1
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Sandten CS, Kreyenschmidt M, Albach R. The autoxidation of polyether-polyurethane open cell soft foam: An analytical aging method to reproducibly determine VOC emissions caused by thermo-oxidative degradation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134747. [PMID: 38843638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
We present a new method for investigating the oxidation and emission behavior of air-permeable materials. Employing this method, a differentiated statement can be made about the extent to which critical volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein are contained in the material as impurities or formed by thermo-oxidative degradation of the polymer matrix in the use phase. The parameters affecting methods of VOC analysis are reviewed and considered for the developed method. The molecular mechanisms of VOC formation are discussed. Toxicological implications of the reaction kinetics are put into context with international guidelines and threshold levels. This new method enables manufacturers of cellular materials not only to determine the oxidative stability of their products but also to optimize them specifically for higher durability. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: Cellular materials are ubiquitous in the technosphere. They play a crucial role in various microenvironments such as automotive interiors, building insulation, and cushioning. These materials are susceptible to oxidative breakdown, leading to the release of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein. The ecotoxicological profiles of these compounds necessitate monitoring and regulation. The absence of reproducible and reliable analytical methods restricts research and development aimed at risk assessment and mitigation. This work significantly enhances the toolbox for optimizing the oxidative stability of any open-cell cellular material and evaluating these materials in terms of their temperature-dependent oxidation and emission behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Kreyenschmidt
- University of Applied Sciences Muenster, Hüfferstraße 27, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Rolf Albach
- Covestro Deutschland AG, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee 60, 51373 Leverkusen, Germany
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2
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Głowacki A, Rybiński P, Czerwonka G, Żukowski W, Mirkhodjaev UZ, Żelezik M. Flammability, Toxicity, and Microbiological Properties of Polyurethane Flexible Foams. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3517. [PMID: 39063810 PMCID: PMC11278372 DOI: 10.3390/ma17143517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The aim of the research was to investigate the influence of calcium phosphinate (HPCA) and aluminum phosphinate (HPAL) in synergistic systems with organophosphorus compounds, i.e., diphenylcresyl phosphate (CDP) and trichloropropyl phosphate (TCPP), on the thermal stability, flammability, smoke density, and emission of toxic gases during the thermal decomposition of polyurethane (PUR) foams. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), along with cone calorimetry and microcalorimetry, were used to assess the influence of fillers on the thermal stability and flammability of PUR foams. The analysis of toxic gas products was performed with the use of a coupled TG-gas analyzer system. The optical density of gases was measured with the use of a smoke density chamber (SDC). The obtained results showed an increase in thermal stability and a decrease in the flammability of the PUR composites. However, the results regarding smoke and gas emissions, as well as toxic combustion by-products, present ambiguity. On one hand, the applied flame retardant systems in the form of PUR-HPCA-CDP and PUR-HPCA-TCPP led to a reduction in the concentration of CO and HCN in the gas by-products. On the other hand, they clearly increased the concentration of CO2, NOx, and smoke emissions. Microbiological studies indicated that the obtained foam material is completely safe for use and does not exhibit biocidal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Głowacki
- Institute of Chemistry, The Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Przemysław Rybiński
- Institute of Chemistry, The Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Czerwonka
- Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Witold Żukowski
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland;
| | | | - Monika Żelezik
- Institute of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland;
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3
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Rutkowski P, Kwiecień K, Berezicka A, Sułowska J, Kwiecień A, Śliwa-Wieczorek K, Azinovic B, Schwarzkopf M, Pondelak A, Pečnik JG, Szumera M. Thermal Stability and Heat Transfer of Polyurethanes for Joints Applications of Wooden Structures. Molecules 2024; 29:3337. [PMID: 39064914 PMCID: PMC11279557 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29143337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Wood characterized by desired mechanical properties and wood joining material is essential for creating wooden structures. The polymer adhesives are suitable for such applications due to the possibility of energy dissipation from stresses generated by wooden structures and the elimination of thermal bridging, which are common problems in metal joining materials. This research focuses on the thermophysical properties of the laboratory-prepared flexible and rigid polyurethanes to select an appropriate polymer adhesive. Our results showed that the highest thermal stability was in the case of the new PSTF-S adhesive, which reached 230 °C, but the lowest mass loss in the air environment was around 54% for the PS material. The mean thermal expansion coefficient for F&R PU adhesives was 124-164∙10-6 K-1. The thermal diffusivity of examined adhesives varied between 0.100 and 0.180 mm2s-1. The thermal conductivity, depending on the type of polyurethane, was in the 0.13-0.29 W∙m-1∙K-1 range. The relative decrease in thermal diffusivity after heating the adhesives to 150 °C was from 2% for materials with the lowest diffusivity to 23% for the PU with the highest value of heat transfer. It was found that such data can be used to simulate wooden construction joints in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Rutkowski
- Department of Ceramics and Refractories, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (A.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Konrad Kwiecień
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Anna Berezicka
- Department of Ceramics and Refractories, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (A.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Justyna Sułowska
- Department of Ceramics and Refractories, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (A.B.); (J.S.)
| | - Arkadiusz Kwiecień
- Chair of Structural Mechanics and Material Mechanics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24 Street, 31-155 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Klaudia Śliwa-Wieczorek
- Chair of Bridge, Metal and Wooden Structures, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24 Street, 31-155 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Boris Azinovic
- Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, Dimičeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (B.A.); (A.P.)
| | | | - Andreja Pondelak
- Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, Dimičeva 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (B.A.); (A.P.)
| | | | - Magdalena Szumera
- Department of Ceramics and Refractories, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Krakow, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (A.B.); (J.S.)
