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Banks ML, Sprague JE. The dopamine 3 receptor as a candidate biomarker and therapeutic for opioid use disorder. Addict Biol 2024; 29:e13369. [PMID: 38380709 PMCID: PMC10883601 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Here, we present recent studies suggesting that specific DRD3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, e.g. rs324029 and rs2654754) might serve as prognostic biomarkers for opioid use disorder (OUD). Additionally, preclinical studies with novel dopamine 3 receptor (D3R) partial agonists and antagonists have been evaluated as candidate OUD therapeutics and have shown a reduced risk of cardiovascular toxicity compared with the original D3R antagonist. From these findings, we argue that DRD3 SNPs could serve as a diagnostic tool for assessing OUD risk and that more research is warranted examining the D3R as a safe and effective therapeutic target for treating OUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Banks
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Jon E. Sprague
- The Ohio Attorney General's Center for the Future of Forensic ScienceBowling Green State UniversityBowling GreenOhioUSA
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2
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Blum K, Ashford JW, Kateb B, Sipple D, Braverman E, Dennen CA, Baron D, Badgaiyan R, Elman I, Cadet JL, Thanos PK, Hanna C, Bowirrat A, Modestino EJ, Yamamoto V, Gupta A, McLaughlin T, Makale M, Gold MS. Dopaminergic dysfunction: Role for genetic & epigenetic testing in the new psychiatry. J Neurol Sci 2023; 453:120809. [PMID: 37774561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2023.120809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS), particularly linked to addictive disorders, costs billions of dollars globally and has resulted in over one million deaths in the United States (US). Illicit substance use has been steadily rising and in 2021 approximately 21.9% (61.2 million) of individuals living in the US aged 12 or older had used illicit drugs in the past year. However, only 1.5% (4.1 million) of these individuals had received any substance use treatment. This increase in use and failure to adequately treat or provide treatment to these individuals resulted in 106,699 overdose deaths in 2021 and increased in 2022. This article presents an alternative non-pharmaceutical treatment approach tied to gene-guided therapy, the subject of many decades of research. The cornerstone of this paradigm shift is the brain reward circuitry, brain stem physiology, and neurotransmitter deficits due to the effects of genetic and epigenetic insults on the interrelated cascade of neurotransmission and the net release of dopamine at the Ventral Tegmental Area -Nucleus Accumbens (VTA-NAc) reward site. The Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) test and pro-dopamine regulator nutraceutical KB220 were combined to induce "dopamine homeostasis" across the brain reward circuitry. This article aims to encourage four future actionable items: 1) the neurophysiologically accurate designation of, for example, "Hyperdopameism /Hyperdopameism" to replace the blaming nomenclature like alcoholism; 2) encouraging continued research into the nature of dysfunctional brainstem neurotransmitters across the brain reward circuitry; 3) early identification of people at risk for all RDS behaviors as a brain check (cognitive testing); 4) induction of dopamine homeostasis using "precision behavioral management" along with the coupling of GARS and precision Kb220 variants; 5) utilization of promising potential treatments include neuromodulating modalities such as Transmagnetic stimulation (TMS) and Deep Brain Stimulation(DBS), which target different areas of the neural circuitry involved in addiction and even neuroimmune agents like N-acetyl-cysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Exercise, Sports and Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA; The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, LLC., Austin, TX, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
| | - J Wesson Ashford
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA; War Related Illness & Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Babak Kateb
- Brain Mapping Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA; National Center for Nanobioelectronic, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Brain Technology and Innovation Park, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Eric Braverman
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, LLC., Austin, TX, USA
| | - Catherine A Dennen
- Department of Family Medicine, Jefferson Health Northeast, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Baron
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Exercise, Sports and Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Rajendra Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, San Antonio, TX, USA; Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Igor Elman
- Center for Pain and the Brain (PAIN Group), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Waltham, MA, USA; Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jean Lud Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIH National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Department of Psychology & Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Colin Hanna
- Department of Psychology & Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | | | - Vicky Yamamoto
- Brain Mapping Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA; National Center for Nanobioelectronic, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Brain Technology and Innovation Park, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA; USC-Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Thomas McLaughlin
- Division of Reward Deficiency Research, Reward Deficiency Syndrome Clinics of America, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Mlan Makale
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark S Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington College of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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3
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De Pieri M, Ferrari M, Marino F, Traber R, Bolla E, Cosentino M. Functional single nucleotide polymorphisms in dopaminergic receptors D2 predict clinical response to Cariprazine. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1182393. [PMID: 37229261 PMCID: PMC10203397 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1182393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cariprazine (CAR) is an antipsychotic drug for the treatment of schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD), and it acts as a partial agonist on the dopamine receptors (DR), D2, and D3. Although many single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes coding for these receptors are known to influence response to antipsychotics, to date, no study on CAR pharmacogenetics exists. In this pilot study, we investigated the relationship between SNPs in DRD2 (rs1800497 and rs6277) and DRD3 (rs6280), and response to CAR treatment, evaluated by the psychometric Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), in a cohort of Caucasian patients. We found a significant association between DRD2 rs1800497 and rs6277 and response to CAR treatment. When genotypes were combined into an arbitrary score, the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that using a cut-off value of -2.5 the response to CAR treatment could be predicted with a positive likelihood ratio of 8.0. Our study report, for the first time, a correlation between SNPs in DRD2 and response to CAR treatment. After confirmation in a larger cohort of patients, our results could open the way for the identification of new tools for the provision of response to CAR treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco De Pieri
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- PhD Program in Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Medical Humanities, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- General Psychiatry Service, Hopitaux Universitaires de Genève, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Marco Ferrari
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Franca Marino
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Rafael Traber
- Cantonal Sociopsychological Organization, Ticino, Switzerland
