | - Yongshuo H. Fu
- College of Water SciencesBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing100875China
| | - Manuel G. Walde
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape ResearchBirmensdorfCH‐8903Switzerland
| | - Barbara Moser
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape ResearchBirmensdorfCH‐8903Switzerland
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Zhang X, Wang G, Xue H, Zhang J, Wang Q, Zhang Z, Zhang B. Metabolite Profile of Xylem Sap in Cotton Seedlings Is Changed by K Deficiency. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:592591. [PMID: 33362821 PMCID: PMC7758293 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.592591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Xylem sap, belonging to the plant apoplast, not only provides plant tissues with inorganic and organic substances but also facilitates communication between the roots and the leaves and coordinates their development. This study investigated the effects of potassium (K) deficiency on the morphology and the physiology of cotton seedlings as well as pH, mineral nutrient contents, and metabolites of xylem sap. In particular, we compared changes in root-shoot communication under low K (LK) and normal K (NK, control) levels. Compared to control, LK stress significantly decreased seedling biomass (leaf, stem, and root dry weight; stem and root length; root surface area and root volume) and the levels of K, Na (sodium), Mg (magnesium), Fe (iron), and Zn (zinc) in xylem sap. A total of 82 metabolites in sap analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) showed significant differences between the two conditions; among these, 38 were up-regulated more than 2-fold, while the others were down-regulated less than 0.5-fold. In particular, several metabolites found in the cell membrane including three cholines (glycerophosphatecholine, 2-hexenylcholine, and caproylcholine) and desglucocoroloside and others such as malondialdehyde, α-amino acids and derivatives, sucrose, and sugar alcohol significantly increased under LK stress, indicating that cell membranes were damaged and protein metabolism was abnormal. It is worth noting that glycerophosphocholine was up-regulated 29-fold under LK stress, indicating that it can be used as an important signal of root-shoot communication. Furthermore, in pathway analyses, 26 metabolites were matched to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways; L-aspartic acid, which was associated with 10 KEGG pathways, was the most involved metabolite. Overall, K deficiency reduced the antioxidant capacity of cotton seedlings and led to a metabolic disorder including elevated levels of primary metabolites and inhibited production of secondary metabolites. This eventually resulted in decreased biomass of cotton seedlings under LK stress. This study lays a solid foundation for further research on targeted metabolites and signal substances in the xylem sap of cotton plants exposed to K deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Centre of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Guo Wang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Centre of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Huiyun Xue
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Centre of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jinbao Zhang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Centre of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qinglian Wang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Centre of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Centre of Modern Biological Breeding, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Baohong Zhang
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
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de Castro GLS, Rêgo MCF, Silvestre WVD, Batista TFV, da Silva GB. Açaí palm seedling growth promotion by rhizobacteria inoculation. Braz J Microbiol 2019; 51:205-216. [PMID: 31792759 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower growth rate of the açaí palm seedlings limits the crops' commercial expansion. The goal was evaluating the biometry, biomass accumulation, nutrient contents, chlorophyll-a fluorescence, and gas exchange in açaí seedlings inoculated with rhizobacteria. The treatments were individual inoculations of the seven rhizobacteria isolates and one control (without inoculation) on the roots. Biometry and biomass data were submitted to cluster analysis to separate the isolates into groups according to the similarity degree, and groups' means were compared through the SNK test. Three groups were formed; group 1 was composed of the control; group 2 of the UFRA-35, UFRA-38, UFRA-58, UFRA-61, UFRA-92, and BRM-32111 isolates; and group 3 was composed of the BRM-32113 isolate. Group 2 and 3 isolates promoted an increase in growth, biomass accumulation, higher levels of nutrients and chlorophyll, and improvements in the gas exchange and chlorophyll-a fluorescence in comparison with the control. The results evidenced that the rhizobacteria accelerate the growth, increase the photosynthetic efficiency, and induce the leaf nutrient accumulation in açaí palm seedlings. The rhizobacteria inoculation can contribute to the sustainable management of the açaí palm seedling production in nurseries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gledson Luiz Salgado de Castro
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Plant Protection Laboratory (LPP), Federal Rural University of Amazonia (UFRA), Belém, PA, 66077-830, Brazil
| | - Marcela Cristiane Ferreira Rêgo
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Plant Protection Laboratory (LPP), Federal Rural University of Amazonia (UFRA), Belém, PA, 66077-830, Brazil
| | | | - Telma Fátima Vieira Batista
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Plant Protection Laboratory (LPP), Federal Rural University of Amazonia (UFRA), Belém, PA, 66077-830, Brazil
| | - Gisele Barata da Silva
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Plant Protection Laboratory (LPP), Federal Rural University of Amazonia (UFRA), Belém, PA, 66077-830, Brazil.
