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Maslova O, Shusharina N, Videnin A, Pyatin V. Integrative function of proprioceptive system in the acute effects of whole body vibration on the movement performance in young adults. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1357199. [PMID: 38654753 PMCID: PMC11035735 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1357199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The proprioceptive system coordinates locomotion, but its role in short-term integration and recovery of motor activity in imbalance of motor patterns and body remains debated. The aim of this study is investigating the functional role of proprioceptive system in motor patterns and body balance in healthy young adults. Methods 70 participants (aged 20.1 ± 0.3) were divided into experimental groups EG1 (n = 30), EG2 (n = 30), control group (CG, n = 10). EG1 performed single WBV session on Power Plate (7 exercises adapted to Functional Movement Screen (FMS). EG2 performed single session of FMS Exercises (FMSE). CG didn't perform any physical activity. All participants performed pre- and post-session of FMS and stabilometric measurements. Results FMS total score in EG1 increased by 2.0 ± 0.2 (p0 < 0.001), this was significantly differed (p0 < 0.001) from EG2 and CG. Acute effects of WBV and FMSE on rate of change and standard deviation (SD) of pressure center (COP) were shown in all groups during Static Test (p0 < 0.01). SD increased (p0 < 0.01) in Given Setting Test in EG1 and EG2, and in Romberg Test (p0 < 0.001) in EG1. Length, width and area (p0 < 0.01) of confidence ellipse, containing 95% of the statokinesiogram points, decreased in Static Test in EG1; width and area (p0 < 0.01) decreased in EG2 group. Significant (p0 < 0.01) decrease in Given Setting Test was in EG1, and significant (p0 < 0.01) increase was in Romberg Test (open eyes) in CG. Maximum amplitude of COP oscillations: significantly (p0 < 0.01) decreasing along X and Y axes in EG1 and EG2, and along Y axis in CG during Static Test; along Y axis (p0 < 0.01) in all groups during Given Setting Test. Significant differences were identified (p0 < 0.01) in calculated energy consumption for COP moving during all stabilometric tests. However, inter-group differences in COP after acute WBV and FMSE sessions have not been identified. Conclusions Acute WBV session eliminates the deficits in motor patterns which is not the case after acute FMSE session, which, according to our integrative movement tuning hypothesis, is due to high activation of integrative function of proprioceptive system. Efficacy of WBV and FMSE on COP performance indicates a high sensitivity of postural control to different levels of proprioceptive system activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Maslova
- Neurosociology Laboratory, Neurosciences Research Institute, Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia
| | - Natalia Shusharina
- Baltic Center for Neurotechnologies and Artificial Intelligence, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Arseniy Videnin
- Physiology Department, Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia
| | - Vasiliy Pyatin
- Neurointerfaces and Neurotechnologies Laboratory, Neurosciences Research Institute, Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia
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Egger S, Wälchli M, Rüeger E, Taube W. Short-term balance consolidation relies on the primary motor cortex: a rTMS study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5169. [PMID: 36997548 PMCID: PMC10063530 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural and functional adaptations occur in the primary motor cortex (M1) after only a few balance learning sessions. Nevertheless, the role of M1 in consolidating balance tasks remains to be discussed, as direct evidence is missing due to the fact that it is unclear whether adaptations in M1 are indeed the driving force for balance improvements or merely the consequence of improved balance. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the primary motor cortex is involved in the learning and consolidation of balance tasks. Thirty participants were randomly allocated into a repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) or sham-rTMS group. The experimental design included a single balance acquisition phase, followed by either 15 min of low-frequency rTMS (1 Hz at 115% of resting motor threshold to disrupt the involvement of M1) or sham-rTMS, and finally a retention test 24 h later. During the acquisition phase, no differences in balance improvements were observed between the two groups. However, significant differences between the rTMS and the sham-rTMS group were found from the end of the acquisition phase to the retention test. While the rTMS group had a performance loss, the sham-rTMS group displayed significant off-line gains (p = 0.001). For the first time, this finding may propose a causal relationship between the involvement of M1 and the acquisition and consolidation of a balance task.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Egger
- Department of Neurosciences and Movement Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
- Medicine Section, Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Bd de Pérolles 90, Office F440, 1700, Fribourg/Freiburg, Switzerland.
| | - M Wälchli
- Department of Neurosciences and Movement Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - E Rüeger
- Department of Neurosciences and Movement Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - W Taube
- Department of Neurosciences and Movement Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Guzmán-Muñoz E, Mendez-Rebolledo G, Núñez-Espinosa C, Valdés-Badilla P, Monsalves-Álvarez M, Delgado-Floody P, Herrera-Valenzuela T. Anthropometric Profile and Physical Activity Level as Predictors of Postural Balance in Overweight and Obese Children. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:bs13010073. [PMID: 36661645 PMCID: PMC9854897 DOI: 10.3390/bs13010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Overweightness and obesity can negatively influence many activities, including postural balance and locomotion, increasing predisposition to injury and risk of falls due to limitations on the biomechanics of daily living. The present study aimed to determine the influence of the anthropometric profile and physical activity level (PAL) on the postural balance of overweight and obese children. The sample included 387 schoolchildren (216 boys and 171 girls). The variables of the anthropometric profile studied were body mass, biped height, BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), summation of folds, body composition, and somatotype. PAL was measured using the PAQ-C questionnaire. Static and dynamic postural balance were measured through an open-eye (OE) and closed-eye (CE) posturographic test and the SEBTm, respectively. For static balance, the significant models were for mediolateral velocity (R2 = 0.42 in OA; R2 = 0.24 in OC), anteroposterior velocity (R2 = 0.21 in OA; R2 = 0.27 in OC), and mean velocity (R2 = 0.27 in OA; R2 = 0.46 in OC), where the predictors of low performance were younger age, male sex, overweight/obese nutritional status, greater thickness of skin folds, less tendency to mesomorphy, and greater fat mass. On the other hand, for dynamic postural balance, the significant models were observed in the previous direction (R2 = 0.39), posteromedial (R2 = 0.57), and posterolateral (R2 = 0.56), where the variables that predict a low performance were low PAL, overweight/obese nutritional status, and high WHR. Overweight and obese children presented a deficit in static and dynamic postural balance, enhanced by variables such as gender, age, PAL, and anthropometric characteristics related to adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Guzmán-Muñoz
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás, Talca 3480094, Chile
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca 3480094, Chile
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Cristián Núñez-Espinosa
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas 6200000, Chile
- Centro Asistencial Docente y de Investigación, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas 6200000, Chile
| | - Pablo Valdés-Badilla
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3480094, Chile
- Carrera de Entrenador Deportivo, Escuela de Educación. Universidad Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
| | | | - Pedro Delgado-Floody
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile
- Department Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18001 Granada, Spain
| | - Tomás Herrera-Valenzuela
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 8320000, Chile
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Di Rienzo F, Joassy P, Ferreira Dias Kanthack T, Moncel F, Mercier Q, Collet C, Guillot A. Stabilometric Correlates of Motor and Motor Imagery Expertise. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 15:741709. [PMID: 35095444 PMCID: PMC8792864 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.741709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor Imagery (MI) reproduces cognitive operations associated with the actual motor preparation and execution. Postural recordings during MI reflect somatic motor commands targeting peripheral effectors involved in balance control. However, how these relate to the actual motor expertise and may vary along with the MI modality remains debated. In the present experiment, two groups of expert and non-expert gymnasts underwent stabilometric assessments while performing physically and mentally a balance skill. We implemented psychometric measures of MI ability, while stabilometric variables were calculated from the center of pressure (COP) oscillations. Psychometric evaluations revealed greater MI ability in experts, specifically for the visual modality. Experts exhibited reduced surface COP oscillations in the antero-posterior axis compared to non-experts during the balance skill (14.90%, 95% CI 34.48–4.68, p < 0.05). Experts further exhibited reduced length of COP displacement in the antero-posterior axis and as a function of the displacement area during visual and kinesthetic MI compared to the control condition (20.51%, 95% CI 0.99–40.03 and 21.85%, 95% CI 2.33–41.37, respectively, both p < 0.05). Predictive relationships were found between the stabilometric correlates of visual MI and physical practice of the balance skill, as well as between the stabilometric correlates of kinesthetic MI and the training experience in experts. Present results provide original stabilometric insights into the relationships between MI and expertise level. While data support the incomplete inhibition of postural commands during MI, whether postural responses during MI of various modalities mirror the level of motor expertise remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Di Rienzo
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
- *Correspondence: Franck Di Rienzo
| | - Pierric Joassy
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Thiago Ferreira Dias Kanthack
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - François Moncel
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Quentin Mercier
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Christian Collet
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Aymeric Guillot
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
