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Poinsatte K, Kenwood M, Betz D, Nawaby A, Ajay AD, Xu W, Plautz EJ, Kong X, Ramirez DMO, Goldberg MP. SpinalTRAQ: A novel volumetric cervical spinal cord atlas identifies the corticospinal tract synaptic projectome in healthy and post-stroke mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.23.609434. [PMID: 39416130 PMCID: PMC11482800 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.23.609434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2024]
Abstract
Descending corticospinal tract (CST) connections to the neurons of the cervical spinal cord are vital for performance of forelimb-specific fine motor skills. In rodents, CST axons are almost entirely crossed at the level of the medullary decussation. While specific contralateral axon projections have been well-characterized using anatomic and molecular approaches, the field currently lacks a cohesive imaging modality allowing rapid quantitative assessment of the entire, bilateral cervical cord projectome at the level of individual laminae and cervical levels. This is potentially important as the CST is known to undergo marked structural remodeling in development, injury, and disease. We developed SpinalTRAQ ( S pinal cord T omographic R egistration and A utomated Q uantification), a novel volumetric cervical spinal cord atlas and machine learning-driven microscopy acquisition and analysis pipeline that uses serial two-photon tomography-images to generate unbiased, region-specific quantification of the fluorescent pixels of anterograde AAV-labeled CST pre-synaptic terminals. In adult mice, the CST synaptic projectome densely innervates the contralateral hemicord, particularly in laminae 5 and 7, with sparse, monosynaptic input to motoneurons in lamina 9. Motor pools supplying axial musculature in the upper cervical cord are bilaterally innervated. The remainder of the ipsilateral cord has sparse labeling in a distinct distribution compared to the contralateral side. Following a focal stroke of the motor cortex, there is a complete loss of descending corticospinal axons from the injured side. Consistent with prior reports of axon collateralization, the CST spinal projectome increases at four weeks post-stroke and continues to elevate by six weeks post stroke. At six weeks post-stroke, we observed striking synapse formation in the denervated hemicord from the uninjured CST in a homotopic distribution. Additionally, CST synaptic reinnervation increases in the denervated lamina 9 in nearly all motoneuron pools, exhibiting novel patterns of connectivity. Detailed level- and lamina-specific quantification of the bilateral cervical spinal cord synaptic projectome reveals previously undescribed patterns of CST connectivity in health and injury-related plasticity.
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Hilton BJ, Griffin JM, Fawcett JW, Bradke F. Neuronal maturation and axon regeneration: unfixing circuitry to enable repair. Nat Rev Neurosci 2024; 25:649-667. [PMID: 39164450 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-024-00849-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian neurons lose the ability to regenerate their central nervous system axons as they mature during embryonic or early postnatal development. Neuronal maturation requires a transformation from a situation in which neuronal components grow and assemble to one in which these components are fixed and involved in the machinery for effective information transmission and computation. To regenerate after injury, neurons need to overcome this fixed state to reactivate their growth programme. A variety of intracellular processes involved in initiating or sustaining neuronal maturation, including the regulation of gene expression, cytoskeletal restructuring and shifts in intracellular trafficking, have been shown to prevent axon regeneration. Understanding these processes will contribute to the identification of targets to promote repair after injury or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J Hilton
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Jarred M Griffin
- Laboratory for Axonal Growth and Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - James W Fawcett
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Centre for Reconstructive Neuroscience, Institute for Experimental Medicine Czech Academy of Science (CAS), Prague, Czechia.
| | - Frank Bradke
- Laboratory for Axonal Growth and Regeneration, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.
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3
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Hu L, Liu XY, Zhao L, Hu ZB, Li ZX, Liu WT, Song NN, Hu YQ, Jiang LP, Zhang L, Tao YC, Zhang Q, Chen JY, Lang B, Wang YB, Yue L, Ding YQ. Ventricular Netrin-1 deficiency leads to defective pyramidal decussation and mirror movement in mice. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:343. [PMID: 38760361 PMCID: PMC11101614 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06719-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
The corticospinal tract (CST) is the principal neural pathway responsible for conducting voluntary movement in the vertebrate nervous system. Netrin-1 is a well-known guidance molecule for midline crossing of commissural axons during embryonic development. Families with inherited Netrin-1 mutations display congenital mirror movements (CMM), which are associated with malformations of pyramidal decussation in most cases. Here, we investigated the role of Netrin-1 in CST formation by generating conditional knockout (CKO) mice using a Gfap-driven Cre line. A large proportion of CST axons spread laterally in the ventral medulla oblongata, failed to decussate and descended in the ipsilateral spinal white matter of Ntn1Gfap CKO mice. Netrin-1 mRNA was expressed in the ventral ventricular zone (VZ) and midline, while Netrin-1 protein was transported by radial glial cells to the ventral medulla, through which CST axons pass. The level of transported Netrin-1 protein was significantly reduced in Ntn1Gfap CKO mice. In addition, Ntn1Gfap CKO mice displayed increased symmetric movements. Our findings indicate that VZ-derived Netrin-1 deletion leads to an abnormal trajectory of the CST in the spinal cord due to the failure of CST midline crossing and provides novel evidence supporting the idea that the Netrin-1 signalling pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of CMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Hu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xi-Yue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ze-Xuan Li
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Wei-Tang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ning-Ning Song
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yun-Qing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Luo-Peng Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yun-Chao Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jia-Yin Chen
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bing Lang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Yu-Bing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Lei Yue
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, Ministry of Education, East Hospital, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yu-Qiang Ding
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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4
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Liu Y, Seguin C, Betzel RF, Akarca D, Di Biase MA, Zalesky A. A generative model of the connectome with dynamic axon growth. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.23.581824. [PMID: 38464116 PMCID: PMC10925171 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.23.581824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Connectome generative models, otherwise known as generative network models, provide insight into the wiring principles underpinning brain network organization. While these models can approximate numerous statistical properties of empirical networks, they typically fail to explicitly characterize an important contributor to brain organization - axonal growth. Emulating the chemoaffinity guided axonal growth, we provide a novel generative model in which axons dynamically steer the direction of propagation based on distance-dependent chemoattractive forces acting on their growth cones. This simple dynamic growth mechanism, despite being solely geometry-dependent, is shown to generate axonal fiber bundles with brain-like geometry and features of complex network architecture consistent with the human brain, including lognormally distributed connectivity weights, scale-free nodal degrees, small-worldness, and modularity. We demonstrate that our model parameters can be fitted to individual connectomes, enabling connectome dimensionality reduction and comparison of parameters between groups. Our work offers an opportunity to bridge studies of axon guidance and connectome development, providing new avenues for understanding neural development from a computational perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhe Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Caio Seguin
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Richard F. Betzel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Danyal Akarca
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria A. Di Biase
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew Zalesky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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5
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Golan N, Ehrlich D, Bonanno J, O'Brien RF, Murillo M, Kauer SD, Ravindra N, Van Dijk D, Cafferty WB. Anatomical Diversity of the Adult Corticospinal Tract Revealed by Single-Cell Transcriptional Profiling. J Neurosci 2023; 43:7929-7945. [PMID: 37748862 PMCID: PMC10669816 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0811-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The corticospinal tract (CST) forms a central part of the voluntary motor apparatus in all mammals. Thus, injury, disease, and subsequent degeneration within this pathway result in chronic irreversible functional deficits. Current strategies to repair the damaged CST are suboptimal in part because of underexplored molecular heterogeneity within the adult tract. Here, we combine spinal retrograde CST tracing with single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) in adult male and female mice to index corticospinal neuron (CSN) subtypes that differentially innervate the forelimb and hindlimb. We exploit publicly available datasets to confer anatomic specialization among CSNs and show that CSNs segregate not only along the forelimb and hindlimb axis but also by supraspinal axon collateralization. These anatomically defined transcriptional data allow us to use machine learning tools to build classifiers that discriminate between CSNs and cortical layer 2/3 and nonspinally terminating layer 5 neurons in M1 and separately identify limb-specific CSNs. Using these tools, CSN subtypes can be differentially identified to study postnatal patterning of the CST in vivo, leveraged to screen for novel limb-specific axon growth survival and growth activators in vitro, and ultimately exploited to repair the damaged CST after injury and disease.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Therapeutic interventions designed to repair the damaged CST after spinal cord injury have remained functionally suboptimal in part because of an incomplete understanding of the molecular heterogeneity among subclasses of CSNs. Here, we combine spinal retrograde labeling with scRNAseq and annotate a CSN index by the termination pattern of their primary axon in the cervical or lumbar spinal cord and supraspinal collateral terminal fields. Using machine learning we have confirmed the veracity of our CSN gene lists to train classifiers to identify CSNs among all classes of neurons in primary motor cortex to study the development, patterning, homeostasis, and response to injury and disease, and ultimately target streamlined repair strategies to this critical motor pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Golan
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| | - Daniel Ehrlich
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| | - James Bonanno
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| | - Rory F O'Brien
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| | - Matias Murillo
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| | - Sierra D Kauer
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| | - Neal Ravindra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
- Department of Computer Science, Yale University School, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| | - David Van Dijk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
- Department of Computer Science, Yale University School, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| | - William B Cafferty
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
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6
