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Zhang Z, Guo Z, Gan T, Huang S, Shang D. MALDI-TOF MS-based SNP assay used to determine the appropriate antidepression for Chinese patients. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 252:116460. [PMID: 39255556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Medicine remains the preferred primary treatment for depression, although some patients show remarkable individual variations in achieving satisfactory clinical outcomes during medication. Genetic polymorphisms cause approximately 40 % of individual differences in treatment response. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a technique to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the metabolism, effectiveness, and side effects of antidepressant medications in Chinese patients. Bibliometrics was used to search literature related to "depression" and "SNP" in Web of Science. The obtained SNP information was screened using the PharmGKB database. By designing and optimizing primers and conducting a compound amplification system, a method was established based on MALDI-TOF MS to detect polymorphisms associated with the antidepressant drugs, including sertraline, fluoxetine, citalopram, escitalopram, venlafaxine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and mirtazapine. The accuracy and sensitivity of the established method were verified by Sanger sequencing. A total of 10,043 articles were screened from the database, and 46 SNPs with a mutation frequency of >1 % in Asian populations and annotated with relevant clinical drugs were extracted from the PharmGKB database. This method was compared with the results of Sanger sequencing, and the accuracy of the detection results was 100 %. The MALDI-TOF MS-based SNP assay developed in this study can be a fast, convenient and effective way for patients to find the right medication for themselves. Moreover, we found that this SNP assay holds the promise of being a potential reference tool for assessing individualised differences in drug efficacy, not only for screening the causes of poor antidepressant efficacy in patients after taking medication, but also for advising physicians to understand individualised differences in drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Zhang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Zhihao Guo
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Tongying Gan
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China
| | - Shanqing Huang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China.
| | - Dewei Shang
- The Affiliated Brain Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China; Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, China.
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Hernandez-Mixteco M, Bernal-Morales B, Valenzuela OL, Rodríguez-Landa JF, Cerna-Cortes JF, García-Montalvo EA. TPH2-703 G/T polymorphism is associated with stress, depression, and psychosocial symptoms in mentally healthy Mexicans. Brain Res 2023; 1817:148479. [PMID: 37423455 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of serotonin synthesis. TPH2 is the brain-specific isoform of this enzyme, and genetic variations in the TPH2 gene have been shown to impact its transcription and enzymatic activity and are associated with mood disorders. In this study we focused on the rs4570625 (-703G/T) single nucleotide polymorphism of TPH2 gene. By using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we examined the effect of this polymorphism on stress, anxiety, and depression symptoms as well as quality of life, evaluated based on the Holmes-Rahe Inventory, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life - Short Version, respectively. We found that individuals with the homozygous recessive T/T genotype had lower stress and depression scores. In addition, the quality of life in the psychological health domain was better in males with the T/T genotype. These results suggest that T/T genotype could decrease the susceptibility to developing stress and depression in the Mexican population without a diagnosis for an emotional disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Hernandez-Mixteco
- Programa de Doctorado en Neuroetología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico; Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Blandina Bernal-Morales
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | | | | | - Jorge Francisco Cerna-Cortes
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Sivaramakrishnan S, Venkatesan V, Paranthaman SK, Sathianathan R, Raghavan S, Pradhan P. Impact of Serotonin Pathway Gene Polymorphisms and Serotonin Levels in Suicidal Behavior. Med Princ Pract 2023; 32:000534069. [PMID: 37717578 PMCID: PMC10659705 DOI: 10.1159/000534069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Suicide is a significant public health issue and a major cause of death in all ages worldwide. Previous studies have shown the involvement of genetics in suicidal behaviour. This study aimed to assess the role of the genetic variants of the serotonin transporter genes (5HTTLPR, SLC6A4 intron 2) and receptor gene (5HTR2AT102C) in individuals who died of suicide. The study compares the serum levels of serotonin between the cases and controls. METHODS We conducted a case control study with 120 cases and 126 controls. Socio-economic details of the subjects were collected using a semi-structured proforma and psychological autopsy was used to collect details of medical and other clinical conditions. Blood was drawn after taking informed consent and serum levels of serotonin were estimated by ELISA. Genotyping was performed using appropriate primers followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). RESULTS Mean age was 32.59 ± 12.58 for cases and 33.64 ± 9.78 for controls. The risk associated LL genotype of 5HTTLPR was higher among cases. The heterozygous 12/10 genotype of SLC6A4 intron 2 polymorphism was increased among controls. Serum levels of serotonin were lower among cases. Variant genotypes of all the 3 polymorphisms showed significant interaction (OR= 39.26) indicating that this model may increase suicidal tendency. CONCLUSION The findings of this study suggest that low serum levels of serotonin and two variants of the serotonin gene may influence suicide behaviour in a south Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Sivaramakrishnan
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India
| | - Vettriselvi Venkatesan
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | | | - Ramanathan Sathianathan
- Department of Psychiatry, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Studies and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Swetha Raghavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, Chennai, India
| | - Priyadarshee Pradhan
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Chennai, India
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Liu ZL, Wang XQ, Liu MF, Ye BJ. Meta-analysis of association between TPH2 single nucleotide poiymorphism and depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 134:104517. [PMID: 34979191 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.104517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) plays a crucial role in the human brain. Although the association between the TPH2 gene and depression has been suggested in previous meta-analyses, studies based on Chinese subjects are often neglected. Therefore, we included some previous studies based on Chinese subjects to explore the relationship between TPH2 polymorphisms and depression via conducting an extensive meta-analysis. We reviewed 40 research papers that included data on TPH2 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 5766 patients with depression and 5988 healthy subjects. The analysis showed an association between polymorphisms in the TPH2 gene and depression, and some results were significant in 24 studies that included Chinese Han study participants. The results of our meta-analysis showed that rs4570625, rs17110747, rs120074175, rs4290270, rs120074175, and rs4290270 may be significantly associated with depression, and that rs11178997 (A/A genotype) may be a significant risk factor for depression in the Chinese subjects. Based on the results of this study, biological experiments should be performed in the future to explore how different SNPs affect depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-Lin Liu
- School of Psychology, Center of Mental Health Education and Research, Key Laboratory of Psychology and Cognition Science of Jiangxi, Jiangxi Normal University, China.
| | - Xin-Qiang Wang
- School of Psychology, Center of Mental Health Education and Research, Key Laboratory of Psychology and Cognition Science of Jiangxi, Jiangxi Normal University, China.
| | - Ming-Fan Liu
- School of Psychology, Center of Mental Health Education and Research, Key Laboratory of Psychology and Cognition Science of Jiangxi, Jiangxi Normal University, China.
| | - Bao-Juan Ye
- School of Psychology, Center of Mental Health Education and Research, Key Laboratory of Psychology and Cognition Science of Jiangxi, Jiangxi Normal University, China.
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Tesoro-Cruz E, Manuel-Apolinar L, Oviedo N, Orozco-Suárez S, Crespo Ramírez M, Bekker-Méndez VC, Aguirre-García MM, Rojas-Osornio SA, Paredes-Cervantes V, Pérez de la Mora M. Increase of 5-HT levels is induced both in mouse brain and HEK-293 cells following their exposure to a non-viral tryptophan hydroxylase construct. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:515. [PMID: 34625528 PMCID: PMC8501106 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01634-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan hydroxylase type 2 (Tph2) is the rate-limiting enzyme for serotonin (5-HT) biosynthesis in the brain. Dysfunctional Tph2 alters 5-HT biosynthesis, leading to a deficiency of 5-HT, which could have repercussions on human behavior. In the last decade, several studies have associated polymorphisms of the TPH2 gene with suicidal behavior. Additionally, a 5-HT deficiency has been implicated in various psychiatric pathologies, including alcoholism, impulsive behavior, anxiety, and depression. Therefore, the TPH2 gene could be an ideal target for analyzing the effects of a 5-HT deficiency on brain function. The aim of this study was to use the construct pIRES-hrGFP-1a-Tph2-FLAG to treat CD1-male mice and to transfect HEK-293-cells and then to evaluate whether this treatment increases 5-HT production. 5-HT levels were enhanced 48 h post-transfection, in HEK-293 cells. Three days after the ocular administration of pIRES-hrGFP-1a-Tph2-FLAG to mice, putative 5-HT production was significantly higher than in the control in both hypothalamus and amygdala, but not in the brainstem. Further research will be needed on the possible application of this treatment for psychiatric diseases involving a Tph2 dysfunction or serotonin deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Tesoro-Cruz
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Inmunología e Infectología, Hospital de Infectología, Centro Médico Nacional "La Raza", IMSS, Ciudad de México, México.