| | - Emilio Bolla
- Cantonal Sociopsychological Organization, Ticino, Switzerland
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Freiermuth CE, Kisor DF, Lambert J, Braun R, Frey JA, Bachmann DJ, Bischof JJ, Lyons MS, Pantalon MV, Punches BE, Ancona R, Sprague JE. Genetic Variants Associated with Opioid Use Disorder. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2023; 113:1089-1095. [PMID: 36744646 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetics are presumed to contribute 30-40% to opioid use disorder (OUD), allowing for the possibility that genetic markers could be used to identify personal risk for developing OUD. We aimed to test the potential association among 180 candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 120 of which were related to the dopamine reward pathway and 60 related to pharmacokinetics. Participants were randomly recruited in 2020-2021 in a cross-sectional genetic association study. Self-reported health history including Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) OUD criteria and buccal swabs were collected. A total of 1,301 participants were included in the analyses for this study. Of included participants, 250 met the DSM-5 criteria for ever having OUD. Logistic regression, adjusting for age and biologic sex, was used to characterize the association between each SNP and DSM-5 criteria consistent with OUD. Six SNPs found in 4 genes were associated with OUD: increased odds with CYP3A5 (rs15524 and rs776746) and DRD3 (rs324029 and rs2654754), and decreased odds with CYP3A4 (rs2740574) and CYP1A2 (rs2069514). Homozygotic CYP3A5 (rs15524 and rs776746) had the highest adjusted odds ratio of 2.812 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.737, 4.798) and 2.495 (95% CI 1.670, 3.835), respectively. Variants within the dopamine reward and opioid metabolism pathways have significant positive (DRD3 and CYP3A5) and negative (CYP3A4 and CYP1A2) associations with OUD. Identification of these variants provides promising possibilities for genetic prognostic and therapeutic targets for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David F Kisor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy, Natural and Health Sciences, Manchester University, Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA
| | - Joshua Lambert
- College of Nursing, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert Braun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jennifer A Frey
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel J Bachmann
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jason J Bischof
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael S Lyons
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael V Pantalon
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Brittany E Punches
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Rachel Ancona
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jon E Sprague
- The Ohio Attorney General's Center for the Future of Forensic Science, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
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5
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Newman AH, Xi ZX, Heidbreder C. Current Perspectives on Selective Dopamine D 3 Receptor Antagonists/Partial Agonists as Pharmacotherapeutics for Opioid and Psychostimulant Use Disorders. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2023; 60:157-201. [PMID: 35543868 PMCID: PMC9652482 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Over three decades of evidence indicate that dopamine (DA) D3 receptors (D3R) are involved in the control of drug-seeking behavior and may play an important role in the pathophysiology of substance use disorders (SUD). The expectation that a selective D3R antagonist/partial agonist would be efficacious for the treatment of SUD is based on the following key observations. First, D3R are distributed in strategic areas belonging to the mesolimbic DA system such as the ventral striatum, midbrain, and ventral pallidum, which have been associated with behaviors controlled by the presentation of drug-associated cues. Second, repeated exposure to drugs of abuse produces neuroadaptations in the D3R system. Third, the synthesis and characterization of highly potent and selective D3R antagonists/partial agonists have further strengthened the role of the D3R in SUD. Based on extensive preclinical and preliminary clinical evidence, the D3R shows promise as a target for the development of pharmacotherapies for SUD as reflected by their potential to (1) regulate the motivation to self-administer drugs and (2) disrupt the responsiveness to drug-associated stimuli that play a key role in reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior triggered by re-exposure to the drug itself, drug-associated environmental cues, or stress. The availability of PET ligands to assess clinically relevant receptor occupancy by selective D3R antagonists/partial agonists, the definition of reliable dosing, and the prospect of using human laboratory models may further guide the design of clinical proof of concept studies. Pivotal clinical trials for more rapid progression of this target toward regulatory approval are urgently required. Finally, the discovery that highly selective D3R antagonists, such as R-VK4-116 and R-VK4-40, do not adversely affect peripheral biometrics or cardiovascular effects alone or in the presence of oxycodone or cocaine suggests that this class of drugs has great potential in safely treating psychostimulant and/or opioid use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Hauck Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Zheng-Xiong Xi
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Powell-Roach KL, Yao Y, Wallace MR, Chamala S, Cruz-Almeida Y, Jhun E, Molokie RE, Wang ZJ, Wilkie DJ. HUMAN STUDY COMT and DRD3 haplotype-associated pain intensity and acute care utilization in adult sickle cell disease. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:1601-1608. [PMID: 35285297 PMCID: PMC9554168 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221080716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A previous exploratory analysis of a COMT gene single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and a DRD3 SNP by our group suggested possible contributions to pain-related acute care utilization in people with sickle cell disease (SCD). Our aim was to extend the analysis to gene-spanning haplotypes of COMT SNPs and DRD3 SNPs to investigate possible associations with pain intensity and pain-related acute care utilization in an SCD cohort. Genotyping was conducted, and clinical data were collected, including self-reported pain intensity using PAINReportIt® (average of current pain and least and worst in past 24 hours, average pain intensity [API]) and medical record-extracted, pain-related acute care utilization data of 130 adults with SCD. Haplotype blocks were identified based on linkage disequilibria (COMT = 7 haploblocks; DRD3 = 8 haploblocks). Regression analyses were tested for association between haplotypes and API and utilization, yielding several significant findings. For COMT block 1 (rs2075507, rs4646310, rs737865), the A-G-G haplotype was associated with higher API compared to the reference A-G-A (p = 0.02), whereas the A-A-A haplotype was associated with higher utilization (p = 0.02). For DRD3 block 2 (rs9817063, rs2134655, rs963468, and rs3773679), relative to reference T-C-G-C, the T-T-G-C haplotype was associated with higher utilization (p = 0.01). For DRD3 block 4 (rs167770, rs324029, and rs324023), the A-G-T haplotype was associated with higher API (p = 0.04) and utilization (p < 0.001) relative to reference G-A-T, whereas the A-A-T haplotype was associated with higher utilization (p = 0.01). We found COMT and DRD3 haplotypes associated with pain-related SCD features, suggesting that in future studies more emphasis be placed on cis effects of SNP alleles in evaluating genetic contributions to SCD pain and acute care utilization for pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keesha L Powell-Roach
- Department of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, College of Nursing, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA,Department of Biobehavioral Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA,Pain Research and Intervention Center of Excellence (PRICE), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA,Keesha L Powell-Roach.