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Gu Z, Matsuura K, Letelier A, Basista M, Craig C, Imai F, Yoshida Y. Axon Fasciculation, Mediated by Transmembrane Semaphorins, Is Critical for the Establishment of Segmental Specificity of Corticospinal Circuits. J Neurosci 2023; 43:5753-5768. [PMID: 37344234 PMCID: PMC10423052 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0073-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon fasciculation is thought to be a critical step in neural circuit formation and function. Recent studies have revealed various molecular mechanisms that underlie axon fasciculation; however, the impacts of axon fasciculation, and its corollary, defasciculation, on neural circuit wiring remain unclear. Corticospinal (CS) neurons in the sensorimotor cortex project axons to the spinal cord to control skilled movements. In rodents, the axons remain tightly fasciculated in the brain and traverse the dorsal funiculus of the spinal cord. Here we show that plexinA1 (PlexA1) and plexinA3 (PlexA3) receptors are expressed by CS neurons, whereas their ligands, semaphorin-5A (Sema5A) and semaphorin-5B (Sema5B) are expressed in the medulla at the decussation site of CS axons to inhibit premature defasciculation of these axons. In the absence of Sema5A/5B-PlexA1/A3 signaling, some CS axons are prematurely defasciculated in the medulla of the brainstem, and those defasciculated CS axons aberrantly transverse in the spinal gray matter instead of the spinal dorsal funiculus. In the absence of Sema5A/Sema5B-PlexA1/A3 signaling, CS axons, which would normally innervate the lumbar spinal cord, are unbundled in the spinal gray matter, and prematurely innervate the cervical gray matter with reduced innervation of the lumbar gray matter. In both Sema5A/5B and PlexA1/A3 mutant mice (both sexes), stimulation of the hindlimb motor cortex aberrantly evokes robust forelimb muscle activation. Finally, Sema5A/5B and PlexA1/A3 mutant mice show deficits in skilled movements. These results suggest that proper fasciculation of CS axons is required for appropriate neural circuit wiring and ultimately affect the ability to perform skilled movements.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Axon fasciculation is believed to be essential for neural circuit formation and function. However, whether and how defects in axon fasciculation affect the formation and function of neural circuits remain unclear. Here we examine whether the transmembrane proteins semaphorin-5A (Sema5A) and semaphorin-5B (Sema5B), and their receptors, plexinA1 (PlexA1) and plexinA3 (PlexA3) play roles in the development of corticospinal circuits. We find that Sema5A/Sema5B and PlexA1/A3 are required for proper axon fasciculation of corticospinal neurons. Furthermore, Sema5A/5B and PlexA1/A3 mutant mice show marked deficits in skilled motor behaviors. Therefore, these results strongly suggest that proper corticospinal axon fasciculation is required for the appropriate formation and functioning of corticospinal circuits in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zirong Gu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Ken Matsuura
- Neural Circuit Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
| | | | - Mark Basista
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, New York 10605
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065
| | - Corey Craig
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Fumiyasu Imai
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, New York 10605
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065
| | - Yutaka Yoshida
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, New York 10605
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065
- Neural Circuit Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan
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7
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Itoh Y, Sahni V, Shnider SJ, McKee H, Macklis JD. Inter-axonal molecular crosstalk via Lumican proteoglycan sculpts murine cervical corticospinal innervation by distinct subpopulations. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112182. [PMID: 36934325 PMCID: PMC10167627 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
How CNS circuits sculpt their axonal arbors into spatially and functionally organized domains is not well understood. Segmental specificity of corticospinal connectivity is an exemplar for such regional specificity of many axon projections. Corticospinal neurons (CSN) innervate spinal and brainstem targets with segmental precision, controlling voluntary movement. Multiple molecularly distinct CSN subpopulations innervate the cervical cord for evolutionarily enhanced precision of forelimb movement. Evolutionarily newer CSNBC-lat exclusively innervate bulbar-cervical targets, while CSNmedial are heterogeneous; distinct subpopulations extend axons to either bulbar-cervical or thoraco-lumbar segments. We identify that Lumican controls balance of cervical innervation between CSNBC-lat and CSNmedial axons during development, which is maintained into maturity. Lumican, an extracellular proteoglycan expressed by CSNBC-lat, non-cell-autonomously suppresses cervical collateralization by multiple CSNmedial subpopulations. This inter-axonal molecular crosstalk between CSN subpopulations controls murine corticospinal circuitry refinement and forelimb dexterity. Such crosstalk is generalizable beyond the corticospinal system for evolutionary incorporation of new neuron populations into preexisting circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Itoh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Vibhu Sahni
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sara J Shnider
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Holly McKee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Macklis
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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8
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Tsuchimochi R, Yamagami K, Kubo N, Amimoto N, Raudzus F, Samata B, Kikuchi T, Doi D, Yoshimoto K, Mihara A, Takahashi J. Viral delivery of L1CAM promotes axonal extensions by embryonic cerebral grafts in mouse brain. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:899-914. [PMID: 36963389 PMCID: PMC10147836 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell replacement therapy is expected as a new and more radical treatment against brain damage. We previously reported that transplanted human cerebral organoids extend their axons along the corticospinal tract in rodent brains. The axons reached the spinal cord but were still sparse. Therefore, this study optimized the host brain environment by the adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated expression of axon guidance proteins in mouse brain. Among netrin-1, SEMA3, and L1CAM, only L1CAM significantly promoted the axonal extension of mouse embryonic brain tissue-derived grafts. L1CAM was also expressed by donor neurons, and this promotion was exerted in a haptotactic manner by their homophilic binding. Primary cortical neurons cocultured on L1CAM-expressing HEK-293 cells supported this mechanism. These results suggest that optimizing the host environment by the AAV-mediated expression of axon guidance molecules enhances the effect of cell replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Tsuchimochi
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Keitaro Yamagami
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Naoko Kubo
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Naoya Amimoto
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Fabian Raudzus
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Bumpei Samata
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Kikuchi
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Daisuke Doi
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Koji Yoshimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Aya Mihara
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Jun Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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9
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Seng C, Luo W, Földy C. Circuit formation in the adult brain. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:4187-4213. [PMID: 35724981 PMCID: PMC9546018 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neurons in the mammalian central nervous system display an enormous capacity for circuit formation during development but not later in life. In principle, new circuits could be also formed in adult brain, but the absence of the developmental milieu and the presence of growth inhibition and hundreds of working circuits are generally viewed as unsupportive for such a process. Here, we bring together evidence from different areas of neuroscience—such as neurological disorders, adult‐brain neurogenesis, innate behaviours, cell grafting, and in vivo cell reprogramming—which demonstrates robust circuit formation in adult brain. In some cases, adult‐brain rewiring is ongoing and required for certain types of behaviour and memory, while other cases show significant promise for brain repair in disease models. Together, these examples highlight that the adult brain has higher capacity for structural plasticity than previously recognized. Understanding the underlying mechanisms behind this retained plasticity has the potential to advance basic knowledge regarding the molecular organization of synaptic circuits and could herald a new era of neural circuit engineering for therapeutic repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Seng
- Laboratory of Neural Connectivity, Brain Research Institute, Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Wenshu Luo
- Laboratory of Neural Connectivity, Brain Research Institute, Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Csaba Földy
- Laboratory of Neural Connectivity, Brain Research Institute, Faculties of Medicine and Science, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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10
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Sahni V, Itoh Y, Shnider SJ, Macklis JD. Crim1 and Kelch-like 14 exert complementary dual-directional developmental control over segmentally specific corticospinal axon projection targeting. Cell Rep 2021; 37:109842. [PMID: 34686337 PMCID: PMC8697027 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex executes highly skilled movement, necessitating that it connects accurately with specific brainstem and spinal motor circuitry. Corticospinal neurons (CSN) must correctly target specific spinal segments, but the basis for this targeting remains unknown. In the accompanying report, we show that segmentally distinct CSN subpopulations are molecularly distinct from early development, identifying candidate molecular controls over segmentally specific axon targeting. Here, we functionally investigate two of these candidate molecular controls, Crim1 and Kelch-like 14 (Klhl14), identifying their critical roles in directing CSN axons to appropriate spinal segmental levels in the white matter prior to axon collateralization. Crim1 and Klhl14 are specifically expressed by distinct CSN subpopulations and regulate their differental white matter projection targeting-Crim1 directs thoracolumbar axon extension, while Klhl14 limits axon extension to bulbar-cervical segments. These molecular regulators of descending spinal projections constitute the first stages of a dual-directional set of complementary controls over CSN diversity for segmentally and functionally distinct circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibhu Sahni
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Itoh
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Sara J Shnider
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Macklis
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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11
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Spatiotemporal expression of IgLON family members in the developing mouse nervous system. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19536. [PMID: 34599206 PMCID: PMC8486791 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97768-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Differential expression of cell adhesion molecules in neuronal populations is one of the many mechanisms promoting the formation of functional neural circuits in the developing nervous system. The IgLON family consists of five cell surface immunoglobulin proteins that have been associated with various developmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and major depressive disorder. However, there is still limited and fragmented information about their patterns of expression in certain regions of the developing nervous system and how their expression contributes to their function. Utilizing an in situ hybridization approach, we have analyzed the spatiotemporal expression of all IgLON family members in the developing mouse brain, spinal cord, eye, olfactory epithelium, and vomeronasal organ. At one prenatal (E16) and two postnatal (P0 and P15) ages, we show that each IgLON displays distinct expression patterns in the olfactory system, cerebral cortex, midbrain, cerebellum, spinal cord, and eye, indicating that they likely contribute to the wiring of specific neuronal circuitry. These analyses will inform future functional studies aimed at identifying additional roles for these proteins in nervous system development.
