1
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Hao P, Yang Z, So KF, Li X. A core scientific problem in the treatment of central nervous system diseases: newborn neurons. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2588-2601. [PMID: 38595278 PMCID: PMC11168522 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
It has long been asserted that failure to recover from central nervous system diseases is due to the system's intricate structure and the regenerative incapacity of adult neurons. Yet over recent decades, numerous studies have established that endogenous neurogenesis occurs in the adult central nervous system, including humans'. This has challenged the long-held scientific consensus that the number of adult neurons remains constant, and that new central nervous system neurons cannot be created or renewed. Herein, we present a comprehensive overview of the alterations and regulatory mechanisms of endogenous neurogenesis following central nervous system injury, and describe novel treatment strategies that target endogenous neurogenesis and newborn neurons in the treatment of central nervous system injury. Central nervous system injury frequently results in alterations of endogenous neurogenesis, encompassing the activation, proliferation, ectopic migration, differentiation, and functional integration of endogenous neural stem cells. Because of the unfavorable local microenvironment, most activated neural stem cells differentiate into glial cells rather than neurons. Consequently, the injury-induced endogenous neurogenesis response is inadequate for repairing impaired neural function. Scientists have attempted to enhance endogenous neurogenesis using various strategies, including using neurotrophic factors, bioactive materials, and cell reprogramming techniques. Used alone or in combination, these therapeutic strategies can promote targeted migration of neural stem cells to an injured area, ensure their survival and differentiation into mature functional neurons, and facilitate their integration into the neural circuit. Thus can integration replenish lost neurons after central nervous system injury, by improving the local microenvironment. By regulating each phase of endogenous neurogenesis, endogenous neural stem cells can be harnessed to promote effective regeneration of newborn neurons. This offers a novel approach for treating central nervous system injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Hao
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoyang Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Guangdong-HongKong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administration Region, China
- Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
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2
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Xiong Y, Pi W, Zhao W, Shi W, Yan W, Yang H, Zhou Y, Li Q, Yang L. Roles of cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons as potential neural stem cells in the repair and regeneration of spinal cord injuries. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1426395. [PMID: 38983786 PMCID: PMC11231923 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1426395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs) represent a distinct group of interneurons characterized by their prominent apical globular protrusions penetrating the spinal cord's central canal and their basal axons extending towards adjacent cells. Identified nearly a century back, the specific roles and attributes of CSF-cNs have just started to emerge due to the historical lack of definitive markers. Recent findings have confirmed that CSF-cNs expressing PKD2L1 possess attributes of neural stem cells, suggesting a critical function in the regeneration processes following spinal cord injuries. This review aims to elucidate the molecular markers of CSF-cNs as potential neural stem cells during spinal cord development and assess their roles post-spinal cord injury, with an emphasis on their potential therapeutic implications for spinal cord repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiang Xiong
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Wenjun Pi
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Wang Zhao
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Weiwei Shi
- Department of Medical Examination Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Weihong Yan
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yuanrong Zhou
- Department of Health, The Qinglong County People’s Hospital, Qinglong, Guizhou, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Leiluo Yang
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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3
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Liu C, Xie Y, Chen X, Liu L, Liu C, Yin Z. BAF45D-binding to HOX genes was differentially targeted in H9-derived spinal cord neural stem cells. Sci Rep 2024; 14:29. [PMID: 38168763 PMCID: PMC10761701 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50939-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Chromatin accessibility has been used to define how cells adopt region-specific neural fates. BAF45D is one of the subunits of a specialised chromatin remodelling BAF complex. It has been reported that BAF45D is expressed in spinal cord neural stem cells (NSCs) and regulates their fate specification. Within the developing vertebrate spinal cord, HOX genes exhibit spatially restricted expression patterns. However, the chromatin accessibility of BAF45D binding HOX genes in spinal cord NSCs is unclear. In the present study, we found that in H9-derived spinal cord NSCs, BAF45D targets TBX6, a gene that regulates spinal cord neural mesodermal progenitors. Furthermore, BAF45D binding to the NES gene is much more enriched in H9-derived spinal cord NSCs chromatin compared to ESCs chromatin. In addition, BAF45D binding to anterior and trunk/central HOX genes, but not to lumbosacral HOX genes, was much more enriched in NSCs chromatin compared to ESCs chromatin. These results may shed new light on the role of BAF45D in regulating region-specific spinal cord NSCs by targeting HOX genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yuxin Xie
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Xueying Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Lihua Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
| | - Zongsheng Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
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Falco MV, Fabbiani G, Maciel C, Valdivia S, Vitureira N, Russo RE. P2X7 receptor activation awakes a dormant stem cell niche in the adult spinal cord. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1288676. [PMID: 38164435 PMCID: PMC10757934 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1288676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The ependyma of the spinal cord is a latent stem cell niche that is reactivated by injury, generating new cells that migrate to the lesion site to limit the damage. The mechanisms by which ependymal cells are reactivated after injury remain poorly understood. ATP has been proposed to act as a diffusible "danger signal" to alert about damage and start repair. Indeed, spinal cord injury (SCI) generates an increase in extracellular ATP around the lesion epicenter that lasts for several hours and affects the functional outcome after the damage. The P2X7 receptor (P2X7r) has functional properties (e.g., low sensitivity for ATP, high permeability for Ca2+) that makes it a suitable candidate to act as a detector of tissue damage. Because ependymal cells express functional P2X7r that generate an inward current and regenerative Ca2+ waves, we hypothesize that the P2X7r has a main role in the mechanisms by which progenitor-like cells in the ependyma react to tissue damage. To test this possibility, we simulated the P2X7r activation that occurs after SCI by in vivo intraspinal injection of the selective agonist BzATP nearby the central canal. We found that BzATP rescued ependymal cells from quiescence by triggering a proliferative response similar to that generated by injury. In addition, P2X7r activation by BzATP induced a shift of ependymal cells to a glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) phenotype similar to that induced by injury. However, P2X7r activation did not trigger the migration of ependyma-derived cells as occurs after tissue damage. Injection of BzATP induced the expression of connexin 26 (Cx26) in ependymal cells, an event needed for the proliferative reaction after injury. BzATP did not induce these changes in ependymal cells of P2X7-/- mice supporting a specific action on P2X7r. In vivo blockade of P2X7r with the potent antagonist AZ10606120 reduced significantly the injury-induced proliferation of ependymal cells. Our data indicate that P2X7r has a key role in the "awakening" of the ependymal stem cell niche after injury and suggest purinergic signaling is an interesting target to improve the contribution of endogenous progenitors to repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Falco
- Departamento de Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gabriela Fabbiani
- Departamento de Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cecilia Maciel
- Departamento de Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Spring Valdivia
- Departamento de Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Nathalia Vitureira
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Raúl E. Russo
- Departamento de Neurofisiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
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5
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Wesselman HM, Arceri L, Nguyen TK, Lara CM, Wingert RA. Genetic mechanisms of multiciliated cell development: from fate choice to differentiation in zebrafish and other models. FEBS J 2023. [PMID: 37997009 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Multiciliated cells (MCCS) form bundles of cilia and their activities are essential for the proper development and physiology of many organ systems. Not surprisingly, defects in MCCs have profound consequences and are associated with numerous disease states. Here, we discuss the current understanding of MCC formation, with a special focus on the genetic and molecular mechanisms of MCC fate choice and differentiation. Furthermore, we cast a spotlight on the use of zebrafish to study MCC ontogeny and several recent advances made in understanding MCCs using this vertebrate model to delineate mechanisms of MCC emergence in the developing kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liana Arceri
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Thanh Khoa Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Caroline M Lara
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Rebecca A Wingert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, IN, USA
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6
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Wan J, Liu H, Li J, Zeng Y, Ren H, Hu Y. PEG-SH-GNPs-SAPNS@miR-29a delivery system promotes neural regeneration and recovery of motor function after spinal cord injury. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2023; 34:2107-2123. [PMID: 37366285 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2023.2230841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious disease characterized by hemorrhage, edema, local ischemia and hypoxia, inflammatory reaction, and degeneration of the injured spinal cord, which lacks effective clinical treatments. We design a PEG-SH-GNPs-SAPNS@miR-29a delivery system to repair impaired spinal cord by building a regenerative microenvironment for the recruitment of endogenous neural stem cells. The miR-29a, as an axonal regeneration-related miRNA that overexpression of miR-29a significantly inhibits the expression of PTEN and promotes axonal regeneration of the injured spinal cord. The gold nanoparticles and self-assembling peptide hydrogel composite scaffold (PEG-SH-GNPs-SAPNS@miR-29a delivery system) applied to deliver miR-29a, which recruit endogenous neural stem cells simultaneously. Sustained release of miR-29a and recruitment of endogenous neural stem cells give rise to favorable axonal regeneration and recovery of motor function after spinal cord injury. These findings suggest that the PEG-SH-GNPs-SAPNS@miR-29a delivery system may be an alternative strategy for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junming Wan
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yet-sun University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Tongde hospital of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research of Bone and Joint Degenerative Disease, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | - Hanzhong Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yet-sun University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiachun Li
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yet-sun University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuqing Zeng
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Tongde hospital of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haiyong Ren
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Tongde hospital of Zhejiang province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanqing Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yet-sun University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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7
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Wyart C, Carbo-Tano M, Cantaut-Belarif Y, Orts-Del'Immagine A, Böhm UL. Cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons: multimodal cells with diverse roles in the CNS. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023; 24:540-556. [PMID: 37558908 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-023-00723-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a complex solution that circulates around the CNS, and whose composition changes as a function of an animal's physiological state. Ciliated neurons that are bathed in the CSF - and thus referred to as CSF-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs) - are unusual polymodal interoceptive neurons. As chemoreceptors, CSF-cNs respond to variations in pH and osmolarity and to bacterial metabolites in the CSF. Their activation during infections of the CNS results in secretion of compounds to enhance host survival. As mechanosensory neurons, CSF-cNs operate together with an extracellular proteinaceous polymer known as the Reissner fibre to detect compression during spinal curvature. Once activated, CSF-cNs inhibit motor neurons, premotor excitatory neurons and command neurons to enhance movement speed and stabilize posture. At longer timescales, CSF-cNs instruct morphogenesis throughout life via the release of neuropeptides that act over long distances on skeletal muscle. Finally, recent evidence suggests that mouse CSF-cNs may act as neural stem cells in the spinal cord, inspiring new paths of investigation for repair after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Wyart
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), INSERM U1127, UMR CNRS 7225 Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
| | - Martin Carbo-Tano
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), INSERM U1127, UMR CNRS 7225 Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Yasmine Cantaut-Belarif
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), INSERM U1127, UMR CNRS 7225 Paris, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | | | - Urs L Böhm
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Ripoll C, Poulen G, Chevreau R, Lonjon N, Vachiery-Lahaye F, Bauchet L, Hugnot JP. Persistence of FoxJ1 + Pax6 + Sox2 + ependymal cells throughout life in the human spinal cord. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:181. [PMID: 37329342 PMCID: PMC11072198 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04811-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Ependymal cells lining the central canal of the spinal cord play a crucial role in providing a physical barrier and in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. These cells express the FOXJ1 and SOX2 transcription factors in mice and are derived from various neural tube populations, including embryonic roof and floor plate cells. They exhibit a dorsal-ventral expression pattern of spinal cord developmental transcription factors (such as MSX1, PAX6, ARX, and FOXA2), resembling an embryonic-like organization. Although this ependymal region is present in young humans, it appears to be lost with age. To re-examine this issue, we collected 17 fresh spinal cords from organ donors aged 37-83 years and performed immunohistochemistry on lightly fixed tissues. We observed cells expressing FOXJ1 in the central region in all cases, which co-expressed SOX2 and PAX6 as well as RFX2 and ARL13B, two proteins involved in ciliogenesis and cilia-mediated sonic hedgehog signaling, respectively. Half of the cases exhibited a lumen and some presented portions of the spinal cord with closed and open central canals. Co-staining of FOXJ1 with other neurodevelopmental transcription factors (ARX, FOXA2, MSX1) and NESTIN revealed heterogeneity of the ependymal cells. Interestingly, three donors aged > 75 years exhibited a fetal-like regionalization of neurodevelopmental transcription factors, with dorsal and ventral ependymal cells expressing MSX1, ARX, and FOXA2. These results provide new evidence for the persistence of ependymal cells expressing neurodevelopmental genes throughout human life and highlight the importance of further investigation of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Ripoll
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34091, Montpellier, France
| | - Gaetan Poulen
- Neurosurgery Department, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Robert Chevreau
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34091, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Lonjon
- Neurosurgery Department, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Florence Vachiery-Lahaye
- Department of Donation and Transplantation, Coordination Unit, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Luc Bauchet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34091, Montpellier, France
- Neurosurgery Department, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Hugnot
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34091, Montpellier, France.