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4
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Lisiecki M, Belé TGA, Ügdüler S, Fiorio R, Astrup TF, De Meester S, Ragaert K. Mechanical recycling of printed flexible plastic packaging: The role of binders and pigments. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134375. [PMID: 38691991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), extensively employed in flexible plastic packaging, often undergoes printing with inks. However, during the mechanical recycling of post-consumer waste, these inks act as contaminants, subsequently compromising the quality and usability of recycled material. To understand better exactly which ink components cause which effects, this study comprehensively assesses the thermal behavior of three organic pigments and two commonly utilised binders, correlated with the impact on the mechanical recycling of LDPE-based flexible plastic packaging. In this regard, the study focuses on four pivotal factors: processability, mechanical properties, aesthetic attributes, and volatile organic compound profiles. The results indicate that nitrocellulose, used as a binder, degrades during reprocessing, resulting in film discoloration and the emission of potentially odorous compounds. Conversely, pigments are found to be dispersed within droplets of polyurethane binder in LDPE recyclates, whilst reprocessing printed samples detrimentally affects film properties, notably dart drop impact resistance, strain at break, and the number of inclusions. Additionally, it is shown that both inks comprise components that emit volatile compounds during reprocessing: non-thermally stable components, nitrocellulose and pigment yellow PY13, as well as low-molecular weight molecules from polyurethane and by-products from wax, plasticisers, and additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lisiecki
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark; Circular Plastics, Department of Circular Chemical Engineering (CCE), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Tiago G A Belé
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Chair of Aroma and Smell Research, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Henkestraße 9, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Graaf Karel De Goedelaan 5, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - S Ügdüler
- Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Graaf Karel De Goedelaan 5, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - R Fiorio
- Circular Plastics, Department of Circular Chemical Engineering (CCE), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - T F Astrup
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet, Building 115, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark; Ramboll, Hannemanns Allé 53, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S De Meester
- Circular Plastics, Department of Circular Chemical Engineering (CCE), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Laboratory for Circular Process Engineering, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Graaf Karel De Goedelaan 5, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - K Ragaert
- Circular Plastics, Department of Circular Chemical Engineering (CCE), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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5
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Aguiar A, Marcelino LP, Mariquito A, Simões CL, Simoes R, Pinho I, Marques AC. Microcapsules of Poly(butylene adipate- co-terephthalate) (PBAT) Loaded with Aliphatic Isocyanates for Adhesive Applications. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2024; 6:5618-5629. [PMID: 38807950 PMCID: PMC11129179 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.4c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
This work introduces the encapsulation of hexamethylene diisocyanate derivatives (HDI, TriHDI, and PHDI) with the biodegradable polymer poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) through a solvent evaporation method. These microcapsules (MCs) were then employed in adhesive formulations for footwear. Moreover, MCs containing PHDI were produced in a closed vessel, demonstrating the potential for recovering and reusing organic solvents for the first time. The MCs were achieved with an isocyanate payload reaching up to 68 wt %, displaying a spherical shape, a core-shell structure, and thin walls without holes or cracks. The application of MCs as cross-linking agents for adhesives was evaluated following industry standards. The adhesives' strength surpassed the minimum requirement by a significant margin. Creep tests demonstrated that the formulation with MCs exhibits superior thermostability. Furthermore, the formulation with MCs-PHDI presented the best results reported to date for this type of system, as no displacement was observed in the bonded substrates. Environmental assessment indicates that adhesives with MCs have higher global warming potential (+16.2%) and energy consumption (+10.8%) than the standard commercial adhesives, but under alternative realistic scenarios, the differences can be insignificant. Therefore, adhesive formulations incorporating MCs promise to be on par with traditional adhesive systems regarding environmental impacts while providing benefits such as improved and safe handling of isocyanates and excellent bonding effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- António Aguiar
- CERENA,
DEQ, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lucas P. Marcelino
- CERENA,
DEQ, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - António Mariquito
- CERENA,
DEQ, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carla L. Simões
- Polytechnic
Institute of Cavado and Ave (IPCA), 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Simoes
- Polytechnic
Institute of Cavado and Ave (IPCA), 4750-810 Barcelos, Portugal
- Institute
for Polymers and Composites (IPC), University
of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Isabel Pinho
- CIPADE, Av. Primeiro
de Maio 121, 3700-227 São João
da Madeira, Portugal
| | - Ana C. Marques
- CERENA,
DEQ, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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6
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Szpiłyk M, Lubczak R, Lubczak J. Cellulose-Based Polyurethane Foams of Low Flammability. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1438. [PMID: 38794632 PMCID: PMC11125267 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Decreasing oil resources creates the need to search for raw materials in the biosphere, which can be converted into polyols suitable for obtaining polyurethane foams (PUF). One such low-cost and reproducible biopolymer is cellulose. There are not many examples of cellulose-derived polyols due to the sluggish reactivity of cellulose itself. Recently, cellulose and its hydroxypropyl derivatives were applied as source materials to obtain polyols, further converted into biodegradable rigid polyurethane foams (PUFs). Those PUFs were flammable. Here, we describe our efforts to modify such PUFs in order to decrease their flammability. We obtained an ester from diethylene glycol and phosphoric(III) acid and used it as a reactive flame retardant in the synthesis of polyol-containing hydroxypropyl derivative of cellulose. The cellulose-based polyol was characterized by infrared spectra (IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) methods. Its properties, such as density, viscosity, surface tension, and hydroxyl numbers, were determined. Melamine was also added to the foamed composition as an additive flame retardant, obtaining PUFs, which were characterized by apparent density, water uptake, dimension stability, heat conductance, compressive strength, and heat resistance at 150 and 175 °C. Obtained rigid PUFs were tested for flammability by determining oxygen index, horizontal flammability test, and calorimetric analysis. Obtained rigid PUFs showed improved flammability resistance in comparison with non-modified PUFs and classic PUFs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jacek Lubczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, Al. Powstańców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland (R.L.)
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7
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Głowacki A, Rybiński P, Żelezik M, Mirkhodjaev UZ. Cage Nanofillers' Influence on Fire Hazard and Toxic Gases Emitted during Thermal Decomposition of Polyurethane Foam. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:645. [PMID: 38475328 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyurethane (PUR), as an engineering polymer, is widely used in many sectors of industries. However, the high fire risks associated with PUR, including the smoke density, a high heat release rate, and the toxicity of combustion products limit its applications in many fields. This paper presents the influence of silsesquioxane fillers, alone and in a synergistic system with halogen-free flame-retardant compounds, on reducing the fire hazard of polyurethane foams. The flammability of PUR composites was determined with the use of a pyrolysis combustion flow calorimeter (PCFC) and a cone calorimeter. The flammability results were supplemented with smoke emission values obtained with the use of a smoke density chamber (SDC) and toxicometric indexes. Toxicometric indexes were determined with the use of an innovative method consisting of a thermo-balance connected to a gas analyzer with the use of a heated transfer line. The obtained test results clearly indicate that the used silsesquioxane compounds, especially in combination with organic phosphorus compounds, reduced the fire risk, as expressed by parameters such as the maximum heat release rate (HRRmax), the total heat release rate (THR), and the maximum smoke density (SDmax). The flame-retardant non-halogen system also reduced the amounts of toxic gases emitted during the decomposition of PUR, especially NOx, HCN, NH3, CO and CO2. According to the literature review, complex studies on the fire hazard of a system of POSS-phosphorus compounds in the PUR matrix have not been published yet. This article presents the complex results of studies, indicating that the POSS-phosphorous compound system can be treated as an alternative to toxic halogen flame-retardant compounds in order to decrease the fire hazard of PUR foam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Głowacki
- Institute of Chemistry, The Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Przemysław Rybiński
- Institute of Chemistry, The Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Monika Żelezik
- Institute of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
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8
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Olszewski A, Kosmela P, Vēvere L, Kirpluks M, Cabulis U, Piszczyk Ł. Effect of bio-polyol molecular weight on the structure and properties of polyurethane-polyisocyanurate (PUR-PIR) foams. Sci Rep 2024; 14:812. [PMID: 38191496 PMCID: PMC10774441 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50764-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing interest in polyurethane materials has raised the question of the environmental impact of these materials. For this reason, the scientists aim to find an extremely difficult balance between new material technologies and sustainable development. This work attempts to validate the possibility of replacing petrochemical polyols with previously synthesized bio-polyols and their impact on the structure and properties of rigid polyurethane-polyisocyanurate (PUR-PIR). To date, biobased polyols were frequently used in the manufacturing of PU, but application of bio-polyols synthesized via solvothermal liquefaction using different chains of polyethylene glycol has not been comprehensively discussed. In this work, ten sets of rigid polyurethane foams were synthesized. The influence of bio-polyols addition on foam properties was investigated by mechanical testing, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and cone calorimetry. The structure was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a gas pycnometer. The tests revealed a significant extension of foam growth time, which can be explained by possible steric hindrances and the presence of less reactive secondary hydroxyl groups. Moreover, an increase average size of pores and aspect ratio was noticed. This can be interpreted by the modification of the cell growth process by the introduction of a less reactive bio-polyol with different viscosity. The analysis of foams mechanical properties showed that the normalized compressive strength increased up to 40% due to incorporation of more cross-linked structures. The thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that the addition of bio-based polyols increased temperature of 2% (T2%) and 5% (T5%) mass degradation. On the other hand, evaluation of flammability of manufactured foams showed increase of total heat release (HRR) and smoke release (TSR) what may be caused by reduction of char layer stability. These findings add substantially to our understanding of the incorporation of bio-polyols into industrial polyurethane systems and suggest the necessity of conducting further research on these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Olszewski
- Department of Polymer Technology, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland.
- Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Paulina Kosmela
- Department of Polymer Technology, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
- Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Laima Vēvere
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes 27, Riga, 1006, Latvia
| | - Mikelis Kirpluks
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes 27, Riga, 1006, Latvia
| | - Ugis Cabulis
- Polymer Laboratory, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, Dzerbenes 27, Riga, 1006, Latvia
| | - Łukasz Piszczyk
- Department of Polymer Technology, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233, Gdansk, Poland
- Advanced Materials Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
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9
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Kamrani A, Nasrabadi MH, Halabian R, Ghorbani M. A biomimetic multi-layer scaffold with collagen and zinc doped bioglass as a skin-regeneration agent in full-thickness injuries and its effects in vitro and in vivo. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127163. [PMID: 37778589 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to the multilayer structure of skin tissue, the fabrication of a 3-layer scaffold could result in planned dermal regeneration. Herein, polyurethane (PU) and polycaprolactone (PCL), as a function of their mechanical stability and collagen due to its arginine-glycine-aspartic acid sequences, zinc ions because of overcoming the common problems of biological factors were employed. The scaffolds' physical, mechanical, and biological properties were examined by SEM, FTIR, contact angle, mechanical tensile, bacteriocidal efficacy, and hemolysis. Also, after L-929 fibroblast seeding, their biological activity was determined by SEM, DAPI, and MTT assays. Then, the cell-seeded scaffolds were implanted in full-thickness wounds of rats and evaluated by wound closure, histological, and molecular techniques. The in vivo studies showed better wound closure with the composite scaffold containing zinc ions. While its dermal re-organization was retarded in the presence of zinc ions compared to the composite scaffold containing non-doped bioglass. Despite this, the doped composite scaffold indicated better observations with the histological evaluations than the nontreated and bare scaffold groups. Real-time PCR confirmed the higher expression of FGF2 and FGFR genes in rats treated with the zinc-doped composite scaffold. In conclusion, PU/PCL-collagen/PCL-collagen containing the doped or non-doped nanoparticles showed better potential to heal dermal injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asefeh Kamrani
- Department of Biology, Parand Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Raheleh Halabian
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Ghorbani
- Applied Biotechnoiogy Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Grancharov G, Atanasova MD, Kalinova R, Tuleshkov P, Petrov PD, Marinova MK, Ravutsov MA, Simeonov SP. Biorenewable Oxypropylated Pentane-1,2,5-triol as a Source for Incorporation in Rigid Polyurethane Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4148. [PMID: 37896392 PMCID: PMC10611047 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, as a product from the efficient Achmatowicz rearrangement and mild subsequent hydrogenation-reduction reactions of biorenewable C5 alcohols derived from lignocellulose, pentane-1,2,5-triol was successfully used after oxypropylation in the preparation of rigid polyurethane foams-one of the most important classes of polymeric materials. Despite the broad range of applications, the production of polyurethanes is still highly dependent on petrochemical materials considering the need of renewable raw materials and new process technologies for the production of polyol or isocyanate components as a key point for the sustainable development of polyurethane foams. The synthesized oxypropylated pentane-1,2,5-triol was analyzed using proton NMR spectroscopy, hydroxyl number, and viscosity, whereas the newly obtained foams incorporated with up to 30% biorenewable polyol were characterized using compressive stress, thermogravimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The modified rigid polyurethanes showed better compressive strength (>400.0 kPa), a comparable thermal degradation range at 325-450 °C, and similar morphological properties to those of commercial polyurethane formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgy Grancharov
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bontchev Str. bl. 103A, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.-D.A.); (R.K.); (P.T.); (P.D.P.)
| | - Mariya-Desislava Atanasova
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bontchev Str. bl. 103A, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.-D.A.); (R.K.); (P.T.); (P.D.P.)
| | - Radostina Kalinova
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bontchev Str. bl. 103A, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.-D.A.); (R.K.); (P.T.); (P.D.P.)
| | - Pencho Tuleshkov
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bontchev Str. bl. 103A, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.-D.A.); (R.K.); (P.T.); (P.D.P.)
| | - Petar D. Petrov
- Institute of Polymers, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bontchev Str. bl. 103A, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.-D.A.); (R.K.); (P.T.); (P.D.P.)
| | - Maya K. Marinova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bontchev Str. bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.K.M.); (M.A.R.); (S.P.S.)
| | - Martin A. Ravutsov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bontchev Str. bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.K.M.); (M.A.R.); (S.P.S.)
| | - Svilen P. Simeonov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bontchev Str. bl. 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; (M.K.M.); (M.A.R.); (S.P.S.)
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
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11
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Yang X, Li Y, Lei W, Bai Z, Zhan Y, Li Y, Li K, Wang P, Feng W, Liu Q. Understanding the Thermal Degradation Mechanism of High-Temperature-Resistant Phthalonitrile Foam at Macroscopic and Molecular Levels. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3947. [PMID: 37835995 PMCID: PMC10575044 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer foam, a special form of polymer, usually demonstrates some unexpected properties that rarely prevail in the bulky polymer. Studying the thermal degradation behavior of a specific polymer foam is important for its rational design, quick identification, objective evaluation, and industrial application. The present study aimed to discover the thermal degradation mechanism of high-temperature-resistant phthalonitrile (PN) foam under an inert gas atmosphere. The macroscopic thermal decomposition of PN foam was carried out at the cost of size/weight loss, resulting in an increasing number of open cells with pyrolyzation debris. Using the TGA/DTG/FTIR/MS technique, it was found that PN foam involves a three-stage thermal degradation mechanism: (I) releasing gases such as H2O, CO2, and NH3 generated from azo-containing intermediate decomposition and these trapped in the closed cells during the foaming process; (II) backbone decomposition from C-N, C-O, and C-C cleavage in the PN aliphatic chain with the generation of H2O, CO2, NH3, CO, CH4, RNH2, HCN, and aromatic gases; and (III) carbonization into a final N-hybrid graphite. The thermal degradation of PN foam was different from that of bulky PN resin. During the entire pyrolysis of PN foam, there was a gas superposition phenomenon since the release of the decomposition volatile was retarded by the closed cells in the PN foam. This research will contribute to the general understanding of the thermal degradation behavior of PN foam at the macroscopic and molecular levels and provide a reference for the identification, determination, and design of PN material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xulin Yang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China (Y.L.)
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China;
| | - Yi Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China (Y.L.)
| | - Wenwu Lei
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China (Y.L.)
- Chengdu Hongbo Industrial Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610199, China
| | - Zhongxiang Bai
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China;
| | - Yingqing Zhan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China (Y.L.)
| | - Kui Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China (Y.L.)
| | - Pan Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China (Y.L.)
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China (Y.L.)
| | - Qi Liu
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China
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12
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Smorawska J, Włoch M, Głowińska E. Structure-Property Relationship and Multiple Processing Studies of Novel Bio-Based Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6246. [PMID: 37763524 PMCID: PMC10533108 DOI: 10.3390/ma16186246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the growing demand for polymeric materials has led to an increased need to develop effective recycling methods. This study focuses on the multiple processing of bio-based thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers (bio-TPUs) as a sustainable approach for polymeric waste management through mechanical recycling. The main objective is to investigate the influence of two reprocessing cycles on selected properties of bio-TPUs. Two series of bio-based TPUs were synthesized via a solvent-free two-step method with the use of hexamethylene diisocyanate or hexamethylene diisocyanate/partially bio-based diisocyanate mixtures, bio-based poly(triamethylene ether) glycol, and bio-based 1,3 propanediol. Both the raw bio-TPUs and those subjected to two reprocessing cycles were examined with respect to their chemical, physical, thermal, thermomechanical, and mechanical properties. The conducted research revealed that reprocessing led to changes in the phase separation between the hard and soft segments, thereby affecting the bio-TPUs' properties. Both series of materials showed similar chemical structures regardless of reprocessing (slight changes were observed in the range of carbonyl peak). The thermal properties of TPUs exhibited slight differences after each reprocessing cycle, but generally, the non-processed and reprocessed bio-TPUs were thermally stable up to about 300 °C. However, significant differences were observed in their mechanical properties. The tensile strength increased to 34% for the twice-reprocessed bio-TPUs, while the elongation at break increased by ca. 200%. On the other hand, the processing cycles resulted in a decrease in the hardness of both bio-TPU series (ca. 3-4 °ShA). As a result, the prepared bio-TPUs exhibited characteristics that were closer to those of the sustainable materials model, promoting the circular economy of plastics, with environmental benefits arising from their recyclability and their high content of bio-based monomers (78.4-78.8 wt.%).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ewa Głowińska
- Department of Polymers Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, 11/12 Gabriel Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland; (J.S.); (M.W.)