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12
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Levy JA, LaFlamme CW, Tsaprailis G, Crynen G, Page DT. Dyrk1a Mutations Cause Undergrowth of Cortical Pyramidal Neurons via Dysregulated Growth Factor Signaling. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 90:295-306. [PMID: 33840455 PMCID: PMC8787822 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in DYRK1A are a cause of microcephaly, autism spectrum disorder, and intellectual disability; however, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are not well understood. METHODS We generated a conditional mouse model using Emx1-cre, including conditional heterozygous and homozygous knockouts, to investigate the necessity of Dyrk1a in the cortex during development. We used unbiased, high-throughput phosphoproteomics to identify dysregulated signaling mechanisms in the developing Dyrk1a mutant cortex as well as classic genetic modifier approaches and pharmacological therapeutic intervention to rescue microcephaly and neuronal undergrowth caused by Dyrk1a mutations. RESULTS We found that cortical deletion of Dyrk1a in mice causes decreased brain mass and neuronal size, structural hypoconnectivity, and autism-relevant behaviors. Using phosphoproteomic screening, we identified growth-associated signaling cascades dysregulated upon Dyrk1a deletion, including TrkB-BDNF (tyrosine receptor kinase B-brain-derived neurotrophic factor), an important regulator of ERK/MAPK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase) and mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) signaling. Genetic suppression of Pten or pharmacological treatment with IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor-1), both of which impinge on these signaling cascades, rescued microcephaly and neuronal undergrowth in neonatal mutants. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these findings identify a previously unknown mechanism through which Dyrk1a mutations disrupt growth factor signaling in the developing brain, thus influencing neuronal growth and connectivity. Our results place DYRK1A as a critical regulator of a biological pathway known to be dysregulated in humans with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability. In addition, these data position Dyrk1a within a larger group of autism spectrum disorder/intellectual disability risk genes that impinge on growth-associated signaling cascades to regulate brain size and connectivity, suggesting a point of convergence for multiple autism etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna A Levy
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida; Doctoral Program in Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences at Scripps Research, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Christy W LaFlamme
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida; The Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida
| | | | - Gogce Crynen
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Damon T Page
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida; Doctoral Program in Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences at Scripps Research, Jupiter, Florida.
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13
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Iguchi T, Oka Y, Yasumura M, Omi M, Kuroda K, Yagi H, Xie MJ, Taniguchi M, Bastmeyer M, Sato M. Mutually Repulsive EphA7-EfnA5 Organize Region-to-Region Corticopontine Projection by Inhibiting Collateral Extension. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4795-4808. [PMID: 33906900 PMCID: PMC8260171 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0367-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordination of skilled movements and motor planning relies on the formation of regionally restricted brain circuits that connect cortex with subcortical areas during embryonic development. Layer 5 neurons that are distributed across most cortical areas innervate the pontine nuclei (basilar pons) by protrusion and extension of collateral branches interstitially along their corticospinal extending axons. Pons-derived chemotropic cues are known to attract extending axons, but molecules that regulate collateral extension to create regionally segregated targeting patterns have not been identified. Here, we discovered that EphA7 and EfnA5 are expressed in the cortex and the basilar pons in a region-specific and mutually exclusive manner, and that their repulsive activities are essential for segregating collateral extensions from corticospinal axonal tracts in mice. Specifically, EphA7 and EfnA5 forward and reverse inhibitory signals direct collateral extension such that EphA7-positive frontal and occipital cortical areas extend their axon collaterals into the EfnA5-negative rostral part of the basilar pons, whereas EfnA5-positive parietal cortical areas extend their collaterals into the EphA7-negative caudal part of the basilar pons. Together, our results provide a molecular basis that explains how the corticopontine projection connects multimodal cortical outputs to their subcortical targets.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our findings put forward a model in which region-to-region connections between cortex and subcortical areas are shaped by mutually exclusive molecules to ensure the fidelity of regionally restricted circuitry. This model is distinct from earlier work showing that neuronal circuits within individual cortical modalities form in a topographical manner controlled by a gradient of axon guidance molecules. The principle that a shared molecular program of mutually repulsive signaling instructs regional organization-both within each brain region and between connected brain regions-may well be applicable to other contexts in which information is sorted by converging and diverging neuronal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokuichi Iguchi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Science, Fukui Health Science University, Fukui 910-3190, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Oka
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui (UGSCD), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Misato Yasumura
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Minoru Omi
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kuroda
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Hideshi Yagi
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Min-Jue Xie
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui (UGSCD), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Manabu Taniguchi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Makoto Sato
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui (UGSCD), Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
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14
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Netrin-G1 Regulates Microglial Accumulation along Axons and Supports the Survival of Layer V Neurons in the Postnatal Mouse Brain. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107580. [PMID: 32348754 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, accumulate along subcerebral projection axons and support neuronal survival during the early postnatal period. It remains unknown how microglia follow an axon-specific distribution pattern to maintain neural circuits. Here, we investigated the mechanisms of microglial accumulation along subcerebral projection axons that were necessary for microglial accumulation in the internal capsule. Screening of molecules involved in this accumulation of microglia to axons of layer V cortical neurons identified netrin-G1, a member of the netrin family of axon guidance molecules with a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol anchor. Deletion or knockdown of the netrin-G1 gene Ntng1 reduced microglial accumulation and caused loss of cortical neurons. Netrin-G1 ligand-Ngl1 knockout-mice-derived microglia showed reduced accumulation along the axons compared with wild-type microglia. Thus, microglia accumulate around the subcerebral projection axons via NGL1-netrin-G1 signaling and support neuronal survival. Our observations unveil bidirectional neurotrophic interactions between neurons and microglia.
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15
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Carulli D, de Winter F, Verhaagen J. Semaphorins in Adult Nervous System Plasticity and Disease. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 13:672891. [PMID: 34045951 PMCID: PMC8148045 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.672891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Semaphorins, originally discovered as guidance cues for developing axons, are involved in many processes that shape the nervous system during development, from neuronal proliferation and migration to neuritogenesis and synapse formation. Interestingly, the expression of many Semaphorins persists after development. For instance, Semaphorin 3A is a component of perineuronal nets, the extracellular matrix structures enwrapping certain types of neurons in the adult CNS, which contribute to the closure of the critical period for plasticity. Semaphorin 3G and 4C play a crucial role in the control of adult hippocampal connectivity and memory processes, and Semaphorin 5A and 7A regulate adult neurogenesis. This evidence points to a role of Semaphorins in the regulation of adult neuronal plasticity. In this review, we address the distribution of Semaphorins in the adult nervous system and we discuss their function in physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Carulli
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini and Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Fred de Winter
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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16
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Singleton AC, Brown AR, Teskey GC. Development and plasticity of complex movement representations. J Neurophysiol 2021; 125:628-637. [PMID: 33471611 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00531.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian motor cortex is topographically organized into representations of discrete body parts (motor maps). Studies in adult rats using long-duration intracortical microstimulation (LD-ICMS) reveal that forelimb motor cortex is functionally organized into several spatially distinct areas encoding complex, multijoint movement sequences: elevate, advance, grasp, and retract. The topographical arrangement of complex movements during development and the influence of skilled learning are unknown. Here, we determined the emergence and topography of complex forelimb movement representations in rats between postnatal days (PND) 13 and 60. We further investigated the expression of the maps for complex movements under conditions of reduced cortical inhibition and whether skilled forelimb motor training could alter their developing topography. We report that simple forelimb movements are first evoked at PND 25 and are confined to the caudal forelimb area (CFA), whereas complex movements first reliably appear at PND 30 and are observed in both the caudal and rostral forelimb areas (RFA). During development, the topography of complex movement representations undergoes reorganization with "grasp" and "elevate" movements predominantly observed in the RFA and all four complex movements observed in CFA. Under reduced cortical inhibition, simple and complex movements were first observed in the CFA on PND 15 and 20, respectively, and the topography is altered relative to a saline control. Further, skilled motor learning was associated with increases in "grasp" and "retract" representations specific to the trained limb. Our results demonstrate that early-life motor experience during development can modify the topography of complex forelimb movement representations.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The motor cortex is topographically organized into maps of different body parts. We used to think that the function of motor cortex was to drive individual muscles, but more recently we have learned that it is also organized to make complex movements. However, the development and plasticity of those complex movements is completely unknown. In this paper, the emergence and topography of complex movement representation, as well as their plasticity during development, is detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Singleton
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew R Brown
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - G Campbell Teskey
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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17
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Loss of floor plate Netrin-1 impairs midline crossing of corticospinal axons and leads to mirror movements. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108654. [PMID: 33472083 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, execution of unimanual movements requires lateralized activation of the primary motor cortex, which then transmits the motor command to the contralateral hand through the crossed corticospinal tract (CST). Mutations in NTN1 alter motor control lateralization, leading to congenital mirror movements. To address the role of midline Netrin-1 on CST development and subsequent motor control, we analyze the morphological and functional consequences of floor plate Netrin-1 depletion in conditional knockout mice. We show that depletion of floor plate Netrin-1 in the brainstem critically disrupts CST midline crossing, whereas the other commissural systems are preserved. The only associated defect is an abnormal entry of CST axons within the inferior olive. Alteration of CST midline crossing results in functional ipsilateral projections and is associated with abnormal symmetric movements. Our study reveals the role of Netrin-1 in CST development and describes a mouse model recapitulating the characteristics of human congenital mirror movements.