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Stevens SR, van der Heijden ME, Ogawa Y, Lin T, Sillitoe RV, Rasband MN. Ankyrin-R Links Kv3.3 to the Spectrin Cytoskeleton and Is Required for Purkinje Neuron Survival. J Neurosci 2022; 42:2-15. [PMID: 34785580 PMCID: PMC8741159 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1132-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ankyrin scaffolding proteins are critical for membrane domain organization and protein stabilization in many different cell types including neurons. In the cerebellum, Ankyrin-R (AnkR) is highly enriched in Purkinje neurons, granule cells, and in the cerebellar nuclei (CN). Using male and female mice with a floxed allele for Ank1 in combination with Nestin-Cre and Pcp2-Cre mice, we found that ablation of AnkR from Purkinje neurons caused ataxia, regional and progressive neurodegeneration, and altered cerebellar output. We show that AnkR interacts with the cytoskeletal protein β3 spectrin and the potassium channel Kv3.3. Loss of AnkR reduced somatic membrane levels of β3 spectrin and Kv3.3 in Purkinje neurons. Thus, AnkR links Kv3.3 channels to the β3 spectrin-based cytoskeleton. Our results may help explain why mutations in β3 spectrin and Kv3.3 both cause spinocerebellar ataxia.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Ankyrin scaffolding proteins localize and stabilize ion channels in the membrane by linking them to the spectrin-based cytoskeleton. Here, we show that Ankyrin-R (AnkR) links Kv3.3 K+ channels to the β3 spectrin-based cytoskeleton in Purkinje neurons. Loss of AnkR causes Purkinje neuron degeneration, altered cerebellar physiology, and ataxia, which is consistent with mutations in Kv3.3 and β3 spectrin causing spinocerebellar ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon R Stevens
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | | | - Yuki Ogawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Tao Lin
- Department Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
- Department Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Matthew N Rasband
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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Suvada KC, Deol J, Dewald JPA, Acosta AM. A Method for Quantifying Trunk Motor Control During Reaching in Individuals Post Hemiparetic Stroke .. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:3743-3746. [PMID: 33018815 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
After a hemiparetic stroke, the contralesional upper limb is left with significant motor impairments including: weakness, spasticity, and abnormal joint torque patterns resulting in the flexion synergy (i.e. abnormal coupling between shoulder abduction and elbow/wrist and finger flexion). These impairments, and in particular the flexion synergy, limit ability to reach to the full extent of their limb workspace. Motor control of the trunk is also altered post stroke, with compromised ability to stabilize the trunk and excessive trunk movement during reaching, abnormal isometric torque coupling patterns in the transverse and sagittal planes and weakness. These motor impairments in both trunk and arm limit their ability to perform activities of daily living. While the effect of stroke on reaching has been studied extensively, less is known about the impact of deficits in trunk motor control on reaching ability and the impact of the flexion synergy on trunk postural control. Methods for investigating altered trunk control, specifically during a reach when concurrent loads that elicit the flexion synergy are imposed on the limb and trunk, are limited. Specifically, trunk deficits have yet to be studied in the context of the flexion synergy whereby loads imposed on the arm to elicit shoulder abduction have a negative impact on reaching and potentially on trunk posture. In order to address this gap, we developed a system that integrates a robotic device to simulate varied reaching environments, surface electromyography to measure primary trunk and arm muscle activity, and a two-camera motion capture system that uses reflective markers to measure trunk and arm movement. Feasibility and usability of the system was established during evaluation of reaching ability with varying levels of shoulder abduction loads while the trunk is either restrained or unrestrained in two participants with stroke and a healthy control.Clinical Relevance- The system presented here is capable of monitoring changes in trunk postural control after a hemiparetic stroke during a reaching task as a first step in furthering our understanding of changes in trunk motor control during reaching with the goal of developing more targeted and effective interventions for stroke rehabilitation.
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Stay TL, Miterko LN, Arancillo M, Lin T, Sillitoe RV. In vivo cerebellar circuit function is disrupted in an mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Dis Model Mech 2019; 13:dmm040840. [PMID: 31704708 PMCID: PMC6906634 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.040840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a debilitating and ultimately lethal disease involving progressive muscle degeneration and neurological dysfunction. DMD is caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, which result in extremely low or total loss of dystrophin protein expression. In the brain, dystrophin is heavily localized to cerebellar Purkinje cells, which control motor and non-motor functions. In vitro experiments in mouse Purkinje cells revealed that loss of dystrophin leads to low firing rates and high spiking variability. However, it is still unclear how the loss of dystrophin affects cerebellar function in the intact brain. Here, we used in vivo electrophysiology to record Purkinje cells and cerebellar nuclear neurons in awake and anesthetized female mdx (also known as Dmd) mice. Purkinje cell simple spike firing rate is significantly lower in mdx mice compared to controls. Although simple spike firing regularity is not affected, complex spike regularity is increased in mdx mutants. Mean firing rate in cerebellar nuclear neurons is not altered in mdx mice, but their local firing pattern is irregular. Based on the relatively well-preserved cytoarchitecture in the mdx cerebellum, our data suggest that faulty signals across the circuit between Purkinje cells and cerebellar nuclei drive the abnormal firing activity. The in vivo requirements of dystrophin during cerebellar circuit communication could help explain the motor and cognitive anomalies seen in individuals with DMD.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trace L Stay
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lauren N Miterko
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Marife Arancillo
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tao Lin
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Lalonde R, Strazielle C. Motor Performances of Spontaneous and Genetically Modified Mutants with Cerebellar Atrophy. THE CEREBELLUM 2019; 18:615-634. [PMID: 30820866 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chance discovery of spontaneous mutants with atrophy of the cerebellar cortex has unearthed genes involved in optimizing motor coordination. Rotorod, stationary beam, and suspended wire tests are useful in delineating behavioral phenotypes of spontaneous mutants with cerebellar atrophy such as Grid2Lc, Grid2ho, Rorasg, Agtpbp1pcd, Relnrl, and Dab1scm. Likewise, transgenic or null mutants serving as experimental models of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) are phenotyped with the same tests. Among experimental models of autosomal dominant SCA, rotorod deficits were reported in SCA1 to 3, SCA5 to 8, SCA14, SCA17, and SCA27 and stationary beam deficits in SCA1 to 3, SCA5, SCA6, SCA13, SCA17, and SCA27. Beam tests are sensitive to experimental therapies of various kinds including molecules affecting glutamate signaling, mesenchymal stem cells, anti-oligomer antibodies, lentiviral vectors carrying genes, interfering RNAs, or neurotrophic factors, and interbreeding with other mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lalonde
- Department of Psychology, University of Rouen, 76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France.
| | - Catherine Strazielle
- Laboratory of Stress, Immunity, and Pathogens EA7300, and CHRU of Nancy, University of Lorraine, 54500, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
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Park H, Kim T, Kim J, Yamamoto Y, Tanaka-Yamamoto K. Inputs from Sequentially Developed Parallel Fibers Are Required for Cerebellar Organization. Cell Rep 2019; 28:2939-2954.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Li L, Zhang S, Dobson J. The contribution of small and large sensory afferents to postural control in patients with peripheral neuropathy. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2019; 8:218-227. [PMID: 31193300 PMCID: PMC6523875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy (PN) is a multifarious disorder that is caused by damage to the peripheral nerves. Although the symptoms of PN vary with the etiology, most cases are characterized by impaired tactile and proprioceptive sensation that progresses in a distal to proximal manner. Balance also tends to deteriorate as the disorder becomes more severe, and those afflicted are substantially more likely to fall while walking compared with those who are healthy. Most patients with PN walk more cautiously and with greater stride variability than age-matched controls, but the majority of their falls occur when they must react to a perturbation such as a slippery or uneven surface. The purpose of this study was to first describe the role of somatosensory feedback in the control of posture and then discuss how that relationship is typically affected by the most common types of PN. A comprehensive review of the scientific literature was conducted using MEDLINE, and the relevant information was synthesized. The evidence indicates that the proprioceptive feedback that is conveyed primarily through larger type I afferents is important for postural control. However, the evidence indicates that the tactile feedback communicated through smaller type II afferents is particularly critical to the maintenance of balance. Many forms of PN often lead to chronic tactile desensitization in the soles of the feet and, although the central nervous system seems to adapt to this smaller type II afferent dysfunction by relying on more larger type I afferent reflex loops, the result is still decreased stability. We propose a model that is intended both to help explain the relationship between stability and the smaller type II afferent and the larger type I afferent feedback that may be impaired by PN and to assist in the development of pertinent rehabilitative interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- College of Physical Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410012, China
- Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Shuqi Zhang
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA
| | - John Dobson
- Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460, USA
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11
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Harmeier A, Meyer CA, Staempfli A, Casagrande F, Petrinovic MM, Zhang YP, Künnecke B, Iglesias A, Höner OP, Hoener MC. How Female Mice Attract Males: A Urinary Volatile Amine Activates a Trace Amine-Associated Receptor That Induces Male Sexual Interest. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:924. [PMID: 30158871 PMCID: PMC6104183 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals of many species rely on odors to communicate, find breeding partners, locate resources and sense dangers. In vertebrates, odorants are detected by chemosensory receptors of the olfactory system. One class of these receptors, the trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs), was recently suggested to mediate male sexual interest and mate choice. Here we tested this hypothesis in mice by generating a cluster deletion mouse (Taar2-9−/−) lacking all TAARs expressed in the olfactory epithelium, and evaluating transduction pathways from odorants to TAARs, neural activity and behaviors reflecting sexual interest. We found that a urinary volatile amine, isobutylamine (IBA), was a potent ligand for TAAR3 (but not TAAR1, 4, 5, and 6). When males were exposed to IBA, brain regions associated with sexual behaviors were less active in Taar2-9−/− than in wild type males. Accordingly, Taar2-9−/− males spent less time sniffing both the urine of females and pure IBA than wild type males. This is the first demonstration of a comprehensive transduction pathway linking odorants to TAARs and male sexual interest. Interestingly, the concentration of IBA in female urine varied across the estrus cycle with a peak during estrus. This variation in IBA concentration may represent a simple olfactory cue for males to recognize receptive females. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that IBA and TAARs play an important role in the recognition of breeding partners and mate choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Harmeier