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Lu C, Wu X, Wang X, Xiao Z, Ma L, Dai J, Jian F. Single-cell transcriptomics reveals ependymal subtypes related to cytoskeleton dynamics as the core driver of syringomyelia pathological development. iScience 2023; 26:106850. [PMID: 37275526 PMCID: PMC10232665 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Syringomyelia is a common clinical lesion associated with cerebrospinal fluid flow abnormalities. By a reversible model with chronic extradural compression to mimic human canalicular syringomyelia, we explored the spatiotemporal pathological alterations during syrinx development. The most dynamic alterations were observed in ependymal cells (EPCs), oligodendrocyte lineage, and microglia, as a response to neuroinflammation. Among different cell types, EPC subtypes experienced obvious dynamic alterations, which were accompanied by ultrastructural changes involving the ependymal cytoskeleton, cilia, and dynamic injury in parenchyma primarily around the central canal, corresponding to the single-cell transcripts. After effective decompression, the syrinx resolved with the recovery of pathological damage and overall neurological function, implying that for syringomyelia in the early stage, there was still endogenous repair potential coexisting with immune microenvironment imbalance. Ependymal remodeling and cilia restoration might be important for better resolution of syringomyelia and parenchymal injury recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Lu
- Division of Spine, Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University (CCMU), Beijing, China
- Neurospine Center, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Beijing, China
- Research Center of Spine and Spinal Cord, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, CCMU, Beijing, China
- Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Function Reconstruction, CHINA-INI, Beijing, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Xianming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Division of Spine, Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University (CCMU), Beijing, China
- Neurospine Center, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Beijing, China
- Research Center of Spine and Spinal Cord, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, CCMU, Beijing, China
- Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Function Reconstruction, CHINA-INI, Beijing, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Zhifeng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Longbing Ma
- Division of Spine, Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University (CCMU), Beijing, China
- Neurospine Center, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Beijing, China
- Research Center of Spine and Spinal Cord, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, CCMU, Beijing, China
- Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Function Reconstruction, CHINA-INI, Beijing, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Jianwu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fengzeng Jian
- Division of Spine, Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University (CCMU), Beijing, China
- Neurospine Center, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Beijing, China
- Research Center of Spine and Spinal Cord, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, CCMU, Beijing, China
- Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Function Reconstruction, CHINA-INI, Beijing, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China
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10
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Liu S, Ma L, Qi B, Li Q, Chen Z, Jian F. Suppression of TGFβR-Smad3 pathway alleviates the syrinx induced by syringomyelia. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:98. [PMID: 37248485 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01048-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syringomyelia is a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) disorder resulted in separation of pain and temperature, dilation of central canal and formation of syrinx in central canal. It is unclear about mechanisms of the dilation and syrinx formation. We aimed to investigate roles of ependymal cells lining central canal on the dilation, trying to reduce syrinx formation in central canal. METHODS We employed 78 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats totally with syringomyelia to detect the contribution of ependymal cells to the dilation of central canal. Immunofluorescence was used to examine the activation of ependymal cells in 54 syringomyelia rat models. BrdU was used to indicate the proliferation of ependymal cells through intraperitoneal administration in 6 syringomyelia rat models. 18 rats with syringomyelia were injected with SIS3, an inhibitor of TGFβR-Smad3, and rats injected with DMSO were used as control. Among the 18 rats, 12 rats were used for observation of syrinx following SIS3 or DMSO administration by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on day 14 and day 30 under syringomyelia without decompression. All the data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (mean ± SD). Differences between groups were compared using the two-tailed Student's t-test or ANOVA. Differences were considered significant when *p < 0.05. RESULTS Our study showed the dilation and protrusions of central canal on day 5 and enlargement from day 14 after syringomyelia induction in rats with activation of ependymal cells lining central canal. Moreover, the ependymal cells contributed to protrusion formation possibly through migration along with central canal. Furthermore, suppression of TGFβR-Smad3 which was crucial for migration reversed the size of syrnix in central canal without treatment of decompression, suggesting TGFβR-Smad3 signal might be key for dilation of central canal and formation of syrinx. CONCLUSIONS The size of syrinx was decreased after SIS3 administration without decompression. Our study depicted the mechanisms of syrinx formation and suggested TGFβR-Smad3 signal might be key for dilation of central canal and formation of syrinx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, China International Neuroscience Institute, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Longbing Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, China International Neuroscience Institute, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Boling Qi
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, China International Neuroscience Institute, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Zhiguo Chen
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Fengzeng Jian
- Department of Neurosurgery, China International Neuroscience Institute, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Spine Center, China International Neuroscience Institute (CHINA-INI), Beijing, China.
- Lab of Spinal Cord Injury and Functional Reconstruction, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Research Center of Spine and Spinal Cord, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China.