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18
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Primary cilia safeguard cortical neurons in neonatal mouse forebrain from environmental stress-induced dendritic degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 118:2012482118. [PMID: 33443207 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012482118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The developing brain is under the risk of exposure to a multitude of environmental stressors. While perinatal exposure to excessive levels of environmental stress is responsible for a wide spectrum of neurological and psychiatric conditions, the developing brain is equipped with intrinsic cell protection, the mechanisms of which remain unknown. Here we show, using neonatal mouse as a model system, that primary cilia, hair-like protrusions from the neuronal cell body, play an essential role in protecting immature neurons from the negative impacts of exposure to environmental stress. More specifically, we found that primary cilia prevent the degeneration of dendritic arbors upon exposure to alcohol and ketamine, two major cell stressors, by activating cilia-localized insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor and downstream Akt signaling. We also found that activation of this pathway inhibits Caspase-3 activation and caspase-mediated cleavage/fragmentation of cytoskeletal proteins in stress-exposed neurons. These results indicate that primary cilia play an integral role in mitigating adverse impacts of environmental stressors such as drugs on perinatal brain development.
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19
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Kaur N, Han W, Li Z, Madrigal MP, Shim S, Pochareddy S, Gulden FO, Li M, Xu X, Xing X, Takeo Y, Li Z, Lu K, Imamura Kawasawa Y, Ballester-Lurbe B, Moreno-Bravo JA, Chédotal A, Terrado J, Pérez-Roger I, Koleske AJ, Sestan N. Neural Stem Cells Direct Axon Guidance via Their Radial Fiber Scaffold. Neuron 2020; 107:1197-1211.e9. [PMID: 32707082 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells directly or indirectly generate all neurons and macroglial cells and guide migrating neurons by using a palisade-like scaffold made of their radial fibers. Here, we describe an unexpected role for the radial fiber scaffold in directing corticospinal and other axons at the junction between the striatum and globus pallidus. The maintenance of this scaffold, and consequently axon pathfinding, is dependent on the expression of an atypical RHO-GTPase, RND3/RHOE, together with its binding partner ARHGAP35/P190A, a RHO GTPase-activating protein, in the radial glia-like neural stem cells within the ventricular zone of the medial ganglionic eminence. This role is independent of RND3 and ARHGAP35 expression in corticospinal neurons, where they regulate dendritic spine formation, axon elongation, and pontine midline crossing in a FEZF2-dependent manner. The prevalence of neural stem cell scaffolds and their expression of RND3 and ARHGAP35 suggests that these observations might be broadly relevant for axon guidance and neural circuit formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navjot Kaur
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Wenqi Han
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Graduate Program in Histology and Embryology, Zhengzhou University, 450001 Zhengzhou, China
| | - M Pilar Madrigal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Veterinary School, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Sungbo Shim
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Sirisha Pochareddy
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Forrest O Gulden
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Mingfeng Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Xuming Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Xiaojun Xing
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Yale Genome Editing Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Yutaka Takeo
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Kangrong Lu
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Yuka Imamura Kawasawa
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Institute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Begoña Ballester-Lurbe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Veterinary School, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Alain Chédotal
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - José Terrado
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Veterinary School, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ignacio Pérez-Roger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Veterinary School, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Anthony J Koleske
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Biophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Departments of Genetics, Psychiatry, and Comparative Medicine, Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, and Repair, and Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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20
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Semaphorin-Mediated Corticospinal Axon Elimination Depends on the Activity-Induced Bax/Bak-Caspase Pathway. J Neurosci 2020; 40:5402-5412. [PMID: 32471877 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3190-18.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon guidance molecules and neuronal activity have been implicated in the establishment and refinement of neural circuits during development. It is unclear, however, whether these guidance molecule- and activity-dependent mechanisms interact with one another to shape neural circuit formation. The formation of corticospinal (CS) circuits, which are essential for voluntary movements, involves both guidance molecule- and activity-dependent components during development. We previously showed that semaphorin6D (Sema6D)-plexinA1 (PlexA1) signaling eliminates ipsilateral projections of CS neurons in the spinal cord, while other studies demonstrate that CS projections to the spinal cord are eliminated in an activity-dependent manner. Here we show that inhibition of cortical neurons during postnatal development causes defects in elimination of ipsilateral CS projections in mice. We further show that mice that lack the activity-dependent Bax/Bak pathway or caspase-9 similarly exhibit defects in elimination of ipsilateral CS projections, suggesting that the activity-dependent Bax/Bak-caspase-9 pathway is essential for the removal of ipsilateral CS projections. Interestingly, either inhibition of neuronal activity in the cortex or deletion of Bax/Bak in mice causes a reduction in PlexA1 protein expression in corticospinal neurons. Finally, intracortical microstimulation induces activation of only contralateral forelimb muscles in control mice, whereas it induces activation of both contralateral and ipsilateral muscles in mice with cortical inhibition, suggesting that the ipsilaterally projecting CS axons that have been maintained in mice with cortical inhibition form functional connections. Together, these results provide evidence of a potential link between the repellent signaling of Sema6D-PlexA1 and neuronal activity to regulate axon elimination.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Both axon guidance molecules and neuronal activity regulate axon elimination to refine neuronal circuits during development. However, the degree to which these mechanisms operate independently or cooperatively to guide network generation is unclear. Here, we show that neuronal activity-driven Bax/Bak-caspase signaling induces expression of the PlexA1 receptor for the repellent Sema6D molecule in corticospinal neurons (CSNs). This cascade eliminates ipsilateral projections of CSNs in the spinal cord during early postnatal development. The absence of PlexA1, neuronal activity, Bax and Bak, or caspase-9 leads to the maintenance of ipsilateral projections of CSNs, which can form functional connections with spinal neurons. Together, these studies reveal how the Sema6D-PlexA1 signaling and neuronal activity may play a cooperative role in refining CS axonal projections.
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Abstract
The spinal cord receives, relays and processes sensory information from the periphery and integrates this information with descending inputs from supraspinal centres to elicit precise and appropriate behavioural responses and orchestrate body movements. Understanding how the spinal cord circuits that achieve this integration are wired during development is the focus of much research interest. Several families of proteins have well-established roles in guiding developing spinal cord axons, and recent findings have identified new axon guidance molecules. Nevertheless, an integrated view of spinal cord network development is lacking, and many current models have neglected the cellular and functional diversity of spinal cord circuits. Recent advances challenge the existing spinal cord axon guidance dogmas and have provided a more complex, but more faithful, picture of the ontogenesis of vertebrate spinal cord circuits.
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Aizawa S, Okada T, Keino-Masu K, Doan TH, Koganezawa T, Akiyama M, Tamaoka A, Masu M. Abnormal Pyramidal Decussation and Bilateral Projection of the Corticospinal Tract Axons in Mice Lacking the Heparan Sulfate Endosulfatases, Sulf1 and Sulf2. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 12:333. [PMID: 32038163 PMCID: PMC6985096 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The corticospinal tract (CST) plays an important role in controlling voluntary movement. Because the CST has a long trajectory throughout the brain toward the spinal cord, many axon guidance molecules are required to navigate the axons correctly during development. Previously, we found that double-knockout (DKO) mouse embryos lacking the heparan sulfate endosulfatases, Sulf1 and Sulf2, showed axon guidance defects of the CST owing to the abnormal accumulation of Slit2 protein on the brain surface. However, postnatal development of the CST, especially the pyramidal decussation and spinal cord projection, could not be assessed because DKO mice on a C57BL/6 background died soon after birth. We recently found that Sulf1/2 DKO mice on a mixed C57BL/6 and CD-1/ICR background can survive into adulthood and therefore investigated the anatomy and function of the CST in the adult DKO mice. In Sulf1/2 DKO mice, abnormal dorsal deviation of the CST fibers on the midbrain surface persisted after maturation of the CST. At the pyramidal decussation, some CST fibers located near the midline crossed the midline, whereas others located more laterally extended ipsilaterally. In the spinal cord, the crossed CST fibers descended in the dorsal funiculus on the contralateral side and entered the contralateral gray matter normally, whereas the uncrossed fibers descended in the lateral funiculus on the ipsilateral side and entered the ipsilateral gray matter. As a result, the CST fibers that originated from 1 side of the brain projected bilaterally in the DKO spinal cord. Consistently, microstimulation of 1 side of the motor cortex evoked electromyogram responses only in the contralateral forelimb muscles of the wild-type mice, whereas the same stimulation evoked bilateral responses in the DKO mice. The functional consequences of the CST defects in the Sulf1/2 DKO mice were examined using the grid-walking, staircase, and single pellet-reaching tests, which have been used to evaluate motor function in mice. Compared with the wild-type mice, the Sulf1/2 DKO mice showed impaired performance in these tests, indicating deficits in motor function. These findings suggest that disruption of Sulf1/2 genes leads to both anatomical and functional defects of the CST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Aizawa
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takuya Okada
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazuko Keino-Masu
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tri Huu Doan
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tadachika Koganezawa
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Transborder Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Akiyama
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akira Tamaoka
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masayuki Masu
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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23
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Skilled Movements in Mice Require Inhibition of Corticospinal Axon Collateral Formation in the Spinal Cord by Semaphorin Signaling. J Neurosci 2019; 39:8885-8899. [PMID: 31537704 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2832-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticospinal (CS) neurons in layer V of the sensorimotor cortex are essential for voluntary motor control. Those neurons project axons to specific segments along the rostro-caudal axis of the spinal cord, and reach their spinal targets by sending collateral branches interstitially along axon bundles. Currently, little is known how CS axon collaterals are formed in the proper spinal cord regions. Here, we show that the semaphorin3A (Sema3A)-neuropilin-1 (Npn-1) signaling pathway is an essential negative regulator of CS axon collateral formation in the spinal cord from mice of either sex. Sema3A is expressed in the ventral spinal cord, whereas CS neurons express Npn-1, suggesting that Sema3A might prevent CS axons from entering the ventral spinal cord. Indeed, the ectopic expression of Sema3A in the spinal cord in vivo inhibits CS axon collateral formation, whereas Sema3A or Npn-1 mutant mice have ectopic CS axon collateral formation within the ventral spinal cord compared with littermate controls. Finally, Npn-1 mutant mice exhibit impaired skilled movements, likely because of aberrantly formed CS connections in the ventral spinal cord. These genetic findings reveal that Sema3A-Npn-1 signaling-mediated inhibition of CS axon collateral formation is critical for proper CS circuit formation and the ability to perform skilled motor behaviors.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT CS neurons project axons to the spinal cord to control skilled movements in mammals. Previous studies revealed some of the molecular mechanisms underlying different phases of CS circuit development such as initial axon guidance in the brain, and midline crossing in the brainstem and spinal cord. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying CS axon collateral formation in the spinal gray matter has remained obscure. In this study, using in vivo gain-of- and loss-of-function experiments, we show that Sema3A-Npn-1 signaling functions to inhibit CS axon collateral formation in the ventral spinal cord, allowing for the development of proper skilled movements in mice.