| | - Yingwei Yao
- Department of Biobehavioral Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - Margaret R Wallace
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA,University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Srikar Chamala
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Yenisel Cruz-Almeida
- Pain Research and Intervention Center of Excellence (PRICE), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA,College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ellie Jhun
- Clinical Development Team, OneOme, LLC, Minneapolis, MN 55413, USA
| | - Robert E Molokie
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Zajie Jim Wang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Diana J Wilkie
- Department of Biobehavioral Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
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Gondré-Lewis MC, Elman I, Alim T, Chapman E, Settles-Reaves B, Galvao C, Gold MS, Baron D, Kazmi S, Gardner E, Gupta A, Dennen C, Blum K. Frequency of the Dopamine Receptor D3 (rs6280) vs. Opioid Receptor µ1 (rs1799971) Polymorphic Risk Alleles in Patients with Opioid Use Disorder: A Preponderance of Dopaminergic Mechanisms? Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040870. [PMID: 35453620 PMCID: PMC9027142 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
While opioids are a powerful class of drugs that inhibit transmission of pain signals, their use is tarnished by the current epidemic of opioid use disorder (OUD) and overdose deaths. Notwithstanding published reports, there remain gaps in our knowledge of opioid receptor mechanisms and their role in opioid seeking behavior. Thus, novel insights into molecular, neurogenetic and neuropharmacological bases of OUD are needed. We propose that an addictive endophenotype may not be entirely specific to the drug of choice but rather may be generalizable to altered brain reward circuits impacting net mesocorticolimbic dopamine release. We suggest that genetic or epigenetic alterations across dopaminergic reward systems lead to uncontrollable self-administration of opioids and other drugs. For instance, diminished availability via knockout of dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) increases vulnerability to opioids. Building upon this concept via the use of a sophisticated polymorphic risk analysis in a human cohort of chronic opioid users, we found evidence for a higher frequency of polymorphic DRD3 risk allele (rs6280) than opioid receptor µ1 (rs1799971). In conclusion, while opioidergic mechanisms are involved in OUD, dopamine-related receptors may have primary influence on opioid-seeking behavior in African Americans. These findings suggest OUD-targeted novel and improved neuropharmacological therapies may require focus on DRD3-mediated regulation of dopaminergic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie C. Gondré-Lewis
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA (C.G.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.G.-L.); (K.B.)
| | - Igor Elman
- Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Health Alliance/Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA or
| | - Tanya Alim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA; (T.A.); (E.C.)
| | - Edwin Chapman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA; (T.A.); (E.C.)
| | - Beverlyn Settles-Reaves
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA (C.G.)
| | - Carine Galvao
- Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC 20059, USA (C.G.)
| | - Mark S. Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - David Baron
- Graduate College, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
| | - Shan Kazmi
- College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA or
| | - Eliot Gardner
- Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA;
| | - Ashim Gupta
- Future Biologics, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA;
| | - Catherine Dennen
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, Austin, TX 78701, USA;
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Graduate College, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, Austin, TX 78701, USA;
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Addiction, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Egyetem tér 1-3, 1053 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- Centre for Genomics and Applied Gene Technology, Institute of Integrative Omics and Applied Biotechnology, Nonakuri, Purba Medinipur 721172, West Bengal, India
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine and Dayton VA Medical Centre, Dayton, OH 45324, USA
- Correspondence: (M.C.G.-L.); (K.B.)
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8
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Identification of a sex-stratified genetic algorithm for opioid addiction risk. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2021; 21:326-335. [PMID: 33589790 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-021-00212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The opioid epidemic has had a devastating impact on our country, with wide-ranging effects on healthcare, corrections, employment, and social systems. Programs have been put in place for monitoring prescriptions, initiating and expanding medications for opioid use disorder, and harm reduction (i.e., naloxone distribution, needle exchanges). However, opportunities for personalization of opioid therapy based on addiction risk have been limited. The goal of the present study was to develop an objective risk assessment algorithm based on genetic markers that are correlated with opioid use disorder (OUD). A total of 180 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were tested in patients with and without OUD. SNPs selected for testing were associated with opioid metabolism and drug reward pathways based on previous studies. Of the 394 patients recruited, 200 had OUD and 194 served as controls without OUD but with prior opioid exposure. Logistic regression analyses stratified by sex identified ten unique SNPs in females and nine unique SNPs in males that were significantly associated with OUD. A Genetics Opioid Risk Score (GenORs) was calculated by counting the number of OUD risk-associated SNPs/genotypes for each patient. To evaluate the discrimination of the GenORs, a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for each sex was generated and determined to be sensitive and specific. This represents the first published example of a sex-based genetic risk score with potential to predict OUD, and the first OUD algorithm to include opioid-associated pharmacokinetic genes.