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11
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Rodrigo Albors A, Singer GA, Llorens-Bobadilla E, Frisén J, May AP, Ponting CP, Storey KG. An ependymal cell census identifies heterogeneous and ongoing cell maturation in the adult mouse spinal cord that changes dynamically on injury. Dev Cell 2023; 58:239-255.e10. [PMID: 36706756 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The adult spinal cord stem cell potential resides within the ependymal cell population and declines with age. Ependymal cells are, however, heterogeneous, and the biological diversity this represents and how it changes with age remain unknown. Here, we present a single-cell transcriptomic census of spinal cord ependymal cells from adult and aged mice, identifying not only all known ependymal cell subtypes but also immature as well as mature cell states. By comparing transcriptomes of spinal cord and brain ependymal cells, which lack stem cell abilities, we identify immature cells as potential spinal cord stem cells. Following spinal cord injury, these cells re-enter the cell cycle, which is accompanied by a short-lived reversal of ependymal cell maturation. We further analyze ependymal cells in the human spinal cord and identify widespread cell maturation and altered cell identities. This in-depth characterization of spinal cord ependymal cells provides insight into their biology and informs strategies for spinal cord repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Rodrigo Albors
- Division of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
| | - Gail A Singer
- Division of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | | | - Jonas Frisén
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew P May
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Tornado Bio, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Chris P Ponting
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Kate G Storey
- Division of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
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12
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Zhu P, Zheng P, Kong X, Wang S, Cao M, Zhao C. Rassf7a promotes spinal cord regeneration and controls spindle orientation in neural progenitor cells. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e54984. [PMID: 36408859 PMCID: PMC9827555 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202254984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause long-lasting disability in mammals due to the lack of axonal regrowth together with the inability to reinitiate spinal neurogenesis at the injury site. Deciphering the mechanisms that regulate the proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells is critical for understanding spinal neurogenesis after injury. Compared with mammals, zebrafish show a remarkable capability of spinal cord regeneration. Here, we show that Rassf7a, a member of the Ras-association domain family, promotes spinal cord regeneration after injury. Zebrafish larvae harboring a rassf7a mutation show spinal cord regeneration and spinal neurogenesis defects. Live imaging shows abnormal asymmetric neurogenic divisions and spindle orientation defects in mutant neural progenitor cells. In line with this, the expression of rassf7a is enriched in neural progenitor cells. Subcellular analysis shows that Rassf7a localizes to the centrosome and is essential for cell cycle progression. Our data indicate a role for Rassf7a in modulating spindle orientation and the proliferation of neural progenitor cells after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Zhu
- Institute of Evolution and Marine BiodiversityOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdaoChina
- Sars‐Fang Centre, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Pengfei Zheng
- Institute of Evolution and Marine BiodiversityOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Xinlong Kong
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of PathophysiologyShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Shuo Wang
- Institute of Evolution and Marine BiodiversityOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
| | - Muqing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of PathophysiologyShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Chengtian Zhao
- Institute of Evolution and Marine BiodiversityOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdaoChina
- Sars‐Fang Centre, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina
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13
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Rybachuk O, Savytska N, Pinet É, Yaminsky Y, Medvediev V. Heterogeneous pHPMA hydrogel promotes neuronal differentiation of bone marrow derived stromal cells in vitroand in vivo. Biomed Mater 2023; 18. [PMID: 36542861 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/acadc3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic hydrogels composed of polymer pore frames are commonly used in medicine, from pharmacologically targeted drug delivery to the creation of bioengineering constructions used in implantation surgery. Among various possible materials, the most common are poly-[N(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide] (pHPMA) derivatives. One of the pHPMA derivatives is biocompatible hydrogel, NeuroGel. Upon contact with nervous tissue, the NeuroGel's structure can support the chemical and physiological conditions of the tissue necessary for the growth of native cells. Owing to the different pore diameters in the hydrogel, not only macromolecules, but also cells can migrate. This study evaluated the differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) into neurons, as well as the effectiveness of using this biofabricated system in spinal cord injuryin vivo. The hydrogel was populated with BMSCs by injection or rehydration. After cultivation, these fragments (hydrogel + BMSCs) were implanted into the injured rat spinal cord. Fragments were immunostained before implantation and seven months after implantation. During cultivation with the hydrogel, both variants (injection/rehydration) of the BMSCs culture retained their viability and demonstrated a significant number of Ki-67-positive cells, indicating the preservation of their proliferative activity. In hydrogel fragments, BMSCs also maintained their viability during the period of cocultivation and were Ki-67-positive, but in significantly fewer numbers than in the cell culture. In addition, in fragments of hydrogel with grafted BMSCs, both by the injection or rehydration versions, we observed a significant number up to 57%-63.5% of NeuN-positive cells. These results suggest that the heterogeneous pHPMA hydrogel promotes neuronal differentiation of bone marrow-derived stromal cells. Furthermore, these data demonstrate the possible use of NeuroGel implants with grafted BMSCs for implantation into damaged areas of the spinal cord, with subsequent nerve fiber germination, nerve cell regeneration, and damaged segment restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Rybachuk
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.,Institute of Genetic and Regenerative Medicine, M. D. Strazhesko National Scientific Center of Cardiology, Clinical and Regenerative Medicine, NAMS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Natalia Savytska
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Yurii Yaminsky
- State Institution 'Romodanov Neurosurgery Institute, NAMS of Ukraine', Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr Medvediev
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.,Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine
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14
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Frederico B, Martins I, Chapela D, Gasparrini F, Chakravarty P, Ackels T, Piot C, Almeida B, Carvalho J, Ciccarelli A, Peddie CJ, Rogers N, Briscoe J, Guillemot F, Schaefer AT, Saúde L, Reis e Sousa C. DNGR-1-tracing marks an ependymal cell subset with damage-responsive neural stem cell potential. Dev Cell 2022; 57:1957-1975.e9. [PMID: 35998585 PMCID: PMC9616800 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cells with latent stem ability can contribute to mammalian tissue regeneration after damage. Whether the central nervous system (CNS) harbors such cells remains controversial. Here, we report that DNGR-1 lineage tracing in mice identifies an ependymal cell subset, wherein resides latent regenerative potential. We demonstrate that DNGR-1-lineage-traced ependymal cells arise early in embryogenesis (E11.5) and subsequently spread across the lining of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-filled compartments to form a contiguous sheet from the brain to the end of the spinal cord. In the steady state, these DNGR-1-traced cells are quiescent, committed to their ependymal cell fate, and do not contribute to neuronal or glial lineages. However, trans-differentiation can be induced in adult mice by CNS injury or in vitro by culture with suitable factors. Our findings highlight previously unappreciated ependymal cell heterogeneity and identify across the entire CNS an ependymal cell subset wherein resides damage-responsive neural stem cell potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Frederico
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Isaura Martins
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diana Chapela
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; TechnoPhage, SA, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francesca Gasparrini
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Probir Chakravarty
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Tobias Ackels
- Sensory Circuits and Neurotechnology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Cécile Piot
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Bruna Almeida
- Experimental Histopathology, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Joana Carvalho
- Experimental Histopathology, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Alessandro Ciccarelli
- Advanced Light Microscopy, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Christopher J Peddie
- Electron Microscopy, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Neil Rogers
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - James Briscoe
- Developmental Dynamic Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - François Guillemot
- Neural Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Andreas T Schaefer
- Sensory Circuits and Neurotechnology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Department of Neuroscience, Physiology &Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Leonor Saúde
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; Instituto de Medicina Molecular e Instituto de Histologia e Biologia do Desenvolvimento, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Caetano Reis e Sousa
- Immunobiology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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15
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Corrigendum: Purinergic signaling systems across comparative models of spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2022; 18:689-696. [PMID: 36018196 PMCID: PMC9727416 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.350234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.338993].
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16
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O’Hara-Wright M, Mobini S, Gonzalez-Cordero A. Bioelectric Potential in Next-Generation Organoids: Electrical Stimulation to Enhance 3D Structures of the Central Nervous System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:901652. [PMID: 35656553 PMCID: PMC9152151 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.901652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cell-derived organoid models of the central nervous system represent one of the most exciting areas in in vitro tissue engineering. Classically, organoids of the brain, retina and spinal cord have been generated via recapitulation of in vivo developmental cues, including biochemical and biomechanical. However, a lesser studied cue, bioelectricity, has been shown to regulate central nervous system development and function. In particular, electrical stimulation of neural cells has generated some important phenotypes relating to development and differentiation. Emerging techniques in bioengineering and biomaterials utilise electrical stimulation using conductive polymers. However, state-of-the-art pluripotent stem cell technology has not yet merged with this exciting area of bioelectricity. Here, we discuss recent findings in the field of bioelectricity relating to the central nervous system, possible mechanisms, and how electrical stimulation may be utilised as a novel technique to engineer “next-generation” organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle O’Hara-Wright
- Stem Cell Medicine Group, Children’s Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Sahba Mobini
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología, IMN-CNM, CSIC (CEI UAM + CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anai Gonzalez-Cordero
- Stem Cell Medicine Group, Children’s Medical Research Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Anai Gonzalez-Cordero,
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17
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Ikeda-Yorifuji I, Tsujioka H, Sakata Y, Yamashita T. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing identified cells with ependymal cell-like features enriched in neonatal mice after spinal cord injury. Neurosci Res 2022; 181:22-38. [PMID: 35452717 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The adult mammalian central nervous system has limited regenerative ability, and spinal cord injury (SCI) often causes lifelong motor disability. While regeneration is limited in adults, injured spinal cord tissue can be regenerated and neural function can be almost completely restored in neonates. However, difference of cellular composition in lesion has not been well characterized. To gain insight into the age-dependent cellular reaction after SCI, we performed single-nucleus RNA sequencing, analyzing 4,076 nuclei from sham and injured spinal cords from adult and neonatal mice. Clustering analysis identified 18 cell populations. We identified previously undescribed cells with ependymal cell-like gene expression profile, the number of which was increased in neonates after SCI. Histological analysis revealed that these cells line the central canal under physiological conditions in both adults and neonates. We confirmed that they were enriched in the lesion only in neonates. We further showed that these cells were positive for the cellular markers of ependymal cells, astrocytes and radial glial cells. This study provides a deeper understanding of neonate-specific cellular responses after SCI, which may determine regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iyo Ikeda-Yorifuji
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tsujioka
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Sakata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan; Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
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18
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Becker T, Becker CG. Regenerative neurogenesis: the integration of developmental, physiological and immune signals. Development 2022; 149:275248. [PMID: 35502778 PMCID: PMC9124576 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In fishes and salamanders, but not mammals, neural stem cells switch back to neurogenesis after injury. The signalling environment of neural stem cells is strongly altered by the presence of damaged cells and an influx of immune, as well as other, cells. Here, we summarise our recently expanded knowledge of developmental, physiological and immune signals that act on neural stem cells in the zebrafish central nervous system to directly, or indirectly, influence their neurogenic state. These signals act on several intracellular pathways, which leads to changes in chromatin accessibility and gene expression, ultimately resulting in regenerative neurogenesis. Translational approaches in non-regenerating mammals indicate that central nervous system stem cells can be reprogrammed for neurogenesis. Understanding signalling mechanisms in naturally regenerating species show the path to experimentally promoting neurogenesis in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Becker
- Center for Regenerative Therapies at the TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Science, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland
| | - Catherina G Becker
- Center for Regenerative Therapies at the TU Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany.,Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Biomedical Science, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, Scotland
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19
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Stenudd M, Sabelström H, Llorens-Bobadilla E, Zamboni M, Blom H, Brismar H, Zhang S, Basak O, Clevers H, Göritz C, Barnabé-Heider F, Frisén J. Identification of a discrete subpopulation of spinal cord ependymal cells with neural stem cell properties. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110440. [PMID: 35235796 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord ependymal cells display neural stem cell properties in vitro and generate scar-forming astrocytes and remyelinating oligodendrocytes after injury. We report that ependymal cells are functionally heterogeneous and identify a small subpopulation (8% of ependymal cells and 0.1% of all cells in a spinal cord segment), which we denote ependymal A (EpA) cells, that accounts for the in vitro stem cell potential in the adult spinal cord. After spinal cord injury, EpA cells undergo self-renewing cell division as they give rise to differentiated progeny. Single-cell transcriptome analysis revealed a loss of ependymal cell gene expression programs as EpA cells gained signaling entropy and dedifferentiated to a stem-cell-like transcriptional state after an injury. We conclude that EpA cells are highly differentiated cells that can revert to a stem cell state and constitute a therapeutic target for spinal cord repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moa Stenudd
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna Sabelström
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Margherita Zamboni
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans Blom
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, 171 21 Solna, Sweden
| | - Hjalmar Brismar
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, 171 21 Solna, Sweden
| | - Shupei Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Onur Basak
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 GC, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3584 GC, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Christian Göritz
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Stockholm Node, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fanie Barnabé-Heider
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Frisén
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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20
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Regulating Endogenous Neural Stem Cell Activation to Promote Spinal Cord Injury Repair. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050846. [PMID: 35269466 PMCID: PMC8909806 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects millions of individuals worldwide. Currently, there is no cure, and treatment options to promote neural recovery are limited. An innovative approach to improve outcomes following SCI involves the recruitment of endogenous populations of neural stem cells (NSCs). NSCs can be isolated from the neuroaxis of the central nervous system (CNS), with brain and spinal cord populations sharing common characteristics (as well as regionally distinct phenotypes). Within the spinal cord, a number of NSC sub-populations have been identified which display unique protein expression profiles and proliferation kinetics. Collectively, the potential for NSCs to impact regenerative medicine strategies hinges on their cardinal properties, including self-renewal and multipotency (the ability to generate de novo neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes). Accordingly, endogenous NSCs could be harnessed to replace lost cells and promote structural repair following SCI. While studies exploring the efficacy of this approach continue to suggest its potential, many questions remain including those related to heterogeneity within the NSC pool, the interaction of NSCs with their environment, and the identification of factors that can enhance their response. We discuss the current state of knowledge regarding populations of endogenous spinal cord NSCs, their niche, and the factors that regulate their behavior. In an attempt to move towards the goal of enhancing neural repair, we highlight approaches that promote NSC activation following injury including the modulation of the microenvironment and parenchymal cells, pharmaceuticals, and applied electrical stimulation.