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Therapeutic effects of combined cell transplantation and locomotor training in rats with brain injury. NPJ Regen Med 2019; 4:13. [PMID: 31231547 PMCID: PMC6549150 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-019-0075-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapies are attracting attention as alternative therapeutic options for brain damage. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of a combined therapy of cell transplantation and locomotor training by evaluating the neuronal connectivity. We transplanted neural cells derived from the frontal cortex of E14.5 GFP-expressing mice into the frontal lobe of 3-week-old rats with brain injury, followed by treadmill training (TMT) for 14 days. In the TMT(-) group, graft-derived neurites were observed only in the striatum and internal capsule. In contrast, in the TMT(+) group, they were observed in the striatum, internal capsule, and the cerebral peduncle and spinal cord. The length of the longest neurite was significantly longer in the TMT(+) group than in the TMT(-) group. In the TMT(+) group, Synaptophysin+ vesicles on the neuronal fibers around the ipsilateral red nucleus were found, suggesting that neuronal fibers from the grafted cells formed synapses with the host neurons. A functional analysis of motor recovery using the foot fault test showed that, 1 week after the transplantation, the recovery was significantly better in the cell transplantation and TMT group than the cell transplantation only group. The percentage of cells expressing C-FOS was increased in the grafts in the TMT(+) group. In conclusion, TMT promoted neurite extensions from the grafted neural cells, and the combined therapy of cell transplantation and locomotor training might have the potential to promote the functional recovery of rats with brain injury compared to cell transplantation alone.
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25
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The Spinal Transcriptome after Cortical Stroke: In Search of Molecular Factors Regulating Spontaneous Recovery in the Spinal Cord. J Neurosci 2019; 39:4714-4726. [PMID: 30962276 PMCID: PMC6561692 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2571-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to cortical stroke and unilateral corticospinal tract degeneration, compensatory sprouting of spared corticospinal fibers is associated with recovery of skilled movement in rodents. To date, little is known about the molecular mechanisms orchestrating this spontaneous rewiring. In this study, we provide insights into the molecular changes in the spinal cord tissue after large ischemic cortical injury in adult female mice, with a focus on factors that might influence the reinnervation process by contralesional corticospinal neurons. We mapped the area of cervical gray matter reinnervation by sprouting contralesional corticospinal axons after unilateral photothrombotic stroke of the motor cortex in mice using anterograde tracing. The mRNA profile of this reinnervation area was analyzed using whole-genome sequencing to identify differentially expressed genes at selected time points during the recovery process. Bioinformatic analysis revealed two phases of processes: early after stroke (4–7 d post-injury), the spinal transcriptome is characterized by inflammatory processes, including phagocytic processes as well as complement cascade activation. Microglia are specifically activated in the denervated corticospinal projection fields in this early phase. In a later phase (28–42 d post-injury), biological processes include tissue repair pathways with upregulated genes related to neurite outgrowth. Thus, the stroke-denervated spinal gray matter, in particular its intermediate laminae, represents a growth-promoting environment for sprouting corticospinal fibers originating from the contralesional motor cortex. This dataset provides a solid starting point for future studies addressing key elements of the post-stroke recovery process, with the goal to improve neuroregenerative treatment options for stroke patients. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT We show that the molecular changes in the spinal cord target tissue of the stroke-affected corticospinal tract are mainly defined by two phases: an early inflammatory phase during which microglia are specifically activated in the target area of reinnervating corticospinal motor neurons; and a late phase during which growth-promoting factors are upregulated which can influence the sprouting response, arborization, and synapse formation. By defining for the first time the endogenous molecular machinery in the stroke-denervated cervical spinal gray matter with a focus on promotors of axon growth through the growth-inhibitory adult CNS, this study will serve as a basis to address novel neuroregenerative treatment options for chronic stroke patients.
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26
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Rodent Models of Developmental Ischemic Stroke for Translational Research: Strengths and Weaknesses. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:5089321. [PMID: 31093271 PMCID: PMC6476045 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5089321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia can occur at any stage in life, but clinical consequences greatly differ depending on the developmental stage of the affected brain structures. Timing of the lesion occurrence seems to be critical, as it strongly interferes with neuronal circuit development and determines the way spontaneous plasticity takes place. Translational stroke research requires the use of animal models as they represent a reliable tool to understand the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the generation, progression, and pathological consequences of a stroke. Moreover, in vivo experiments are instrumental to investigate new therapeutic strategies and the best temporal window of intervention. Differently from adults, very few models of the human developmental stroke have been characterized, and most of them have been established in rodents. The models currently used provide a better understanding of the molecular factors involved in the effects of ischemia; however, they still hold many limitations due to matching developmental stages across different species and the complexity of the human disorder that hardly can be described by segregated variables. In this review, we summarize the key factors contributing to neonatal brain vulnerability to ischemic strokes and we provide an overview of the advantages and limitations of the currently available models to recapitulate different aspects of the human developmental stroke.
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27
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Remarkable complexity and variability of corticospinal tract defects in adult Semaphorin 6A knockout mice. Brain Res 2018; 1710:209-219. [PMID: 30599138 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The corticospinal tract (CST) has a complex and long trajectory that originates in the cerebral cortex and ends in the spinal cord. Semaphorin 6A (Sema6A), a member of the semaphorin family, is an important regulator of CST axon guidance. Previous studies have shown that postnatal Sema6A mutant mice have CST defects at the midbrain-hindbrain boundary and medulla. However, the routes the aberrant fibers take throughout the Sema6A mutant brain remain unknown. In this study, we performed 3D reconstruction of immunostained CST fibers to reevaluate the details of the abnormal CST trajectories in the brains of adult Sema6A mutant mice. Our results showed that the axon guidance defects reported in early postnatal mutants were consistently observed in adulthood. Those abnormal trajectories revealed by 3D analysis of brain sections were, however, more complex and variable than previously thought. In addition, 3D analysis allowed us to identify a few new patterns of aberrant projections. First, a subset of fibers that separated from and descended in parallel to the main bundle projected laterally at the caudal pons, subsequently changed direction by turning caudally, and extended to the medulla. Second, some abnormal fibers returned to the correct trajectory after deviating substantially from the original tract. Third, some fibers reached the pyramidal decussation normally but did not enter the dorsal funiculus. Section immunostaining combined with 3D reconstruction is a powerful method to track long projection fibers and to examine the entire nerve tracts of both normal and abnormal animals.
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28
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Leone DP, Panagiotakos G, Heavner WE, Joshi P, Zhao Y, Westphal H, McConnell SK. Compensatory Actions of Ldb Adaptor Proteins During Corticospinal Motor Neuron Differentiation. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:1686-1699. [PMID: 26830346 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many genes that specify neocortical projection neuron subtypes have been identified, the downstream effectors that control differentiation of those subtypes remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the LIM domain-binding proteins Ldb1 and Ldb2 exhibit dynamic and inversely correlated expression patterns during cerebral cortical development. Ldb1-deficient brains display severe defects in proliferation and changes in regionalization, phenotypes resembling those of Lhx mutants. Ldb2-deficient brains, on the other hand, exhibit striking phenotypes affecting layer 5 pyramidal neurons: Immature neurons have an impaired capacity to segregate into mature callosal and subcerebral projection neurons. The analysis of Ldb2 single-mutant mice reveals a compensatory role of Ldb1 for Ldb2 during corticospinal motor neuron (CSMN) differentiation. Animals lacking both Ldb1 and Ldb2 uncover the requirement for Ldb2 during CSMN differentiation, manifested as incomplete CSMN differentiation, and ultimately leading to a failure of the corticospinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dino P Leone
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Georgia Panagiotakos
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Ely and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Pushkar Joshi
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yangu Zhao
- Laboratory of Mammalian Genes and Development, Program in Genomics of Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Heiner Westphal
- Laboratory of Mammalian Genes and Development, Program in Genomics of Development, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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29
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Okada T, Keino-Masu K, Nagamine S, Kametani F, Ohto T, Hasegawa M, van Kuppevelt TH, Kunita S, Takahashi S, Masu M. Desulfation of Heparan Sulfate by Sulf1 and Sulf2 Is Required for Corticospinal Tract Formation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13847. [PMID: 29062064 PMCID: PMC5653861 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14185-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) has been implicated in a wide range of cell signaling. Here we report a novel mechanism in which extracellular removal of 6-O-sulfate groups from HS by the endosulfatases, Sulf1 and Sulf2, is essential for axon guidance during development. In Sulf1/2 double knockout (DKO) mice, the corticospinal tract (CST) was dorsally displaced on the midbrain surface. In utero electroporation of Sulf1/2 into radial glial cells along the third ventricle, where Sulf1/2 mRNAs are normally expressed, rescued the CST defects in the DKO mice. Proteomic analysis and functional testing identified Slit2 as the key molecule associated with the DKO phenotype. In the DKO brain, 6-O-sulfated HS was increased, leading to abnormal accumulation of Slit2 protein on the pial surface of the cerebral peduncle and hypothalamus, which caused dorsal repulsion of CST axons. Our findings indicate that postbiosynthetic desulfation of HS by Sulfs controls CST axon guidance through fine-tuning of Slit2 presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Okada
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kazuko Keino-Masu
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nagamine
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.,Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, 3-3-2 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, 100-0013, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Kametani
- Department of Neuropathology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Ohto
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Tsukuba Hospital, 2-1-1 Amakubo, Ibaraki, 305-8576, Japan
| | - Masato Hasegawa
- Department of Neuropathology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Toin H van Kuppevelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Nijmegen Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Satoshi Kunita
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.,Center for Experimental Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Masayuki Masu
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan.