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9
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Blum K, Baron D, Lott L, Ponce JV, Siwicki D, Boyett B, Steinberg B, Modestino EJ, Fried L, Hauser M, Simpatico T, Downs BW, McLaughlin T, Hajela R, Badgaiyan RD. In Search of Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS)-free Controls: The "Holy Grail" in Genetic Addiction Risk Testing. CURRENT PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 9:7-21. [PMID: 32432025 PMCID: PMC7236426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The search for an accurate, gene-based test to identify heritable risk factors for Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) was conducted based on hundreds of published studies about the role of dopamine in addictive behaviors, including risk for drug dependence and compulsive/impulsive behavior disorders. The term RDS was first coined by Blum's group in 1995 to identify a group of behaviors with a common neurobiological mechanism associated with a polymorphic allelic propensity for hypodopaminergia. OBJECTIVES To outline the process used to select risk alleles of reward genes for the Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS) test. Consequently, to address the limitations caused by inconsistent results that occur in many case-control behavioral association studies. These limitations are perhaps due to the failure of investigators to adequately screen controls for drug and alcohol use disorder, and any of the many RDS behaviors, including nicotine dependence, obesity, pathological gambling, and internet gaming addiction. METHODS Review of the literature related to the function of risk alleles of reward genes associated with hypodopaminergia relevant case-control association studies for the selection of alleles to be measured by the Genetic Addiction Risk Score (GARS) test. RESULTS The prevalence of the DRD2 A1 allele in unscreened controls (33.3%), compared to "Super-Controls" [highly screened RDS controls (3.3%) in proband and family] is used to exemplify a possible solution. CONCLUSION Unlike one gene-one disease (OGOD), RDS is polygenetic, and very complex. In addition, any RDS-related behaviors must be eliminated from the control group in order to obtain the best possible statistical analysis instead of comparing the phenotype with disease-ridden controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
- Eotvos Loránd University, Institute of Psychology, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright State University Boonshoft School of Medicine and Dayton VA Medical Center, Dayton, OH, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
- Division of Clinical Neurology, PATH Foundation, New York, NY, USA
- Dominion Diagnostics, North Kingston, RI, USA
- Division of Precision Addiction Management, Geneus Health, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Division of Neuroscience & Addiction Therapy Research, Pathway HealthCare, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Victory Nutrition International, Inc., Lederach, PA, USA
| | - David Baron
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Lott
- Division of Precision Addiction Management, Geneus Health, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jessica V. Ponce
- Division of Precision Addiction Management, Geneus Health, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - David Siwicki
- Division of Precision Addiction Management, Geneus Health, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Brent Boyett
- Division of Neuroscience & Addiction Therapy Research, Pathway HealthCare, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | | | - Lyle Fried
- Transformations Treatment Center, Delray Beach, FL, USA
| | - Mary Hauser
- Dominion Diagnostics, North Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Thomas Simpatico
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Bill W. Downs
- Victory Nutrition International, Inc., Lederach, PA, USA
| | | | - Raju Hajela
- Department of Family Medicine, Cummings School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, CN, Canada
| | - Rajendra D. Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, and Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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10
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Abijo T, Blum K, Gondré-Lewis MC. Neuropharmacological and Neurogenetic Correlates of Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) As a Function of Ethnicity: Relevance to Precision Addiction Medicine. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:578-595. [PMID: 31744450 PMCID: PMC7457418 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x17666191118125702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over 100 people die daily from opioid overdose and $78.5B per year is spent on treatment efforts, however, the real societal cost is multifold greater. Alternative strategies to eradicate/manage drug misuse and addiction need consideration. The perception of opioid addiction as a social/criminal problem has evolved to evidence-based considerations of them as clinical disorders with a genetic basis. We present evaluations of the genetics of addiction with ancestryspecific risk profiles for consideration. OBJECTIVE Studies of gene variants associated with predisposition to substance use disorders (SUDs) are monolithic, and exclude many ethnic groups, especially Hispanics and African Americans. We evaluate gene polymorphisms that impact brain reward and predispose individuals to opioid addictions, with a focus on the disparity of research which includes individuals of African and Hispanic descent. METHODOLOGY PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for: Opioid Use Disorder (OUD), Genome- wide association studies (GWAS); genetic variants; polymorphisms, restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP); genomics, epigenetics, race, ethnic group, ethnicity, ancestry, Caucasian/ White, African American/Black, Hispanic, Asian, addictive behaviors, reward deficiency syndrome (RDS), mutation, insertion/deletion, and promotor region. RESULTS Many studies exclude non-White individuals. Studies that include diverse populations report ethnicity-specific frequencies of risk genes, with certain polymorphisms specifically associated with Caucasian and not African-American or Hispanic susceptibility to OUD or SUDs, and vice versa. CONCLUSION To adapt precision medicine-based addiction management in a blended society, we propose that ethnicity/ancestry-informed genetic variations must be analyzed to provide real precision- guided therapeutics with the intent to attenuate this uncontrollable fatal epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marjorie C. Gondré-Lewis
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, 520 W St NW, Washington DC 20059 USA; Tel/Fax: +1-202-806-5274; E-mail:
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11
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Wang X, Su Y, Yan H, Huang Z, Huang Y, Yue W. Association Study of KCNH7 Polymorphisms and Individual Responses to Risperidone Treatment in Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:633. [PMID: 31543842 PMCID: PMC6728906 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Risperidone has been used to treat the symptoms of schizophrenia and to reduce its relapse. However, the responses to treatment show great variability among patients. The potassium channel has been reported as an effective target for antipsychotics. KCNH7, a member of the voltage-gated K+ channel Kv11 family, is primarily expressed in the brain. Here, we assessed the genetic association of KCNH7 with risperidone responses in 393 schizophrenia patients. The patients were treated with risperidone for 6 weeks. The reduction rates of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) scores were determined to quantify drug response. We also examined the associations between six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of KCNH7 and the risperidone responses for a total of 6 weeks. The SNP rs77699177 (C > T) in the KCNH7 gene intron was significantly associated with the treatment response reflected by the PANSS reduction rate (CC, 55.8 ± 23.0; TC, 70.9 ± 20.3, P = 0.000110), indicating that patients with the TC genotype have better efficacy for antipsychotic therapy. The rs2241240 SNP also showed a significant association with treatment responses after 6 weeks of treatment (P = 0.00256). The findings indicate that the voltage-gated K+ channel KCNH7 is a potential functional marker for the identification of the response to risperidone treatment in schizophrenia patients. Note: The study was registered under clinical trial number ChiCTR-RNC-09000522 (http://www.chictr.org/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Su
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Neuroscience, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Software Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Weihua Yue
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
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12