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21
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Abstract
We demonstrated the presence of neural stem cells and/or progenitor cells in the adult human spinal cord. This chapter provides materials and methods to harvest high-quality samples of thoracolumbar, lumbar, and sacral adult human spinal cord and human dorsal root ganglia isolated from brain-dead patients who had agreed before passing to donate their bodies to science for therapeutic and scientific advances. The methods to culture precursor cells from the adult human spinal cord are also described.
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22
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An injury-induced serotonergic neuron subpopulation contributes to axon regrowth and function restoration after spinal cord injury in zebrafish. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7093. [PMID: 34876587 PMCID: PMC8651775 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27419-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) interrupts long-projecting descending spinal neurons and disrupts the spinal central pattern generator (CPG) that controls locomotion. The intrinsic mechanisms underlying re-wiring of spinal neural circuits and recovery of locomotion after SCI are unclear. Zebrafish shows axonal regeneration and functional recovery after SCI making it a robust model to study mechanisms of regeneration. Here, we use a two-cut SCI model to investigate whether recovery of locomotion can occur independently of supraspinal connections. Using this injury model, we show that injury induces the localization of a specialized group of intraspinal serotonergic neurons (ISNs), with distinctive molecular and cellular properties, at the injury site. This subpopulation of ISNs have hyperactive terminal varicosities constantly releasing serotonin activating 5-HT1B receptors, resulting in axonal regrowth of spinal interneurons. Axon regrowth of excitatory interneurons is more pronounced compared to inhibitory interneurons. Knock-out of htr1b prevents axon regrowth of spinal excitatory interneurons, negatively affecting coordination of rostral-caudal body movements and restoration of locomotor function. On the other hand, treatment with 5-HT1B receptor agonizts promotes functional recovery following SCI. In summary, our data show an intraspinal mechanism where a subpopulation of ISNs stimulates axonal regrowth resulting in improved recovery of locomotor functions following SCI in zebrafish.
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23
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Chevreau R, Ghazale H, Ripoll C, Chalfouh C, Delarue Q, Hemonnot-Girard AL, Mamaeva D, Hirbec H, Rothhut B, Wahane S, Perrin FE, Noristani HN, Guerout N, Hugnot JP. RNA Profiling of Mouse Ependymal Cells after Spinal Cord Injury Identifies the Oncostatin Pathway as a Potential Key Regulator of Spinal Cord Stem Cell Fate. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123332. [PMID: 34943841 PMCID: PMC8699053 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Ependymal cells reside in the adult spinal cord and display stem cell properties in vitro. They proliferate after spinal cord injury and produce neurons in lower vertebrates but predominantly astrocytes in mammals. The mechanisms underlying this glial-biased differentiation remain ill-defined. We addressed this issue by generating a molecular resource through RNA profiling of ependymal cells before and after injury. We found that these cells activate STAT3 and ERK/MAPK signaling post injury and downregulate cilia-associated genes and FOXJ1, a central transcription factor in ciliogenesis. Conversely, they upregulate 510 genes, seven of them more than 20-fold, namely Crym, Ecm1, Ifi202b, Nupr1, Rbp1, Thbs2 and Osmr—the receptor for oncostatin, a microglia-specific cytokine which too is strongly upregulated after injury. We studied the regulation and role of Osmr using neurospheres derived from the adult spinal cord. We found that oncostatin induced strong Osmr and p-STAT3 expression in these cells which is associated with reduction of proliferation and promotion of astrocytic versus oligodendrocytic differentiation. Microglial cells are apposed to ependymal cells in vivo and co-culture experiments showed that these cells upregulate Osmr in neurosphere cultures. Collectively, these results support the notion that microglial cells and Osmr/Oncostatin pathway may regulate the astrocytic fate of ependymal cells in spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Chevreau
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34295 Montpellier, France; (R.C.); (H.G.); (C.R.); (A.L.H.-G.); (H.H.); (B.R.)
| | - Hussein Ghazale
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34295 Montpellier, France; (R.C.); (H.G.); (C.R.); (A.L.H.-G.); (H.H.); (B.R.)
| | - Chantal Ripoll
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34295 Montpellier, France; (R.C.); (H.G.); (C.R.); (A.L.H.-G.); (H.H.); (B.R.)
| | - Chaima Chalfouh
- EA3830 GRHV, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, 76000 Rouen, France; (C.C.); (Q.D.); (N.G.)
| | - Quentin Delarue
- EA3830 GRHV, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, 76000 Rouen, France; (C.C.); (Q.D.); (N.G.)
| | - Anne Laure Hemonnot-Girard
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34295 Montpellier, France; (R.C.); (H.G.); (C.R.); (A.L.H.-G.); (H.H.); (B.R.)
| | - Daria Mamaeva
- Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, INSERM, 34295 Montpellier, France;
| | - Helene Hirbec
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34295 Montpellier, France; (R.C.); (H.G.); (C.R.); (A.L.H.-G.); (H.H.); (B.R.)
| | - Bernard Rothhut
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34295 Montpellier, France; (R.C.); (H.G.); (C.R.); (A.L.H.-G.); (H.H.); (B.R.)
| | - Shalaka Wahane
- Departments of Neurobiology and Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA;
| | - Florence Evelyne Perrin
- Department of Biology, University of Montpellier, INSERM MMDN, EPHE, 34295 Montpellier, France;
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75231 Paris, France
| | - Harun Najib Noristani
- Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Center for Neural Repair, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA;
| | - Nicolas Guerout
- EA3830 GRHV, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, 76000 Rouen, France; (C.C.); (Q.D.); (N.G.)
| | - Jean Philippe Hugnot
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34295 Montpellier, France; (R.C.); (H.G.); (C.R.); (A.L.H.-G.); (H.H.); (B.R.)