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claas A Meyer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Staempfli
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Casagrande
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marija M Petrinovic
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yan-Ping Zhang
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Basil Künnecke
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Iglesias
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver P Höner
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marius C Hoener
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Neurosymptomatic Domains, Neuroscience, Ophthalmology and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development pRED, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
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12
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Martinez SA, Nguyen ND, Bailey E, Doyle-Green D, Hauser HA, Handrakis JP, Knezevic S, Marett C, Weinman J, Romero AF, Santiago TM, Yang AH, Yung L, Asselin PK, Weir JP, Kornfeld SD, Bauman WA, Spungen AM, Harel NY. Multimodal cortical and subcortical exercise compared with treadmill training for spinal cord injury. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202130. [PMID: 30092092 PMCID: PMC6084979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Spared fibers after spinal cord injury (SCI) tend to consist predominantly of subcortical circuits that are not under volitional (cortical) control. We aim to improve function after SCI by using targeted physical exercises designed to simultaneously stimulate cortical and spared subcortical neural circuits. METHODS Participants with chronic motor-incomplete SCI enrolled in a single-center, prospective interventional crossover study. Participants underwent 48 sessions each of weight-supported robotic-assisted treadmill training and a novel combination of balance and fine hand exercises, in randomized order, with a 6-week washout period. Change post-intervention was measured for lower extremity motor score, soleus H-reflex facilitation; seated balance function; ambulation; spasticity; and pain. RESULTS Only 9 of 21 enrolled participants completed both interventions. Thirteen participants completed at least one intervention. Although there were no statistically significant differences, multimodal training tended to increase short-interval H-reflex facilitation, whereas treadmill training tended to improve dynamic seated balance. DISCUSSION The low number of participants who completed both phases of the crossover intervention limited the power of this study to detect significant effects. Other potential explanations for the lack of significant differences with multimodal training could include insufficient engagement of lower extremity motor cortex using skilled upper extremity exercises; and lack of skill transfer from upright postural stability during multimodal training to seated dynamic balance during testing. To our knowledge, this is the first published study to report seated posturography outcomes after rehabilitation interventions in individuals with SCI. CONCLUSION In participants with chronic incomplete SCI, a novel mix of multimodal exercises incorporating balance exercises with skilled upper extremity exercises showed no benefit compared to an active control program of body weight-supported treadmill training. To improve participant retention in long-term rehabilitation studies, subsequent trials would benefit from a parallel group rather than crossover study design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nhuquynh D. Nguyen
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Eric Bailey
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Denis Doyle-Green
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Henry A. Hauser
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - John P. Handrakis
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, United States of America
| | - Steven Knezevic
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Casey Marett
- New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Weinman
- New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, United States of America
| | - Angelica F. Romero
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Tiffany M. Santiago
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Ajax H. Yang
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lok Yung
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Pierre K. Asselin
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Joseph P. Weir
- University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Stephen D. Kornfeld
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - William A. Bauman
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ann M. Spungen
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Noam Y. Harel
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Cruz-Aguilar MA, Guevara MA, Hernández-González M, Ramírez-Salado I, Hernández-Arteaga E, Ayala-Guerrero F. Cortical beta EEG oscillations related to changes in muscle tone activity during sleep in spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi). J Med Primatol 2017; 47:67-74. [DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Alejandro Cruz-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Correlación Electroencefalográfica y Conducta, Instituto de Neurociencias; CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara; Guadalajara Jalisco Mexico
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología y Sueño, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias; Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría “Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz”; CDMX México
| | - Miguel Angel Guevara
- Laboratorio de Correlación Electroencefalográfica y Conducta, Instituto de Neurociencias; CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara; Guadalajara Jalisco Mexico
| | - Marisela Hernández-González
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología de la Conducta Reproductiva, Instituto de Neurociencias; CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara; Guadalajara Jalisco México
| | - Ignacio Ramírez-Salado
- Laboratorio de Cronobiología y Sueño, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias; Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría “Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz”; CDMX México
| | - Enrique Hernández-Arteaga
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología de la Conducta Reproductiva, Instituto de Neurociencias; CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara; Guadalajara Jalisco México
| | - Fructuoso Ayala-Guerrero
- Facultad de Psicología, Laboratorio de Neurociencias; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; CDMX México
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14
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Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation improves adaptive postural control. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 129:33-41. [PMID: 29136550 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.09.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rehabilitation interventions contribute to recovery of impaired postural control, but it remains a priority to optimize their effectiveness. A promising strategy may involve transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of brain areas involved in fine-tuning of motor adaptation. This study explored the effects of cerebellar tDCS (ctDCS) on postural recovery from disturbance by Achilles tendon vibration. METHODS Twenty-eight healthy volunteers participated in this sham-ctDCS controlled study. Standing blindfolded on a force platform, four trials were completed: 60 s quiet standing followed by 20 min active (anodal-tDCS, 1 mA, 20 min, N = 14) or sham-ctDCS (40 s, N = 14) tDCS; three quiet standing trials with 15 s of Achilles tendon vibration and 25 s of postural recovery. Postural steadiness was quantified as displacement, standard deviation and path derived from the center of pressure (COP). RESULTS Baseline demographics and quiet standing postural steadiness, and backwards displacement during vibration were comparable between groups. However, active-tDCS significantly improved postural steadiness during vibration and reduced forward displacement and variability in COP derivatives during recovery. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that ctDCS results in short-term improvement of postural adaptation in healthy individuals. SIGNIFICANCE Future studies need to investigate if multisession ctDCS combined with training or rehabilitation interventions can induce prolonged improvement of postural balance.
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15
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Chang YT, Meng LF, Chang CJ, Lai PL, Lung CW, Chern JS. Effect of Postural Control Demands on Early Visual Evoked Potentials during a Subjective Visual Vertical Perception Task in Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:326. [PMID: 28713252 PMCID: PMC5492482 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Subjective visual vertical (SVV) judgment and standing stability were separately investigated among patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Although, one study has investigated the central mechanism of stability control in the AIS population, the relationships between SVV, decreased standing stability, and AIS have never been investigated. Through event-related potentials (ERPs), the present study examined the effect of postural control demands (PDs) on AIS central mechanisms related to SVV judgment and standing stability to elucidate the time-serial stability control process. Thirteen AIS subjects (AIS group) and 13 age-matched adolescents (control group) aged 12–18 years were recruited. Each subject had to complete an SVV task (i.e., the modified rod-and-frame [mRAF] test) as a stimulus, with online electroencephalogram recording being performed in the following three standing postures: feet shoulder-width apart standing, feet together standing, and tandem standing. The behavioral performance in terms of postural stability (center of pressure excursion), SVV (accuracy and reaction time), and mRAF-locked ERPs (mean amplitude and peak latency of the P1, N1, and P2 components) was then compared between the AIS and control groups. In the behavioral domain, the results revealed that only the AIS group demonstrated a significantly accelerated SVV reaction time as the PDs increased. In the cerebral domain, significantly larger P2 mean amplitudes were observed during both feet shoulder-width-apart standing and feet together standing postures compared with during tandem standing. No group differences were noted in the cerebral domain. The results indicated that (1) during the dual-task paradigm, a differential behavioral strategy of accelerated SVV reaction time was observed in the AIS group only when the PDs increased and (2) the decrease in P2 mean amplitudes with the increase in the PD levels might be direct evidence of the competition for central processing attentional resources under the dual-task postural control paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tzu Chang
- Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling, National Taiwan Normal UniversityTaipei, Taiwan.,Department of Occupational Therapy and Graduate Institute of Behavioral Science, School of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Fu Meng
- Department of Occupational Therapy and Graduate Institute of Behavioral Science, School of Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan.,Division of Occupational Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial HospitalChiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ju Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Chang Jung Christian UniversityTainan, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Science Industry, Chang Jung Christian UniversityTainan, Taiwan
| | - Po-Liang Lai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Jung UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wen Lung
- Department of Creative Product Design, Asia UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Suh Chern
- Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Counseling, National Taiwan Normal UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
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16
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Martins EF, Lemos T, Saunier G, Pozzo T, Fraiman D, Vargas CD. Cerebral Dynamics during the Observation of Point-Light Displays Depicting Postural Adjustments. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:217. [PMID: 28533748 PMCID: PMC5420589 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: As highly social creatures, human beings rely part of their skills of identifying, interpreting, and predicting the actions of others on the ability of perceiving biological motion. In the present study, we aim to investigate the electroencephalographic (EEG) cerebral dynamics involved in the coding of postural control and examine whether upright stance would be codified through the activation of the temporal-parietal cortical network classically enrolled in the coding of biological motion. Design: We registered the EEG activity of 12 volunteers while they passively watched point light displays (PLD) depicting quiet stable (QB) and an unstable (UB) postural situations and their respective scrambled controls (QS and US). In a pretest, 13 volunteers evaluated the level of stability of our two biological stimuli through a stability scale. Results: Contrasting QB vs. QS revealed a typical ERP difference in the right temporal-parietal region at an early 200-300 ms time window. Furthermore, when contrasting the two biological postural conditions, UB vs. QB, we found a higher positivity in the 400-600 ms time window for the UB condition in central-parietal electrodes, lateralized to the right hemisphere. Conclusions: These results suggest that PLDs depicting postural adjustments are coded in the brain as biological motion, and that their viewing recruit similar networks with those engaged in postural stability control. Additionally, higher order cognitive processes appear to be engaged in the identification of the postural instability level. Disentangling the EEG dynamics during the observation of postural adjustments could be very useful for further understanding the neural mechanisms underlying postural control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo F Martins
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia II, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Thiago Lemos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Reabilitação, Centro Universitário Augusto Motta-Centro Universitário Augusto Motta (UNISUAM)Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Ghislain Saunier
- Laboratório de Cognição Motora, Departamento de Anatomia, Universidade Federal do ParáPará, Brasil
| | - Thierry Pozzo
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale-U1093 Cognition, Action, et Plasticité Sensorimotrice, UFR STAPS, Université de BourgogneDijon, France
| | - Daniel Fraiman
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Neurociencia, Departamento de Matemática y Ciencias, Universidad de San AndrésBuenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia D Vargas
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia II, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro, Brasil
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17
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Harlé G, Lalonde R, Fonte C, Ropars A, Frippiat JP, Strazielle C. Repeated corticosterone injections in adult mice alter stress hormonal receptor expression in the cerebellum and motor coordination without affecting spatial learning. Behav Brain Res 2017; 326:121-131. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Lee JY, Petratos S. Thyroid Hormone Signaling in Oligodendrocytes: from Extracellular Transport to Intracellular Signal. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:6568-6583. [PMID: 27427390 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone plays an important role in central nervous system (CNS) development, including the myelination of variable axonal calibers. It is well-established that thyroid hormone is required for the terminal differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) into myelinating oligodendrocytes by inducing rapid cell-cycle arrest and constant transcription of pro-differentiation genes. This is well supported by the hypomyelinating phenotypes exhibited by patients with congenital hypothyroidism, cretinism. During development, myelinating oligodendrocytes only appear after the formation of neural circuits, indicating that the timing of oligodendrocyte differentiation is important. Since fetal and post-natal serum thyroid hormone levels peak at the stage of active myelination, it is suspected that the timing of oligodendrocyte development is finely controlled by thyroid hormone. The essential machinery for thyroid hormone signaling such as deiodinase activity (utilized by cells to auto-regulate the level of thyroid hormone), and nuclear thyroid hormone receptors (for gene transcription) are expressed on oligodendrocytes. In this review, we discuss the known and potential thyroid hormone signaling pathways that may regulate oligodendrocyte development and CNS myelination. Moreover, we evaluate the potential of targeting thyroid hormone signaling for white matter injury or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Young Lee
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria, 3004, Australia.,ToolGen, Inc., #1204, Byucksan Digital Valley 6-cha, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Steven Petratos
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, Victoria, 3004, Australia.
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19
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The molecular, temporal and region-specific requirements of the beta isoform of Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type 2 (CAMK2B) in mouse locomotion. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26989. [PMID: 27244486 PMCID: PMC4886626 DOI: 10.1038/srep26989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic approaches using temporal and brain region-specific restricted gene deletions have provided a wealth of insight in the brain regions and temporal aspects underlying spatial and associative learning. However, for locomotion such extensive studies are still scarce. Previous studies demonstrated that Camk2b–/– mice, which lack the β isoform of Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2 (CAMK2B), show very severe locomotion deficits. However, where these locomotion deficits originate is unknown. Here we made use of novel Camk2b mutants (Camk2bf/f and Camk2bT287A), to explore the molecular, temporal and brain region-specific requirements of CAMK2B for locomotion. At the molecular level we found that normal locomotion requires Calcium/Calmodulin mediated activation of CAMK2B, but CAMK2B autonomous activity is largely dispensable. At a systems level, we found that global deletion of Camk2b in the adult mouse causes only mild locomotion deficits, suggesting that the severe locomotion deficits of Camk2b–/– mice are largely of developmental origin. However, early onset deletion of Camk2b in cerebellum, striatum or forebrain did not recapitulate the locomotion deficits, suggesting that these deficits cannot be attributed to a single brain area. Taken together, these results provide the first insights into the molecular, temporal and region-specific role of CAMK2B in locomotion.
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20
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Ferreira-Vieira TH, de Freitas-Silva DM, Ribeiro AF, Pereira SRC, Ribeiro ÂM. Perinatal thiamine restriction affects central GABA and glutamate concentrations and motor behavior of adult rat offspring. Neurosci Lett 2016; 617:182-7. [PMID: 26836141 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The purposes of the present study were to investigate the effects of perinatal thiamine deficiency, from the 11th day of gestation until the 5th day of lactation, on motor behavior and neurochemical parameters in adult rat offspring, using 3-month-old, adult, male Wistar rats. All rats were submitted to motor tests, using the rotarod and paw print tasks. After behavioral tests, their thalamus, cerebellum and spinal cord were dissected for glutamate and GABA quantifications by high performance liquid chromatography. The thiamine-restricted mothers (RM) group showed a significant reduction of time spent on the rotarod at 25 rpm and an increase in hind-base width. A significant decrease of glutamate concentration in the cerebellum and an increase of GABA concentrations in the thalamus were also observed. For the offspring from control mothers (CM) group there were significant correlations between thalamic GABA concentrations and both rotarod performance and average hind-base width. In addition, for rats from the RM group a significant correlation between stride length and cerebellar GABA concentration was found. These results show that the deficiency of thiamine during an early developmental period affects certain motor behavior parameters and GABA and glutamate levels in specific brain areas. Hence, a thiamine deficiency episode during an early developmental period can induce motor impairments and excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter changes that are persistent and detectable in later periods of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Hélen Ferreira-Vieira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Laboratório de Neurociência Comportamental e Molecular, LaNeC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901,Brazil
| | - Danielle Marra de Freitas-Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB-Laboratório de Neurociências Comportamental e Molecular, LaNeC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901,Brazil
| | - Andrea Frozino Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Laboratório de Neurociência Comportamental e Molecular, LaNeC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901,Brazil
| | - Sílvia Rejane Castanheira Pereira
- Departamento de Psicologia, FaFiCH-Laboratório de Neurociência Comportamental e Molecular, LaNeC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901,Brazil
| | - Ângela Maria Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Laboratório de Neurociência Comportamental e Molecular, LaNeC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901,Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB-Laboratório de Neurociências Comportamental e Molecular, LaNeC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901,Brazil.