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Derouiche L, Massotte D. G protein-coupled receptor heteromers are key players in substance use disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 106:73-90. [PMID: 30278192 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) represent the largest family of membrane proteins in the human genome. Physical association between two different GPCRs is linked to functional interactions which generates a novel entity, called heteromer, with specific ligand binding and signaling properties. Heteromerization is increasingly recognized to take place in the mesocorticolimbic pathway and to contribute to various aspects related to substance use disorder. This review focuses on heteromers identified in brain areas relevant to drug addiction. We report changes at the molecular and cellular levels that establish specific functional impact and highlight behavioral outcome in preclinical models. Finally, we briefly discuss selective targeting of native heteromers as an innovative therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyes Derouiche
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Integratives, UPR 3212, 5 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Dominique Massotte
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Integratives, UPR 3212, 5 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
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13
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McDonell KE, van Wouwe NC, Harrison MB, Wylie SA, Claassen DO. Taq1A polymorphism and medication effects on inhibitory action control in Parkinson disease. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e01008. [PMID: 29856137 PMCID: PMC6043698 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dopamine therapy in Parkinson disease (PD) can have differential effects on inhibitory action control, or the ability to inhibit reflexive or impulsive actions. Dopamine agonist (DAAg) medications, which preferentially target D2 and D3 receptors, can either improve or worsen control of impulsive actions in patients with PD. We have reported that the direction of this effect depends on baseline levels of performance on inhibitory control tasks. This observation suggests that there may exist certain biologic determinants that contribute to these patient-specific differences. We hypothesized that one important factor might be functional polymorphisms in D2-like receptor genes. AIM The goal of this study was to determine whether the direction of DAAg effects on inhibitory control depends on functional polymorphisms in the DRD2 and DRD3 genes. METHODS Twenty-eight patients with PD were genotyped for known functional polymorphisms in DRD2 (rs6277 and rs1800497) and DRD3 (rs6280) receptors. These patients then completed the Simon conflict task both on and off DAAg therapy in a counterbalanced manner. RESULTS We found that patients with the rs1800497 Taq1A (A1) polymorphism (A1/A1 or A1/A2: 11 subjects) showed improved proficiency to suppress impulsive actions when on DAAg; conversely, patients with the A2/A2 allele (14 patients) became less proficient at suppressing incorrect response information on DAAg therapy (Group × Medication, F(1, 23) = 5.65, p < 0.05). Polymorphisms in rs6277 and rs6280 were not associated with a differential medication response. CONCLUSION These results suggest that certain DRD polymorphisms may determine the direction of DAAg effects on critical cognitive control processes impaired in PD. Our findings have implications for understanding pharmacogenomics interactions on a larger scale and the role these may play in the wide variability of treatment effects seen in the PD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E McDonell
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nelleke C van Wouwe
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Scott A Wylie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Daniel O Claassen
- Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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14
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Kuo SC, Yeh YW, Chen CY, Huang CC, Chen TY, Yen CH, Liang CS, Ho PS, Lu RB, Huang SY. Novelty seeking mediates the effect of DRD3 variation on onset age of amphetamine dependence in Han Chinese population. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 268:249-260. [PMID: 28028606 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-016-0754-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine receptor D3 (DRD3) gene, one of the candidate genes for amphetamine dependence (AD), is involved in the mesolimbic dopaminergic system, implicated as the underlying mechanism of addiction. Our case-control study aimed to investigate whether the DRD3 gene is associated with the susceptibility to AD and specific personality traits in AD patients. A total of 1060 unrelated Han Chinese subjects (559 AD patients and 501 controls) were screened using the same assessment tool and genotyped for eight DRD3 polymorphisms. All patients met the DSM-IV-TR criteria for AD, and personality traits of 539 were assessed using a Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire. Furthermore, AD individuals were divided into four clinical subgroups based on gender and psychosis status, to reduce the clinical heterogeneity. We found that the ATA haplotype combination for SNPs rs324029, rs6280, and rs9825563, respectively, was significantly associated with total AD patients (p = 0.0003 after 10,000 permutations). Similar results were observed in the both male and non-psychosis subgroup but not in other subgroups. In addition, DRD3 rs9825563 may influence onset age of drug use, partially mediated by novelty seeking in the non-psychosis AD group. In conclusion, DRD3 is a potential genetic factor in the susceptibility to AD and is associated with onset age of drug use through interaction with novelty seeking in a specific patient group in the Han Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Chang Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Cheng-Kung Road, Sec. 2, Nei-Hu District, Taipei, 144, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Wei Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Cheng-Kung Road, Sec. 2, Nei-Hu District, Taipei, 144, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Yen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Cheng-Kung Road, Sec. 2, Nei-Hu District, Taipei, 144, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chang-Chih Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Branch, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Yu Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Cheng-Kung Road, Sec. 2, Nei-Hu District, Taipei, 144, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Che-Hung Yen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Neurology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chiayi Yang-Ming Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Sung Liang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Psychiatry, Beitou Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Shen Ho
- Department of Psychiatry, Beitou Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ru-Band Lu
- Institute of Behavior Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - San-Yuan Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC. .,Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, No. 325, Cheng-Kung Road, Sec. 2, Nei-Hu District, Taipei, 144, Taiwan, ROC.
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15
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Opiate exposure state controls dopamine D3 receptor and cdk5/calcineurin signaling in the basolateral amygdala during reward and withdrawal aversion memory formation. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017. [PMID: 28627448 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine (DA) D3 receptor (D3R) is highly expressed in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA), a neural region critical for processing opiate-related reward and withdrawal aversion-related memories. Functionally, D3R transmission is linked to downstream Cdk5 and calcineurin signaling, both of which regulate D3R activity states and play critical roles in memory-related synaptic plasticity. Previous evidence links D3R transmission to opiate-related memory processing, however little is known regarding how chronic opiate exposure may alter D3R-dependent memory mechanisms. Using conditioned place preference (CPP) and withdrawal aversion (conditioned place aversion; CPA) procedures in rats, combined with molecular analyses of BLA protein expression, we examined the effects of chronic opiate exposure on the functional role of intra-BLA D3R transmission during the acquisition of opiate reward or withdrawal aversion memories. Remarkably, we report that the state of opiate exposure during behavioural conditioning (opiate-naïve/non-dependent vs. chronically exposed and in withdrawal) controlled the functional role of intra-BLA D3R transmission during the acquisition of both opiate reward memories and withdrawal-aversion associative memories. Thus, whereas intra-BLA D3R blockade had no effect on opiate reward memory formation in the non-dependent state, blockade of intra-BLA D3R transmission prevented the formation of opiate reward and withdrawal aversion memory in the chronically exposed state. This switch in the functional role of D3R transmission corresponded to significant increases in Cdk5 phosphorylation and total expression levels of calcineurin, and a corresponding decrease in intra-BLA D3R expression. Inhibition of either intra-BLA Cdk5 or calcineurin reversed these effects, switching intra-BLA associative memory formation back to a D3R-independent mechanism.