| | - Leticia Manuel-Apolinar
- grid.418385.3Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Endócrinas, UMAE, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional “Siglo XXI”, IMSS, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Norma Oviedo
- grid.418382.40000 0004 1759 7317Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Inmunología e Infectología, Hospital de Infectología, Centro Médico Nacional “La Raza”, IMSS, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Sandra Orozco-Suárez
- grid.418385.3Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Neurólogicas, UMAE, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional “Siglo XXI”, IMSS, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Minerva Crespo Ramírez
- grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Vilma Carolina Bekker-Méndez
- grid.418382.40000 0004 1759 7317Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Inmunología e Infectología, Hospital de Infectología, Centro Médico Nacional “La Raza”, IMSS, Ciudad de México, México
| | - M. Magdalena Aguirre-García
- grid.419172.80000 0001 2292 8289Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez., Ciudad de México, México
| | - Sandra Angélica Rojas-Osornio
- grid.418275.d0000 0001 2165 8782Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación de la Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Vladimir Paredes-Cervantes
- grid.418382.40000 0004 1759 7317Unidad de Investigación Biomédica en Inmunología e Infectología, Hospital de Infectología, Centro Médico Nacional “La Raza”, IMSS, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Miguel Pérez de la Mora
- grid.9486.30000 0001 2159 0001División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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Abstract
Mutations in the genes coding for tryptophan-hydrolase-2 and the scaffold protein FKBP5 are associated with an increased risk of suicide. The mutation in both cases enhances the enzymatic activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3). Conversely, anti-suicidal medications, such as lithium, clozapine, and ketamine, indirectly inhibit the activity of GSK3. When GSK3 is active, it promotes the metabolic removal of the transcription factor NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2), which suppresses the transcription of multiple genes that encode anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory proteins. Notably, several suicide-biomarkers bear witness to an ongoing inflammatory process. Moreover, alterations in serum lipid levels measured in suicidal individuals are mirrored by data obtained in mice with genetic deletion of the NRF2 gene. Inflammation is presumably causally related to both dysphoria and anger, two factors relevant for suicide ideation and attempt. Preventing the catabolism of NRF2 could be a strategy to obtain novel suicide-prophylactic medications. Possible candidates are minocycline and nicotinic-α7 agonists. The antibiotic minocycline indirectly activates NRF2-transcriptional activity, whereas the activation of nicotinic-α7 receptors indirectly inhibits GSK3.
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Li C, Meng F, Garza JC, Liu J, Lei Y, Kirov SA, Guo M, Lu XY. Modulation of depression-related behaviors by adiponectin AdipoR1 receptors in 5-HT neurons. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:4205-4220. [PMID: 31980728 PMCID: PMC7377958 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0649-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The adipocyte-derived hormone adiponectin has a broad spectrum of functions beyond metabolic control. We previously reported that adiponectin acts in the brain to regulate depression-related behaviors. However, its underlying neural substrates have not been identified. Here we show that adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1) is expressed in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) and colocalized with tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2), a marker of serotonin (5-HT) neurons. Selective deletion of AdipoR1 in 5-HT neurons induced anhedonia in male mice, as indicated by reduced female urine sniffing time and saccharin preference, and behavioral despair in female mice and enhanced stress-induced decrease in sucrose preference in both sexes. The expression levels of TPH2 were downregulated with a concurrent reduction of 5-HT-immunoreactivity in the DRN and its two major projection regions, the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), in male but not female mice lacking AdipoR1 in 5-HT neurons. In addition, serotonin transporter (SERT) expression was upregulated in both DRN projection fields of male mice but only in the mPFC of female mice. These changes presumably lead to decreased 5-HT synthesis and/or increased 5-HT reuptake, thereby reducing 5-HT transmission. The augmented behavioral responses to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine but not desipramine, a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, observed in conditional knockout male mice supports deficient 5-HT transmission underlying depression-related phenotypes. Our results indicate that adiponectin acts on 5-HT neurons through AdipoR1 receptors to regulate depression-related behaviors in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Institute for Metabolic & Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China. .,Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
| | - Fantao Meng
- grid.452240.5Institute for Metabolic & Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong China
| | - Jacob C. Garza
- grid.410427.40000 0001 2284 9329Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XPresent Address: Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Jing Liu
- grid.452240.5Institute for Metabolic & Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong China
| | - Yun Lei
- grid.410427.40000 0001 2284 9329Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Sergei A. Kirov
- grid.410427.40000 0001 2284 9329Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Ming Guo
- grid.452240.5Institute for Metabolic & Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong China ,grid.410427.40000 0001 2284 9329Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Xin-Yun Lu
- Department of Neuroscience & Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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Goldwaser EL, Miller CWT. The Genetic and Neural Circuitry Predictors of Benefit From Manualized or Open-Ended Psychotherapy. Am J Psychother 2020; 73:72-84. [DOI: 10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20190041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Luria Goldwaser
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland Medical Center and Sheppard Pratt Health System, Baltimore
| | - Christopher W. T. Miller
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland Medical Center and Sheppard Pratt Health System, Baltimore
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Meng F, Liu J, Dai J, Wu M, Wang W, Liu C, Zhao D, Wang H, Zhang J, Li M, Li C. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in 5-HT neurons regulates susceptibility to depression-related behaviors induced by subchronic unpredictable stress. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 126:55-66. [PMID: 32416387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress is a major risk factor for the development of depression. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in neural functions and exhibits antidepressant effects. However, studies on depression-related behavioral response to BDNF have mainly focused on the limbic system, whereas other regions of the brain still require further exploration. Here, we report that exposure to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) can induce depression-associated behaviors in mice. CUS could decrease total Bdnf mRNA and protein levels in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), which correlated with depression-related behaviors. A corresponding reduction in exon-specific Bdnf mRNA was observed in the DRN of CUS mice. Bdnf was highly expressed in 5- Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) neurons from the DRN. Selective deletion of Bdnf in 5-HT neurons alone could not induce anhedonia and behavioral despair in male or female mice, as indicated by the unchanged female urine sniffing time and preference for sucrose/saccharin. However, it could increase the latency to food in female mice, but not in male mice as shown by novelty-suppressed food test. Nevertheless, enhanced stress-induced susceptibility is observed in these male mice as suggested by the decrease in female urine sniffing time, and for female mice by the reduced sucrose preference and increased immobility in forced swim test. Furtherly, total Bdnf mRNA levels in DRN were correlated with depression-related behaviors of female, but not male 5-HT neurons specific Bdnf knockout mice. Our results indicate that BDNF might act on 5-HT neurons to regulate depression-related behaviors and stress vulnerability in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fantao Meng
- Institute for Metabolic & Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Institute for Metabolic & Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Juanjuan Dai
- Cancer Research Institute, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Min Wu
- Neurosurgery, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Wentao Wang
- Institute for Metabolic & Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Cuilan Liu
- Institute for Metabolic & Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Institute for Metabolic & Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Hongcai Wang
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Jingyan Zhang
- Institute for Metabolic & Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Neurology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Chen Li
- Institute for Metabolic & Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China.