- Correspondence:
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24
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Orts-Del'Immagine A, Dhanasekar M, Lejeune FX, Roussel J, Wyart C. A norepinephrine-dependent glial calcium wave travels in the spinal cord upon acoustovestibular stimuli. Glia 2021; 70:491-507. [PMID: 34773299 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although calcium waves have been widely observed in glial cells, their occurrence in vivo during behavior remains less understood. Here, we investigated the recruitment of glial cells in the hindbrain and spinal cord after acousto-vestibular (AV) stimuli triggering escape responses using in vivo population calcium imaging in larval zebrafish. We observed that gap-junction-coupled spinal glial network exhibits large and homogenous calcium increases that rose in the rostral spinal cord and propagated bi-directionally toward the spinal cord and toward the hindbrain. Spinal glial calcium waves were driven by the recruitment of neurons and in particular, of noradrenergic signaling acting through α-adrenergic receptors. Noradrenergic neurons of the medulla-oblongata (NE-MO) were revealed in the vicinity of where the calcium wave started. NE-MO were recruited upon AV stimulation and sent dense axonal projections in the rostro-lateral spinal cord, suggesting these cells could trigger the glial wave to propagate down the spinal cord. Altogether, our results revealed that a simple AV stimulation is sufficient to recruit noradrenergic neurons in the brainstem that trigger in the rostral spinal cord two massive glial calcium waves, one traveling caudally in the spinal cord and another rostrally into the hindbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Claire Wyart
- Institut du cerveau, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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25
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Lai BQ, Zeng X, Han WT, Che MT, Ding Y, Li G, Zeng YS. Stem cell-derived neuronal relay strategies and functional electrical stimulation for treatment of spinal cord injury. Biomaterials 2021; 279:121211. [PMID: 34710795 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The inability of adult mammals to recover function lost after severe spinal cord injury (SCI) has been known for millennia and is mainly attributed to a failure of brain-derived nerve fiber regeneration across the lesion. Potential approaches to re-establishing locomotor function rely on neuronal relays to reconnect the segregated neural networks of the spinal cord. Intense research over the past 30 years has focused on endogenous and exogenous neuronal relays, but progress has been slow and the results often controversial. Treatments with stem cell-derived neuronal relays alone or together with functional electrical stimulation offer the possibility of improved repair of neuronal networks. In this review, we focus on approaches to recovery of motor function in paralyzed patients after severe SCI based on novel therapies such as implantation of stem cell-derived neuronal relays and functional electrical stimulation. Recent research progress offers hope that SCI patients will one day be able to recover motor function and sensory perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Qin Lai
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Xiang Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Wei-Tao Han
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ming-Tian Che
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ge Li
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yuan-Shan Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China; Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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26
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Buzoianu-Anguiano V, Torres-Llacsa M, Doncel-Pérez E. Role of Aldynoglia Cells in Neuroinflammatory and Neuroimmune Responses after Spinal Cord Injury. Cells 2021; 10:2783. [PMID: 34685763 PMCID: PMC8534338 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldynoglia are growth-promoting cells with a morphology similar to radial glia and share properties and markers with astrocytes and Schwann cells. They are distributed in several locations throughout the adult central nervous system, where the cells of the aldynoglia interact and respond to the signals of the immune cells. After spinal cord injury (SCI), the functions of resident aldynoglia, identified as ependymocytes, tanycytes, and ependymal stem cells (EpSCs) of the spinal cord are crucial for the regeneration of spinal neural tissue. These glial cells facilitate axonal regrowth and remyelination of injured axons. Here, we review the influence of M1 or M2 macrophage/microglia subpopulations on the fate of EpSCs during neuroinflammation and immune responses in the acute, subacute, and chronic phases after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mabel Torres-Llacsa
- Servicio de Radiología, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain;
| | - Ernesto Doncel-Pérez
- Grupo de Química Neuro-Regenerativa, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, 45071 Toledo, Spain;
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27
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Introducing dorsoventral patterning in adult regenerating lizard tails with gene-edited embryonic neural stem cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6010. [PMID: 34650077 PMCID: PMC8516916 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26321-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lizards regenerate amputated tails but fail to recapitulate the dorsoventral patterning achieved during embryonic development. Regenerated lizard tails form ependymal tubes (ETs) that, like embryonic tail neural tubes (NTs), induce cartilage differentiation in surrounding cells via sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling. However, adult ETs lack characteristically roof plate-associated structures and express Shh throughout their circumferences, resulting in the formation of unpatterned cartilage tubes. Both NTs and ETs contain neural stem cells (NSCs), but only embryonic NSC populations differentiate into roof plate identities when protected from endogenous Hedgehog signaling. NSCs were isolated from parthenogenetic lizard embryos, rendered unresponsive to Hedgehog signaling via CRISPR/Cas9 gene knockout of smoothened (Smo), and implanted back into clonally-identical adults to regulate tail regeneration. Here we report that Smo knockout embryonic NSCs oppose cartilage formation when engrafted to adult ETs, representing an important milestone in the creation of regenerated lizard tails with dorsoventrally patterned skeletal tissues. Organisms with regenerative capacity typically regrow organs with correct axial patterning, however, regrown lizard tails lack this feature. Here the authors used neural stem cells to induce patterning in regenerating lizard tails and rescued normal skeletal morphology.
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28
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Isolate and Culture Neural Stem Cells from the Mouse Adult Spinal Cord. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2389:45-56. [PMID: 34558000 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1783-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Whereas neural stem cells and their niches have been extensively studied in the brain, little is known on these cells, their environment, and their function in the adult spinal cord. Adult spinal cord neural stem cells are located in a complex niche surrounding the central canal, and these cells expressed genes which are specifically expressed in the caudal central nervous system (CNS). In-depth characterization of these cells in vivo and in vitro will provide interesting clues on the possibility to utilize this endogenous cell pool to treat spinal cord damages. We describe here a procedure to derive and culture neural spinal cord stem cells from adult mice using the neurosphere method.
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29
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Torrillas de la Cal A, Paniagua-Torija B, Arevalo-Martin A, Faulkes CG, Jiménez AJ, Ferrer I, Molina-Holgado E, Garcia-Ovejero D. The Structure of the Spinal Cord Ependymal Region in Adult Humans Is a Distinctive Trait among Mammals. Cells 2021; 10:2235. [PMID: 34571884 PMCID: PMC8469235 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In species that regenerate the injured spinal cord, the ependymal region is a source of new cells and a prominent coordinator of regeneration. In mammals, cells at the ependymal region proliferate in normal conditions and react after injury, but in humans, the central canal is lost in the majority of individuals from early childhood. It is replaced by a structure that does not proliferate after damage and is formed by large accumulations of ependymal cells, strong astrogliosis and perivascular pseudo-rosettes. We inform here of two additional mammals that lose the central canal during their lifetime: the Naked Mole-Rat (NMR, Heterocephalus glaber) and the mutant hyh (hydrocephalus with hop gait) mice. The morphological study of their spinal cords shows that the tissue substituting the central canal is not similar to that found in humans. In both NMR and hyh mice, the central canal is replaced by tissue reminiscent of normal lamina X and may include small groups of ependymal cells in the midline, partially resembling specific domains of the former canal. However, no features of the adult human ependymal remnant are found, suggesting that this structure is a specific human trait. In order to shed some more light on the mechanism of human central canal closure, we provide new data suggesting that canal patency is lost by delamination of the ependymal epithelium, in a process that includes apical polarity loss and the expression of signaling mediators involved in epithelial to mesenchymal transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Torrillas de la Cal
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.T.d.l.C.); (B.P.-T.); (A.A.-M.); (E.M.-H.)
| | - Beatriz Paniagua-Torija
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.T.d.l.C.); (B.P.-T.); (A.A.-M.); (E.M.-H.)
| | - Angel Arevalo-Martin
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.T.d.l.C.); (B.P.-T.); (A.A.-M.); (E.M.-H.)
| | - Christopher Guy Faulkes
- School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK;
| | - Antonio Jesús Jiménez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Malaga, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), 29010 Malaga, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Institut de Neuropatologia, Servei d’Anatomia Patològica, IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, 08908 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain;
| | - Eduardo Molina-Holgado
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.T.d.l.C.); (B.P.-T.); (A.A.-M.); (E.M.-H.)
| | - Daniel Garcia-Ovejero
- Laboratory of Neuroinflammation, Hospital Nacional de Paraplejicos, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.T.d.l.C.); (B.P.-T.); (A.A.-M.); (E.M.-H.)
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30
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Miyajima H, Itokazu T, Tanabe S, Yamashita T. Interleukin-17A regulates ependymal cell proliferation and functional recovery after spinal cord injury in mice. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:766. [PMID: 34344859 PMCID: PMC8333070 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ependymal cells have been suggested to act as neural stem cells and exert beneficial effects after spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the molecular mechanism underlying ependymal cell regulation after SCI remains unknown. To examine the possible effect of IL-17A on ependymal cell proliferation after SCI, we locally administrated IL-17A neutralizing antibody to the injured spinal cord of a contusion SCI mouse model, and revealed that IL-17A neutralization promoted ependymal cell proliferation, which was paralleled by functional recovery and axonal reorganization of both the corticospinal tract and the raphespinal tract. Further, to test whether ependymal cell-specific manipulation of IL-17A signaling is enough to affect the outcomes of SCI, we generated ependymal cell-specific conditional IL-17RA-knockout mice and analyzed their anatomical and functional response to SCI. As a result, conditional knockout of IL-17RA in ependymal cells enhanced both axonal growth and functional recovery, accompanied by an increase in mRNA expression of neurotrophic factors. Thus, Ependymal cells may enhance the regenerative process partially by secreting neurotrophic factors, and IL-17A stimulation negatively regulates this beneficial effect. Molecular manipulation of ependymal cells might be a viable strategy for improving functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisao Miyajima
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Takahide Itokazu
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
- Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
| | - Shogo Tanabe
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
- Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
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31
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Jurčić N, Michelle C, Trouslard J, Wanaverbecq N, Kastner A. Evidence for PKD2L1-positive neurons distant from the central canal in the ventromedial spinal cord and medulla of the adult mouse. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:4781-4803. [PMID: 34097332 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neurons in contact with the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are found around the medullo-spinal central canal (CC) in adult mice. These neurons (CSF-cNs), located within or below the ependymal cell layer, known as the stem cell niche, present a characteristic morphology with a dendrite projecting to the CC and ending with a protrusion. They are GABAergic, present an intermediate neuronal maturity and selectively express PKD2L1, a member of the transient receptor potential channel superfamily with sensory properties. Using immunohistological and electrophysiological recording techniques in mice, we characterize the properties of a new population of PKD2L1 positive cells that is distant from the CC in a zone enriched with astrocytes and ependymal fibers of the ventro-medial spinal cord and medulla. They appear around embryonic day 16 and their number increases up to early postnatal days. With development and the reorganization of the CC region, they progressively become more distant from the CC, suggesting some migratory capabilities. These neurons share functional and phenotypical properties with CSF-cNs but appear subdivided in two groups. One group, present along the midline, has a bipolar morphology and extends a long dendrite along ependymal fibers and towards the CC. The second group, localized in more ventro-lateral regions, has a multipolar morphology and no apparent projection to the CC. Altogether, we describe a novel population of PKD2L1+ neurons distant from the CC but with properties similar to CSF-cNs that might serve to sense modification in the composition of either CSF or interstitial liquid, a function that will need to be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Jurčić
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Univ and CNRS UMR 7289, SpiCCI Team, Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Michelle
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Univ and CNRS UMR 7289, SpiCCI Team, Marseille, France
| | - Jérôme Trouslard
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Univ and CNRS UMR 7289, SpiCCI Team, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Wanaverbecq
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Univ and CNRS UMR 7289, SpiCCI Team, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Kastner
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Aix-Marseille Univ and CNRS UMR 7289, SpiCCI Team, Marseille, France
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32
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Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals Nestin + active neural stem cells outside the central canal after spinal cord injury. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 65:295-308. [PMID: 34061300 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1930-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the spinal cord hold great potential for repair after spinal cord injury (SCI). The ependyma in the central canal (CC) region has been considered as the NSCs source in the spinal cord. However, the ependyma function as NSCs after SCI is still under debate. We used Nestin as a marker to isolate potential NSCs and their immediate progeny, and characterized the cells before and after SCI by single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq). We identified two subgroups of NSCs: the subgroup located within the CC cannot prime to active NSCs after SCI, while the subgroup located outside the CC were activated and exhibited the active NSCs properties after SCI. We demonstrated the comprehensive dynamic transcriptome of NSCs from quiescent to active NSCs after SCI. This study reveals that Nestin+ cells outside CC were NSCs that activated upon SCI and may thus serve as endogenous NSCs for regenerative treatment of SCI in the future.