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30
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Matsumoto H, Nagashima M. Shift in the function of netrin-1 from axon outgrowth to axon branching in developing cerebral cortical neurons. BMC Neurosci 2017; 18:74. [PMID: 29041904 PMCID: PMC5645936 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-017-0392-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Netrin-1, a multifunctional axon guidance cue, elicits axon outgrowth via one of its receptors deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) in several types of neurons, including cerebral cortical neurons of embryonic mice. However, we and others have observed de novo formation of axon branches without axon outgrowth induced by netrin-1 in cortical culture of neonatal hamsters. These previous reports suggested the possibility that netrin-1 function might alter during development, which we here investigated using dissociated culture prepared from cerebral cortices of embryonic mice. RESULTS Imaging analysis revealed netrin-1-induced outgrowth in embryonic day (E) 14 axons and netrin-1-induced branching in E16 axons. Netrin-1-evoked filopodial protrusions, which sprouted on the shafts of E16 axons preceding branch formation, were visualized by a novel method called atmospheric scanning electron microscopy. Treatment with an anti-DCC function-blocking antibody affected both axon outgrowth and branching. CONCLUSIONS Morphological analyses suggested a possibility of a shift in the function of netrin-1 in cortical axons during development, from promotion of outgrowth to promotion of branch formation starting with filopodial protrusion. Function-blocking experiments suggested that DCC may contribute not only to axon outgrowth but branching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideko Matsumoto
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan.
| | - Masabumi Nagashima
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo, Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama, 350-0495, Japan
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31
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Katori S, Noguchi-Katori Y, Itohara S, Iwasato T. Spinal RacGAP α-Chimaerin Is Required to Establish the Midline Barrier for Proper Corticospinal Axon Guidance. J Neurosci 2017; 37:7682-7699. [PMID: 28747385 PMCID: PMC6596649 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3123-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the developing CNS, the midline barrier, which comprises guidance molecule-expressing midline glial somata and processes, plays a pivotal role in midline axon guidance. Accumulating evidence has revealed the molecular mechanisms by which the midline barrier ensures proper midline guidance for axons. In contrast, the mechanisms for establishing the midline barrier remain obscure. Here, we report that Rac-specific GTPase-activating protein (RacGAP) α-chimaerin is required for both axonal repulsion at and establishment of the midline barrier in the spinal cord. We generated cortex-specific and spinal-cord-specific α-chimaerin gene (Chn1) knock-out mice (Cx-Chn1KO and Sp-Chn1KO mice, respectively) and found that both showed aberrant corticospinal tract (CST) axon midline crossing in the spinal cord. Strikingly, Sp-Chn1KO mice had breaks (holes) in the ephrinB3(+) spinal midline barrier and EphA4(+) CST axons aberrantly crossed the midline through these holes. During normal embryonic development, EphA4(+) spinal cells are located in juxta-midline areas but are excluded from the midline. In contrast, in Chn1KO embryos, several EphA4(+) cells were aberrantly relocated into the midline and the midline barrier was broken around these cells. Similarly, the spinal cord midline of Epha4KO mice was invaded by juxta-midline EphA4 cells (i.e., Epha4 promoter-active cells) during the embryonic stage and holes were formed in the midline barrier. Juxta-midline EphA4 cells in the spinal cord expressed α-chimaerin. We propose that spinal α-chimaerin aids in establishing an intact spinal midline barrier by mediating juxta-midline EphA4(+) cell repulsion, thus preventing these cells from breaking into the ephrinB3(+) midline barrier.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The midline barrier plays a critical role in midline axon guidance, which is fundamental to the formation of neural circuits that are responsible for proper left-right coordination of the body. Studies have revealed some of the mechanisms underlying how the midline barrier navigates axons. In contrast, the establishment of the midline barrier during embryonic development remains unclear. In this study, we determined that α-chimaerin is required for the formation of an intact midline barrier. Spinal-cord-specific α-chimaerin knock-out mice had spinal midline barriers with numerous breaks (holes), through which corticospinal axons aberrantly crossed the midline. We propose that α-chimaerin protects the midline barrier by mediating cell-repulsive signaling in juxta-midline cells, which prevents these cells from invading the midline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Katori
- Division of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Yukiko Noguchi-Katori
- Division of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Itohara
- Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan, and
| | - Takuji Iwasato
- Division of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan,
- Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
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32
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Gennaro M, Mattiello A, Mazziotti R, Antonelli C, Gherardini L, Guzzetta A, Berardi N, Cioni G, Pizzorusso T. Focal Stroke in the Developing Rat Motor Cortex Induces Age- and Experience-Dependent Maladaptive Plasticity of Corticospinal System. Front Neural Circuits 2017; 11:47. [PMID: 28706475 PMCID: PMC5489564 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2017.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor system development is characterized by an activity-dependent competition between ipsilateral and contralateral corticospinal tracts (CST). Clinical evidence suggests that age is crucial for developmental stroke outcome, with early lesions inducing a “maladaptive” strengthening of ipsilateral projections from the healthy hemisphere and worse motor impairment. Here, we investigated in developing rats the relation between lesion timing, motor outcome and CST remodeling pattern. We induced a focal ischemia into forelimb motor cortex (fM1) at two distinct pre-weaning ages: P14 and P21. We compared long-term motor outcome with changes in axonal sprouting of contralesional CST at red nucleus and spinal cord level using anterograde tracing. We found that P14 stroke caused a more severe long-term motor impairment than at P21, and induced a strong and aberrant contralesional CST sprouting onto denervated spinal cord and red nucleus. The mistargeted sprouting of CST, and the worse motor outcome of the P14 stroke rats were reversed by an early skilled motor training, underscoring the potential of early activity-dependent plasticity in modulating lesion outcome. Thus, changes in the mechanisms controlling CST plasticity occurring during the third postnatal week are associated with age-dependent regulation of the motor outcome after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Gennaro
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR)Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mattiello
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR)Pisa, Italy
| | - Raffaele Mazziotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR)Pisa, Italy
| | - Camilla Antonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of PisaPisa, Italy.,Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Scientific InstitutePisa, Italy
| | - Lisa Gherardini
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR)Pisa, Italy.,Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR)Siena, Italy
| | - Andrea Guzzetta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of PisaPisa, Italy.,Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Scientific InstitutePisa, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Berardi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR)Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cioni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of PisaPisa, Italy.,Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Scientific InstitutePisa, Italy
| | - Tommaso Pizzorusso
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health NEUROFARBA, University of FlorenceFlorence, Italy.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Research Council (CNR)Pisa, Italy
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Duan X, Gao Y, Liu Y. Ryk regulates Wnt5a repulsion of mouse corticospinal tract through modulating planar cell polarity signaling. Cell Discov 2017; 3:17015. [PMID: 28660073 PMCID: PMC5475318 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2017.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It was previously reported a role for Ryk in mediating Wnt5a repulsion of the corticospinal tract (CST) in mice. Recent evidence has shown that Ryk regulates planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling through interacting with Vangl2. Here, in vivo, in vitro and biochemical analyses were applied to investigate the molecular cross-talk between the Ryk and PCP signaling pathways, revealing that PCP pathway components play important roles in CST anterior–posterior guidance. Ryk–Vangl2 interactions are crucial for PCP signaling to mediate Wnt5a repulsion of CST axons. Cytoplasmic distribution of Ryk is increased under high concentrations of Wnt5a and facilitates the cytoplasmic distribution of Vangl2, leading to inhibition of Frizzled3 translocation to cytoplasm. Alternatively, Ryk stabilizes Vangl2 in the plasma membrane under low Wnt5a concentrations, which promotes cytoplasmic translocation of Frizzled3. We propose that Ryk regulates PCP signaling through asymmetric modulation of Vangl2 distribution in the cytoplasm and plasma membrane, which leads to repulsion of CST axons in response to the Wnt gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Duan
- Institute of Neuroscience, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yarong Gao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yaobo Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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34
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Sano N, Shimogawa T, Sakaguchi H, Ioroi Y, Miyawaki Y, Morizane A, Miyamoto S, Takahashi J. Enhanced Axonal Extension of Subcortical Projection Neurons Isolated from Murine Embryonic Cortex using Neuropilin-1. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:123. [PMID: 28507510 PMCID: PMC5410565 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortical tissue of murine embryo and pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived neurons can survive in the brain and extend axons to the spinal cord. For efficient cell integration to the corticospinal tract (CST) after transplantation, the induction or selection of cortical motor neurons is important. However, precise information about the appropriate cell population remains unclear. To address this issue, we isolated cells expressing Neuropilin-1 (NRP1), a major axon guidance molecule receptor during the early developmental stage, from E14.5 mouse embryonic frontal cortex by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Aggregates of NRP1+ cells gradually expressed subcortical projection neuron markers, Ctip2 and VGluT1, and axon guidance molecule receptors, Robo1 and deleted in colorectal calcinoma (Dcc), in vitro, suggesting that they contained early-stage subcortical projection neurons. We transplanted NRP1+ cells into the frontal cortex of P2 neonatal mice. Compared with grafts derived from NRP1− or unsorted cells, those derived from NRP1+ cells extended a larger number of axons to the spinal cord along the CST. Our data suggest that sorting NRP1+ cells from the embryonic cerebral cortex enriches subcortical projection neurons to reconstruct the CST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritaka Sano
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University School of MedicineKyoto, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimogawa
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical sciences, Kyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan
| | - Hideya Sakaguchi
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Ioroi
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital Organization Himeji Medical CenterHyogo, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Miyawaki
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Japan
| | - Asuka Morizane
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Japan
| | - Susumu Miyamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University School of MedicineKyoto, Japan
| | - Jun Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Application, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto UniversityKyoto, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University School of MedicineKyoto, Japan
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35