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Wang J, Zhou Y, Liang Y, Liu Z. A Large Sample Survey of Tibetan People on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Current Situation of Depression and Risk Factors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 17:ijerph17010289. [PMID: 31906177 PMCID: PMC6981986 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A depressive state is a negative emotional state characterized by abnormal dejection and unpleasant mood. Long-term depressive symptoms can result in psychological disorders such as depression. However, little is known about the depression status and risk factors of the Tibetan people on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. OBJECTIVE This study explores the depression status of the Tibetan people to better promote ethnic minorities' physical and mental health. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was administered to 24,141 Tibetan people from Yushu Prefecture; the average age was 34.33 years (SD = 9.18, range = 18-94 years). MATERIALS AND METHODS Participants completed questionnaires collecting demographic information and evaluating symptoms of depression. RESULTS The depression prevalence was higher at high altitudes, and there may be a significant positive correlation between depression rates and altitude. Significant differences were found for each demographic variable. Participants with depressive symptoms (scores ≥8) accounted for 52.3% of the total sample, and participants with depression (scores ≥14) accounted for 28.6%. The binary logistic regression results showed that alcohol drinkers, unmarried participants, participants with high self-assessed socioeconomic status, participants with a high income level, and those with a middle-school education were more likely to be depressed. CONCLUSIONS The results provide the first evidence that the prevalence of depression in Tibetans of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is higher than that in the general Chinese population and that reported in Western studies, a finding that may be related to cultural differences and chronic hypoxia caused by the high altitude. This paper offers insight into the mental health status of people living in plateau areas and provides a basis for formulating pertinent mental health policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhou Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China; (J.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yueyue Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China; (J.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiming Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China; (J.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhengkui Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China; (J.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6487-1358
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11
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Pratelli M, Pasqualetti M. Serotonergic neurotransmission manipulation for the understanding of brain development and function: Learning from Tph2 genetic models. Biochimie 2019; 161:3-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Abstract
After participating in this activity, learners should be better able to:• Assess epidemiologic evidence that increased altitude of residence is linked to increased risk of depression and suicide• Evaluate strategies to address hypoxia-related depression and suicidal ideation ABSTRACT: Suicide and major depressive disorder (MDD) are complex conditions that almost certainly arise from the influences of many interrelated factors. There are significant regional variations in the rates of MDD and suicide in the United States, suggesting that sociodemographic and environmental conditions contribute. Here, we review epidemiological evidence that increases in the altitude of residence are linked to the increased risk of depression and suicide. We consider the possibility that chronic hypobaric hypoxia (low blood oxygen related to low atmospheric pressure) contributes to suicide and depression, which is suggested by animal models, short-term studies in humans, and the effects of hypoxic medical conditions on suicide and depression. We argue that hypobaric hypoxia could promote suicide and depression by altering serotonin metabolism and brain bioenergetics; both of these pathways are implicated in depression, and both are affected by hypoxia. Finally, we briefly examine treatment strategies to address hypoxia-related depression and suicidal ideation that are suggested by these findings, including creatine monohydrate and the serotonin precursors tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan.
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Association of polymorphisms in HTR2A, TPH1, and TPH2 genes with attempted suicide in rural China. Psychiatr Genet 2019; 29:79-85. [PMID: 30789538 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to test the association of polymorphisms in HTR2A, TPH1, and TPH2 genes with attempted suicide in rural China. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS On the basis of a case-control study, we recruited 1200 pairs of participants from Shandong Province, China. The blood samples of 712 suicide attempters and 739 nonsuicide attempters were collected finally. We tested seven single nucleotide polymorphisms: rs6313 and rs6311 in HTR2A, rs4537731, rs1800532, and rs1799913 in TPH1, and rs4448731 and rs4641527 in TPH2. RESULTS In univariate analysis, allele C of rs4537731 was associated negatively with attempted suicide among total and male samples; however, the association was not statistically significant in multivariate analysis after adjusting for other potential confounding factors. No association between other six single nucleotide polymorphisms and attempted suicide was found in the total, male, or female samples. CONCLUSION This study did not support the effect of these seven serotonergic gene polymorphisms on attempted suicide in rural China.
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TPH2 polymorphisms across the spectrum of psychiatric morbidity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 92:29-42. [PMID: 29775696 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) is the rate-limiting enzyme in brain serotonin synthesis. The TPH2 gene has frequently been investigated in relation to psychiatric morbidity. The aim of the present review is to integrate results from association studies between TPH2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and various psychiatric disorders, which we furthermore quantified with meta-analysis. We reviewed 166 studies investigating 69 TPH2 SNPs in a broad range of psychiatric disorders, including over 30,000 patients. According to our meta-analysis, TPH2 polymorphisms show strongest associations with mood disorders, suicide (attempt) and schizophrenia. Despite small effect sizes, we conclude that TPH2 SNPs in the coding and non-coding areas (rs4570625, rs11178997, rs11178998, rs10748185, rs1843809, rs4290270, rs17110747) are each associated with one or more psychopathological conditions. Our findings highlight the possible common serotonergic mechanisms of the investigated psychiatric disorders. Yet, the functional relevance of most TPH2 polymorphisms is unclear. Characterizing how exactly the different TPH2 variants influence the serotonergic neurotransmission is a next necessary step in understanding the psychiatric disorders where serotonin is implicated.
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Ghasemi A, Seifi M, Baybordi F, Danaei N, Samadi Rad B. Association between serotonin 2A receptor genetic variations, stressful life events and suicide. Gene 2018. [PMID: 29526601 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM Life events are series of events that disrupt a person's psychological equilibrium and may enhance the development of a disorder such as suicide. Several studies have assessed a relationship between 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) 2A receptor (5-HTR2A) gene polymorphisms with an increased risk of suicide. However, there has been no study about the association between three 5-HTR2A gene polymorphisms, A1438G (rs6311), T102C (rs6313) and C1354T (rs6314), suicide, stressful life, and loss events in a same time. METHODS Relatives of 191 suicide victims were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire designed according to Iranian culture. Venous blood was taken from all subjects for DNA isolation. 5-HTR2A polymorphisms in a total of 191 suicide victims and 218 healthy controls were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests were used to compare genotype and allele frequencies between suicide and control groups. Correction for multiple comparisons was calculated using Bonferroni correction. RESULTS There was a significant association between the 102 C/C genotype of 5-HTR2A gene and suicide (к2 = 8.700, P = 0.012). Furthermore, we found that suicide victims with a 102 C/C genotype had a significantly higher number of stressful life and loss events (P < 0.05). Genotype and allele distributions of A1438G (rs6311) and C1354T (rs6314) polymorphisms of 5-HTR2A gene showed no differences between suicide victims and control participants and there was no association between genotype distribution and higher number of stressful life and loss events (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that C102T (rs6313) polymorphism of 5-HTR2A gene may be involved in the susceptibility to suicide, higher number of stressful life and loss events, but A1438G (rs6311) and C1354T (rs6314) polymorphisms of 5-HTR2A gene were not associated with suicide, higher number of stressful life and loss events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Ghasemi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Seifi
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Fatemeh Baybordi
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nasim Danaei
- School of Health and Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bahram Samadi Rad
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tabriz, Iran.
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Wigner P, Czarny P, Synowiec E, Bijak M, Białek K, Talarowska M, Galecki P, Szemraj J, Sliwinski T. Association between single nucleotide polymorphisms of TPH1 and TPH2 genes, and depressive disorders. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:1778-1791. [PMID: 29314569 PMCID: PMC5824396 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan catabolites pathway disorders are observed in patients with depression. Moreover, single nucleotide polymorphisms of tryptophan hydroxylase genes may modulate the risk of depression occurrence. The objective of our study was to confirm the association between the presence of polymorphic variants of TPH1 and TPH2 genes, and the development of depressive disorders. Six polymorphisms were selected: c.804-7C>A (rs10488682), c.-1668T>A (rs623580), c.803+221C>A (rs1800532), c.-173A>T (rs1799913)-TPH1, c.-1449C>A (rs7963803), and c.-844G>T (rs4570625)-TPH2. A total of 510 DNA samples (230 controls and 280 patients) were genotyped using TaqMan probes. Among the studied polymoorphisms, the G/G genotype and G allele of c.804-7C>A-TPH1, the T/T homozygote of c.803+221C>A-TPH1, the A/A genotype and A allele of c.1668T>A-TPH1, the G/G homozygote and G allele of c.-844G>T-TPH2, and the C/A heterozygote and A allele of c.-1449C>A-TPH2 were associated with the occurrence of depression. However, the T/T homozygote of c.-1668T>A-TPH1, the G/T heterozygote and T allele of c.-844G>T-TPH2, and the C/C homozygote and C allele of c.-1449C>A-TPH2 decreased the risk of development of depressive disorders. Each of the studied polymorphisms modulated the risk of depression for selected genotypes and alleles. These results support the hypothesis regarding the involvement of the pathway in the pathogenesis of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Wigner