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21
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Neurobehavioral Anomalies in the Pitx3/ak Murine Model of Parkinson’s Disease and MPTP. Behav Genet 2015; 46:228-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s10519-015-9753-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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22
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Dharmadhikari S, Ma R, Yeh CL, Stock AK, Snyder S, Zauber SE, Dydak U, Beste C. Striatal and thalamic GABA level concentrations play differential roles for the modulation of response selection processes by proprioceptive information. Neuroimage 2015; 120:36-42. [PMID: 26142275 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The selection of appropriate responses is a complex endeavor requiring the integration of many different sources of information in fronto-striatal-thalamic circuits. An often neglected but relevant piece of information is provided by proprioceptive inputs about the current position of our limbs. This study examines the importance of striatal and thalamic GABA levels in these processes using GABA-edited magnetic resonance spectroscopy (GABA-MRS) and a Simon task featuring proprioception-induced interference in healthy subjects. As a possible model of deficits in the processing of proprioceptive information, we also included Parkinson's disease (PD) patients in this study. The results show that proprioceptive information about unusual postures complicates response selection processes in controls, but not in PD patients. The well-known deficits of PD patients in processing proprioceptive information can turn into a benefit when altered proprioceptive information would normally complicate response selection processes. Striatal and thalamic GABA levels play dissociable roles in the modulation of response selection processes by proprioceptive information: Striatal GABA levels seem to be important for the general speed of responding, most likely because striatal GABA promotes response selection. In contrast, the modulation of response conflict by proprioceptive information is closely related to thalamic GABA concentrations with higher concentration being related to a smaller response conflict effect. The most likely explanation for this finding is that the thalamus is involved in the integration of sensorimotor, attentional, and cognitive information for the purpose of response formation. Yet, this effect in the thalamus vanishes when controls and PD patients were analyzed separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalmali Dharmadhikari
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ruoyun Ma
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Chien-Lin Yeh
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ann-Kathrin Stock
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Sandy Snyder
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - S Elizabeth Zauber
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ulrike Dydak
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Germany
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Muñoz-Sáez E, de Munck García E, Arahuetes Portero RM, Martínez A, Solas Alados MT, Miguel BG. Analysis of β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (L-BMAA) neurotoxicity in rat cerebellum. Neurotoxicology 2015; 48:192-205. [PMID: 25898785 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Due to its structural similarity to glutamate, L-BMAA could be a trigger for neurodegenerative disorders caused by changes in the intracellular medium, such as increased oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired synthesis and protein degradation and the imbalance of some enzymes. It is also important to note that according to some published studies, L-BMAA will be incorporated into proteins, causing the alteration of protein homeostasis. Neuronal cells are particularly prone to suffer damage in protein folding and protein accumulation because they have not performed cellular division. In this work, we will analyse the cerebellum impairment triggered by L-BMAA in treated rats. The cerebellum is one of the most important subcortical motor centres and ensures that movements are performed with spatial and temporal precision. Cerebellum damage caused by L-BMAA can contribute to motor impairment. To characterize this neurodegenerative pathology, we first carried out ultrastructure analysis in Purkinje cells showing altered mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and Golgi apparatus (GA). We then performed biochemical assays of GSK3 and TDP-43 in cerebellum, obtaining an increase of both biomarkers with L-BMAA treatment and, finally, performed autophagy studies that revealed a higher level of these processes after treatment. This work provides evidence of cerebellar damage in rats after treatment with L-BMAA. Three months after treatment, affected rats cannot restore the normal functions of the cerebellum regarding motor coordination and postural control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Muñoz-Sáez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | - Ana Martínez
- Instituto de Química Médica - Centro Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ma Teresa Solas Alados
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Gómez Miguel
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular I, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Harel NY, Martinez SA, Knezevic S, Asselin PK, Spungen AM. Acute changes in soleus H-reflex facilitation and central motor conduction after targeted physical exercises. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2015; 25:438-43. [PMID: 25771437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested the acute effect of exercises targeted simultaneously at cortical and brainstem circuits on neural transmission through corticobulbar connections. Corticobulbar pathways represent a potential target for rehabilitation after spinal cord injury (SCI), which tends to spare brainstem circuits to a greater degree than cortical circuits. To explore this concept, able-bodied volunteers (n=20) underwent one session each of three exercises targeted at different nervous system components: treadmill walking (spinal locomotor circuits), isolated balance exercise (brainstem and other pathways), and multimodal balance plus skilled hand exercise (hand motor cortex and corticospinal tract). We found that short-interval soleus H-reflex facilitation increased after one session of balance and multimodal exercise by 13.2±4.0% and 8.3±4.7%, and slightly decreased by 1.9±4.4% after treadmill exercise (p=0.042 on ANOVA across exercise type). Increases in long-interval H-reflex facilitation were not significantly different between exercises. Both balance and multimodal exercise increased central motor conduction velocity by 4.3±2.6% and 4.5±2.8%, whereas velocity decreased by 4.3±2.7% after treadmill exercise (p=0.045 on ANOVA across exercise type). In conclusion, electrophysiological transmission between the motor cortex and spinal motor neurons in able-bodied subjects increased more following one session of balance exercise than treadmill exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Y Harel
- RR&D National Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Stephanie A Martinez
- RR&D National Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Steven Knezevic
- RR&D National Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Pierre K Asselin
- RR&D National Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Ann M Spungen
- RR&D National Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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Pereira S, Silva CC, Ferreira S, Silva C, Oliveira N, Santos R, Vilas-Boas JP, Correia MV. Anticipatory postural adjustments during sitting reach movement in post-stroke subjects. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2013; 24:165-71. [PMID: 24182733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study assessed the effect of velocity of arm movement on anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) generation in the contralateral and ipsilateral muscles of individuals with stroke in seating. Ten healthy and eight post-stroke subjects were studied in sitting. The task consisted in reaching an object placed at scapular plane and mid-sternum height at self-selected and fast velocities. Electromyography was recorded from anterior deltoid (AD), upper (UT) and lower trapezius (LT) and latissimus dorsi (LD). While kinematic analysis was used to assess peak velocity and trunk displacement. Differences were found between the timing of APAs on ipsi and contralateral LD and LT in both movement speeds and in ipsilateral UT during movement of the non-affected arm at a self-selected velocity. A delay on the contralateral LD to reach movement with the non-affected arm at fast velocity was also observed. The trunk displacement was greater in post-stroke subjects. Individuals with stroke demonstrated a delay of APAs in the muscles on both sides of the body compared to healthy subjects. The delay was observed during performance of the reaching task with the fast and self-selected velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraia Pereira
- School of Allied Health Sciences of Porto (ESTSP), Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cláudia C Silva
- The Scientific-Technical Area of Physical Therapy (ATCFT) of the School of Allied Health Sciences of Porto (ESTSP), Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Ferreira
- The Scientific-Technical Area of Physical Therapy (ATCFT) of the School of Allied Health Sciences of Porto (ESTSP), Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Silva
- School of Allied Health Sciences of Porto (ESTSP), Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Oliveira
- School of Allied Health Sciences of Porto (ESTSP), Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal
| | - Rubim Santos
- School of Allied Health Sciences of Porto (ESTSP), Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal
| | - John P Vilas-Boas
- CIFI[2]D, Biomechanics Labs, Faculty of Sport, Universityof Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel V Correia
- INESC-TEC and Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Blood AJ. Imaging studies in focal dystonias: a systems level approach to studying a systems level disorder. Curr Neuropharmacol 2013; 11:3-15. [PMID: 23814533 PMCID: PMC3580788 DOI: 10.2174/157015913804999513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal dystonias are dystonias that affect one part of the body, and are sometimes task-specific. Brain imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation techniques have been valuable in defining the pathophysiology of dystonias in general, and are particularly amenable to studying focal dystonias. Over the past few years, several common themes have emerged in the imaging literature, and this review summarizes these findings and suggests some ways in which these distinct themes might all point to one common systems-level mechanism for dystonia. These themes include (1) the role of premotor regions in focal dystonia, (2) the role of the sensory system and sensorimotor integration in focal dystonia, (3) the role of decreased inhibition/increased excitation in focal dystonia, and (4) the role of brain imaging in evaluating and guiding treatment of focal dystonias. The data across these themes, together with the features of dystonia itself, are consistent with a hypothesis that all dystonias reflect excessive output of postural control/stabilization systems in the brain, and that the mechanisms for dystonia reflect amplification of an existing functional system, rather than recruitment of the wrong motor programs. Imaging is currently being used to test treatment effectiveness, and to visually guide treatment of dystonia, such as placement of deep brain stimulation electrodes. In the future, it is hoped that imaging may be used to individualize treatments across behavioral, pharmacologic, and surgical domains, thus optimizing both the speed and effectiveness of treatment for any given individual with focal dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Blood
- Mood and Motor Control Laboratory, Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Genetics, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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27