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13
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Salmi O, Gelosa S, Rossi F, Masi M. A Circular Approach to Finished Tanned Leather: Regeneration by Cryogenic Technology. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6166. [PMID: 37763444 PMCID: PMC10533182 DOI: 10.3390/ma16186166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Finished tanned leather is usually covered by a thin polymeric layer. This layer has the scope to change the morphological aspect of the last leather layer as well as improve the impermeabilization properties. Often, the finished product is refused by the final client, and tanneries must restore significant quantities of materials. Therefore, it is very important to remove this finished polymeric layer, recover the underneath tanned leather, and predispose it to a new finishing. The bonding between the polymeric film and leather is so strong that, today, only a blade shaving process can perform this separation at the expense of also removing a layer of tanned leather and consequently reducing the leather thickness. Here, a novel separation method was developed based on the significant difference in the dilation properties between the tanned hide and the polymeric film at low temperatures. The use of cryogenic fluids, in particular the direct application of liquid nitrogen, can freeze the polymeric layer below the glass transition temperature, inducing brittle behavior. The result is an easy separation without any alteration of the tanned leather layer; for a demonstration of that, some techniques were used, such as FTIR, SEM, Tensile strength evaluation, DSC, and TGA. By this last analysis, it is possible to check how a decrease of weight to 90% happened for the polymeric layer at about 400 °C against the complete blank at about 600 °C. A similar great distance of results exists in the case of tensile strength, where an average value of 34.5% is the deformation stress for blank samples, against 34.8% for processed samples. Thus, the process here developed allows the reuse of the tanned leather towards a new life in respect of the principles of the circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maurizio Masi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy; (O.S.); (S.G.); (F.R.)
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14
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Kamairudin N, Abdullah LC, Hoong SS, Biak DRA, Ariffin H. Preparation and Effect of Methyl-Oleate-Based Polyol on the Properties of Rigid Polyurethane Foams as Potential Thermal Insulation Material. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3028. [PMID: 37514418 PMCID: PMC10384020 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, most of the commercial polyols used in the production of rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) have been derived from petrochemicals. Therefore, the introduction of modified palm oil derivatives-based polyol as a renewable material into the formulation of RPUFs is the focus of this study. A palm oil derivative-namely, methyl oleate (MO)-was successfully modified through three steps of reactions: epoxidation reaction, ring-opened with glycerol, followed by amidation reaction to produce a bio-based polyol named alkanolamide polyol. Physicochemical properties of the alkanolamide polyol were analyzed. The hydroxyl value of alkanolamide polyol was 313 mg KOH/g, which is suitable for producing RPUFs. Therefore, RPUFs were produced by replacing petrochemical polyol with alkanolamide polyol. The effects of alkanolamide polyol on the physical, mechanical and thermal properties were evaluated. The results showed that the apparent density and compressive strength increased, and cell size decreased, upon introducing alkanolamide polyol. All the RPUFs exhibited low water absorption and excellent dimensional stability. The RPUFs made with increased amounts of alkanolamide polyol showed higher thermal conductivity. Nevertheless, the thermal conductivities of RPUFs made with alkanolamide polyol are still within the range for thermal insulating materials (<0.1 W/m.K). The thermal stability of RPUFs was improved with the addition of alkanolamide polyol into the system. Thus, the RPUFs made from alkanolamide polyol are potential candidates to be used as insulation for refrigerators or freezers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norsuhaili Kamairudin
- Higher Education Centre of Excellence (HiCoE), Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Product, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Luqman Chuah Abdullah
- Higher Education Centre of Excellence (HiCoE), Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Product, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Seng Soi Hoong
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Dayang Radiah Awang Biak
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hidayah Ariffin
- Higher Education Centre of Excellence (HiCoE), Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Product, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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15
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Nistor CL, Gifu IC, Anghel EM, Ianchis R, Cirstea CD, Nicolae CA, Gabor AR, Atkinson I, Petcu C. Novel PEG 6000-Silica-MWCNTs Shape-Stabilized Composite Phase-Change Materials (ssCPCMs) for Thermal-Energy Storage. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3022. [PMID: 37514413 PMCID: PMC10386010 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the preparation of new PEG6000-silica-MWCNTs composites as shape-stabilized phase change materials (ssPCMs) for application in latent heat storage. An innovative method was employed to obtain the new organic-inorganic hybrid materials, in which both a part of the PEG chains, used as the phase change material, and a part of the hydroxyl functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-OH), used as thermo-conductive fillers, were covalently connected by newly formed urethane bonds to the in-situ-generated silica matrix. The study's main aim was to investigate the optimal amount of PEG6000 that can be added to the fixed sol-gel reaction mixture so that no leakage of PEG occurs after repeated heating-cooling cycles. The findings show that the optimum PEG6000/NCOTEOS molar ratio was 2/1 (~91.5% PEG6000), because both the connected and free PEG chains interacted strongly with the in-situ-generated silica matrix to form a shape-stabilized material while preserving high phase-transition enthalpies (~153 J/G). Morphological and structural findings obtained by SEM, X-ray and Raman techniques indicated a distribution of the silica component in the amorphous phase (~27% for the optimum composition) located among the crystalline lamellae built by the folded chains of the PEG component. This composite maintained good chemical stability after a 450-cycle thermal test and had a good storage efficiency (~84%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Lavinia Nistor
- Polymers Department, National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana Catalina Gifu
- Polymers Department, National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Maria Anghel
- Institute of Physical Chemistry "Ilie Murgulescu" of the Romanian Academy, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Raluca Ianchis
- Polymers Department, National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristiana-Diana Cirstea
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Engineering ICPE-CA, INCDIE ICPE-CA, 313 Splaiul Unirii Street, 030138 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Andi Nicolae
- Polymers Department, National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Augusta Raluca Gabor
- Polymers Department, National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irina Atkinson
- Institute of Physical Chemistry "Ilie Murgulescu" of the Romanian Academy, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Petcu
- Polymers Department, National Institute for Research and Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
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16
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Chen G, Liu T, Luan P, Li N, Sun Y, Tao J, Yan B, Cheng Z. Distribution, migration, and removal of N-containing products during polyurethane pyrolysis: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 453:131406. [PMID: 37084514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to the wide applications of polyurethane (PU), production is constantly increasing, accounting for 8% of produced plastics. PU has been regarded as the 6th most used polymer in the world. Improper disposal of waste PU will result in serious environmental consequences. The pyrolysis of polymers is one of the most commonly used disposal methods, but PU pyrolysis easily produces toxic and harmful nitrogen-containing substances due to its high nitrogen content. This paper reviews the decomposition pathways, kinetic characteristics, and migration of N-element by product distribution during PU pyrolysis. PU ester bonds break to produce isocyanates and alcohols or decarboxylate to produce primary amines, which are then further decomposed to MDI, MAI, and MDA. The nitrogenous products, including NH3, HCN, and benzene derivatives, are released by the breakage of C-C and C-N bonds. The N-element migration mechanism is concluded. Meanwhile, this paper reviews the removal of gaseous pollution from PU pyrolysis and discusses the removal mechanism in depth. Among the catalysts for pollutant removal, CaO has the most superior catalytic performance and can convert fuel-N to N2 by adsorption and dehydrogenation reactions. At the end of the review, new challenges for the utilization and high-quality recycling of PU are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyi Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass/Waste Utilization, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Low and Medium Energy of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Engineering Research Center for Organic Wastes Safe Disposal and Energy Utilization, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, PR China