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33
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Cavone L, McCann T, Drake LK, Aguzzi EA, Oprişoreanu AM, Pedersen E, Sandi S, Selvarajah J, Tsarouchas TM, Wehner D, Keatinge M, Mysiak KS, Henderson BEP, Dobie R, Henderson NC, Becker T, Becker CG. A unique macrophage subpopulation signals directly to progenitor cells to promote regenerative neurogenesis in the zebrafish spinal cord. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1617-1630.e6. [PMID: 34033756 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system injury re-initiates neurogenesis in anamniotes (amphibians and fishes), but not in mammals. Activation of the innate immune system promotes regenerative neurogenesis, but it is fundamentally unknown whether this is indirect through the activation of known developmental signaling pathways or whether immune cells directly signal to progenitor cells using mechanisms that are unique to regeneration. Using single-cell RNA-seq of progenitor cells and macrophages, as well as cell-type-specific manipulations, we provide evidence for a direct signaling axis from specific lesion-activated macrophages to spinal progenitor cells to promote regenerative neurogenesis in zebrafish. Mechanistically, TNFa from pro-regenerative macrophages induces Tnfrsf1a-mediated AP-1 activity in progenitors to increase regeneration-promoting expression of hdac1 and neurogenesis. This establishes the principle that macrophages directly communicate to spinal progenitor cells via non-developmental signals after injury, providing potential targets for future interventions in the regeneration-deficient spinal cord of mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Cavone
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Tess McCann
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Louisa K Drake
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Erika A Aguzzi
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Ana-Maria Oprişoreanu
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Elisa Pedersen
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Soe Sandi
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Jathurshan Selvarajah
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Themistoklis M Tsarouchas
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Daniel Wehner
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK; Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Staudtstraße 2, Erlangen 91058, Germany; Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Staudtstraße 2, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Marcus Keatinge
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Karolina S Mysiak
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Beth E P Henderson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ross Dobie
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil C Henderson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas Becker
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK.
| | - Catherina G Becker
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK; Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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34
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Cura Costa E, Otsuki L, Rodrigo Albors A, Tanaka EM, Chara O. Spatiotemporal control of cell cycle acceleration during axolotl spinal cord regeneration. eLife 2021; 10:e55665. [PMID: 33988504 PMCID: PMC8205487 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Axolotls are uniquely able to resolve spinal cord injuries, but little is known about the mechanisms underlying spinal cord regeneration. We previously found that tail amputation leads to reactivation of a developmental-like program in spinal cord ependymal cells (Rodrigo Albors et al., 2015), characterized by a high-proliferation zone emerging 4 days post-amputation (Rost et al., 2016). What underlies this spatiotemporal pattern of cell proliferation, however, remained unknown. Here, we use modeling, tightly linked to experimental data, to demonstrate that this regenerative response is consistent with a signal that recruits ependymal cells during ~85 hours after amputation within ~830 μm of the injury. We adapted Fluorescent Ubiquitination-based Cell Cycle Indicator (FUCCI) technology to axolotls (AxFUCCI) to visualize cell cycles in vivo. AxFUCCI axolotls confirmed the predicted appearance time and size of the injury-induced recruitment zone and revealed cell cycle synchrony between ependymal cells. Our modeling and imaging move us closer to understanding bona fide spinal cord regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Cura Costa
- Systems Biology Group (SysBio), Institute of Physics of Liquids and Biological Systems (IFLySIB), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) and University of La Plata (UNLP)La PlataArgentina
| | - Leo Otsuki
- The Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
| | - Aida Rodrigo Albors
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Elly M Tanaka
- The Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC)ViennaAustria
| | - Osvaldo Chara
- Systems Biology Group (SysBio), Institute of Physics of Liquids and Biological Systems (IFLySIB), National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) and University of La Plata (UNLP)La PlataArgentina
- Center for Information Services and High Performance Computing, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
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Patel M, Li Y, Anderson J, Castro-Pedrido S, Skinner R, Lei S, Finkel Z, Rodriguez B, Esteban F, Lee KB, Lyu YL, Cai L. Gsx1 promotes locomotor functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Mol Ther 2021; 29:2469-2482. [PMID: 33895323 PMCID: PMC8353206 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Promoting residential cells, particularly endogenous neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs), for tissue regeneration represents a potential strategy for the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI). However, adult NSPCs differentiate mainly into glial cells and contribute to glial scar formation at the site of injury. Gsx1 is known to regulate the generation of excitatory and inhibitory interneurons during embryonic development of the spinal cord. In this study, we show that lentivirus-mediated expression of Gsx1 increases the number of NSPCs in a mouse model of lateral hemisection SCI during the acute stage. Subsequently, Gsx1 expression increases the generation of glutamatergic and cholinergic interneurons and decreases the generation of GABAergic interneurons in the chronic stage of SCI. Importantly, Gsx1 reduces reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation, promotes serotonin (5-HT) neuronal activity, and improves the locomotor function of the injured mice. Moreover, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis reveals that Gsx1-induced transcriptome regulation correlates with NSPC signaling, NSPC activation, neuronal differentiation, and inhibition of astrogliosis and scar formation. Collectively, our study provides molecular insights for Gsx1-mediated functional recovery and identifies the potential of Gsx1 gene therapy for injuries in the spinal cord and possibly other parts of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misaal Patel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jeremy Anderson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Sofia Castro-Pedrido
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ryan Skinner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Shunyao Lei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Zachary Finkel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Brianna Rodriguez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Fatima Esteban
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ki-Bum Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Yi Lisa Lyu
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 675 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Li Cai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, 599 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Li G, Zhang B, Sun JH, Shi LY, Huang MY, Huang LJ, Lin ZJ, Lin QY, Lai BQ, Ma YH, Jiang B, Ding Y, Zhang HB, Li MX, Zhu P, Wang YQ, Zeng X, Zeng YS. An NT-3-releasing bioscaffold supports the formation of TrkC-modified neural stem cell-derived neural network tissue with efficacy in repairing spinal cord injury. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:3766-3781. [PMID: 33898877 PMCID: PMC8044869 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism underlying neurogenesis during embryonic spinal cord development involves a specific ligand/receptor interaction, which may be help guide neuroengineering to boost stem cell-based neural regeneration for the structural and functional repair of spinal cord injury. Herein, we hypothesized that supplying spinal cord defects with an exogenous neural network in the NT-3/fibroin-coated gelatin sponge (NF-GS) scaffold might improve tissue repair efficacy. To test this, we engineered tropomyosin receptor kinase C (TrkC)-modified neural stem cell (NSC)-derived neural network tissue with robust viability within an NF-GS scaffold. When NSCs were genetically modified to overexpress TrkC, the NT-3 receptor, a functional neuronal population dominated the neural network tissue. The pro-regenerative niche allowed the long-term survival and phenotypic maintenance of the donor neural network tissue for up to 8 weeks in the injured spinal cord. Additionally, host nerve fibers regenerated into the graft, making synaptic connections with the donor neurons. Accordingly, motor function recovery was significantly improved in rats with spinal cord injury (SCI) that received TrkC-modified NSC-derived neural network tissue transplantation. Together, the results suggested that transplantation of the neural network tissue formed in the 3D bioactive scaffold may represent a valuable approach to study and develop therapies for SCI. A NT-3 sustained-release scaffold confers a microenvironment partially simulating the developmental spinal cord. The NT-3 microenvironment boosts neuronal differentiation of TrkC-modified NSCs by interactions between ligand and receptor. TrkC-NSCs is self-organized into a neural network tissue with typical neural excitability in 3D bioactive scaffold in vitro. The grafted neural network tissue can survive and maintain neural property, and improve motor function of paralyzed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Li
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510100, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Bao Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jia-Hui Sun
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Li-Yang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Meng-Yao Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Li-Jun Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zi-Jing Lin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Qiong-Yu Lin
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510100, China
| | - Bi-Qin Lai
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yuan-Huan Ma
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Hong-Bo Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Miao-Xin Li
- Laboratory of Precision Medical Genomics, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510100, China
| | - Ya-Qiong Wang
- Department of Electron Microscope, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiang Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yuan-Shan Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Institute of Spinal Cord Injury, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
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High mobility group box 1 promotes the differentiation of spinal ependymal cells into astrocytes rather than neurons. Neuroreport 2021; 32:399-406. [PMID: 33661806 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Spinal ependymal cells are involved in proliferation, differentiation and migration after spinal cord injury (SCI) and represent an endogenous source of repair cells for treating SCI. However, 95% of activated ependymal cells eventually differentiate into astrocytes after SCI and ultimately contribute more than half of the new astrocytes that form glial scars in vivo. The factors that regulate the fate of ependymal cells after SCI remain unclear. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is regarded as an important proinflammatory factor in nerve injury, and recent studies have shown that HMGB1 can regulate the fate of stem cells after injury. In this study, we investigated whether HMGB1 released from reactive astrocytes after SCI regulates the proliferation and differentiation of ependymal cells in vitro. Ependymal cells extracted and cultured from the spinal cord of mice were separately treated with astrocyte culture medium (ACM), IL-1β, ACM (IL-1β) and the HMGB1 protein, and the proliferation and differentiation of ependymal cells were detected. Additionally, an HMGB1-neutralizing antibody (anti-HMGB1) was added to further verify the regulatory effect of HMGB1 on ependymal cells. The results showed that HMGB1 released from reactive astrocytes promoted ependymal cell differentiation into astrocytes and inhibited ependymal cell differentiation into neurons in vitro; however, the effect disappeared after the addition of anti-HMGB1. HMGB1 had no significant effect on ependymal cell proliferation. Our findings demonstrate that HMGB1 can regulate the differentiation of ependymal cells after SCI. These results provide a new strategy for the treatment of SCI.