- Laboratory of Medical GeneticsDepartment of Molecular GeneticsFaculty of Biology and Environmental ProtectionUniversity of LodzLodzPoland
| | - Piotr Czarny
- Department of Medical BiochemistryMedical University of LodzLodzPoland
| | - Ewelina Synowiec
- Laboratory of Medical GeneticsDepartment of Molecular GeneticsFaculty of Biology and Environmental ProtectionUniversity of LodzLodzPoland
| | - Michał Bijak
- Department of General BiochemistryFaculty of Biology and Environmental ProtectionUniversity of LodzLodzPoland
| | - Katarzyna Białek
- Laboratory of Medical GeneticsDepartment of Molecular GeneticsFaculty of Biology and Environmental ProtectionUniversity of LodzLodzPoland
| | | | - Piotr Galecki
- Department of Adult PsychiatryMedical University of LodzLodzPoland
| | - Janusz Szemraj
- Department of Medical BiochemistryMedical University of LodzLodzPoland
| | - Tomasz Sliwinski
- Laboratory of Medical GeneticsDepartment of Molecular GeneticsFaculty of Biology and Environmental ProtectionUniversity of LodzLodzPoland
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Perry LM, Goldstein-Piekarski AN, Williams LM. Sex differences modulating serotonergic polymorphisms implicated in the mechanistic pathways of risk for depression and related disorders. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:737-762. [PMID: 27870440 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite consistent observations of sex differences in depression and related emotional disorders, we do not yet know how these sex differences modulate the effects of genetic polymorphisms implicated in risk for these disorders. This Mini-Review focuses on genetic polymorphisms of the serotonergic system to illustrate how sex differences might modulate the neurobiological pathways involved in the development of depression. We consider the interacting role of environmental factors such as early-life stress. Given limited current knowledge about this topic, we highlight methodological considerations, challenges, and guidelines for future research. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- LeeAnn M Perry
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Andrea N Goldstein-Piekarski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Leanne M Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
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18
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Laas K, Kiive E, Mäestu J, Vaht M, Veidebaum T, Harro J. Nice guys: Homozygocity for the TPH2 -703G/T (rs4570625) minor allele promotes low aggressiveness and low anxiety. J Affect Disord 2017; 215:230-236. [PMID: 28342337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of serotonin. We examined whether the TPH2 polymorphism -703G/T (rs4570625) is associated with aggressiveness and impulsivity, and the prevalence of psychiatric disorders, in a population-representative sample. METHODS We used self and proxy reports on aggressive behaviour in the younger birth cohort of the longitudinal Estonian Children Personality, Behaviour and Health Study collected at age 25, and earlier collected impulsivity and related data of both ECPBHS cohorts. RESULTS The TT homozygous males reported less aggressive behaviour in the Life History of Aggression interview at age 25. They also had significantly lower scores in Illinois Bully Scale peer reports, and less ADHD symptoms rated by teachers both at ages 9 and 15. The TT homozygotes of both sexes had the lowest Maladaptive Impulsivity at ages 18 and 25, and the highest Adaptive Impulsivity at age 25. The TT homozygotes also had low depressiveness and trait anxiety by age 25, and the odds ratio for the prevalence of anxiety disorders was 9.38 for the G-allele carriers. LIMITATIONS The main limitation of the study is the naturally occurring low number of subjects with the TT genotype. CONCLUSIONS Subjects with the TPH2 rs4570625 TT genotype, especially males, exhibit less aggression and a favourable impulsivity profile, and develop anxiety disorders by young adulthood less often.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kariina Laas
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Evelyn Kiive
- Division of Special Education, Department of Education, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jarek Mäestu
- Department of Exercise and Sports Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mariliis Vaht
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Jaanus Harro
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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Jiang T, Ge H, Sun J, Li R, Han R, Liu J. Relationship between Occupational Stress, 5-HT2A Receptor Polymorphisms and Mental Health in Petroleum Workers in the Xinjiang Arid Desert: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14040402. [PMID: 28394294 PMCID: PMC5409603 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14040402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
At present, there is growing interest in research examining the relationship between occupational stress and mental health. Owing to the socioeconomic impact of occupational stress and the unique environment of petroleum workers in Xinjiang, a cross-sectional study was carried out between April and December 2015 to investigate the relationship between occupational stress, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor (5-HTR2A) genotype, and mental health. A total of 1485 workers were selected. The Symptom Checklist 90 was used to assess nine classes of psychological symptoms. Work-related stressors were evaluated using the Occupational Stress Inventory-Revised Edition. Levels of 5-HTR2A (the Tl02C and A-1438G single nucleotide polymorphism in the 5-HTR2A gene) were measured by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The findings of the present study revealed a high prevalence rate of mental health problems (40.29%) in petroleum workers stationed in the arid desert, and suggested a strong correlation between occupational stress and mental health. The TC and CC genotype of Tl02C were found to be protective factors against mental health problems (odds ratio (OR) = 0.455, 95% confidence interval (CI): = 0.269–0.771, odds ratio (OR) = 0.340, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.162–0.716). AG and GG genotype of A-1438G [odds ratio (OR) 1 = 2.729, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.433–5.195; odds ratio (OR) 2 = 2.480, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.221–5.037] were revealed as risk factors. These data provide evidence that occupational stress and 5-HTR2A gene polymorphism contributes to the incidence of mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Jiang
- Department of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China.
| | - Hua Ge
- Department of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China.
| | - Jian Sun
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China.
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China.
| | - Rui Han
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832008, China.
| | - Jiwen Liu
- Department of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China.
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Pawlak J, Dmitrzak-Weglarz M, Wilkosc M, Szczepankiewicz A, Leszczynska-Rodziewicz A, Zaremba D, Kapelski P, Rajewska-Rager A, Hauser J. Suicide behavior as a quantitative trait and its genetic background. J Affect Disord 2016; 206:241-250. [PMID: 27479537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies have not given yet a clear answer what is the genetic background of suicidal predisposition. The associations between polymorphisms of the TPH1 and 5-HTTLPR genes and violent suicidal behavior was revealed with the least inconsistencies. METHOD We selected 10 "strong candidate genes" and 35 SNPs, SLC6A4 and ACP1 for replication study. We searched associations between precisely described suicidal phenotype in 825 affective patients and polymorphisms of selected neurobiological pathways genes as well as their interactions that constitute suicidal risk. RESULTS The results confirm the role of TPH1, TPH2, 5HT2A, CRHR1 and ACP1 variants in the risk of suicidal behavior. LIMITATIONS In our study we analyzed limited number of candidate genes and only one of them is linked to lithium mechanism of action. We had no data on pharmacological treatment of investigated patients and its relation to the time of suicide attempt. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that polymorphisms of various signaling pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of suicidal behavior. Non-genetic factors are also involved in the risk of suicidal attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Pawlak
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland.
| | - Monika Dmitrzak-Weglarz
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | - Monika Wilkosc
- Department of Individual Differences, Institute of Psychology, University of Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Szczepankiewicz
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland; Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | | | - Dorota Zaremba
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | - Pawel Kapelski
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Hauser
- Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
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Bach H, Arango V, Kassir SA, Dwork AJ, Mann JJ, Underwood MD. Cigarette Smoking and Tryptophan Hydroxylase 2 mRNA in the Dorsal Raphe Nucleus in Suicides. Arch Suicide Res 2016; 20:451-62. [PMID: 26954509 PMCID: PMC4920715 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2015.1048398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is associated with suicide and mood disorders and stimulates serotonin release. Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH2) synthesizes serotonin and is over-expressed in suicides. We determined whether smoking is associated with TPH2 mRNA in suicides and controls. TPH2 mRNA was measured postmortem in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) of controls (N = 26, 17 nonsmokers and nine smokers) and suicides (N = 23, 5 nonsmokers and 18 smokers). Psychiatric history was obtained by psychological autopsy. TPH2 mRNA was greater in suicide nonsmokers than suicide smokers, control smokers and control nonsmokers (p = 0.006). There was more TPH2 mRNA throughout the DRN. Smoking interferes with the TPH2 mRNA increase observed in suicide nonsmokers. The absence of altered TPH2 expression in non-suicide smokers suggests no pharmacological effect of smoking.