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16
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Prieto GA. Abnormalities of Dopamine D 3 Receptor Signaling in the Diseased Brain. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2017; 9:1179573517726335. [PMID: 28855798 PMCID: PMC5562332 DOI: 10.1177/1179573517726335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine D3 receptors (D3R) modulate neuronal activity in several brain regions including cortex, striatum, cerebellum, and hippocampus. A growing body of evidence suggests that aberrant D3R signaling contributes to multiple brain diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease, essential tremor, schizophrenia, and addiction. In line with these findings, D3R has emerged as a potential target in the treatment of neurological disorders. However, the mechanisms underlying neuronal D3R signaling are poorly understood, either in healthy or diseased brain. Here, I review the molecular mechanisms involved in D3R signaling via monomeric D3R and heteromeric receptor complexes (e.g., D3R-D1R, D3R-D2R, D3R-A2aR, and D3R-D3nf). I focus on D3R signaling pathways that, according to recent reports, contribute to pathological brain states. In particular, I describe evidence on both quantitative (e.g., increased number or affinity) and qualitative (e.g., switched signaling) changes in D3R that has been associated with brain dysfunction. I conclude with a description of basic mechanisms that modulate D3R signaling such as desensitization, as disruption of these mechanisms may underlie pathological changes in D3R signaling. Because several lines of evidence support the idea that imbalances in D3R signaling alter neural function, a better understanding of downstream D3R pathways is likely to reveal novel therapeutic strategies toward dopamine-related brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Aleph Prieto
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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17
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Zhao C, Liu J, Gong P, Hu J, Zhou X. Investigating the Genetic Basis of Social Conformity: The Role of the Dopamine Receptor 3 (DRD3) Gene. Neuropsychobiology 2017; 74:32-40. [PMID: 27784028 DOI: 10.1159/000450710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People often change their opinions or behavior to match the responses of others, a phenomenon known as social conformity. Conforming behavior varies substantially across individuals. However, little is known about the genetic basis underlying individual differences in social conformity. A recent study demonstrated an association between enhanced dopaminergic function and increased conforming behavior. Given the effect of the dopamine receptor 3 gene (DRD3) Ser9Gly polymorphism (rs6280) on dopamine release in the striatum, this study investigated to what extent this polymorphism affects conforming behavior. METHODS We categorized Han Chinese individuals according to the polymorphism and tested them with a facial-attractiveness rating task. RESULTS We found that individuals with a greater number of the Gly alleles, which are related to an increased dopamine release in the striatum, were more susceptible to social influence and more likely to change their ratings to match those of other people. CONCLUSIONS This finding demonstrates the importance of DRD3 Ser9Gly as a genetic basis for social conformity and in predicting individual differences in social learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Zhao
- Center for Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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18
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Polymorphisms of Dopamine Receptor Genes and Risk of L-Dopa-Induced Dyskinesia in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020242. [PMID: 28125015 PMCID: PMC5343779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
L-dopa–induced dyskinesia (LID) is a frequent motor complication of Parkinson’s disease (PD), associated with a negative prognosis. Previous studies showed an association between dopamine receptor (DR) gene (DR) variants and LID, the results of which have not been confirmed. The present study is aimed to determine whether genetic differences of DR are associated with LID in a small but well-characterized cohort of PD patients. To this end we enrolled 100 PD subjects, 50 with and 50 without LID, matched for age, gender, disease duration and dopaminergic medication in a case-control study. We conducted polymerase chain reaction for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in both D1-like (DRD1A48G; DRD1C62T and DRD5T798C) and D2-like DR (DRD2G2137A, DRD2C957T, DRD3G25A, DRD3G712C, DRD4C616G and DRD4nR VNTR 48bp) analyzed genomic DNA. Our results showed that PD patients carrying allele A at DRD3G3127A had an increased risk of LID (OR 4.9; 95% CI 1.7–13.9; p = 0.004). The present findings may provide valuable information for personalizing pharmacological therapy in PD patients.
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19
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Ferrari M, Comi C, Marino F, Magistrelli L, De Marchi F, Cantello R, Riboldazzi G, Bono G, Cosentino M. Polymorphisms of dopamine receptor genes and risk of visual hallucinations in Parkinson's patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 72:1335-1341. [PMID: 27497990 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-016-2111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visual hallucinations (VHs) are frequent non-motor complication of Parkinson's disease (PD), associated to a negative prognosis. Previous studies showed an association between dopamine receptor (DR) gene (DR) variants and psychosis in Alzheimer's disease, addictions, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. However, there are only a few studies on DR variants and VHs in PD, which did not provide conclusive results. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to determine whether genetic differences of DR are associated with visual hallucinations (VHs) in a cohort of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. METHODS A case-control study of 84 PD subjects, 42 with and 42 without VHs,that were matched for age, gender, disease duration, and dopaminergic medication was conducted. Polymerase chain reaction for SNPs in both D1-like (DRD1A-48G [rs4532] and C62T [rs686], DRD5T798C [rs6283]) and D2-like DR (DRD2G2137A [rs1800497] and C957T [rs6277], DRD3G25A [rs6280] and G712C [rs1800828], DRD4C616G [rs747302] and nR VNTR 48bp) analyzed genomic DNA. RESULTS Patients carrying allele T at DRD1C62T had an increased risk of VHs, expressed as OR (95 % CI, p value), of 10.7 (2.9-40, p = 0.0001). Moreover, patients with DRD1-48 GG and 62TT genotype displayed shorter time to VHs, whereas a longer time to VHs was found in subjects carrying the DRD4 CG alleles. CONCLUSIONS PD patients with VHs display higher frequency of DR SNPs associated with increased D1-like activity and decreased D2-like activity. Our data are in line with associations reported in other neurodegenerative and psychiatric conditions. Results likely provide valuable information for personalizing pharmacological therapy in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ferrari
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi n. 9, 21100, Varese, Italy.