| | - Tiecheng Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Pengpeng Luan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Ning Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass/Waste Utilization, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Low and Medium Energy of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Engineering Research Center for Organic Wastes Safe Disposal and Energy Utilization, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yunan Sun
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, PR China
| | - Junyu Tao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, PR China
| | - Beibei Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass/Waste Utilization, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Low and Medium Energy of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Engineering Research Center for Organic Wastes Safe Disposal and Energy Utilization, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhanjun Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Tianjin Key Lab of Biomass/Waste Utilization, Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Low and Medium Energy of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Engineering Research Center for Organic Wastes Safe Disposal and Energy Utilization, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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17
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Mazar A, Paleologou M. New approach to recycle and valorize the first filtrate of the LignoForce system™: Lignin extraction and its use in rigid lignin-based polyurethane foams. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125346. [PMID: 37330094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report on the fractionation, recovery and characterization of softwood kraft lignin from the first filtrate of the LignoForce™ process. It is estimated that the lignin content in this stream could be >20-30 % of the lignin present initially in the black liquor. The use of a membrane filtration system was experimentally validated as an effective method for fractionating the first filtrate. Two membranes with different nominal molecular weight cut-offs (4000 and 250 Da) were tested. Higher lignin retention and recovery was obtained using the 250-Da membrane. This lignin (lignin_250) was found also to have a lower molecular weight and a tighter molecular weight distribution compared to the lignin obtained using the 4000-Da membrane (lignin_4000). The lignin_250 was characterized for it's hydroxyl group content and used to produce polyurethane (PU) foams. Up to 30 wt% petroleum-based polyol replacement by lignin_250, the resulting lignin-based PU (LBPU) foams presented the same thermal conductivity as the control (0.0303 W/m.K (control) vs 0.029 W/m.K (30 wt%)), as well as comparable mechanical (max stress: 145.8 kPa (control) vs 222.7 KPa (30 wt%), modulus 64.3 kPa (control) vs 75.1 (30 wt%)) and morphological properties to the petroleum polyol-based PU foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Mazar
- African Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute (ASARI), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Laayoune 70000, Morocco; FPInnovations, 570 Boulevard Saint-Jean, Pointe Claire, Quebec H9R 3J9, Canada; Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Michael Paleologou
- FPInnovations, 570 Boulevard Saint-Jean, Pointe Claire, Quebec H9R 3J9, Canada
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18
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Tsou CH, Shui YJ, Du J, Yao WH, Wu CS, Suen MC, Chen S. Characterization and Morphology of Nanocomposite Hydrogels with a 3D Network Structure Prepared Using Attapulgite-Enhanced Polyvinyl Alcohol. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15112535. [PMID: 37299334 DOI: 10.3390/polym15112535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In this investigation, purified attapulgite (ATT) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were utilized to fabricate nanocomposite hydrogels and a xerogel, with a focus on studying the impact of minor additions of ATT on the properties of the PVA nanocomposite hydrogels and xerogel. The findings demonstrated that at a concentration of 0.75% ATT, the water content and gel fraction of the PVA nanocomposite hydrogel reached their peak. Conversely, the nanocomposite xerogel with 0.75% ATT reduced its swelling and porosity to the minimum. SEM and EDS analyses revealed that when the ATT concentration was at or below 0.5%, nano-sized ATT could be evenly distributed in the PVA nanocomposite xerogel. However, when the concentration of ATT rose to 0.75% or higher, the ATT began to aggregate, resulting in a decrease in porous structure and the disruption of certain 3D porous continuous structures. The XRD analysis further affirmed that at an ATT concentration of 0.75% or higher, a distinct ATT peak emerged in the PVA nanocomposite xerogel. It was observed that as the content of ATT increased, the concavity and convexity of the xerogel surface, as well as the surface roughness, decreased. The results also confirmed that the ATT was evenly distributed in the PVA, and a combination of hydrogen bonds and ether bonds resulted in a more stable gel structure. The tensile properties exhibited that when compared with pure PVA hydrogel, the maximum tensile strength and elongation at break were achieved at an ATT concentration of 0.5%, indicating increases of 23.0% and 11.8%, respectively. The FTIR analysis results showed that the ATT and PVA could generate an ether bond, further confirming that ATT could enhance the PVA properties. The TGA analysis showed that the thermal degradation temperature peaked when the ATT concentration was at 0.5%, providing further evidence that the compactness of the nanocomposite hydrogel and the dispersion of the nanofiller was superior, contributing to a substantial increase in the mechanical properties of the nanocomposite hydrogel. Finally, the dye adsorption results displayed a significant rise in dye removal efficiency for methylene blue with the increase in the ATT concentration. At an ATT concentration of 1%, the removal efficiency rose by 103% compared with that of the pure PVA xerogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hui Tsou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Yu-Jie Shui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Juan Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Wei-Hua Yao
- Department of Materials and Textiles, Asia Eastern University of Science and Technology, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan, China
| | - Chin-San Wu
- Department of Applied Cosmetology, KaoYuan University, Kaohsiung County 82101, Taiwan, China
| | - Maw-Cherng Suen
- Department of Fashion Business Administration, Lee-Ming Institute of Technology, New Taipei City 24305, Taiwan, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
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19
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Al-Harbi N, Hussein MA, Al-Hadeethi Y, Felimban RI, Tayeb HH, Bedaiwi NMH, Alosaimi AM, Bekyarova E, Chen M. Bioactive hybrid membrane-based cellulose acetate/bioactive glass/hydroxyapatite/carbon nanotubes nanocomposite for dental applications. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 141:105795. [PMID: 37001249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
The present work aimed to fabricate a set of hybrid bioactive membrane in the form of bio-nanocomposite films for dental applications using the casting dissolution procedures. The formulation of the targeted materials was consisting of cellulose acetate/bioactive glass/hydroxyapatite/carbon nanotubes with a general abbreviation CA-HAP-BG-SWCNTs. The nanocomposites were characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDX and Raman spectroscopy. XRD, FTIR and SEM characters confirm the nanocomposites formation with good compatibility. The fabricated materials had a semi crystalline structure. The mechanical and thermal properties, as well as contact angle and bioactivity of the fabricated nanocomposites were investigated. The SEM images for showed beehive-like architectures with a thicker frame for the second material. All fabricated materials showed good thermal behaviors. Furthermore, the agar diffusion antimicrobial study showed that the prepared nanocomposites do not exhibit an antibacterial activity against five pathogenic bacterial strains. Additionally, cytotoxicity of a dental nanocomposite filling agent was evaluated. Vero normal cells were incubated with test materials for 72h at 37 °C and 5% CO2. Cell viability was detected using a SRB assay. All nanocomposites were mildly to non-cytotoxic to Vero cells at high concentration in contrast to the inhibitory effect of doxorubicin which was added at 10-fold lower concertation than the nanocomposites. Hence, the proposed nanocomposite is promising candidates for dental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuha Al-Harbi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Department of Physics, Umm AL-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud A Hussein
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt.