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22
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Luo X, Stavrakakis N, Penninx BW, Bosker FJ, Nolen WA, Boomsma DI, de Geus EJ, Smit JH, Snieder H, Nolte IM, Hartman CA. Does refining the phenotype improve replication rates? A review and replication of candidate gene studies on Major Depressive Disorder and Chronic Major Depressive Disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171B:215-36. [PMID: 26566975 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Replication has been poor for previously reported candidate genes involved in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). One possible reason is phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. The present study replicated genetic associations with MDD as defined in DSM-IV and with a more narrowly defined MDD subtype with a chronic and severe course. We first conducted a systematic review of genetic association studies on MDD published between September 2007 and June 2012 to identify all reported candidate genes. Genetic associations were then tested for all identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the entire genes using data from the GAIN genome-wide association study (MDD: n = 1,352; chronic MDD subsample: n = 225; controls: n = 1,649). The 1,000 Genomes database was used as reference for imputation. From 157 studies identified inthe literature, 81 studies reported significant associations with MDD, involving 245 polymorphisms in 97 candidate genes, from which we were able to investigate 185 SNPs in 89 genes. We replicated nine candidate SNPs in eight genes for MDD and six in five genes for chronic MDD. However, these were not more than expected by chance. At gene level, we replicated 18 genes for MDD and 17 genes for chronic MDD, both significantly more than expected by chance. We showed that replication rates were improved for MDD compared to a previous, highly similar, replication study based on studies published before 2007. Effect sizes of the SNPs and replication rates of the candidate genes were improved in the chronic subsample compared to the full sample. Nonetheless, replication rates were still poor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Luo
- Interdisciplinary Centre Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nikolaos Stavrakakis
- Interdisciplinary Centre Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Brenda W Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fokko J Bosker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem A Nolen
- Interdisciplinary Centre Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eco J de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan H Smit
- Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Interdisciplinary Centre Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Mirkovic B, Laurent C, Podlipski MA, Frebourg T, Cohen D, Gerardin P. Genetic Association Studies of Suicidal Behavior: A Review of the Past 10 Years, Progress, Limitations, and Future Directions. Front Psychiatry 2016; 7:158. [PMID: 27721799 PMCID: PMC5034008 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Suicidal behaviors (SBs), which range from suicidal ideation to suicide attempts and completed suicide, represent a fatal dimension of mental ill-health. The involvement of genetic risk factors in SB is supported by family, twin, and adoption studies. The aim of this paper is to review recent genetic association studies in SBs including (i) case-control studies, (ii) family-based association studies, and (iii) genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Various studies on genetic associations have tended to suggest that a number of genes [e.g., tryptophan hydroxylase, serotonin receptors and transporters, or brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNFs)] are linked to SBs, but these findings are not consistently supported by the results obtained. Although the candidate-gene approach is useful, it is hampered by the present state of knowledge concerning the pathophysiology of diseases. Interpretations of GWAS results are mostly hindered by a lack of annotation describing the functions of most variation throughout the genome. Association studies have addressed a wide range of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in numerous genes. We have included 104 such studies, of which 10 are family-based association studies and 11 are GWAS. Numerous meta-analyses of case-control studies have shown significant associations of SB with variants in the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT or SLC6A4) and the tryptophan hydroxylase 1 gene (TPH1), but others report contradictory results. The gene encoding BDNF and its receptor (NTRK2) are also promising candidates. Only two of the GWAS showed any significant associations. Several pathways are mentioned in an attempt to understand the lack of reproducibility and the disappointing results. Consequently, we review and discuss here the following aspects: (i) sample characteristics and confounding factors; (ii) statistical limits; (iii) gene-gene interactions; (iv) gene, environment, and by time interactions; and (v) technological and theoretical limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Mirkovic
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, CHU Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France; INSERM Unit U1079, Genetics of Cancer and Neurogenetics, University of Rouen, Rouen, France; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Claudine Laurent
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; ICM - Brain and Spine Institute, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière - University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | | | - Thierry Frebourg
- INSERM Unit U1079, Genetics of Cancer and Neurogenetics, University of Rouen, Rouen, France; Department of Genetics, CHU Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France
| | - David Cohen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France; UMR 7222, Institute for Intelligent Systems and Robotics, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Priscille Gerardin
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, CHU Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France; Laboratoire Psy-NCA-EA-4700, University of Rouen, Rouen, France
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24
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Chen S, Huang X, Yu T, Li X, Cao Y, Li X, Xu F, Yang F, Jesse FF, Xu M, Li W, He L, He G. Association study of TPH2 polymorphisms and bipolar disorder in the Han Chinese population. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 56:97-100. [PMID: 25152196 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bipolar disorder (BPD) is a serious and common mental disorder with high heritability. The serotonergic system is known to be implicated in the etiology of the disorder. Tryptophan hydroxylase isoform-2 (TPH2), which controls the synthesis of serotonin in the brain, has been suggested as a candidate gene for BDP. The aim of this study was to examine the association between the polymorphisms in TPH2 and BPD. METHODS We conducted a case-control study by genotyping six SNPs (rs10784941, rs1386494, rs2171363, rs4760816, rs1386486, and rs1872824) in 506 bipolar patients and 507 controls of Chinese Han origin. RESULTS rs10784941 was not in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and therefore excluded from further analysis. rs1386486 and rs1872824 showed statistically significant differences between cases and controls in genotype frequencies (rs1386486: p=0.043351; rs1872824: p=0.016563), but no association in allele frequencies. Strong LD was found among rs1386494, rs2171363 and rs4760816, but no positive association with BPD was found for haplotypes. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that in the Han Chinese population TPH2 may be a potential susceptibility gene for bipolar disorder. Further studies are needed to validate this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqing Chen
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xiaoye Huang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xin Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yanfei Cao
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xingwang Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Fengping Yang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Forrest Fabian Jesse
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Mingqing Xu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Weidong Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Lin He
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China; Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Guang He
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China.
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Choong MY, Tee SF, Tang PY. Meta-analysis of polymorphisms in TPH2 gene and suicidal behavior. Psychiatry Res 2014; 220:1163-6. [PMID: 25219619 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mee Yun Choong
- Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Genting Kelang, Setapak, 53300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shiau Foon Tee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Genting Kelang, Setapak, 53300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pek Yee Tang
- Department of Mechatronics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan Genting Kelang, Setapak, 53300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Dysfunction of neural circuitry in depressive patients with suicidal behaviors: a review of structural and functional neuroimaging studies. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 53:61-6. [PMID: 24632395 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Suicide is an important public problem. Understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of suicidal behavior in depression will facilitate the development of more effective prevention strategies for suicide. There are several reviews of imaging studies of suicidal behavior, but none of these reviews have focused only on suicide in depression. We reviewed neuroimaging studies of suicide in depression in recent years. The majority of studies found structural and functional alterations in the orbital frontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and striatum in depressive patients with suicidal behaviors. The evidence suggests that the frontal-striatal circuitry, which includes the striatum, orbital frontal and anterior cingulate cortices, is involved in the neurobiology of suicide in depressive patients. These findings also indicate that not all suicides have the same underlying neuropathology. Future studies require larger samples and more accurate subtypes of suicide. Furthermore, combining neuroimaging and other new technologies in molecular biology will be helpful to reveal the pathogenesis of suicidal behavior in depression.
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Kim YK, Hwang JA, Lee HJ, Yoon HK, Ko YH, Lee BH, Jung HY, Hahn SW, Na KS. Association between norepinephrine transporter gene (SLC6A2) polymorphisms and suicide in patients with major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2014; 158:127-32. [PMID: 24655776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several studies have investigated possible associations between norepinephrine neurotransmitter transporter gene (SLC6A2) polymorphisms and depression, few studies have examined associations between SLC6A2 polymorphisms and suicide. METHODS Three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (rs2242446, rs28386840, and rs5569) were measured in 550 patients: 201 with major depressive disorder (MDD) and suicide attempt/s, 160 with MDD without suicide attempts, and 189 healthy controls. Analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotype was conducted for the three groups. Subsequently, multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusting for age and gender was conducted to identify independent influences of each SNP. A possible association between suicide lethality and SLC6A2 polymorphisms was also investigated. RESULTS In the genotype and allele frequency analysis, there were significant differences in rs28386840 between suicidal MDD patients and healthy controls. In the haplotype analysis, TAA (rs2242446-rs28386840-rs5569, from left to right) was associated with suicide attempts in MDD, although the significance (p=0.043) disappeared after Bonferroni correction. There were no relationships between lethality scores and SLC6A2 polymorphisms in suicidal MDD. LIMITATIONS Modest sample size and a single type of neurotransmitter analyzed (norepinephrine) are the primary limitations. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that SLC6A2 polymorphisms were associated with suicide risk in patients with MDD. Future studies are warranted to elucidate possible mechanisms by which SLC6A2 polymorphisms influence suicide risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-A Hwang
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon-Jeong Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Kyoung Yoon
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hoon Ko
- Department of Psychiatry, Korea University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bun-Hee Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Gangnam Eulji Hospital, Eulji University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Yong Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, Soonchunhyang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Hahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Soonchunhyang University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Sae Na
- Department of Psychiatry, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, 1198, Guwol-dong, Namdong-gu 405-760, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
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Su ZH, Jia HM, Zhang HW, Feng YF, An L, Zou ZM. Hippocampus and serum metabolomic studies to explore the regulation of Chaihu-Shu-Gan-San on metabolic network disturbances of rats exposed to chronic variable stress. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 10:549-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70377k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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González-Castro TB, Tovilla-Zárate CA, Juárez-Rojop I, Pool García S, Genis A, Nicolini H, López Narváez L. Association of 5HTR1A gene variants with suicidal behavior: case-control study and updated meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:1665-72. [PMID: 23911056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The gene encoding the serotonin 1A receptor (5HTR1A) has been a candidate gene associated with suicidal behavior in case-control and meta-analysis studies. We carried out a meta-analysis and a case-control study on the 5HTR1A gene to examine the association of this gene with suicidal behavior. METHODS We performed a systematic search in electronic databases to study meta-analytically the association of 5HTR1A gene with suicidal behavior; we found 9 published genetic association studies concerning the rs6295 polymorphism. To get a comprehensive knowledge of this association we conducted a case-control study on the following polymorphisms: rs1423691, rs6295, and rs878567 in a Mexican population; the sample was composed of 152 suicide attempters and 264 healthy subjects. RESULTS The meta-analysis revealed that the rs6295 polymorphism is not associated with suicidal behavior. Similarly, no significant association for polymorphisms rs6295 and rs878567 was found in the case-control study. The polymorphism rs1423691 was excluded of the association analysis because cases and control groups were in Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium. CONCLUSION The meta-analysis of functional rs6295 polymorphisms produced no association. Likewise, the analysis in our case-control study in a Mexican population resulted in lack of association of polymorphisms rs6295 and rs878567 with suicidal behavior. However, further studies assessing different populations, as well as larger samples are necessary to obtain conclusive outcomes.