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Welniarz Q, Morel MP, Pourchet O, Gallea C, Lamy JC, Cincotta M, Doulazmi M, Belle M, Méneret A, Trouillard O, Ruiz M, Brochard V, Meunier S, Trembleau A, Vidailhet M, Chédotal A, Dusart I, Roze E. Non cell-autonomous role of DCC in the guidance of the corticospinal tract at the midline. Sci Rep 2017; 7:410. [PMID: 28341853 PMCID: PMC5428661 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00514-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DCC, a NETRIN-1 receptor, is considered as a cell-autonomous regulator for midline guidance of many commissural populations in the central nervous system. The corticospinal tract (CST), the principal motor pathway for voluntary movements, crosses the anatomic midline at the pyramidal decussation. CST fails to cross the midline in Kanga mice expressing a truncated DCC protein. Humans with heterozygous DCC mutations have congenital mirror movements (CMM). As CMM has been associated, in some cases, with malformations of the pyramidal decussation, DCC might also be involved in this process in human. Here, we investigated the role of DCC in CST midline crossing both in human and mice. First, we demonstrate by multimodal approaches, that patients with CMM due to DCC mutations have an increased proportion of ipsilateral CST projections. Second, we show that in contrast to Kanga mice, the anatomy of the CST is not altered in mice with a deletion of DCC in the CST. Altogether, these results indicate that DCC controls CST midline crossing in both humans and mice, and that this process is non cell-autonomous in mice. Our data unravel a new level of complexity in the role of DCC in CST guidance at the midline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Welniarz
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, F-75013, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Morel
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Oriane Pourchet
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, F-75013, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Gallea
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Charles Lamy
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Massimo Cincotta
- Unità Operativa di Neurologia-Firenze, Azienda USL Toscana Centro, Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio, 50143, Firenze, Italy
| | - Mohamed Doulazmi
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Adaptation Biologique et vieillissement, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Morgane Belle
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Méneret
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, F-75013, Paris, France.,Département de Neurologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Oriane Trouillard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Marta Ruiz
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Vanessa Brochard
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique 14-22, INSERM/AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Sabine Meunier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Alain Trembleau
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, F-75013, Paris, France.,Département de Neurologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Alain Chédotal
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Dusart
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, F-75013, Paris, France. .,Département de Neurologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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36
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Serradj N, Agger SF, Hollis ER. Corticospinal circuit plasticity in motor rehabilitation from spinal cord injury. Neurosci Lett 2016; 652:94-104. [PMID: 27939980 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Restoring corticospinal function after spinal cord injury is a significant challenge as the corticospinal tract elicits no substantive, spontaneous regeneration, and its interruption leaves a permanent deficit. The corticospinal circuit serves multiple motor and sensory functions within the mammalian nervous system as the direct link between isocortex and spinal cord. Maturation of the corticospinal circuit involves the refinement of projections within the spinal cord and a subsequent refinement of motor maps within the cortex. The plasticity of these cortical motor maps mirrors the acquisition of skilled motor learning, and both the maps and motor skills are disrupted following injury to the corticospinal tract. The motor cortex exhibits the capacity to incorporate changes in corticospinal projections induced by both spontaneous and therapeutic-mediated plasticity of corticospinal axons through appropriate rehabilitation. An understanding of the mechanisms of corticospinal plasticity in motor learning will undoubtedly help inform strategies to improve motor rehabilitation after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najet Serradj
- Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, New York, NY 10605, United States
| | - Sydney F Agger
- Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, New York, NY 10605, United States
| | - Edmund R Hollis
- Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, New York, NY 10605, United States; Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, United States.
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37
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Welniarz Q, Dusart I, Roze E. The corticospinal tract: Evolution, development, and human disorders. Dev Neurobiol 2016; 77:810-829. [PMID: 27706924 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The corticospinal tract (CST) plays a major role in cortical control of spinal cord activity. In particular, it is the principal motor pathway for voluntary movements. Here, we discuss: (i) the anatomic evolution and development of the CST across mammalian species, focusing on its role in motor functions; (ii) the molecular mechanisms regulating corticospinal tract formation and guidance during mouse development; and (iii) human disorders associated with abnormal CST development. A comparison of CST anatomy and development across mammalian species first highlights important similarities. In particular, most CST axons cross the anatomical midline at the junction between the brainstem and spinal cord, forming the pyramidal decussation. Reorganization of the pattern of CST projections to the spinal cord during evolution led to improved motor skills. Studies of the molecular mechanisms involved in CST formation and guidance in mice have identified several factors that act synergistically to ensure proper formation of the CST at each step of development. Human CST developmental disorders can result in a reduction of the CST, or in guidance defects associated with abnormal CST anatomy. These latter disorders result in altered midline crossing at the pyramidal decussation or in the spinal cord, but spare the rest of the CST. Careful appraisal of clinical manifestations associated with CST malformations highlights the critical role of the CST in the lateralization of motor control. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 810-829, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Welniarz
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France.,Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Dusart
- Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France.,Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, AP-HP, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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38
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Welniarz Q, Dusart I, Gallea C, Roze E. One hand clapping: lateralization of motor control. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:75. [PMID: 26082690 PMCID: PMC4451425 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lateralization of motor control refers to the ability to produce pure unilateral or asymmetric movements. It is required for a variety of coordinated activities, including skilled bimanual tasks and locomotion. Here we discuss the neuroanatomical substrates and pathophysiological underpinnings of lateralized motor outputs. Significant breakthroughs have been made in the past few years by studying the two known conditions characterized by the inability to properly produce unilateral or asymmetric movements, namely human patients with congenital “mirror movements” and model rodents with a “hopping gait”. Whereas mirror movements are associated with altered interhemispheric connectivity and abnormal corticospinal projections, abnormal spinal cord interneurons trajectory is responsible for the “hopping gait”. Proper commissural axon guidance is a critical requirement for these mechanisms. Interestingly, the analysis of these two conditions reveals that the production of asymmetric movements involves similar anatomical and functional requirements but in two different structures: (i) lateralized activation of the brain or spinal cord through contralateral silencing by cross-midline inhibition; and (ii) unilateral transmission of this activation, resulting in lateralized motor output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Welniarz
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, CNRS UMR8246, Inserm U1130, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC UM119 Paris, France ; Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Dusart
- Neuroscience Paris Seine, CNRS UMR8246, Inserm U1130, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC UM119 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Gallea
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC UMR S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM Paris, France ; Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière Paris, France
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39
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Han X, Lv G, Wu H, Ji D, Sun Z, Li Y, Tang L. Biotinylated dextran amine anterograde tracing of the canine corticospinal tract. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:805-9. [PMID: 25737705 PMCID: PMC4342705 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) was microinjected into the left cortical motor area of the canine brain. Fluorescence microscopy results showed that a large amount of BDA-labeled pyramidal cells were visible in the left cortical motor area after injection. In the left medulla oblongata, the BDA-labeled corticospinal tract was evenly distributed, with green fluorescence that had a clear boundary with the surrounding tissue. The BDA-positive corticospinal tract entered into the right lateral funiculus of the spinal cord and descended into the posterior part of the right lateral funiculus, close to the posterior horn, from cervical to sacral segments. There was a small amount of green fluorescence in the sacral segment. The distribution of BDA labeling in the canine central nervous system was consistent with the course of the corticospinal tract. Fluorescence labeling for BDA gradually diminished with time after injection. Our findings indicate that the BDA anterograde tracing technique can be used to visualize the localization and trajectory of the corticospinal tract in the canine central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Han
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guangming Lv
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huiqun Wu
- Department of Medical Informatics, Institute of Digital Medicine, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dafeng Ji
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhou Sun
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yaofu Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Neurobiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lemin Tang
- Department of Medical Image Engineering, Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
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40
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Licht T, Dor-Wollman T, Ben-Zvi A, Rothe G, Keshet E. Vessel maturation schedule determines vulnerability to neuronal injuries of prematurity. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1319-28. [PMID: 25689256 DOI: 10.1172/jci79401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Premature birth is a major risk factor for multiple brain pathologies, notably periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), which is distinguished by bilateral necrosis of neural tissue around the ventricles and a sequela of neurological disturbances. The 2 hallmarks of brain pathologies of prematurity are a restricted gestational window of vulnerability and confinement of injury to a specific cerebral region. Here, we examined the proposition that both of these features are determined by the state of blood vessel immaturity. We developed a murine genetic model that allows for inducible and reversible VEGF blockade during brain development. Using this system, we determined that cerebral vessels mature in a centrifugal, wave-like fashion that results in sequential acquisition of a functional blood-brain barrier and exit from a VEGF-dependent phase, with periventricular vessels being the last to mature. This developmental program permitted selective ablation of periventricular vessels via episodic VEGF blockade within a specific, vulnerable gestational window. Enforced collapse of ganglionic eminence vessels and resultant periventricular neural apoptosis resulted in a PVL-like phenotype that recapitulates the primary periventricular lesion, ventricular enlargement, and the secondary cortical deficit in out-migrating GABAergic inhibitory interneurons. These findings provide an animal model that reproduces the temporal and spatial specificities of PVL and indicate that damage to VEGF-dependent, immature periventricular vessels contributes to PVL development.