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Edwards-Faret G, González-Pinto K, Cebrián-Silla A, Peñailillo J, García-Verdugo JM, Larraín J. Cellular response to spinal cord injury in regenerative and non-regenerative stages in Xenopus laevis. Neural Dev 2021; 16:2. [PMID: 33526076 PMCID: PMC7852093 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-021-00152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficient regenerative abilities at larvae stages followed by a non-regenerative response after metamorphosis in froglets makes Xenopus an ideal model organism to understand the cellular responses leading to spinal cord regeneration. METHODS We compared the cellular response to spinal cord injury between the regenerative and non-regenerative stages of Xenopus laevis. For this analysis, we used electron microscopy, immunofluorescence and histological staining of the extracellular matrix. We generated two transgenic lines: i) the reporter line with the zebrafish GFAP regulatory regions driving the expression of EGFP, and ii) a cell specific inducible ablation line with the same GFAP regulatory regions. In addition, we used FACS to isolate EGFP+ cells for RNAseq analysis. RESULTS In regenerative stage animals, spinal cord regeneration triggers a rapid sealing of the injured stumps, followed by proliferation of cells lining the central canal, and formation of rosette-like structures in the ablation gap. In addition, the central canal is filled by cells with similar morphology to the cells lining the central canal, neurons, axons, and even synaptic structures. Regeneration is almost completed after 20 days post injury. In non-regenerative stage animals, mostly damaged tissue was observed, without clear closure of the stumps. The ablation gap was filled with fibroblast-like cells, and deposition of extracellular matrix components. No reconstruction of the spinal cord was observed even after 40 days post injury. Cellular markers analysis confirmed these histological differences, a transient increase of vimentin, fibronectin and collagen was detected in regenerative stages, contrary to a sustained accumulation of most of these markers, including chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in the NR-stage. The zebrafish GFAP transgenic line was validated, and we have demonstrated that is a very reliable and new tool to study the role of neural stem progenitor cells (NSPCs). RNASeq of GFAP::EGFP cells has allowed us to clearly demonstrate that indeed these cells are NSPCs. On the contrary, the GFAP::EGFP transgene is mainly expressed in astrocytes in non-regenerative stages. During regenerative stages, spinal cord injury activates proliferation of NSPCs, and we found that are mainly differentiated into neurons and glial cells. Specific ablation of these cells abolished proper regeneration, confirming that NSPCs cells are necessary for functional regeneration of the spinal cord. CONCLUSIONS The cellular response to spinal cord injury in regenerative and non-regenerative stages is profoundly different between both stages. A key hallmark of the regenerative response is the activation of NSPCs, which massively proliferate, and are differentiated into neurons to reconstruct the spinal cord. Also very notably, no glial scar formation is observed in regenerative stages, but a transient, glial scar-like structure is formed in non-regenerative stage animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Edwards-Faret
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karina González-Pinto
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Arantxa Cebrián-Silla
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, CIBERNED, 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Johany Peñailillo
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Manuel García-Verdugo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, CIBERNED, 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Larraín
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile.
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40
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Ryczko D, Simon A, Ijspeert AJ. Walking with Salamanders: From Molecules to Biorobotics. Trends Neurosci 2020; 43:916-930. [PMID: 33010947 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
How do four-legged animals adapt their locomotion to the environment? How do central and peripheral mechanisms interact within the spinal cord to produce adaptive locomotion and how is locomotion recovered when spinal circuits are perturbed? Salamanders are the only tetrapods that regenerate voluntary locomotion after full spinal transection. Given their evolutionary position, they provide a unique opportunity to bridge discoveries made in fish and mammalian models. Genetic dissection of salamander neural circuits is becoming feasible with new methods for precise manipulation, elimination, and visualisation of cells. These approaches can be combined with classical tools in neuroscience and with modelling and a robotic environment. We propose that salamanders provide a blueprint of the function, evolution, and regeneration of tetrapod locomotor circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Ryczko
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada; Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - András Simon
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedicum, Solnavägen 9, 17163 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Auke Jan Ijspeert
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
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41
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Galuta A, Sandarage R, Ghinda D, Auriat AM, Chen S, Kwan JCS, Tsai EC. A Guide to Extract Spinal Cord for Translational Stem Cell Biology Research: Comparative Analysis of Adult Human, Porcine, and Rodent Spinal Cord Stem Cells. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:607. [PMID: 32625055 PMCID: PMC7314920 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving the clinical translation of animal-based neural stem/progenitor cell (NSPC) therapies to humans requires an understanding of intrinsic human and animal cell characteristics. We report a novel in vitro method to assess spinal cord NSPCs from a small (rodent) and large (porcine) animal model in comparison to human NSPCs. To extract live adult human, porcine, and rodent spinal cord tissue, we illustrate a strategy using an anterior or posterior approach that was simulated in a porcine model. The initial expansion of primary NSPCs is carried out using the neurosphere assay followed by a pharmacological treatment phase during which NSPCs derived from humans, porcines, and rodents are assessed in parallel using the same defined parameters. Using this model, NSPCs from all species demonstrated multi-lineage differentiation and self-renewal. Importantly, these methods provide conditions to enable the direct comparison of species-dependent cell behavior in response to specific exogenous signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Galuta
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan Sandarage
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Diana Ghinda
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Angela M Auriat
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Suzan Chen
- Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jason C S Kwan
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eve C Tsai
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Neuroscience Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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42
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Sensory Neurons Contacting the Cerebrospinal Fluid Require the Reissner Fiber to Detect Spinal Curvature In Vivo. Curr Biol 2020; 30:827-839.e4. [PMID: 32084399 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates active roles for the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) on body axis development and morphogenesis of the spine, implying CSF-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs) in the spinal cord. CSF-cNs project a ciliated apical extension into the central canal that is enriched in the channel PKD2L1 and enables the detection of spinal curvature in a directional manner. Dorsolateral CSF-cNs ipsilaterally respond to lateral bending although ventral CSF-cNs respond to longitudinal bending. Historically, the implication of the Reissner fiber (RF), a long extracellular thread in the CSF, to CSF-cN sensory functions has remained a subject of debate. Here, we reveal, using electron microscopy in zebrafish larvae, that the RF is in close vicinity with cilia and microvilli of ventral and dorsolateral CSF-cNs. We investigate in vivo the role of cilia and the RF in the mechanosensory functions of CSF-cNs by combining calcium imaging with patch-clamp recordings. We show that disruption of cilia motility affects CSF-cN sensory responses to passive and active curvature of the spinal cord without affecting the Pkd2l1 channel activity. Because ciliary defects alter the formation of the RF, we investigated whether the RF contributes to CSF-cN mechanosensitivity in vivo. Using a hypomorphic mutation in the scospondin gene that forbids the aggregation of SCO-spondin into a fiber, we demonstrate in vivo that the RF per se is critical for CSF-cN mechanosensory function. Our study uncovers that neurons contacting the cerebrospinal fluid functionally interact with the RF to detect spinal curvature in the vertebrate spinal cord.