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Zhang J, Lu Z, Pan Y, Ren T, Cong R, Lu J, Li X. Potassium deficiency aggravates yield loss in rice by restricting the translocation of non-structural carbohydrates under Sarocladium oryzae infection condition. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 167:352-364. [PMID: 30536828 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sheath rot disease (ShR) caused by Sarocladium oryzae (S. oryzae) infection is an emerging disease that causes severe yield loss by restricting the translocation of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC). Potassium (K) nutrition plays a critical role in disease resistance and the exportation of NSC. However, the physiological mechanisms of K with respect to ShR have not been thoroughly elucidated to date. The objectives of this study were to reveal the mechanisms by which K increases ShR resistance by regulating NSC translocation of rice, therefore, a field experiment combined with an inoculation experiment was conducted. We demonstrate that ShR disease incidence and disease index decreased dramatically with an increasing K application. K deficiency sharply induced the accumulation of NSC in the flag leaf (FL) and flag leaf sheath (FLS) under S. oryzae infection condition, which reduced the contribution of transferred NSC to final yield. A permutational multivariate analysis showed that K deficiency had a greater (49.0%, P < 0.001) effect on the NSC content variation in FL than that of S. oryzae infection (15.0%, P < 0.001). S. oryzae infection dramatically increased the difference in apparent transferred mass of NSC and cell membrane injury of diseased organs between K-deficient and K-sufficient rice. Finally, we demonstrate that cell membrane injury was a limiting factor imposed by K deficiency, which restricts the export of NSC from source organs. This work highlights the importance of K in improving ShR resistance by regulating NSC translocation (particularly the stem NSC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianglin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhifeng Lu
- Key Lab for Organic Waste Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yonghui Pan
- Key Lab for Organic Waste Utilization, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Ren
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rihuan Cong
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianwei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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11
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Iqbal N, Hussain S, Raza MA, Yang CQ, Safdar ME, Brestic M, Aziz A, Hayyat MS, Asghar MA, Wang XC, Zhang J, Yang W, Liu J. Drought Tolerance of Soybean ( Glycine max L. Merr.) by Improved Photosynthetic Characteristics and an Efficient Antioxidant Enzyme Activities Under a Split-Root System. Front Physiol 2019; 10:786. [PMID: 31333479 PMCID: PMC6621490 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Water deficiency significantly affects photosynthetic characteristics. However, there is little information about variations in antioxidant enzyme activities and photosynthetic characteristics of soybean under imbalanced water deficit conditions (WDC). We therefore investigated the changes in photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, total soluble protein, Rubisco activity (RA), and enzymatic activities of two soybean varieties subjected to four different types of imbalanced WDC under a split-root system. The results indicated that the response of both cultivars was significant for all the measured parameters and the degree of response differed between cultivars under imbalanced WDC. The maximum values of enzymatic activities (SOD, CAT, GR, APX, and POD), chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm, qP, ɸPSII, and ETR), proline, RA, and total soluble protein were obtained with a drought-tolerant cultivar (ND-12). Among imbalanced WDC, the enhanced net photosynthesis, transpiration, and stomatal conductance rates in T2 allowed the production of higher total soluble protein after 5 days of stress, which compensated for the negative effects of imbalanced WDC. Treatment T4 exhibited greater potential for proline accumulation than treatment T1 at 0, 1, 3, and 5 days after treatment, thus showing the severity of the water stress conditions. In addition, the chlorophyll fluorescence values of FvFm, ɸPSII, qP, and ETR decreased as the imbalanced WDC increased, with lower values noted under treatment T4. Soybean plants grown in imbalanced WDC (T2, T3, and T4) exhibited signs of oxidative stress such as decreased chlorophyll content. Nevertheless, soybean plants developed their antioxidative defense-mechanisms, including the accelerated activities of these enzymes. Comparatively, the leaves of soybean plants in T2 displayed lower antioxidative enzymes activities than the leaves of T4 plants showing that soybean plants experienced less WDC in T2 compared to in T4. We therefore suggest that appropriate soybean cultivars and T2 treatments could mitigate abiotic stresses under imbalanced WDC, especially in intercropping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Iqbal
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sajad Hussain
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Muhammad Ali Raza
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cai-Qiong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Muhammad Ehsan Safdar
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Marian Brestic
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, Nitra, Slovakia
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Science Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ahsan Aziz
- Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Ahsan Asghar
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Chun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Institute of Ecological Agriculture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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12