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Karlsson O, Kultima K, Wadensten H, Nilsson A, Roman E, Andrén PE, Brittebo EB. Neurotoxin-induced neuropeptide perturbations in striatum of neonatal rats. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:1678-90. [PMID: 23410195 DOI: 10.1021/pr3010265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The cyanobacterial toxin β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) is suggested to play a role in neurodegenerative disease. We have previously shown that although the selective uptake of BMAA in the rodent neonatal striatum does not cause neuronal cell death, exposure during the neonatal development leads to cognitive impairments in adult rats. The aim of the present study was to characterize the changes in the striatal neuropeptide systems of male and female rat pups treated neonatally (postnatal days 9-10) with BMAA (40-460 mg/kg). The label-free quantification of the relative levels of endogenous neuropeptides using mass spectrometry revealed that 25 peptides from 13 neuropeptide precursors were significantly changed in the rat neonatal striatum. The exposure to noncytotoxic doses of BMAA induced a dose-dependent increase of neurosecretory protein VGF-derived peptides, and changes in the relative levels of cholecystokinin, chromogranin, secretogranin, MCH, somatostatin and cortistatin-derived peptides were observed at the highest dose. In addition, the results revealed a sex-dependent increase in the relative level of peptides derived from the proenkephalin-A and protachykinin-1 precursors, including substance P and neurokinin A, in female pups. Because several of these peptides play a critical role in the development and survival of neurons, the observed neuropeptide changes might be possible mediators of BMAA-induced behavioral changes. Moreover, some neuropeptide changes suggest potential sex-related differences in susceptibility toward this neurotoxin. The present study also suggests that neuropeptide profiling might provide a sensitive characterization of the BMAA-induced noncytotoxic effects on the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Karlsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University , SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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Harel NY, Asselin PK, Fineberg DB, Pisano TJ, Bauman WA, Spungen AM. Adaptation of computerized posturography to assess seated balance in persons with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2013; 36:127-33. [PMID: 23809527 PMCID: PMC3595960 DOI: 10.1179/2045772312y.0000000053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to retain or improve seated balance function after spinal cord injury (SCI) may mean the difference between independence and requiring assistance for basic activities of daily living. Compared with assessments of standing and walking balance, seated balance assessments remain relatively underemphasized and under-utilized. OBJECTIVE To optimize tools for assessing seated balance deficits and recovery in SCI. DESIGN Cross-sectional observational study of different methods for assessing seated balance function. SETTING Veterans Affairs Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury. PARTICIPANTS Seven able-bodied volunteers, seven participants with chronic motor-complete thoracic SCI. INTERVENTIONS A computerized pressure-plate apparatus designed for testing standing balance was adapted into a seated balance assessment system. OUTCOME MEASURES Seated section of Berg Balance Scale; modified functional reach test; and two posturography tests: limits of stability and clinical test of sensory integration on balance. RESULTS Seated posturography demonstrated improved correlation with neurological level of lesion compared to that of routinely applied subjective clinical tests. CONCLUSION Seated posturography represents an appealing outcome measure that may be applied toward the measurement of functional changes in response to various rehabilitation interventions in individuals with paralysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Y. Harel
- VA RR&D Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; and Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,Correspondence to: Noam Y. Harel, James J Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 W. Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY, USA 10468. E-mail:
| | - Pierre K. Asselin
- VA RR&D Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Drew B. Fineberg
- VA RR&D Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Thomas J. Pisano
- VA RR&D Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA; and Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - William A. Bauman
- VA RR&D Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; and Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ann M. Spungen
- VA RR&D Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; and Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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29
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Lalonde R, Fukuchi KI, Strazielle C. Neurologic and motor dysfunctions in APP transgenic mice. Rev Neurosci 2012; 23:363-79. [PMID: 23089603 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2012-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of gene mutations underlying autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease has enabled researchers to reproduce several hallmarks of this disorder in transgenic mice, notably the formation of Aβ plaques in brain and cognitive deficits. APP transgenic mutants have also been investigated with respect to survival rates, neurologic functions, and motor coordination, which are all susceptible to alteration in Alzheimer dementia. Several transgenic lines expressing human mutated or wild-type APP had higher mortality rates than non-transgenic controls with or without the presence of Aβ plaques. Mortality rates were also elevated in APP transgenic mice with vascular amyloid accumulation, thereby implicating cerebrovascular factors in the precocious death observed in all APP transgenic models. In addition, myoclonic jumping has been described in APP mutants, together with seizure activity, abnormal limb-flexion and paw-clasping reflexes, and motor coordination deficits. The neurologic signs resemble the myoclonic movements, epileptic seizures, pathological reflexes, and gait problems observed in late-stage Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lalonde
- Departement de Psychologie, Universite de Rouen, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
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Willi R, Winter C, Wieske F, Kempf A, Yee BK, Schwab ME, Singer P. Loss of EphA4 impairs short-term spatial recognition memory performance and locomotor habituation. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2012; 11:1020-31. [PMID: 22938696 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2012.00842.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
EphA4 receptor (EphA4) tyrosine kinase is an important regulator of central nervous system development and synaptic plasticity in the mature brain, but its relevance to the control of normal behavior remains largely unexplored. This study is the first attempt to obtain a behavioral profile of constitutive homozygous and heterozygous EphA4 knockout mice. A deficit in locomotor habituation in the open field, impairment in spatial recognition in the Y-maze and reduced probability of spatial spontaneous alternation in the T-maze were identified in homozygous EphA4(-/-) mice, while heterozygo us EphA4(+/-) mice appeared normal on these tests in comparison with wild-type (WT) controls. The multiple phenotypes observed in EphA4(-/-) mice might stem from an underlying deficit in habituation learning, reflecting an elementary form of nonassociative learning that is in contrast to Pavlovian associative learning, which appeared unaffected by EphA4 disruption. A deficit in motor coordination on the accelerating rotarod was also demonstrated only in EphA4(-/-) mice--a finding in keeping with the presence of abnormal gait in EphA4(-/-) mice--although they were able to improve performance over training. There was no evidence for substantial changes in major neurochemical markers in various brain regions rich in EphA4 as shown by post-mortem analysis. This excludes the possibility of major neurochemical compensation in the brain of EphA4(-/-) mice. In summary, we have demonstrated for the first time the behavioral significance of EphA4 disruption, supporting further investigation of EphA4 as a possible target for behavioral interventions where habituation deficits are prominent.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Willi
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Present address: CNS Discovery, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - C Winter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - F Wieske
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - A Kempf
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - B K Yee
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.,Present address: Robert Stone Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - M E Schwab
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - P Singer
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.,Present address: Robert Stone Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, USA
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31
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Foley TE, Brooks LR, Gilligan LJ, Burghardt PR, Koch LG, Britton SL, Fleshner M. Brain activation patterns at exhaustion in rats that differ in inherent exercise capacity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45415. [PMID: 23028992 PMCID: PMC3444461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to further understand the genetic basis for variation in inherent (untrained) exercise capacity, we examined the brains of 32 male rats selectively bred for high or low running capacity (HCR and LCR, respectively). The aim was to characterize the activation patterns of brain regions potentially involved in differences in inherent running capacity between HCR and LCR. Using quantitative in situ hybridization techniques, we measured messenger ribonuclease (mRNA) levels of c-Fos, a marker of neuronal activation, in the brains of HCR and LCR rats after a single bout of acute treadmill running (7.5-15 minutes, 15° slope, 10 m/min) or after treadmill running to exhaustion (15-51 minutes, 15° slope, initial velocity 10 m/min). During verification of trait differences, HCR rats ran six times farther and three times longer prior to exhaustion than LCR rats. Running to exhaustion significantly increased c-Fos mRNA activation of several brain areas in HCR, but LCR failed to show significant elevations of c-Fos mRNA at exhaustion in the majority of areas examined compared to acutely run controls. Results from these studies suggest that there are differences in central c-Fos mRNA expression, and potential brain activation patterns, between HCR and LCR rats during treadmill running to exhaustion and these differences could be involved in the variation in inherent running capacity between lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa E. Foley
- Department of Integrative Physiology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Leah R. Brooks
- Department of Integrative Physiology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lori J. Gilligan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Paul R. Burghardt
- Department of Psychiatry and the Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lauren G. Koch
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Steven L. Britton
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Monika Fleshner
- Department of Integrative Physiology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Anxious, hypoactive phenotype combined with motor deficits in Gtf2ird1 null mouse model relevant to Williams syndrome. Behav Brain Res 2012; 233:458-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Kim BY, Jin HJ, Kim JY. Genome-wide association analysis of Sasang constitution in the Korean population. J Altern Complement Med 2012; 18:262-9. [PMID: 22394158 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2010.0764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sasang constitutional medicine is a traditional Korean medicine in which an individual is classified into one of four types of constitution: Taeum (TE), Soeum (SE) Soyang (SY), and Taeyang (TY). These constitution types are determined with biologic and physiologic characteristics, so it has been assumed that genetic factors are associated with each constitution type. Identifying the genetic elements underlying each constitution is necessary for the elucidation of the molecular mechanism of Sasang constitutional medicine. DESIGN A total of 341,998 genetic loci across the whole genome were genotyped for 1222 subjects of defined constitution type. The genetic loci associated with each constitution type were identified and the functional connectivity of genes within these loci was analyzed using statistical text mining. RESULTS From the difference in allele frequencies between constitution types, significant genetic loci associated with each type were identified. Chromosomes 3q27.3 (rs10937331, p=2.71×10(-6)), 15q22.2 (rs7180547, p=1.58×10(-6)), and 14q22.3 (rs12431592, p=1.31×10(-6)) were most significantly associated with TE, SE, and SY constitution types, respectively. From the functional relationship analysis using all loci with a p-value≤10(-4), genes associated with each constitution type were identified. Fifteen (15) genes, including GPM6A, SYT4, and GRIK1, were significantly associated with the TE constitution type (p<0.05); 12 genes, including DRGX and AKAP11, were significantly associated with the SE constitution type (p<0.05); and 17 genes, including ZFP42, CDH22, ALDH1A2, OTX2, and EN2, were significantly associated with the SY constitution type (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Genetic loci and genes associated with Sasang constitution types were systematically identified from a genome-wide association study using a large number of subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bu-Yeo Kim
- Division of Constitutional Medicine Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Paes-Branco D, Abreu-Villaça Y, Manhães AC, Filgueiras CC. Unilateral hemispherectomy at adulthood asymmetrically affects motor performance of male Swiss mice. Exp Brain Res 2012; 218:465-76. [PMID: 22367398 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3034-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Evidence exists indicating that cerebral lateralization is a fundamental feature of all vertebrates. In humans, a series of studies demonstrated that the left hemisphere plays a major role in controlling movement. No such asymmetries have been identified in rodents, in spite of the fact that these animals have been frequently used in studies assessing motor behavior. In this regard, here, we used unilateral hemispherectomy to study the relative importance of each hemisphere in controlling movement. Adult Swiss mice were submitted to right unilateral hemispherectomy (RH), left unilateral hemispherectomy (LH) or sham surgery. Fifteen days after surgery, motor performance was assessed in the accelerating rotarod test and in the foot-fault test (in which performance depends on skilled limb use) and in the elevated body swing test (in which performance depends on trunk movements). The surgical removal of the right hemisphere caused a more pronounced impairment in performance than the removal of the left hemisphere both in the rotarod and in the foot-fault tests. In the rotarod, the RH group presented smaller latencies to fall than both LH and sham groups. In the foot-fault test, while both the sham and the LH groups showed no differences between left and right hind limbs, the RH group showed significantly worse performance with the left hind limb than with the right one. The elevated body swing test revealed a similar impairment in the two hemispherectomized groups. Our data suggest a major role of the right hemisphere in controlling skilled limb movements in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Paes-Branco