| | - C Comi
- Movement Disorders Centre, Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - F Marino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi n. 9, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - L Magistrelli
- Movement Disorders Centre, Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - F De Marchi
- Movement Disorders Centre, Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - R Cantello
- Movement Disorders Centre, Neurology Unit, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - G Riboldazzi
- Departments of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - G Bono
- Departments of Biotechnology and Life Science, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - M Cosentino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi n. 9, 21100, Varese, Italy
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20
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Ornoy A, Finkel-Pekarsky V, Peles E, Adelson M, Schreiber S, Ebstein PR. ADHD risk alleles associated with opiate addiction: study of addicted parents and their children. Pediatr Res 2016; 80:228-36. [PMID: 27064247 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2016.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymorphisms in genes such as DAT1, 5HTTLPR, D4DR4, and MAO-A have been linked to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and susceptibility for opiate addiction. We investigated in opiate-addicted parents and their children the rate of ADHD and genetic markers that could predict susceptibility to ADHD and/or opiate addiction. METHODS We studied 64 heroin-addicted, methadone-maintained parents, and their 94 children who had or had not been exposed prenatally to opiates. DNA extracted from mouthwash was assessed for genetic polymorphism for six polymorphic sites of four different genes. Study subjects also filled a variety of questionnaires assessing the rate of ADHD in the parents and children and the children's intelligence quotient. RESULTS Children of opiate-dependent mothers had a higher rate of ADHD compared to those of the opiate-dependent fathers. Opiate-dependent parents have a high risk of being carriers of most risk alleles examined except DRD4EX3 (allele 7). There was no difference whether the addicted parents had or did not have ADHD. CONCLUSIONS Serotonergic and dopaminergic risk alleles seem to be mainly related to opiate dependence with no effect on the occurrence of ADHD. People carrying those polymorphisms are susceptible to opioid addiction and not necessarily to ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asher Ornoy
- Laboratory of Teratology, Department of Medical Neurobiology, Canada Israel Institute of Medical Research, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Victoria Finkel-Pekarsky
- Laboratory of Teratology, Department of Medical Neurobiology, Canada Israel Institute of Medical Research, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Einat Peles
- Adelson clinic for drug abuse treatment & Research, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Miriam Adelson
- Adelson clinic for drug abuse treatment & Research, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shaul Schreiber
- Adelson clinic for drug abuse treatment & Research, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - P Richard Ebstein
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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21
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León-Cachón RBR, Ascacio-Martínez JA, Gamino-Peña ME, Cerda-Flores RM, Meester I, Gallardo-Blanco HL, Gómez-Silva M, Piñeyro-Garza E, Barrera-Saldaña HA. A pharmacogenetic pilot study reveals MTHFR, DRD3, and MDR1 polymorphisms as biomarker candidates for slow atorvastatin metabolizers. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:74. [PMID: 26857559 PMCID: PMC4746878 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2062-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The genetic variation underlying atorvastatin (ATV) pharmacokinetics was evaluated in a Mexican population. Aims of this study were: 1) to reveal the frequency of 87 polymorphisms in 36 genes related to drug metabolism in healthy Mexican volunteers, 2) to evaluate the impact of these polymorphisms on ATV pharmacokinetics, 3) to classify the ATV metabolic phenotypes of healthy volunteers, and 4) to investigate a possible association between genotypes and metabolizer phenotypes. Methods A pharmacokinetic study of ATV (single 80-mg dose) was conducted in 60 healthy male volunteers. ATV plasma concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by the non-compartmental method. The polymorphisms were determined with the PHARMAchip® microarray and the TaqMan® probes genotyping assay. Results Three metabolic phenotypes were found in our population: slow, normal, and rapid. Six gene polymorphisms were found to have a significant effect on ATV pharmacokinetics: MTHFR (rs1801133), DRD3 (rs6280), GSTM3 (rs1799735), TNFα (rs1800629), MDR1 (rs1045642), and SLCO1B1 (rs4149056). The combination of MTHFR, DRD3 and MDR1 polymorphisms associated with a slow ATV metabolizer phenotype. Conclusion Further studies using a genetic preselection method and a larger population are needed to confirm these polymorphisms as predictive biomarkers for ATV slow metabolizers. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12614000851662, date registered: August 8, 2014. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2062-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael B R León-Cachón
- Centro de Diagnóstico Molecular y Medicina Personalizada, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Monterrey, San Pedro Garza García, NL, México.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, México
| | - Jorge A Ascacio-Martínez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, México
| | | | | | - Irene Meester
- Centro de Diagnóstico Molecular y Medicina Personalizada, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Monterrey, San Pedro Garza García, NL, México
| | | | | | | | - Hugo A Barrera-Saldaña
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, México. .,Vitagénesis S.A., Monterrey, NL, México.
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22
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Cosentino M, Ferrari M, Kustrimovic N, Rasini E, Marino F. Influence of dopamine receptor gene polymorphisms on circulating T lymphocytes: A pilot study in healthy subjects. Hum Immunol 2015; 76:747-52. [PMID: 26429319 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine is a key transmitter in the neuroimmune network, acting through five dopaminergic receptors (DR): the D1-like D1 and D5 and the D2-like D2, D3 and D4. Several DR gene variants exist and may affect DR expression and activity. We assessed total lymphocytes, CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in peripheral blood of healthy subjects and their association with selected DR gene variants (DRD1 rs4532 and rs686, DRD5 rs6283, DRD2 rs1800497 and rs6277, DRD3 rs6280 and rs1800828, DRD4 rs747302 and 7 48-base pair VNTR). DRD1 rs4532 and rs686 and DRD5 rs6283 were associated with total lymphocytes, and with CD3+ and CD4+ (but not CD8+) T lymphocytes, while none of the D2-like DR gene variants showed any association with lymphocyte counts. An arbitrary score based on the activity of D1-like vs D2-like DR correlated with total lymphocytes, CD3+ and CD4+ T cells (but not with CD8+ T cells). The association between D1-like DR gene variants and lymphocyte count, and in particular with CD4+ (but not CD8+) T lymphocytes, may imply a functional prevalence of D1-like over D2-like DR in CD4+ T cells. This is the first study showing an influence of DR gene polymorphisms on lymphocyte count, and in particular on CD4+ T cells. Future studies should address the possible association between DR gene variants and the immune function in health and disease. The relevance of these findings for the immune effects of dopaminergic agents should be also carefully examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cosentino
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
| | - Marco Ferrari
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Natasa Kustrimovic
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Emanuela Rasini
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Franca Marino
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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23