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Hussain S, Iqbal N, Brestic M, Raza MA, Pang T, Langham DR, Safdar ME, Ahmed S, Wen B, Gao Y, Liu W, Yang W. Changes in morphology, chlorophyll fluorescence performance and Rubisco activity of soybean in response to foliar application of ionic titanium under normal light and shade environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 658:626-637. [PMID: 30580217 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Titanium (Ti) is considered an essential element for plant growth; however, its role in crop performance through stimulating the activities of certain enzymes, enhancing chlorophyll content and photosynthesis, and improving crop morphology and growth requires more study. We therefore conducted a laboratory experiments to study the effects of ionic Ti application on morphology, growth, biomass distribution, chlorophyll fluorescence performance and Rubisco activity of soybean (Glycine max L.) under normal light (NL) and shade conditions (SC). In this study, we sprayed soybean plants with five different levels of ionic Ti (T1 = 0, T2 = 1.25, T3 = 2.5, T4 = 5 and T5 = 10 mg Ti Plant-1) through foliar application method. Our results show that with increasing moderate (2.5 mg Ti Plant-1) Ti concentration, the chlorophyll pigments (chlorophyll [Chl] a, b, carotenoid [Car]), plant biomass, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), and electron transport rate (ETR) of soybean increased, but higher levels (5-10 mg Ti Plant-1), resulted in leaf anatomical and chloroplast structural disruptions under both NL and SC. Soybean plants showed maximum biomass, leaf area, leaf thickness, Chl a, b, Car, Rubisco activity, Fv/Fm and ETR for T3 at 2.5 mg Ti Plant-1; however, declined significantly for T5 at high concentration of 10 mg Plant-1. In NL, the application of 2.5 mg Ti Plant-1 (T3) increased the Chl a, b, and total Chl contents 40, 20, and 27% as compared to control treatment (T1). In SC, the application of 1.25 mg Ti mg Plant-1 (T2) increased the Chl a, b, and total Chl contents 38, 19, and 14% as compared to control treatment. In NL, the Fv/Fm, qP, PSII, and ETR were higher in the T3 treatment over the T1 (control) by 7, 0.3, 16, and 16%, respectively. In SC, the Fv/Fm, qP, PSII, and ETR were higher in the T3 treatment over the T1 (control) by 5, 5, 19, and 19%, respectively. Moreover, Rubisco activity was at peak (55 and 6% increase under NL and SC) at 2.5 mg Ti Plant-1and decreased with increasing Ti concentration, reaching the lowest at 10 mg Ti Plant-1, which indicates that leaf cells were damaged as observed in the leaf anatomy. We concluded that ionic Ti expresses a hormesis effect: at lower concentrations, promoting soybean growth, however, at higher concentrations, suppressing soybean growth both under NL and SC. We therefore suggest that under different light stress conditions, Ti application could serve to mitigate abiotic stresses, especially in intercropping systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Hussain
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Nasir Iqbal
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China
| | | | - Muhammad Ali Raza
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Ting Pang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China
| | | | | | - Shoaib Ahmed
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Bingxiao Wen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yang Gao
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Weiguo Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China.
| | - Wenyu Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211-Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Crop Strip Intercropping System, Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China (Ministry of Agriculture), Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, PR China.
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13
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Rosati A, Paoletti A, Al Hariri R, Morelli A, Famiani F. Resource investments in reproductive growth proportionately limit investments in whole-tree vegetative growth in young olive trees with varying crop loads. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1267-1277. [PMID: 29474732 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
It has long been debated whether tree growth is source limited, or whether photosynthesis is adjusted to the actual sink demand, directly regulated by internal and environmental factors. Many studies support both possibilities, but no studies have provided quantitative data at the whole-tree level, across different cultivars and fruit load treatments. This study investigated the effect of different levels of reproductive growth on whole-tree biomass growth across two olive cultivars with different growth rates (i.e., Arbequina, slow-growing and Frantoio, fast-growing), over 2 years. Young trees of both cultivars were completely deflowered either in 2014, 2015, both years or never, providing a range of levels of cumulated reproductive growth over the 2 years. Total vegetative dry matter growth over the 2 years was assessed by destructive sampling (whole tree). Vegetative growth increased significantly less in fruiting trees, however, the total of vegetative and reproductive growth did not differ significantly for any treatment or cultivar. Vegetative growth over the 2 years was closely (R2 = 0.89) and inversely related to reproductive growth across all treatments and cultivars. When using data from 2015 only, the regression improved further (i.e., R2 = 0.99). When biomass was converted into grams of glucose equivalents, based on the chemical composition of the different parts, the results indicated that for every gram of glucose equivalent invested in reproductive growth, vegetative growth was reduced by 0.73-0.78 g of glucose equivalent. This indicates that competition for resources played a major role in determining tree growth, but also that photosynthesis was probably also enhanced at increasing fruit load (or downregulated at decreasing fruit load). The leaf area per unit of trunk cross sectional area increased with deflowering (i.e., decreased with reproductive growth), suggesting that water relations might have limited photosynthesis in deflowered plants, which had much greater canopies. Net assimilation rate (NAR) increased with reproductive growth and decreased with plant size. Net assimilation rate was also negatively correlated with the leaf area per unit of trunk cross sectional area, suggesting that water relations might have contributed to decreasing NAR at increasing plant size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Rosati
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria, centro di ricerca Olivicoltura, Frutticoltura e Agrumicoltura (CREA - OFA), via Nursina 2, Spoleto (PG), Italy
| | - Andrea Paoletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, Perugia, Italy
| | - Raeed Al Hariri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessio Morelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, Perugia, Italy
| | - Franco Famiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, Perugia, Italy
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