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41
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Yoshikawa A, Nakamachi T, Shibato J, Rakwal R, Shioda S. Comprehensive analysis of neonatal versus adult unilateral decortication in a mouse model using behavioral, neuroanatomical, and DNA microarray approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:22492-517. [PMID: 25490135 PMCID: PMC4284721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151222492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, studying the development, especially of corticospinal neurons, it was concluded that the main compensatory mechanism after unilateral brain injury in rat at the neonatal stage was due in part to non-lesioned ipsilateral corticospinal neurons that escaped selection by axonal elimination or neuronal apoptosis. However, previous results suggesting compensatory mechanism in neonate brain were not correlated with high functional recovery. Therefore, what is the difference among neonate and adult in the context of functional recovery and potential mechanism(s) therein? Here, we utilized a brain unilateral decortication mouse model and compared motor functional recovery mechanism post-neonatal brain hemisuction (NBH) with adult brain hemisuction (ABH). Three analyses were performed: (1) Quantitative behavioral analysis of forelimb movements using ladder walking test; (2) neuroanatomical retrograde tracing analysis of unlesioned side corticospinal neurons; and (3) differential global gene expressions profiling in unlesioned-side neocortex (rostral from bregma) in NBH and ABH on a 8 × 60 K mouse whole genome Agilent DNA chip. Behavioral data confirmed higher recovery ability in NBH over ABH is related to non-lesional frontal neocortex including rostral caudal forelimb area. A first inventory of differentially expressed genes genome-wide in the NBH and ABH mouse model is provided as a resource for the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yoshikawa
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Tomoya Nakamachi
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Junko Shibato
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Randeep Rakwal
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
| | - Seiji Shioda
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan.
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42
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Zelina P, Blockus H, Zagar Y, Péres A, Friocourt F, Wu Z, Rama N, Fouquet C, Hohenester E, Tessier-Lavigne M, Schweitzer J, Crollius H, Chédotal A. Signaling Switch of the Axon Guidance Receptor Robo3 during Vertebrate Evolution. Neuron 2014; 84:1258-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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43
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Chédotal A. Development and plasticity of commissural circuits: from locomotion to brain repair. Trends Neurosci 2014; 37:551-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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44
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Lu P, Kadoya K, Tuszynski MH. Axonal growth and connectivity from neural stem cell grafts in models of spinal cord injury. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014; 27:103-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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45
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Lodato S, Molyneaux BJ, Zuccaro E, Goff LA, Chen HH, Yuan W, Meleski A, Takahashi E, Mahony S, Rinn JL, Gifford DK, Arlotta P. Gene co-regulation by Fezf2 selects neurotransmitter identity and connectivity of corticospinal neurons. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17:1046-54. [PMID: 24997765 PMCID: PMC4188416 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The neocortex contains an unparalleled diversity of neuronal subtypes, each defined by distinct traits that are developmentally acquired under the control of subtype-specific and pan-neuronal genes. The regulatory logic that orchestrates the expression of these unique combinations of genes is unknown for any class of cortical neuron. Here, we report that Fezf2 is a selector gene able to regulate the expression of gene sets that collectively define mouse corticospinal motor neurons (CSMN). We find that Fezf2 directly induces the glutamatergic identity of CSMN via activation of Vglut1 (Slc17a7) and inhibits a GABAergic fate by repressing transcription of Gad1. In addition, we identify the axon guidance receptor EphB1 as a target of Fezf2 necessary to execute the ipsilateral extension of the corticospinal tract. Our data indicate that co-regulated expression of neuron subtype-specific and pan-neuronal gene batteries by a single transcription factor is one component of the regulatory logic responsible for the establishment of CSMN identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Lodato
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bradley J Molyneaux
- 1] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emanuela Zuccaro
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Loyal A Goff
- 1] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hsu-Hsin Chen
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wen Yuan
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alyssa Meleski
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emi Takahashi
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shaun Mahony
- 1] Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John L Rinn
- 1] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David K Gifford
- 1] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paola Arlotta
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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46
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Ueno M, Fujiki R, Yamashita T. A selector orchestrates cortical function. Nat Neurosci 2014; 17:1016-7. [PMID: 25065435 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ueno
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA, and at Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Fujiki
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan, and at Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), JST, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan, and at Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), JST, Tokyo, Japan
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47
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Jara JH, Genç B, Klessner JL, Ozdinler PH. Retrograde labeling, transduction, and genetic targeting allow cellular analysis of corticospinal motor neurons: implications in health and disease. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:16. [PMID: 24723858 PMCID: PMC3972458 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticospinal motor neurons (CSMN) have a unique ability to receive, integrate, translate, and transmit the cerebral cortex's input toward spinal cord targets and therefore act as a “spokesperson” for the initiation and modulation of voluntary movements that require cortical input. CSMN degeneration has an immense impact on motor neuron circuitry and is one of the underlying causes of numerous neurodegenerative diseases, such as primary lateral sclerosis (PLS), hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). In addition, CSMN death results in long-term paralysis in spinal cord injury patients. Detailed cellular analyses are crucial to gain a better understanding of the pathologies underlying CSMN degeneration. However, visualizing and identifying these vulnerable neuron populations in the complex and heterogeneous environment of the cerebral cortex have proved challenging. Here, we will review recent developments and current applications of novel strategies that reveal the cellular and molecular basis of CSMN health and vulnerability. Such studies hold promise for building long-term effective treatment solutions in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier H Jara
- Davee Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurological Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Barış Genç
- Davee Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurological Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jodi L Klessner
- Davee Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurological Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Chicago, IL, USA
| | - P Hande Ozdinler
- Davee Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurological Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Chicago, IL, USA ; Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Chicago, IL, USA ; Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Chicago IL, USA
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Leyva-Díaz E, López-Bendito G. In and out from the cortex: development of major forebrain connections. Neuroscience 2013; 254:26-44. [PMID: 24042037 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this review we discuss recent advances in the understanding of the development of forebrain projections attending to their origin, fate determination, and axon guidance. Major forebrain connections include callosal, corticospinal, corticothalamic and thalamocortical projections. Although distinct transcriptional programs specify these subpopulations of projecting neurons, the mechanisms involved in their axonal development are similar. Guidance by short- and long-range molecular cues, interaction with intermediate target populations and activity-dependent mechanisms contribute to their development. Moreover, some of these connections interact with each other showing that the development of these axonal tracts is a well-orchestrated event. Finally, we will recapitulate recent discoveries that challenge the field of neural wiring that show that these forebrain connections can be changed once formed. The field of reprogramming has arrived to postmitotic cortical neurons and has showed us that forebrain connectivity is not immutable and might be changed by manipulations in the transcriptional program of matured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Leyva-Díaz
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, CSIC & Universidad Miguel Hernández, 03550 Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.
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Ha S, Stottmann RW, Furley AJ, Beier DR. A forward genetic screen in mice identifies mutants with abnormal cortical patterning. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 25:167-79. [PMID: 23968836 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Formation of a 6-layered cortical plate and axon tract patterning are key features of cerebral cortex development. Abnormalities of these processes may be the underlying cause for a range of functional disabilities seen in human neurodevelopmental disorders. To identify mouse mutants with defects in cortical lamination or corticofugal axon guidance, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis was performed using mice expressing LacZ reporter genes in layers II/III and V of the cortex (Rgs4-lacZ) or in corticofugal axons (TAG1-tau-lacZ). Four lines with abnormal cortical lamination have been identified. One of these was a splice site mutation in reelin (Reln) that results in a premature stop codon and the truncation of the C-terminal region (CTR) domain of reelin. Interestingly, this novel allele of Reln did not display cerebellar malformation or ataxia, and this is the first report of a Reln mutant without a cerebellar defect. Four lines with abnormal cortical axon development were also identified, one of which was found by whole-genome resequencing to carry a mutation in Lrp2. These findings demonstrated that the application of ENU mutagenesis to mice carrying transgenic reporters marking cortical anatomy is a sensitive and specific method to identify mutations that disrupt patterning of the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungshin Ha
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Rolf W Stottmann
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA Divisions of Human Genetics and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA and
| | - Andrew J Furley
- Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - David R Beier
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
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50
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Layer V cortical neurons require microglial support for survival during postnatal development. Nat Neurosci 2013; 16:543-51. [PMID: 23525041 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 566] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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