| | - Yas Al-Hadeethi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Raed I Felimban
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; 3D Bioprinting Unit, Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hossam H Tayeb
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Nanomedicine Unit, Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada M H Bedaiwi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Department of Physics, University of Tabuk, Duba University College, Tabuk, 71491, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer M Alosaimi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elena Bekyarova
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Mingguag Chen
- Physical Secience and Enginerring Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Aydoğan B, Usta N. Effects of dolomite and intumescent flame retardant additions on thermal and combustion behaviors of rigid polyurethane foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Aydoğan
- Ship Construction Department, Maritime Vocational High School Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University Balıkesir Turkey
| | - Nazim Usta
- Energy Division, Mechanical Engineering Department Pamukkale University Denizli Turkey
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21
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Soykan U, Kaya S. Role of hemp fiber addition on thermal stability, heat insulation, air permeability and cellular structural features of rigid polyurethane foam. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/02624893231152383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In this current study, rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) composites were prepared using different percentage (3, 6, 9 and 12%) of the hemp fibers via one-shut one-step polymerization method. The influences of the hemp fiber addition on the RPUFs were investigated meticulously by means of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), thermal conductivity measurement and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques by evaluating the alternations in the chemical structures of the component, thermal stability, apparent density, insulation performance and cellular topology of the produced samples. The structural analysis revealed that there existed the strong secondary chemical bonds between the functional groups belonging to the components and, depending on that, the improvement in the thermal stability of the foam samples was recorded accompanied by the formation of the better interfacial adhesion. Furthermore, thermal conductivity values of the hemp fiber-loaded RPUFs were observed to increase regularly with the increasing of the content level of the hemp fibers. This was explained by enhancement in the bulk phase conduction level depending of the apparent density rising, reduction in CO2 concentration inside cells as well as the formation of the distorted cellular structures. The obtained air permeability results displayed that the hemp fibers incorporated successfully with RPUF structure, which provides the occurrence of the novel micro barriers and pathways limiting the passage of the air throughout the matrix. The taken scanning electron microscopy images also indicated that the cellular morphology and dimensional stability of the produced foams affected negatively by the hemp fiber addition. At high contents, the wrinkled, non-uniform and irregular cellular structures were observed with ruptured and collapsed walls and struts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Soykan
- Yenicaga Yasar Celik Vocat. Sch., Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
- Nuclear Radiation Detectors Research and Development Center, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Senol Kaya
- Nuclear Radiation Detectors Research and Development Center, Bolu, Turkey
- Mehmet Tanrikulu Vocat. Sch. Hlth. Serv., Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
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22
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Wang W, Cao L, Li Q, Du C, Chen S. Copper sulfide anchored MXene improving photo-responsive self-healing polyurethane with enhanced mechanical and antibacterial properties. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 630:511-522. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.10.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Wang B, Wang X, Liu Y, Zhang Q, Yang G, Zhang D, Guo H. Phytic acid-Fe chelate cold-pressed self-forming high-strength polyurethane/marigold straw composite with flame retardance and smoke suppression. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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24
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Muhammed Raji A, Hambali HU, Khan ZI, Binti Mohamad Z, Azman H, Ogabi R. Emerging trends in flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foam and its composites: A review. J CELL PLAST 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x221144564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the superior thermal insulating attributes of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) compared to other insulating materials (expanded and extruded polystyrene, mineral wool), it remains the most dominant insulating material and most studied polymer foam. Like other polyurethane foam, RPUF is highly flammable, necessitating the incorporation of flame retardants (FR) during production to lower combustibility, promoting its continuous use as insulation material in construction, transportation, and others. The popular approaches for correcting the high flammability of RPUF are copolymerization and blending (with FR). The second method has proven to be most effective as there are limited trade-offs in RPUF properties. Meanwhile, the high flammability of RPUF is still a significant hindrance in emerging applications (sensors, space travel, and others), and this has continuously inspired research in the flame retardancy of RPUF. In this study, properties, and preparation methods of RPUF are described, factors responsible for the high flammability of PUF are discussed, and flame retardancy of RPUF is thoroughly reviewed. Notably, most FR for RPUF are inorganic nanoparticles, lignin, intumescent FR systems of expandable graphite (EG), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and hybridized APP or EG with other FR. These could be due to their ease of processing, low cost, and being environmentally benign. Elaborate discussion on RPUF FR mechanisms were also highlighted. Lastly, a summary and future perspectives in fireproofing RPUF are provided, which could inspire the design of new FR for RPUF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulwasiu Muhammed Raji
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
- Department of Polymer and Textile Technology, Yaba College of Technology, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Hambali Umar Hambali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Zahid Iqbal Khan
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Zurina Binti Mohamad
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Hassan Azman
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Raphael Ogabi
- INSA Center Val de Loire, University Orleans, Bourges, France
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25
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Comprehensive Analysis of the Influence of Expanded Vermiculite on the Foaming Process and Selected Properties of Composite Rigid Polyurethane Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224967. [PMID: 36433094 PMCID: PMC9692458 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents the results of research on obtaining new polyurethane (PUR) foams modified with thermally expanded vermiculite. The filler was added in amount of 3 wt.% up to 15 wt.%. The additionally applied procedure of immersion the non-organic filler in H2O2 was performed to increase the exfoliation effect of thermally treated mineral and additional oxidation the surfaces. The effect of fillers on foaming process, cell structure, thermal insulation, apparent density, compressive strength, thermal properties, and flammability are assessed. The foaming process of PUR foams modified with vermiculite was comparable for all systems, regardless of the content of the filler. A slight increase in reactivity was observed, confirmed by a faster decrease in dielectric polarization for the system with modified vermiculite by H2O2. The modification of the reference system with the vermiculite increased the content of closed cells from 76% to 91% for the foams with the highest vermiculite content. Coefficient of thermal conductivity of reference foam and foams modified with vermiculite was in the range 24-26 mW/mK. The use of vermiculite up to 15 wt.% did not influence significantly on mechanical properties and flammability, which from an economic point of view is important because it is possible to reduce the cost of materials by introducing a cheap filler without deteriorating their properties.
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26
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Lee SH, Lee SG, Lee JS, Ma BC. Understanding the Flame Retardant Mechanism of Intumescent Flame Retardant on Improving the Fire Safety of Rigid Polyurethane Foam. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224904. [PMID: 36433031 PMCID: PMC9696838 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Combinations of multiple inorganic fillers have emerged as viable synergistic agents for boosting the flame retardancy of intumescent flame retardant (IFR) polymer materials. However, few studies on the effect of multiple inorganic fillers on the flame retardant behavior of rigid polyurethane (RPU) foam have been carried out. In this paper, a flame retardant combination of aluminum hydroxide (ATH) and traditional flame retardants ammonium polyphosphate (APP), pentaerythritol (PER), melamine cyanurate (MC), calcium carbonate (CC), and expandable graphite (EG) was incorporated into RPU foam to investigate the synergistic effects of the combination of multiple IFR materials on the thermal stability and fire resistance of RPU foam. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that 8 parts per hundred polyols by weight (php) filler concentrations were compatible with RPU foam and yielded an increased amount of char residue compared to the rest of the RPU samples. The flame retardancy of multiple fillers on intumescent flame retardant RPU foam was also investigated using cone calorimeter (CCTs) and limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests, which showed that RPU/IFR1 (APP/PER/MC/EG/CC/ATH) had the best flame retardant performance, with a low peak heat release rate (PHRR) of 82.12 kW/m2, total heat release rate (THR) of 15.15 MJ/m2, and high LOI value of 36%. Furthermore, char residue analysis revealed that the use of multiple fillers contributed to the generation of more intact and homogeneous char after combustion, which led to reduced decomposition of the RPU foam and hindered heat transfer between the gas and condensed phases.