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Paterson LM, Flechais RSA, Murphy A, Reed LJ, Abbott S, Boyapati V, Elliott R, Erritzoe D, Ersche KD, Faluyi Y, Faravelli L, Fernandez-Egea E, Kalk NJ, Kuchibatla SS, McGonigle J, Metastasio A, Mick I, Nestor L, Orban C, Passetti F, Rabiner EA, Smith DG, Suckling J, Tait R, Taylor EM, Waldman AD, Robbins TW, Deakin JFW, Nutt DJ, Lingford-Hughes AR. The Imperial College Cambridge Manchester (ICCAM) platform study: An experimental medicine platform for evaluating new drugs for relapse prevention in addiction. Part A: Study description. J Psychopharmacol 2015; 29:943-60. [PMID: 26246443 DOI: 10.1177/0269881115596155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Drug and alcohol dependence are global problems with substantial societal costs. There are few treatments for relapse prevention and therefore a pressing need for further study of brain mechanisms underpinning relapse circuitry. The Imperial College Cambridge Manchester (ICCAM) platform study is an experimental medicine approach to this problem: using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques and selective pharmacological tools, it aims to explore the neuropharmacology of putative relapse pathways in cocaine, alcohol, opiate dependent, and healthy individuals to inform future drug development. Addiction studies typically involve small samples because of recruitment difficulties and attrition. We established the platform in three centres to assess the feasibility of a multisite approach to address these issues. Pharmacological modulation of reward, impulsivity and emotional reactivity were investigated in a monetary incentive delay task, an inhibitory control task, and an evocative images task, using selective antagonists for µ-opioid, dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) and neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors (naltrexone, GSK598809, vofopitant/aprepitant), in a placebo-controlled, randomised, crossover design. In two years, 609 scans were performed, with 155 individuals scanned at baseline. Attrition was low and the majority of individuals were sufficiently motivated to complete all five sessions (n=87). We describe herein the study design, main aims, recruitment numbers, sample characteristics, and explain the test hypotheses and anticipated study outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Paterson
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Remy S A Flechais
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Murphy
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Laurence J Reed
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sanja Abbott
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Rebecca Elliott
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David Erritzoe
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Karen D Ersche
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yetunde Faluyi
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Luca Faravelli
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Emilio Fernandez-Egea
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicola J Kalk
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - John McGonigle
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Antonio Metastasio
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK 5 Boroughs Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Warrington, UK
| | - Inge Mick
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Liam Nestor
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK Clinical Research Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, UK
| | - Csaba Orban
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Filippo Passetti
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Dana G Smith
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Suckling
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roger Tait
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eleanor M Taylor
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Adam D Waldman
- Centre for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J F William Deakin
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David J Nutt
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Imperial College London, London, UK
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24
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Levran O, Peles E, Randesi M, Correa da Rosa J, Ott J, Rotrosen J, Adelson M, Kreek MJ. Dopaminergic pathway polymorphisms and heroin addiction: further support for association of CSNK1E variants. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 15:2001-9. [PMID: 25521358 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.14.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM The dopaminergic pathways have been implicated in the etiology of drug addictions. The aim of this study was to determine if variants in dopaminergic genes are associated with heroin addiction. MATERIALS & METHODS The study includes 828 former heroin addicts and 232 healthy controls, of predominantly European ancestry. Ninety seven SNPs (13 genes) were analyzed. RESULTS Nine nominally significant associations were observed at CSNK1E, ANKK1, DRD2 and DRD3. CONCLUSION The results support our previous report of association of CSNK1E SNP rs1534891 with protection from heroin addiction. CSNK1E interacts with circadian rhythms and DARPP-32 and has been implicated in negative regulation of sensitivity to opioids in rodents. It may be a target for drug addiction treatment. Original submitted 8 August 2014; Revision submitted 8 October 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orna Levran
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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25
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Lobo DSS, Aleksandrova L, Knight J, Casey DM, el-Guebaly N, Nobrega JN, Kennedy JL. Addiction-related genes in gambling disorders: new insights from parallel human and pre-clinical models. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:1002-10. [PMID: 25266122 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neurobiological research supports the characterization of disordered gambling (DG) as a behavioral addiction. Recently, an animal model of gambling behavior was developed (rat gambling task, rGT), expanding the available tools to investigate DG neurobiology. We investigated whether rGT performance and associated risk gene expression in the rat's brain could provide cross-translational understanding of the neuromolecular mechanisms of addiction in DG. We genotyped tagSNPs (single-nucleotide polymorphisms) in 38 addiction-related genes in 400 DG and 345 non-DG subjects. Genes with P<0.1 in the human association analyses were selected to be investigated in the animal arm to determine whether their mRNA expression in rats was associated with the rat's performance on the rGT. In humans, DG was significantly associated with tagSNPs in DRD3 (rs167771) and CAMK2D (rs3815072). Our results suggest that age and gender might moderate the association between CAMK2D and DG. Moderation effects could not be investigated due to sample power. In the animal arm, only the association between rGT performance and Drd3 expression remained significant after Bonferroni correction for 59 brain regions. As male rats were used, gender effects could not be investigated. Our results corroborate previous findings reporting the involvement of DRD3 receptor in addictions. To our knowledge, the use of human genetics, pre-clinical models and gene expression as a cross-translation paradigm has not previously been attempted in the field of addictions. The cross-validation of human findings in animal models is crucial for improving the translation of basic research into clinical treatments, which could accelerate neurobiological and pharmacological investigations in addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S S Lobo
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada [2] Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - L Aleksandrova
- 1] Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada [2] Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Knight
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada [2] Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - D M Casey
- Mental Health Commission of Canada, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - N el-Guebaly
- Division of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - J N Nobrega
- 1] Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada [2] Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J L Kennedy
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada [2] Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
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26
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Keck TM, John WS, Czoty PW, Nader MA, Newman AH. Identifying Medication Targets for Psychostimulant Addiction: Unraveling the Dopamine D3 Receptor Hypothesis. J Med Chem 2015; 58:5361-80. [PMID: 25826710 PMCID: PMC4516313 DOI: 10.1021/jm501512b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) is a target for developing medications to treat substance use disorders. D3R-selective compounds with high affinity and varying efficacies have been discovered, providing critical research tools for cell-based studies that have been translated to in vivo models of drug abuse. D3R antagonists and partial agonists have shown especially promising results in rodent models of relapse-like behavior, including stress-, drug-, and cue-induced reinstatement of drug seeking. However, to date, translation to human studies has been limited. Herein, we present an overview and illustrate some of the pitfalls and challenges of developing novel D3R-selective compounds toward clinical utility, especially for treatment of cocaine abuse. Future research and development of D3R-selective antagonists and partial agonists for substance abuse remains critically important but will also require further evaluation and development of translational animal models to determine the best time in the addiction cycle to target D3Rs for optimal therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Keck
- †Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
| | - William S John
- §Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1083, United States
| | - Paul W Czoty
- §Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1083, United States
| | - Michael A Nader
- §Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1083, United States
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- †Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, United States
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