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Serotonergic genes and suicide: a systematic review. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 23:1125-42. [PMID: 23742855 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Suicide is one of the leading causes of death in the world. Its aetiology is complex and diverse, however, epidemiological studies show that suicidal behavior is partly heritable. Neurobiological evidence implicates serotonergic dysfunction in suicidality, stimulating genetic research to focus on genes related to the serotonergic system. In this paper, we review evidence from studies examining the association between various serotonergic genes (Tryptophan Hydroxylase genes: TPH1; TPH2, Serotonin Transporter gene: 5-HTTLPR in SLC6A4, Serotonin Receptor genes: HTR1A, HTR2A, HTR1B, HTR2C and Monoamine Oxidase A gene: MAOA) and suicidal behavior. The data show associations between variation on the TPH1 gene and 5-HTTLPR gene and violent suicidal behavior in Caucasian populations, with the least inconsistencies. Results are mixed for the TPH2 gene and serotonin receptor genes, but for some genes, studies that include haplotypic analyses or that examine a larger coding region of the genes tend to provide more reliable results. Findings on endophenotypes of suicidality, such as aggression and impulsivity traits, show positive associations for the TPH1, HTR2A, and MAOA genes, but need further replication, since negative associations are also occasionally reported. Since genes can only partially explain suicidal risk, several studies during the past decade have tried to incorporate environmental factors in the susceptibility model. Studies to date show that variation on the 5-HTTLPR, MAOA and HTR2A gene can interact with stressful life events to increase risk for suicidal behavior. Limitations of case-control studies are discussed and future considerations are put forward with regard to endophenotypic measurements and gene-environment interactions.
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Associations between prefrontal γ-aminobutyric acid concentration and the tryptophan hydroxylase isoform 2 gene, a panic disorder risk allele in women. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16:1707-17. [PMID: 23552096 PMCID: PMC4025920 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145713000254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Associations between the central serotonergic and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) systems play key roles in the prefrontal cortical regulation of emotion and cognition and in the pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of highly prevalent psychiatric disorders. The goal of this study was to test the effects of common variants of the tryptophan hydroxylase isoform 2 (TPH2) gene on GABA concentration in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In this study involving 64 individuals, we examined the associations between prefrontal cortical GABA concentration and 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning the TPH2 gene, including rs4570625 (-703 G/T SNP), a potentially functional TPH2 polymorphism that has been associated with decreased TPH2 mRNA expression and panic disorder. Our results revealed a significant association between increased GABA concentration in the PFC and the T-allele frequencies of two TPH2 SNPs, namely rs4570625 (-703 G/T) and rs2129575 (p⩽0.0004) and the C-allele frequency of one TPH2 SNP, namely rs1386491 (p = 0.0003) in female subjects. We concluded that rs4570625 (-703 G/T), rs2129575 and rs1386491 play a significant role in GABAergic neurotransmission and may contribute to the sex-specific dysfunction of the GABAergic system in the PFC.
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Sand PG. The serotonin 1A receptor gene in mood disorders: a tale of missed opportunities. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2013. [PMID: 23179998 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-012-0381-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mandelli L, Serretti A. Gene environment interaction studies in depression and suicidal behavior: An update. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:2375-97. [PMID: 23886513 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the involvement of both heritable and environmental risk factors in major depression (MD) and suicidal behavior (SB). Studies investigating gene-environment interaction (G × E) may be useful for elucidating the role of biological mechanisms in the risk for mental disorders. In the present paper, we review the literature regarding the interaction between genes modulating brain functions and stressful life events in the etiology of MD and SB and discuss their potential added benefit compared to genetic studies only. Within the context of G × E investigation, thus far, only a few reliable results have been obtained, although some genes have consistently shown interactive effects with environmental risk in MD and, to a lesser extent, in SB. Further investigation is required to disentangle the direct and mediated effects that are common or specific to MD and SB. Since traditional G × E studies overall suffer from important methodological limitations, further effort is required to develop novel methodological strategies with an interdisciplinary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mandelli
- Psychiatry Section, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy.
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Chen GL, Miller GM. Tryptophan hydroxylase-2: an emerging therapeutic target for stress disorders. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:1227-33. [PMID: 23435356 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) has been long recognized to modulate the stress response, and dysfunction of 5-HT has been implicated in numerous stress disorders. Accordingly, the 5-HT system has been targeted for the treatment of stress disorders. Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in 5-HT synthesis, and the recent identification of a second, neuron-specific TPH isoform (TPH2) opened up a new area of research. With a decade of extensive investigation, it is now recognized that: (1) TPH2 exhibits a highly flexible gene expression that is modulated by an increasing number of internal and external environmental factors including the biological clock, stressors, endogenous hormones, and antidepressant therapies; and (2) genetically determined TPH2 activity is linked to a growing body of stress-related neuronal correlates and behavioral traits. These findings reveal an active role of TPH2 in the stress response and provide new insights into the long recognized but not yet fully understood 5-HT-stress interaction. As a major modulator of 5-HT neurotransmission and the stress response, TPH2 is of both pathophysiological and pharmacological significance, and is emerging as a new therapeutic target for the treatment of stress disorders. Given that numerous antidepressant therapies influence TPH2 gene expression, TPH2 is already inadvertently targeted for the treatment of stress disorders. With increased understanding of the regulation of TPH2 activity we can now purposely utilize TPH2 as a target to develop new or optimize current therapies, which are expected to greatly improve the prevention and treatment of a wide variety of stress disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Lin Chen
- Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Division of Neuroscience, One Pine Hill Drive, Southborough, MA 01772-9102, USA.
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The role of the serotonergic system at the interface of aggression and suicide. Neuroscience 2013; 236:160-85. [PMID: 23333677 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in serotonin (5-HT) neurochemistry have been implicated in the aetiology of all major neuropsychiatric disorders, ranging from schizophrenia to mood and anxiety-spectrum disorders. This review will focus on the multifaceted implications of 5-HT-ergic dysfunctions in the pathophysiology of aggressive and suicidal behaviours. After a brief overview of the anatomical distribution of the 5-HT-ergic system in the key brain areas that govern aggression and suicidal behaviours, the implication of 5-HT markers (5-HT receptors, transporter as well as synthetic and metabolic enzymes) in these conditions is discussed. In this regard, particular emphasis is placed on the integration of pharmacological and genetic evidence from animal studies with the findings of human experimental and genetic association studies. Traditional views postulated an inverse relationship between 5-HT and aggression and suicidal behaviours; however, ample evidence has shown that this perspective may be overly simplistic, and that such pathological manifestations may reflect alterations in 5-HT homoeostasis due to the interaction of genetic, environmental and gender-related factors, particularly during early critical developmental stages. The development of animal models that may capture the complexity of such interactions promises to afford a powerful tool to elucidate the pathophysiology of impulsive aggression and suicidability, and identify new effective therapies for these conditions.