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27
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He Y, Qiu D, Yu Z. Study of failure behaviors of rigid polyurethane foam treated under thermal and vibration conditions by experiment and numerical simulation. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yannan He
- Department of Materials Science Fudan University Shanghai China
- Liming Research and Design Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. Luoyang China
| | - Dacheng Qiu
- Department of Materials Science Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- Department of Materials Science Fudan University Shanghai China
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28
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Wang J, Zhang C, Deng Y, Zhang P. A Review of Research on the Effect of Temperature on the Properties of Polyurethane Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4586. [PMID: 36365580 PMCID: PMC9654075 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature is one of the main factors affecting the properties of polyurethane foams, and there are large differences in the mechanical properties of polyurethane foams at different temperatures. To understand the effect of temperature on the mechanical properties of polyurethane foams and to provide a theoretical basis for the application of polyurethane foams in extreme environments, this paper systematically describes the research on the effect of mold temperature, raw material temperature, and environmental temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of polyurethane foams in the formation and service stages of rigid polyurethane foams by domestic and foreign scholars, and summarizes the effect of temperature on the mechanical properties of polyurethane foams and the mechanism of action. A review of the literature shows that the effect of different temperatures on the mechanical properties of polyurethane foams can be summarized. The literature review shows that there are certain changes in the foaming process, pore structure, and mechanical properties of polyurethane foams at different temperatures, and the increase in temperature generally leads to the increase in pore size, decrease in density, and decrease in mechanical properties of polyurethane foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- Yellow River Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chenxiao Zhang
- Yellow River Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yu Deng
- Yellow River Institute of Hydraulic Research, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Yellow River Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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29
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Habibi N, Bagherifard M, Pourjavadi A. Facile fabrication of flame-resistant, photothermal, and electrothermal polyurethane sponge: A promising sorbent for all-weather recovery of viscous crude oil spills from seawater. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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30
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Bio-Based Rigid Polyurethane Foams Modified with C-MOF/MWCNTs and TBPBP as Building Insulation Materials: Synergistic Effect and Corresponding Mechanism for Enhancing Fire and Smoke Safety. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173630. [PMID: 36080706 PMCID: PMC9459931 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) as building insulation materials quickly burn and release a lot of heat, smoke, and carbon monoxide, and cause human safety risk and severe environmental pollution. To mitigate these disadvantages, MOF/MWCNTs were fabricated via mixing Cu ions' partly substituted framework of ZIF-67 and MWCNTs, and further calcinated MOF/MWCNTs (C-MOF/MWCTs) was newly generated by calcinating MOF/MWCNTs in air. Then, MOF/MWCNTs and C-MOF/MWCNTs were respectively employed together with a phosphorus-nitrogen-containing reactive flame retardant (TBPBP) to prepare renewable bio-based rigid polyurethane foam, including RPUF-T/MOF/MWCNTs 2 and RPUF-T/C-MOF/MWCNTs 2. The characterization results showed that RPUF-T/C-MOF/MWCNTs 2 had better performance than RPUF-T/MOF/MWCNTs 2 and neat RPUF. Compared to neat RPUF, the compressive strength, limiting oxygen index value, and the mass char residue in cone calorimetry test of RPUF-T/C-MOF/MWCNTs 2, respectively, were increased by 105.93%, 46.35%, and 347.32%; meanwhile, the total heat release rate, total smoke production, total carbon monoxide product, and total carbon dioxide product were reduced by 47.97%, 50.46%, 41.38%, 43.37%, respectively. This study provides a referable method for preparing RPUFs with good physical properties, fire, and smoke safety, which is favorable for human safety and environmental protection as new building insulation materials.
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31
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Comparative Study on Selected Properties of Modified Polyurethane Foam with Fly Ash. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179725. [PMID: 36077123 PMCID: PMC9456515 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the article is to compare two types of fly ash (from the fluidized and pulverized coal combustion process) as a filler for rigid polyurethane foam. Pulverized fly ash (PFA) is widely used in building materials, while fluidized fly ash (FFA) is not currently recycled, but landfilled. The produced rigid polyurethane foams were reinforced with 5 and 10% by weight addition of fly ash from two different types of boilers. The foaming process, physical properties, morphologies and thermal degradation were subject to comparative analysis. The research indicated that fly ash intensifies the reactions of foam synthesis, most commonly, polyurethane (PU) foam with an addition of 10% PFA. What is interesting is that both ashes can be used in PU foam technology as they do not cause deterioration of the physical parameters. As shown, the addition of filler affects the morphology and impairs the brittleness. Additionally, the use of fly ash from coal combustion in the technology of polyurethane materials complies with the guidelines of the circular economy stated in the European Union legislation. Partial replacement of petrochemical components with waste filler also reduces the total energy consumption in the production of PU composites.
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32
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Bradai H, Koubaa A, Bouafif H, Langlois A, Samet B. Synthesis and Characterization of Wood Rigid Polyurethane Composites. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15124316. [PMID: 35744375 PMCID: PMC9229658 DOI: 10.3390/ma15124316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating biodegradable reinforcement, such as wood particles, into rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) is among the alternatives to reduce their environmental impact. This study aims to assess the effect of different wood particles as reinforcement in RPUFs. Reinforced rigid polyurethane foams are synthesized with milled wood particles of various forms and sizes and commercial polyol and isocyanate. The effect of fiber treatments and mechanical stirring on foams’ properties is also studied. Additional tests on polyisocyanurate foams (PIR) were undertaken to assess the effect of reinforcement on their properties. Mechanical properties are measured to investigate the impact of wood particle reinforcement on the foam. Confocal microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed the interaction between the wood fibers and the matrix. Despite the adhesion observed for some fibers, most of the cell walls of RPUFs were punctured by the rigid wood fibers, which explained the decrease in the compressive strength of the composites for manually mixed foams. Mechanical stirring proved to be an efficient method to enhance the reinforcement power of untreated fibers. RPUF foams’ properties showed similar changes when untreated wood flour was introduced to the formula, increasing compressive strength significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Bradai
- Institut de Recherche sur Les Forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, 445 Boul. Université, Rouyn-Noranda, QC J9X 5E4, Canada;
| | - Ahmed Koubaa
- Institut de Recherche sur Les Forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, 445 Boul. Université, Rouyn-Noranda, QC J9X 5E4, Canada;
- Correspondence:
| | - Hassine Bouafif
- Centre Technologique des Résidus Industriels (CTRI), Rouyn-Noranda, QC J9X 5E5, Canada;
| | - Armand Langlois
- EnerLab, 1895 Chemin de l’Industrie, Saint-Mathieu-de-Beloeil, QC J3G 4S5, Canada;
| | - Basma Samet
- National Engineering School of Sfax (ENIS), University of Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia;
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33
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Zakharyan EM, Maksimov AL. Pyrolysis of Polyurethanes. Process Features and Composition of Reaction Products. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427222020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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34
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Cho C, Nam SL, Mata AP, Harynuk JJ, Elias AL, Chung H, Dolez PI. Investigation of the accelerated thermal aging behavior of polyetherimide and lifetime prediction at elevated temperature. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chungyeon Cho
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Seo Lin Nam
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - A. Paulina Mata
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - James J. Harynuk
- Department of Chemistry University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Anastasia L. Elias
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Hyun‐Joong Chung
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Patricia I. Dolez
- Department of Human Ecology University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
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35