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Ringers C, Olstad EW, Jurisch-Yaksi N. The role of motile cilia in the development and physiology of the nervous system. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 375:20190156. [PMID: 31884916 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia are miniature, whip-like organelles whose beating generates a directional fluid flow. The flow generated by ciliated epithelia is a subject of great interest, as defective ciliary motility results in severe human diseases called motile ciliopathies. Despite the abundance of motile cilia in diverse organs including the nervous system, their role in organ development and homeostasis remains poorly understood. Recently, much progress has been made regarding the identity of motile ciliated cells and the role of motile-cilia-mediated flow in the development and physiology of the nervous system. In this review, we will discuss these recent advances from sensory organs, specifically the nose and the ear, to the spinal cord and brain ventricles. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Unity and diversity of cilia in locomotion and transport'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Ringers
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Emilie W Olstad
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nathalie Jurisch-Yaksi
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Olav Kyrres Gate 9, 7030 Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St Olavs University Hospital, Edvard Griegs Gate 8, 7030 Trondheim, Norway
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Zheng Z, Zhou Y, Ye L, Lu Q, Zhang K, Zhang J, Xie L, Wu Y, Xu K, Zhang H, Xiao J. Histone deacetylase 6 inhibition restores autophagic flux to promote functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2019; 324:113138. [PMID: 31794745 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
After spinal cord injury (SCI), the inhibitory molecules derived from scars at the lesion sites and the limited regenerative capacity of neuronal axons pose difficulties for the recovery after SCI. Remodeling of cytoskeleton structures including microtubule assembly and tubulin post-translational modification are widely accepted to play a crucial role in initiation of growth cone and regrowth of injured axon. Although increasing studies have focused on the association between tubulin acetylation and autophagy due to the role of tubulin acetylation in organelles and substances transport, there are no studies exploring the effect of tubulin acetylation on autophagy after spinal cord injury (SCI). Here, we found that histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) was significantly up-regulated after SCI, while inhibition of HDAC6 by Tubastatin A induced functional recovery after SCI. In view of enzyme-dependent and -independent mechanisms of HDAC6 to adjust diverse cellular processes, such as autophagy, the ubiquitin proteasome system and post-translational modification of tubulin, we mainly focused on the significance of HDAC6 in axonal regeneration and autophagy after SCI. Western blotting, Co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence staining were conducted to showed that Tubastatin A treatment in nocodazole-treated cells and mice suffering from SCI prompted acetylation and stabilization of microtubules and thus restored transport function, which may contribute to restored autophagic flux and increased axonal length. Whereas inhibition of degradation of autolysosomes by bafilomycin A1 (Baf-A1) reversed functional recovery caused by Tubastatin A, revealing the association between tubulin acetylation and autophagy, which supports HDAC6 inhibition as a potential target for SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilong Zheng
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yajiao Zhou
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Luxia Ye
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qi Lu
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kairui Zhang
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lin Xie
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Ke Xu
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Hachem LD, Mothe AJ, Tator CH. Unlocking the paradoxical endogenous stem cell response after spinal cord injury. Stem Cells 2019; 38:187-194. [PMID: 31648407 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nearly a century ago, the concept of the secondary injury in spinal cord trauma was first proposed to explain the complex cascade of molecular and cellular events leading to widespread neuronal and glial cell death after trauma. In recent years, it has been established that the ependymal region of the adult mammalian spinal cord contains a population of multipotent neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) that are activated after spinal cord injury (SCI) and likely play a key role in endogenous repair and regeneration. How these cells respond to the various components of the secondary injury remains poorly understood. Emerging evidence suggests that many of the biochemical components of the secondary injury cascade which have classically been viewed as deleterious to host neuronal and glial cells may paradoxically trigger NSPC activation, proliferation, and differentiation thus challenging our current understanding of secondary injury mechanisms in SCI. Herein, we highlight new findings describing the response of endogenous NSPCs to spinal cord trauma, redefining the secondary mechanisms of SCI through the lens of the endogenous population of stem/progenitor cells. Moreover, we outline how these insights can fuel novel stem cell-based therapeutic strategies to repair the injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laureen D Hachem
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrea J Mothe
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Charles H Tator
- Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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46
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Wang Z, Huang J, Liu C, Liu L, Shen Y, Shen C, Liu C. BAF45D Downregulation in Spinal Cord Ependymal Cells Following Spinal Cord Injury in Adult Rats and Its Potential Role in the Development of Neuronal Lesions. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1151. [PMID: 31736692 PMCID: PMC6828649 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The endogenous spinal cord ependymal cells (SCECs), which form the central canal (CC), are critically involved in proliferation, differentiation and migration after spinal cord injury (SCI) and represents a repair cell source in treating SCI. Previously, we reported that BAF45D is expressed in the SCECs and the spinal cord neurons in adult mice and knockdown of BAF45D fail to induce expression of PAX6, a neurogenic fate determinant, during early neural differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. However, the effects of SCI on expression of BAF45D have not been reported. The aim of this study is to explore the expression and potential role of BAF45D in rat SCI model. In this study, adult rats were randomly divided into intact, sham, and SCI groups. We first explored expression of BAF45D in the SCECs in intact adult rats. We then explored SCI-induced loss of motor neurons and lesion of neurites in the anterior horns induced by the SCI. We also investigated whether the SCI-induced lesions in SCECs are accompanied by the motor neuron lesions. Finally, we examined the effect of BAF45D knockdown on cell growth in neuro2a cells. Our data showed that BAF45D is expressed in SCECs, neurons, and oligodendrocytes but not astrocytes in the spinal cords of intact adult rats. After SCI, the structure of CC was disrupted and the BAF45D-positive SCEC-derivatives were decreased. During the early stages of SCI, when shape of CC was affected but there was no disruption in circular structure of the SCECs, it was evident that there was a significant reduction in the number of neurites and motor neurons in the anterior horns compared with those of intact rats. In comparison, a complete loss of SCECs accompanied by further loss of motor neurons but not neurites was observed at the later stage. BAF45D knockdown was also found to inhibit cell growth in neuro2a cells. These results highlight the decreased expression of BAF45D in SCI-injured SCECs and the potential role of BAF45D downregulation in development of neuronal lesion after SCI in adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lihua Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuxian Shen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Cailiang Shen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chao Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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47
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Liu S, Chen Z. Employing Endogenous NSCs to Promote Recovery of Spinal Cord Injury. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:1958631. [PMID: 31191666 PMCID: PMC6525819 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1958631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) exist in the central canal of mammalian spinal cords. Under normal conditions, these NSCs remain quiescent and express FoxJ1. After spinal cord injury (SCI), the endogenous NSCs of a heterogeneous nature are activated and proliferate and migrate towards the lesion site and mainly differentiate into astrocytes to repair the injured tissue. In vitro, spinal cord NSCs are multipotent and can differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. The altered microenvironments after SCI play key roles on the fate determination of activated NSCs, especially on the neuronal specification potential. Studies show that the activated spinal cord NSCs can generate interneurons when transplanted into the adult hippocampus. In addition, the spinal cord NSCs exhibit low immunogenicity in a transplantation context, thus implicating a promising therapeutic potential on SCI recovery. Here, we summarize the characteristics of spinal cord NSCs, especially their properties after injury. With a better understanding of endogenous NSCs under normal and SCI conditions, we may be able to employ endogenous NSCs for SCI repair in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumei Liu
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Zhiguo Chen
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
- Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100053, China
- Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100069, China
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Ghazale H, Ripoll C, Leventoux N, Jacob L, Azar S, Mamaeva D, Glasson Y, Calvo CF, Thomas JL, Meneceur S, Lallemand Y, Rigau V, Perrin FE, Noristani HN, Rocamonde B, Huillard E, Bauchet L, Hugnot JP. RNA Profiling of the Human and Mouse Spinal Cord Stem Cell Niches Reveals an Embryonic-like Regionalization with MSX1 + Roof-Plate-Derived Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2019; 12:1159-1177. [PMID: 31031189 PMCID: PMC6524006 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Anamniotes, rodents, and young humans maintain neural stem cells in the ependymal zone (EZ) around the central canal of the spinal cord, representing a possible endogenous source for repair in mammalian lesions. Cell diversity and genes specific for this region are ill defined. A cellular and molecular resource is provided here for the mouse and human EZ based on RNA profiling, immunostaining, and fluorescent transgenic mice. This uncovered the conserved expression of 1,200 genes including 120 transcription factors. Unexpectedly the EZ maintains an embryonic-like dorsal-ventral pattern of expression of spinal cord developmental transcription factors (ARX, FOXA2, MSX1, and PAX6). In mice, dorsal and ventral EZ cells express Vegfr3 and are derived from the embryonic roof and floor plates. The dorsal EZ expresses a high level of Bmp6 and Gdf10 genes and harbors a subpopulation of radial quiescent cells expressing MSX1 and ID4 transcription factors. A molecular resource for the human and mouse spinal cord ependymal zone Identification of 120 transcription factors in the human and mouse ependymal zone Embryonic-like organization of the adult spinal cord ependymal zone Dorsal ependymal cells expressing Msx1 are derived from the embryonic roof plate
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Ghazale
- INSERM U1051, INM, Hopital Saint Eloi, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Chantal Ripoll
- INSERM U1051, INM, Hopital Saint Eloi, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Leventoux
- INSERM U1051, INM, Hopital Saint Eloi, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Jacob
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Safa Azar
- INSERM U1051, INM, Hopital Saint Eloi, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Daria Mamaeva
- INSERM U1051, INM, Hopital Saint Eloi, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Yael Glasson
- INSERM U1051, INM, Hopital Saint Eloi, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Charles-Felix Calvo
- Neuroglial Interactions in Cerebral Physiopathology. CIRB, CNRS UMR 7241/INSERM U1050 Collège de France 11, Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Leon Thomas
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, 75013, Paris, France; Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Sarah Meneceur
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, UMR3738 CNRS, Paris 75015, France
| | - Yvan Lallemand
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, UMR3738 CNRS, Paris 75015, France
| | - Valérie Rigau
- INSERM U1051, INM, Hopital Saint Eloi, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France; CHU of Montpellier, Hopital Gui de Chaulliac, Pathology Department, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Florence E Perrin
- University of Montpellier, Faculté des Sciences, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Harun N Noristani
- University of Montpellier, Faculté des Sciences, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Brenda Rocamonde
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Huillard
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Luc Bauchet
- INSERM U1051, INM, Hopital Saint Eloi, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France; CHU of Montpellier, Hopital Gui de Chaulliac, Neurosurgery Department, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Hugnot
- INSERM U1051, INM, Hopital Saint Eloi, 80 Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France; University of Montpellier, Faculté des Sciences, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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49
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Zhang W, Yang B, Weng H, Liu T, Shi L, Yu P, So KF, Qu Y, Zhou L. Wheel Running Improves Motor Function and Spinal Cord Plasticity in Mice With Genetic Absence of the Corticospinal Tract. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:106. [PMID: 30941019 PMCID: PMC6433830 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies showed that mutant mice with congenital absence of the corticospinal tract (CST) undergo spontaneous remodeling of motor networks to partially compensate for absent CST function. Here, we asked whether voluntary wheel running could further improve locomotor plasticity in CST-deficient mice. Adult mutant mice were randomly allocated to a “runners” group with free access to a wheel, or a “non-runners” group with no access to a wheel. In comparison with non-runners, there was a significant motor improvement including fine movement, grip strength, decreased footslip errors in runners after 8-week training, which was supported by the elevated amplitude of electromyography recording and increased neuromuscular junctions in the biceps. In runners, terminal ramifications of monoaminergic and rubrospinal descending axons were significantly increased in spinal segments after 12 weeks of exercise compared to non-runners. 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EDU) labeling showed that proliferating cells, 90% of which were Olig2-positive oligodendrocyte progenitors, were 4.8-fold more abundant in runners than in non-runners. In 8-week runners, RNAseq analysis of spinal samples identified 404 genes up-regulated and 398 genes down-regulated, and 69 differently expressed genes involved in signal transduction, among which the NF-κB, PI3K-Akt and cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling were three top pathways. Twelve-week training induced a significant elevation of postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95), synaptophysin 38 and myelin basic protein (MBP), but not of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Thus, locomotor training activates multiple signaling pathways, contributes to neural plasticity and functional improvement, and might palliate locomotor deficits in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huandi Weng
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingling Shi
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Panpan Yu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yibo Qu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Libing Zhou
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China.,Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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50
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Zupanc GK. Stem‐Cell‐Driven Growth and Regrowth of the Adult Spinal Cord in Teleost Fish. Dev Neurobiol 2019; 79:406-423. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Günther K.H. Zupanc
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Biology Northeastern University Boston Massachusetts
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