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González-Castro TB, Tovilla-Zárate C, Juárez-Rojop I, Pool García S, Velázquez-Sánchez MP, Genis A, Nicolini H, López Narváez L. Association of the 5HTR2A gene with suicidal behavior: case-control study and updated meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2013; 13:25. [PMID: 23311440 PMCID: PMC3558434 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-13-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The polymorphism rs6313 (T102C) has been associated with suicidal behavior in case-control and meta-analysis studies, but results and conclusions remain controversial. The aim of the present study was to examine the association between T102C with suicidal behavior in a case-control study and, to assess the combined evidence - this case-control study and available data from other related studies - we carried out a meta-analysis. METHODS We conducted a case-control study that included 161 patients with suicide attempts and 244 controls; we then performed a meta-analysis. The following models were evaluated in the meta-analysis: A) C allele vs T allele; B) T allele vs C allele; C) Caucasian population, D) Asian population, and E) suicide attempters with schizophrenia. RESULTS We found an association between attempted suicide and control participants for genotype (χ2=6.28, p=0.04, df=2) and allele (χ2=6.17, p=0.01, df=1, OR 1.48 95% IC: 1.08-2.03) frequencies in the case-control study. The meta-analysis, comprising 23 association studies (including the present one), showed that the rs6313 polymorphism is not associated with suicidal behavior for the following comparisons:T allele vs C allele (OR: 1.03; 95% CI 0.93-1.13; p(Z)=0.44); C allele vs T allele: (OR:0.99; 95% CI: 0.90-1.08; p(Z)=0.22); Caucasians (OR:1.09; 95% CI: 0.96-1.23), and Asians (OR:0.96; 95% CI: 0.84-1.09). CONCLUSION Our results showed association between the rs6313 (T102C) polymorphism and suicidal behavior in the case-control study. However, the meta-analysis showed no evidence of association. Therefore, more studies are necessary to determine conclusively an association between T102C and suicidal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Tovilla-Zárate
- División Multidisciplinaria de Comalcalco, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Comalcalco, Tabasco, México,División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Comalcalco, Ranchería Sur, Cuarta Sección, C.P. 86650, Comalcalco, Tabasco, México
| | - Isela Juárez-Rojop
- División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México
| | - Sherezada Pool García
- Hospital General de Comalcalco, Tabasco, Secretaría de Salud, Comalcalco, Tabasco, México
| | | | - Alma Genis
- Grupo de Estudios Médicos y Familiares Carracci, México, DF, México
| | | | - Lilia López Narváez
- CIGEN, Centro de Investigación Genómica, Comalcalco, Tabasco, México,Hospital General de Yajalón, Yajalón, Chiapas, México
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Tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene polymorphisms and poststroke anxiety disorders. J Affect Disord 2013; 144:179-82. [PMID: 22835848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety is common in stroke survivors and may adversely affect recovery. Polymorphisms of tryptophan hydroxylase2 (THP2) gene have been shown to be associated with anxiety disorders and other affective disorders. This study was aimed to investigate the association of two polymorphisms of THP2 gene, rs4570625 and rs4565946, with poststroke anxiety disorders in a Han Chinese population. METHODS This case control study included 112poststroke anxiety patients and 246 non-anxious controls. All participants completed Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale and DNA was extracted from blood and genotyped for the two polymorphisms of THP2 gene. RESULTS Results revealed that the G allele of rs4570625 was associated with the increased risk of poststroke anxiety. In the female subgroup, both the GG genotype and G allele were observed to be significantly higher in case than in control. No significant difference in genotype and allele frequencies of the rs4565946 was found between case and control. Haplotype analysis identified that patients with the G-C haplotype had significantly increased the risk of poststroke anxiety. LIMITATIONS More than 20 TPH2 polymorphisms have been detected, some of which are tightly-linked and may function together, only two SNPs of TPH2 were investigated in this study. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that these polymorphisms in TPH2 gene are involved in development of poststroke anxiety in the Han Chinese population.
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Sadkowski M, Dennis B, Clayden RC, Elsheikh W, Rangarajan S, Dejesus J, Samaan Z. The role of the serotonergic system in suicidal behavior. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2013; 9:1699-716. [PMID: 24235834 PMCID: PMC3825712 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s50300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin is a widely investigated neurotransmitter in several psychopathologies, including suicidal behavior (SB); however, its role extends to several physiological functions involving the nervous system, as well as the gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems. This review summarizes recent research into ten serotonergic genes related to SB. These genes - TPH1, TPH2, SLC6A4, SLC18A2, HTR1A, HTR1B, HTR2A, DDC, MAOA, and MAOB - encode proteins that are vital to serotonergic function: tryptophan hydroxylase; the serotonin transporter 5-HTT; the vesicular transporter VMAT2; the HTR1A, HTR1B, and HTR2A receptors; the L-amino acid decarboxylase; and the monoamine oxidases. This review employed a systematic search strategy and a narrative research methodology to disseminate the current literature investigating the link between SB and serotonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sadkowski
- Arts and Sciences Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Genetic Variation at the TPH2 Gene Influences Impulsivity in Addition to Eating Disorders. Behav Genet 2012; 43:24-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s10519-012-9569-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Jacobsen JPR, Medvedev IO, Caron MG. The 5-HT deficiency theory of depression: perspectives from a naturalistic 5-HT deficiency model, the tryptophan hydroxylase 2Arg439His knockin mouse. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2012; 367:2444-59. [PMID: 22826344 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A decreased level of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) has been theorized to be a core pathogenic factor in depression for half a century. The theory arose from clinical observations that drugs enhancing extracellular levels of 5-HT (5-HT(Ext)) have antidepressant effects in many patients. However, whether such drugs indeed correct a primary deficit remains unresolved. Still, a number of anomalies in putative biomarkers of central 5-HT function have been repeatedly reported in depression patients over the past 40 years, collectively indicating that 5-HT deficiency could be present in depression, particularly in severely ill and/or suicidal patients. This body of literature on putative 5-HT biomarker anomalies and depression has recently been corroborated by data demonstrating that such anomalies indeed occur consequent to severely reduced 5-HT(Ext) levels in a mouse model of naturalistic 5-HT deficiency, the tryptophan hydroxylase 2 His(439) knockin (Tph2KI) mouse. In this review, we will critically assess the evidence for 5-HT deficiency in depression and the possible role of polymorphisms in the Tph2 gene as a causal factor in 5-HT deficiency, the latter investigated from a clinical as well as preclinical angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P R Jacobsen
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, , Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Angles MR, Ocaña DB, Medellín BC, Tovilla-Zárate C. No association between the HTR1A gene and suicidal behavior: a meta-analysis. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2012; 34:38-42. [PMID: 22392387 DOI: 10.1590/s1516-44462012000100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dysfunction of serotonin 1A receptors (HTR1A) may play a role in the genesis of suicidal behavior. We studied the association between a functional polymorphism in the HTR1A gene and suicidal behavior. METHOD We performed a meta-analysis of published genetic association studies by searching through Medline, PubMed, and Web of Science databases to analyze a possible correlation between the rs6295 polymorphism and suicidal behavior in different populations. RESULTS Four studies comprising a total of nine hundred and fifty seven patients with suicidal behavior and nine hundred and fifty seven controls were the eligible. The G allele of the rs6295 polymorphism may not be associated with suicidal behavior (Random-effects model: OR = 1.08; 95% CI: 0.80-1.45; p(Z) = 0.80) in presence of heterogeneity (Q = 17.84, df = 4, p = 0.0013). In a second analysis that presented no heterogeneity, a negative association was also observed (OR = 0.94; 95%CI: 0.79-1.13; p(Z) = 0.99). CONCLUSION To our knowledge, the present study is the first meta-analysis searching for a correlation between rs6295 of HTR1A and suicidal behavior. Our results showed no association between HTR1A and suicidal behavior. However, more studies assessing different populations, as well as larger samples, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Rivera Angles
- División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Comalcalco, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Comalcalco, Tabasco, México
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Sand PG. Negligible impact of a HTR1A gene promoter variant on suicidal behavior. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PSIQUIATRIA (SAO PAULO, BRAZIL : 1999) 2012; 34:360-361. [PMID: 23429784 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbp.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Kennedy AP, Binder EB, Bowman D, Harenski K, Ely T, Cisler JM, Tripathi SP, VanNess S, Kilts CD. A common TPH2 haplotype regulates the neural processing of a cognitive control demand. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2012; 159B:829-40. [PMID: 22915309 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The monoamine neurotransmitter, serotonin, critically regulates the function of the cerebral cortex and is involved in psychiatric disorders. Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of serotonin with the neuron-specific TPH2 isoform present exclusively in the brain and encoded by the TPH2 gene on chromosome 12q21. The haplotype structure of TPH2 was defined for 16 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a healthy subject population and a haplotype block analysis confirmed the presence of a six SNP haplotype in a yin configuration that has previously been associated with risk for suicidality, depression, and anxiety disorders. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to assess the influence of TPH2 variation on brain function related to cognitive control using the Multi-Source Interference Task (MSIT). The MSIT-related blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response was increased with increasing copies of the TPH2 yin haplotype for the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), right inferior frontal cortex (IFC), and anterior striatum. A functional connectivity analysis further revealed that increasing numbers of the TPH2 yin haplotype was associated with diminished functional coupling between the dACC and the right IFC, precentral gyrus, parietal cortex and dlPFC. A moderation analysis indicated that the relationship between neural processing networks and cognitive control was significantly modulated by allelic variation for the TPH2 yin haplotype. These findings suggest that the association of risk for psychiatric disorders with a common TPH2 yin haplotype is related to the inefficient functional engagement of cortical areas involved in cognitive control and alterations in the mode of functional connectivity of dACC pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley P Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Yang SY, Yoo HJ, Cho IH, Park M, Kim SA. Association with tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene polymorphisms and autism spectrum disorders in Korean families. Neurosci Res 2012; 73:333-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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TPH2 gene polymorphisms and major depression--a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36721. [PMID: 22693556 PMCID: PMC3365065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tryptophan hydroxylase-2 (TPH2) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthetic pathway for brain serotonin and is considered key factor for maintaining normal serotonin transmission in the central neuron system (CNS). Gene-disease association studies have reported a relationship between TPH2 and major depressive disorder (MDD) in different populations, however subsequent studies have produced contradictory results. OBJECTIVES We performed a systematic overview and a meta-analysis with all available data up-to-date. METHODS We scrutinized PubMed, Embase, HuGNet and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI ) and last update was held on October 2011. We also searched the manuscripts and the supplementary documents of the published genome-wide association studies in the field. Effect sizes of independent loci that have been studied in more than 3 articles were synthesized using fixed and random effects models. RESULTS We found 27 eligible articles that studied a total of 74 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Finally, 12 independent loci were included in the meta-analysis. The synthesis of the data shown that two SNPs (rs4570625 and rs17110747) were associated with MDD using fixed effects models. SNP rs4570625 had low heterogeneity and remained significant using the more conservative random effects calculations with a summary OR = 0.83 (95% CI: 0.73-0.96). CONCLUSION The current study identified a SNP (rs4570625) with strong epidemiological credibility; however more studies are required to provide robust evidence for other weak associations.