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Centro Biomédico, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Professor Manoel de Abreu 444, 5 andar, Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil
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Gutierrez DV, Mark MD, Masseck O, Maejima T, Kuckelsberg D, Hyde RA, Krause M, Kruse W, Herlitze S. Optogenetic control of motor coordination by Gi/o protein-coupled vertebrate rhodopsin in cerebellar Purkinje cells. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:25848-58. [PMID: 21628464 PMCID: PMC3138296 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.253674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors are involved in the modulation of complex neuronal networks in the brain. To investigate the impact of a cell-specific G(i/o) protein-mediated signaling pathway on brain function, we created a new optogenetic mouse model in which the G(i/o) protein-coupled receptor vertebrate rhodopsin can be cell-specifically expressed with the aid of Cre recombinase. Here we use this mouse model to study the functional impact of G(i/o) modulation in cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs). We show that in vivo light activation of vertebrate rhodopsin specifically expressed in PCs reduces simple spike firing that is comparable with the reduction in firing observed for the activation of cerebellar G(i/o)-coupled GABA(B) receptors. Notably, the light exposure of the cerebellar vermis in freely moving mice changes the motor behavior. Thus, our studies directly demonstrate that spike modulation via G(i/o)-mediated signaling in cerebellar PCs affects motor coordination and show a new promising approach for studying the physiological function of G protein-coupled receptor-mediated signaling in a cell type-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davina V. Gutierrez
- the Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Melanie D. Mark
- From the Department of Zoology and Neurobiology, ND7/31, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany and
| | - Olivia Masseck
- From the Department of Zoology and Neurobiology, ND7/31, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany and
| | - Takashi Maejima
- From the Department of Zoology and Neurobiology, ND7/31, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany and
| | - Denise Kuckelsberg
- From the Department of Zoology and Neurobiology, ND7/31, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany and
| | - Robert A. Hyde
- the Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Martin Krause
- From the Department of Zoology and Neurobiology, ND7/31, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany and
| | - Wolfgang Kruse
- From the Department of Zoology and Neurobiology, ND7/31, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany and
| | - Stefan Herlitze
- From the Department of Zoology and Neurobiology, ND7/31, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany and
- the Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
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36
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The genetics of altitude tolerance: the evidence for inherited susceptibility to acute mountain sickness. J Occup Environ Med 2011; 53:159-68. [PMID: 21270658 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e318206b112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Acute mountain sickness (AMS) has become a significant environmental health issue as improvements in transportation, "environmental tourism," and resource development lure more people to the highlands. Whether there is a genetic contribution to AMS susceptibility is a central question in high-altitude medicine. This article provides a systematic review of the evidence supporting such an innate predisposition. METHODS Scientific literature databases were screened using the terms "acute mountain sickness/AMS" and "altitude illness" combined with the terms "DNA," "gene," "genetic," or "polymorphism." RESULTS Sixteen genes from a variety of pathways have been tested for association with AMS and variants in eight showed positive associations suggesting that AMS is an environmentally mediated polygenic disorder. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that genotype contributes to capacity to rapidly and efficiently acclimatize to altitude; nevertheless, the mechanisms by which this occurs have yet to be elucidated.
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McNeill EM, Klöckner-Bormann M, Roesler EC, Talton LE, Moechars D, Clagett-Dame M. Nav2 hypomorphic mutant mice are ataxic and exhibit abnormalities in cerebellar development. Dev Biol 2011; 353:331-43. [PMID: 21419114 PMCID: PMC3250223 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Development of the cerebellum involves a coordinated program of neuronal process outgrowth and migration resulting in a foliated structure that plays a key role in motor function. Neuron navigator 2 (Nav2) is a cytoskeletal-interacting protein that functions in neurite outgrowth and axonal elongation. Herein we show that hypomorphic mutant mice lacking the full-length Nav2 transcript exhibit ataxia and defects in cerebellar development. At embryonic day (E)17.5, the mutant cerebellum is reduced in size and exhibits defects in vermal foliation. Reduction in cell proliferation at early times (E12.5 and E14.5) may contribute to this size reduction. The full-length Nav2 transcript is expressed in the premigratory zone of the external granule layer (EGL). Granule cells in the germinal zone of the EGL appear to proliferate normally, however, due to the reduction in cerebellar circumference there are fewer total BrdU-labeled granule cells in the mutants, and these fail to migrate normally toward the interior of the cerebellum. In Nav2 hypomorphs, fewer granule cells migrate out of cerebellar EGL explants and neurite outgrowth from both explants and isolated external granule cell cultures is reduced. This suggests that the formation of parallel axon fibers and neuronal migration is disrupted in Nav2 mutants. This work supports an essential role for full-length Nav2 in cerebellar development, including axonal elongation and migration of the EGL neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. McNeill
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | | | | | - Lynn E. Talton
- Behavioral Testing Core Facility, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Dieder Moechars
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Margaret Clagett-Dame
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
- Pharmaceutical Science Division, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
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Klein A, Sacrey LAR, Dunnett SB, Whishaw IQ, Nikkhah G. Proximal movements compensate for distal forelimb movement impairments in a reach-to-eat task in Huntington's disease: New insights into motor impairments in a real-world skill. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 41:560-9. [PMID: 21059390 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Klein
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
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Altered expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in weaver mutant mice. Brain Res 2010; 1326:40-50. [PMID: 20219442 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The weaver mouse represents the only genetic animal model of gradual nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration which is proposed as a pathophysiological phenotype of Parkinson's disease. The aim of the present study was to analyze the nitric oxide and dopaminergic systems in selected brain regions of homozygous weaver mice at different postnatal ages corresponding to specific stages of the dopamine loss. Structural deficits were evaluated by quantification of tyrosine hydroxylase and neuronal nitric oxide synthase-immunostaining in the cortex, striatum, accumbens nuclei, subthalamic nuclei, ventral tegmental area, and substantia nigra compacta of 10-day, 1- and 2-month-old wild-type and weaver mutant mice. The results confirmed the progressive loss of dopamine during the postnatal development in the adult weaver mainly affecting the substantia nigra pars compacta, striatum, and subthalamic nucleus and slightly affecting the accumbens nuclei and ventral tegmental area. A general decrease in neuronal nitric oxide synthase-immunostaining with age was revealed in both the weaver and wild-type mice, with the decrease being most pronounced in the weaver. In contrast, there was an increase in the substantia nigra pars compacta nitric oxide synthase-immunostaining and a decrease mainly in the subthalamic and accumbens nuclei of the 2-month-old weaver mutant. The decrease in the expression of nNOS may bear functional significance related to the process of aging. DA neurons from the substantia nigra directly modulate the activity of subthalamic nucleus neurons, and their loss may contribute to the abnormal activity of subthalamic nucleus neurons. Although the functional significance of these changes is not clear, it may represent plastic compensating adjustments resulting from the loss of dopamine innervation, highlighting a possible role of nitric oxide in this process.
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Four-week trunk-specific rehabilitation treatment improves lateral trunk flexion in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2010; 25:325-31. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.23007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Stins JF, Ledebt A, Emck C, van Dokkum EH, Beek PJ. Patterns of postural sway in high anxious children. Behav Brain Funct 2009; 5:42. [PMID: 19799770 PMCID: PMC2760560 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-5-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Current research suggests that elevated levels of anxiety have a negative impact on the regulation of balance. However, most studies to date examined only global balance performance, with little attention to the way body posture is organized in space and time. The aim of this study is to examine whether posturographic measures can reveal (sub)clinical balance deficits in children with high levels of anxiety. Methods We examined the spatio-temporal structure of the centre-of-pressure (COP) fluctuations in children with elevated levels of anxiety and a group of typically developing children while maintaining quiet stance on a force plate in various balance challenging conditions. Balance was challenged by adopting sensory manipulations (standing with eyes closed and/or standing on a foam surface) and using a cognitive manipulation (dual-tasking). Results Across groups, postural performance was strongly influenced by the sensory manipulations, and hardly by the cognitive manipulation. We also found that children with anxiety had overall more postural sway, and that their postural sway was overall less complex than sway of typically developing children. The postural differences between groups were present even in the simple baseline condition, and the group differences became larger with increasing task difficulty. Conclusion The pattern of postural sway suggests that balance is overall less stable and more attention demanding in children with anxiety than typically developing children. The findings provide further evidence for a neuro-behavioral link between psychopathology and the effectiveness of postural control.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Stins
- Research Institute MOVE, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 9, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Lalonde R, Strazielle C. Exploratory activity and motor coordination in old versus middle-aged C57BL/6J mice. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2009; 49:39-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Brooks SP, Dunnett SB. Tests to assess motor phenotype in mice: a user's guide. Nat Rev Neurosci 2009; 10:519-29. [DOI: 10.1038/nrn2652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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The cerebellum, cerebellar disorders, and cerebellar research--two centuries of discoveries. THE CEREBELLUM 2009; 7:505-16. [PMID: 18855093 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-008-0063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Research on the cerebellum is evolving rapidly. The exquisiteness of the cerebellar circuitry with a unique geometric arrangement has fascinated researchers from numerous disciplines. The painstaking works of pioneers of these last two centuries, such as Rolando, Flourens, Luciani, Babinski, Holmes, Cajal, Larsell, or Eccles, still exert a strong influence in the way we approach cerebellar functions. Advances in genetic studies, detailed molecular and cellular analyses, profusion of brain imaging techniques, emergence of behavioral assessments, and reshaping of models of cerebellar function are generating an immense amount of knowledge. Simultaneously, a better definition of cerebellar disorders encountered in the clinic is emerging. The essentials of a trans-disciplinary blending are expanding. The analysis of the literature published these last two decades indicates that the gaps between domains of research are vanishing. The launch of the society for research on the cerebellum (SRC) illustrates how cerebellar research is burgeoning. This special issue gathers the contributions of the inaugural conference of the SRC dedicated to the mechanisms of cerebellar function. Contributions were brought together around five themes: (1) cerebellar development, death, and regeneration; (2) cerebellar circuitry: processing and function; (3) mechanisms of cerebellar plasticity and learning; (4) cerebellar function: timing, prediction, and/or coordination?; (5) anatomical and disease perspectives on cerebellar function.