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Impact of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 G-703T polymorphism on anger-related personality traits and orbitofrontal cortex. Behav Brain Res 2012; 231:105-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chen GL, Miller GM. Advances in tryptophan hydroxylase-2 gene expression regulation: new insights into serotonin-stress interaction and clinical implications. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2012; 159B:152-71. [PMID: 22241550 PMCID: PMC3587664 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) modulates the stress response by interacting with the hormonal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and neuronal sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in 5-HT biosynthesis, and the recent identification of a second, neuron-specific TPH isoform (TPH2) opened up a new area of research. While TPH2 genetic variance has been linked to numerous behavioral traits and disorders, findings on TPH2 gene expression have not only reinforced, but also provided new insights into, the long-recognized but not yet fully understood 5-HT-stress interaction. In this review, we summarize advances in TPH2 expression regulation and its relevance to the stress response and clinical implications. Particularly, based on findings on rhesus monkey TPH2 genetics and other relevant literature, we propose that: (i) upon activation of adrenal cortisol secretion, the cortisol surge induces TPH2 expression and de novo 5-HT synthesis; (ii) the induced 5-HT in turn inhibits cortisol secretion by modulating the adrenal sensitivity to ACTH via the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)-SNS-adrenal system, such that it contributes to the feedback inhibition of cortisol production; (iii) basal TPH2 expression or 5-HT synthesis, as well as early-life experience, influence basal cortisol primarily via the hormonal HPA axis; and (iv) 5'- and 3'-regulatory polymorphisms of TPH2 may differentially influence the stress response, presumably due to their differential roles in gene expression regulation. Our increasing knowledge of TPH2 expression regulation not only helps us better understand the 5-HT-stress interaction and the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders, but also provides new strategies for the treatment of stress-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Lin Chen
- Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Division of Neuroscience, Southborough, MA 01772-9102, USA.
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Lazary J, Viczena V, Dome P, Chase D, Juhasz G, Bagdy G. Hopelessness, a potential endophenotpye for suicidal behavior, is influenced by TPH2 gene variants. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 36:155-60. [PMID: 21946031 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hopelessness is one of the strongest risk factors for suicidal behavior but relevant genetic studies are poorly available. Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is widely considered to be a good candidate for genetic association studies on depression and suicide, however, investigations on these complex, multifactorial phenotypes have resulted in conflicting data. We hypothesized that hopelessness could be a mediating phenotype between TPH2 gene, depression and suicidal behavior. METHODS Depressive phenotype and suicidal risk were investigated of 760 individuals from general population by Zung Self Rating Depression Scale (ZDS), Beck's Hopelessness Scale (BHS) and a detailed background questionnaire. All participants' DNA samples were genotyped for 7 tag SNPs in TPH2 gene. Generalized linear models were performed for single marker association studies and p-values were corrected by Bonferroni criteria. In haplotype analyses score tests were used and permutated p-values were computed. RESULTS Four SNPs of TPH2 gene showed association with hopelessness but only rs6582078 had a significant effect on the BHS scores after Bonferroni's correction; GG individuals had significantly higher BHS scores, while GT and TT had intermediate and lower BHS scores respectively (p=0.0047). Compared with other genotypes, homozygous GG individuals also had almost three times greater estimated suicidal risk, as did carriers of the AA genotype of rs6582078 (OR=2.87; p=0.005) and also of rs1352250 (OR=2.86; p=0.006). A risk and a protective haplotype of TPH2 gene were also identified in association with hopelessness. ZDS scores have not shown any association with TPH2 gene. CONCLUSIONS We found that hopelessness, with its allied increased suicidal risk was strongly associated with TPH2 gene variants in multiple tests. These findings suggest that TPH2 gene confers risk for suicidal behavior while hopelessness can be a potential endophenotype for suicidal vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Lazary
- Department of Clinical and Theoretical Mental Health, Kutvolgyi Clinical Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Tsai SJ, Hong CJ, Liou YJ. Recent molecular genetic studies and methodological issues in suicide research. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:809-17. [PMID: 20977922 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Suicide behavior (SB) spans a spectrum ranging from suicidal ideation to suicide attempts and completed suicide. Strong evidence suggests a genetic susceptibility to SB, including familial heritability and common occurrence in twins. This review addresses recent molecular genetic studies in SB that include case-control association, genome gene-expression microarray, and genome-wide association (GWA). This work also reviews epigenetics in SB and pharmacogenetic studies of antidepressant-induced suicide. SB fulfills criteria for a complex genetic phenotype in which environmental factors interact with multiple genes to influence susceptibility. So far, case-control association approaches are still the mainstream in SB genetic studies, although whole genome gene-expression microarray and GWA studies have begun to emerge in recent years. Genetic association studies have suggested several genes (e.g., serotonin transporter, tryptophan hydroxylase 2, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor) related to SB, but not all reports support these findings. The case-control approach while useful is limited by present knowledge of disease pathophysiology. Genome-wide studies of gene expression and genetic variation are not constrained by our limited knowledge. However, the explanatory power and path to clinical translation of risk estimates for common variants reported in genome-wide association studies remain unclear because of the presence of rare and structural genetic variation. As whole genome sequencing becomes increasingly widespread, available genomic information will no longer be the limiting factor in applying genetics to clinical medicine. These approaches provide exciting new avenues to identify new candidate genes for SB genetic studies. The other limitation of genetic association is the lack of a consistent definition of the SB phenotype among studies, an inconsistency that hampers the comparability of the studies and data pooling. In summary, SB involves multiple genes interacting with non-genetic factors. A better understanding of the SB genes by combining whole genome approaches with case-control association studies, may potentially lead to developing effective screening, prevention, and management of SB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Jen Tsai
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Stefulj J, Mokrovic G, Hranilovic D, Bordukalo-Niksic T, Bakula M, Kubat M, Jernej B. Functional promoter polymorphism of the neuronal isoform of tryptophan hydroxylase (Tph2) in suicide. Psychiatry Res 2011; 186:446-7. [PMID: 20869124 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2010.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The association between suicide and G-703T polymorphism of the tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2), the rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter serotonin, was studied in a sample of 291 suicide victims and 280 healthy subjects of Croatian origin. No significant differences were found between the groups. Obtained results do not support involvement of the investigated polymorphism in the susceptibility to suicide completion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasminka Stefulj
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology, Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.
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