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Manderson EN, Birch AH, Shen Z, Mes-Masson AM, Provencher D, Tonin PN. Molecular Genetic Analysis of a Cell Adhesion Molecule With Homology to L1CAM, Contactin 6, and Contactin 4 Candidate Chromosome 3p26pter Tumor Suppressor Genes in Ovarian Cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2009; 19:513-25. [DOI: 10.1111/igc.0b013e3181a3cd38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Karlsson O, Lindquist NG, Brittebo EB, Roman E. Selective brain uptake and behavioral effects of the cyanobacterial toxin BMAA (beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine) following neonatal administration to rodents. Toxicol Sci 2009; 109:286-95. [PMID: 19321797 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are extensively distributed in terrestrial and aquatic environments all over the world. Most cyanobacteria can produce the neurotoxin beta-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA), which has been detected in several water systems and could accumulate in food chains. The aim of the study was to investigate the transfer of BMAA to fetal and neonatal brains and the effects of BMAA on the development of behavioral characteristics during the brain growth spurt (BGS) in rodents. Pregnant and neonatal mice were given an injection of (3)H-BMAA on gestational day 14 and postnatal day (PND) 10, respectively, and processed for tape-section autoradiography. The study revealed transplacental transfer of (3)H-BMAA and a significant uptake in fetal mouse brain. The radioactivity was specifically located in the hippocampus, striatum, brainstem, spinal cord and cerebellum of 10-day-old mice. The effect of repeated BMAA treatment (200 or 600 mg/kg s.c.) during BGS on rat behavior was also studied. BMAA treatment on PND 9-10 induced acute alterations, such as impaired locomotor ability and hyperactivity, in the behavior of neonatal rats. Furthermore, rats given the high dose of BMAA failed to habituate to the test environment when tested at juvenile age. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that BMAA was transferred to the neonatal brain and induced significant changes in the behavior of neonatal rats following administration during BGS. The observed behavioral changes suggest possible cognitive impairment. Increased information on the long-term effects of BMAA on cognitive function following fetal and neonatal exposure is required for assessment of the risk to children's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Karlsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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Willi R, Aloy EM, Yee BK, Feldon J, Schwab ME. Behavioral characterization of mice lacking the neurite outgrowth inhibitor Nogo-A. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2008; 8:181-92. [PMID: 19077178 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2008.00460.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The membrane protein Nogo-A inhibits neurite outgrowth and regeneration in the injured central nervous system, primarily because of its expression in oligodendrocytes. Hence, deletion of Nogo-A enhances regeneration following spinal cord injury. Yet, the effects of Nogo-A deletion on general behavior and cognition have not been explored. The possibility of potential novel functions of Nogo-A beyond growth inhibition is strongly suggested by the presence of subpopulations of neurons also expressing Nogo-A - not only during development but also in adulthood. We evaluated here Nogo-A(-/-) mice in a series of general basic behavioral assays as well as functional analyses related to brain regions with notable expression levels of Nogo-A. The SHIRPA protocol did not show any major basic behavioral changes in Nogo-A(-/-) mice. Anxiety-related behavior, pain sensitivity, startle reactivity, spatial learning, and associative learning also appeared indistinguishable between Nogo-A(-/-) and control Nogo-A(+/+) mice. However, motor co-ordination and balance were enhanced in Nogo-A(-/-) mice. Spontaneous locomotor activity was also elevated in Nogo-A(-/-) mice, but this was specifically observed in the dark (active) phase of the circadian cycle. Enhanced locomotor reaction to systemic amphetamine in Nogo-A(-/-) mice further pointed to an altered dopaminergic tone in these mice. The present study is the first behavioral characterization of mice lacking Nogo-A and provides significant insights into the potential behavioral relevance of Nogo-A in the modulation of dopaminergic and motor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Willi
- Brain Research Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Beyeler A, Métais C, Combes D, Simmers J, Le Ray D. Metamorphosis-induced changes in the coupling of spinal thoraco-lumbar motor outputs during swimming in Xenopus laevis. J Neurophysiol 2008; 100:1372-83. [PMID: 18596184 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00023.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anuran metamorphosis includes a complete remodeling of the animal's biomechanical apparatus, requiring a corresponding functional reorganization of underlying central neural circuitry. This involves changes that must occur in the coordination between the motor outputs of different spinal segments to harmonize locomotor and postural functions as the limbs grow and the tail regresses. In premetamorphic Xenopus laevis tadpoles, axial motor output drives rostrocaudally propagating segmental myotomal contractions that generate propulsive body undulations. During metamorphosis, the anterior axial musculature of the tadpole progressively evolves into dorsal muscles in the postmetamorphic froglet in which some of these back muscles lose their implicit locomotor function to serve exclusively in postural control in the adult. To understand how locomotor and postural systems interact during locomotion in juvenile Xenopus, we have investigated the coordination between postural back and hindlimb muscle activity during free forward swimming. Axial/dorsal muscles, which contract in bilateral alternation during undulatory swimming in premetamorphic tadpoles, change their left-right coordination to become activated in phase with bilaterally synchronous hindlimb extensions in locomoting juveniles. Based on in vitro electrophysiological experiments as well as specific spinal lesions in vivo, a spinal cord region was delimited in which propriospinal interactions are directly responsible for the coordination between leg and back muscle contractions. Our findings therefore indicate that dynamic postural adjustments during adult Xenopus locomotion are mediated by local intraspinal pathways through which the lumbar generator for hindlimb propulsive kicking provides caudorostral commands to thoracic spinal circuitry controlling the dorsal trunk musculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Beyeler
- Université de Bordeaux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire Mouvement Adaptation Cognition (UMR 5227) Bordeaux, France
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Taube W, Gruber M, Gollhofer A. Spinal and supraspinal adaptations associated with balance training and their functional relevance. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2008; 193:101-16. [PMID: 18346210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2008.01850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally, balance training has been used to rehabilitate ankle injuries and postural deficits. Prospective studies have shown preventive effects with respect to ankle and knee joint injuries. Presently, balance training is not only applied for rehabilitation and prevention but also for improving motor performance, especially muscle power. The recent application of noninvasive electrophysiological and brain imaging techniques revealed insights into the central control of posture and the adaptations induced by balance training. This information is important for our understanding of the basic control and adaptation mechanisms and to conceptualize appropriate training programmes for athletes, elderly people and patients. The present review presents neurophysiological adaptations induced by balance training and their influence on motor behaviour. It emphasizes the plasticity of the sensorimotor system, particularly the spinal and supraspinal structures. The relevance of balance training is highlighted with respect to athletic performance, postural control within elderly people as well as injury prevention and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Taube
- Department of Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Buttarelli FR, Pellicano C, Pontieri FE. Neuropharmacology and behavior in planarians: translations to mammals. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2008; 147:399-408. [PMID: 18294919 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2007] [Revised: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Planarians are the simplest animals to exhibit a body plan common to all vertebrates and many invertebrates, characterized by bilateral rather than radial symmetry, dorsal and ventral surfaces, and a rostrocaudal axis with a head and a tail, including specialized sense organs and an aggregate of nerve cells in the head. Neurons in planarian more closely resemble those of vertebrates than those of advanced invertebrates, exhibiting typical vertebrate features of multipolar shape, dendritic spines with synaptic boutons, a single axon, expression of vertebrate-like neural proteins, and relatively low spontaneously generated electrical activity. Here we report the most relevant contribution to the knowledge of the neuropharmacology of planarians, with particular reference to the behavioral consequences of the exposure to drugs acting on neural transmission. Neurochemical and histochemical data indicate the presence of several neurotransmitter-receptor systems in planarians. Moreover, a variety of experimental studies characterized specific behavioral patterns of these animals following the exposure to drugs acting on neural transmission. There is also evidence of the interactions between discrete neurotransmitter-receptor systems in modulating behavior in planarians. Finally, the model has proved efficacy for investigating the neurotoxicology of the dopamine neurons, and for the initial screening of the neuroprotective potential of drugs. In conclusion, these findings indicate that interactions between discrete neurotransmitter-receptor systems occur very early along phylogeny, although they may have evolved from very fundamental behaviors, such as motor activity in planarian, to more complex and integrated functions in vertebrates.
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