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Wan H, Huang Z. Pyrolysis Evaluation of Tennis String Polyurethane and Water-Borne Polyurethane Wastes through Isoconversional Kinetic Analysis. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081501. [PMID: 35458253 PMCID: PMC9025778 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A detailed kinetic analysis of pyrolysis processes of Tennis string polyurethane (TSPU) waste and waterborne polyurethane (WPU) waste was carried out in the present paper. Non-isothermal pyrolysis characterizations of two wastes were acquired through thermogravimetric determinations under the constant heating rates of 5, 10, 15 and 20 K/min. Experimental results showed that the pyrolysis processes of TSPU and WPU were mainly characteristic of three stages and two stages, respectively. Two pyrolysis performance indices, the devolatilization index (DI) and heat-resistance index (HRI), were used to interpret the heating rate effect on the pyrolysis features and different thermal dependences of TSPU and WPU. Isoconversional kinetic analysis was thoroughly performed with model-free and model-fitting methods. By using Starink, Vyazovkin–Dollimore and Coats–Redfern methods, the activation energies thus obtained were in the range of 103.3~148.3 kJ/mol and 92.5~204.3 kJ/mol, respectively, for TSPU and WPU, over the entire pyrolysis process. Their respective pre-exponential factor lnA values were determined to be within 17.94~33.42 min−1 and 16.56~20.82 min−1. Thermodynamic parameters in terms of ΔG#, ΔH# and ΔS# throughout the entire pyrolysis process were also calculated. Finally, by means of the model-fitting Coats–Redfern method, the most appropriate mechanism functions were ascertained for, respectively, describing multi-stage pyrolysis degradations of TSPU and WPU waste. These results may offer meaningful support for designing any industrial pyrolysis reactor to dispose of polyurethane wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wan
- Department of Physical Education, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China;
| | - Zhen Huang
- Department of Packaging Engineering, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-22-26686264; Fax: +86-22-26686251
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36
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The Effect of Ash Silanization on the Selected Properties of Rigid Polyurethane Foam/Coal Fly Ash Composites. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15062014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
According to the assumptions of the European Union, by 2050 it is planned to achieve climate neutrality. For this purpose, a document called the “European Green Deal” was established, which is a set of policies of the European Commission. One of the assumptions is a circular economy that takes into account the use of waste in subsequent production cycles. In order to meet the latest trends in environmentally friendly materials and use of waste in the production of building materials, composites of rigid polyurethane foam with 10 wt.% of waste were produced. Fly ash from coal combustion after modification was used as a filler. Three types of modifications were used: silanization, sieving, and both processes together. The silanization process was carried out for 1 and 2% silane ([3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyl]trimethoxysilane) concentration in relation to the fly ash mass. The sieving was aimed at reaching a fraction with a particle diameter below 75 µm. Six composites with modified fillers were compared and one material containing unchanged fly ash was used as a reference. A comparative analysis was carried out on the basis of surface analysis, thermal stability and physical properties. It turned out that the polyurethane materials modified fly ash silanized with 1% and 2% silane solution proved the best results in performed tests. On the other hand, the polyurethane foam containing sieved ash was characterized by the lowest flammability and the lowest emission of smoke and CO. The use of modified fly ash in technology of polyurethane foams can be a good method of its disposal and can increase the applicability of the composites.
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37
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Bergamasco S, Tamantini S, Zikeli F, Vinciguerra V, Scarascia Mugnozza G, Romagnoli M. Synthesis and Characterizations of Eco-Friendly Organosolv Lignin-Based Polyurethane Coating Films for the Coating Industry. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:416. [PMID: 35160406 PMCID: PMC8839005 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Three different formulations of bio-based polyurethane (PU), varying the weight ratio between Organosolv lignin and a commercial isocyanate, were synthesized. The coating formulations were characterized by SEM, pyrolysis-GC/MS, FTIR spectroscopy and FTIR mapping, which confirmed the successful formation of urethane bonds between commercial isocyanate and hydroxyl groups deriving from lignin. The coatings were applied on beech wood samples to measure color and contact angles, and eventually FTIR mapping of the coated wood samples was performed. FTIR mapping is an interesting tool to monitor the distribution of PU chemical bonds on the coating surface and to evaluate the homogeneity of the applied coating films. Increasing the lignin content of the PU coatings results in more red-yellow and darker tones, while the commercial PU coating is transparent. For a higher lignin concentration, the solid content as well as the weight gain of the applied coatings increase. A higher percentage of lignin in the prepared PU formulations leads to superficial cracks and therefore higher coating permeability compared to the commercial PU, but the prepared lignin-based PU coating still makes a raw wood surface significantly more hydrophobic. Apparently, additives such as film-formers with low surface tension to counteract cracks' formation are necessary to improve the performance of lignin-based PU coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Swati Tamantini
- Department of Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (S.B.); (V.V.); (G.S.M.)
| | - Florian Zikeli
- Department of Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (S.B.); (V.V.); (G.S.M.)
| | | | | | - Manuela Romagnoli
- Department of Innovation in Biological, Agro-Food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (S.B.); (V.V.); (G.S.M.)
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38
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Forysiak W, Kozub S, John L, Szweda R. Discrete oligourethanes of sequence-regulated properties – impact of stereocontrol. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00299j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Properties and functions of natural biopolymers such as proteins are strongly dependent on the sequence of amino acid monomers. The regulation of the properties of synthetic polymers by controlling monomer...
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Habibi N, Pourjavadi A. Magnetic, thermally stable, and superhydrophobic polyurethane sponge: A high efficient adsorbent for separation of the marine oil spill pollution. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132254. [PMID: 34583296 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrated a facile method for the fabrication of magnetic and superhydrophobic polyurethane sponge with water contact angle of 159° as an adsorbent for cleanup the marine oil spill pollution. For this aim, a polyurethane sponge was coated with carbon black (CB), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN)@Fe3O4, and acrylic resin and then characterized by different techniques. Owing to the chemical and thermal stability of h-BN and CB, the modified sponge was stable under corrosive conditions (pH = 1-14 and salt solutions) and at different temperatures (-12 °C-105 °C). In addition to common oils and organic solvents, we also used the real spilled oils containing monoaromatics and polyaromatics in the water surfaces of the Persian Gulf for investigation of adsorption efficiency of sponge in a real condition. The oil adsorption capacity of this sponge was in the range of 64-176 g g-1. Also, this adsorbent can separate high amount of oil or organic solvents up to 66,400 times of its own weight from the oil-water mixture in a continuous separation. The results confirm that modified sponge can be used more than 20 times for oil spill cleanup without considerable reduction of its adsorption capacity. Consequently, the modified sponge is a promising candidate material for use in a real oil-water separation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Habibi
- Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11365-9516, Iran
| | - Ali Pourjavadi
- Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11365-9516, Iran.
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41
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Turner B, Ramesh S, Menegatti S, Daniele M. Resorbable elastomers for implantable medical devices: highlights and applications. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Turner
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering North Carolina State University and University of Chapel Hill Raleigh NC USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering North Carolina State University Raleigh NC USA
| | - Srivatsan Ramesh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering North Carolina State University Raleigh NC USA
| | - Stefano Menegatti
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering North Carolina State University Raleigh NC USA
| | - Michael Daniele
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering North Carolina State University and University of Chapel Hill Raleigh NC USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering North Carolina State University Raleigh NC USA
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42
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He Y, Qiu D, Yu Z. Multiscale investigation on molecular structure and mechanical properties of thermal‐treated rigid polyurethane foam under high temperature. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yannan He
- Department of Materials Science Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Dacheng Qiu
- Department of Materials Science Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- Department of Materials Science Fudan University Shanghai China
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Bio-Based Rigid Polyurethane Foam Composites Reinforced with Bleached Curauá Fiber. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011203. [PMID: 34681863 PMCID: PMC8538972 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the influence of using a bleached Curauá fiber (CF) as filler in a novel rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) composite. The influence of 0.1, 0.5 and 1 wt.% of the reinforcements on the processing characteristics, cellular structure, mechanical, dynamic-mechanical, thermal, and flame behaviors were assessed and discussed for RPUF freely expanded. The results showed that the use of 0.5 wt.% of CF resulted in RPUF with smoother cell structure with low differences on the processing times and viscosity for the filled pre-polyol. These morphological features were responsible for the gains in mechanical properties, in both parallel and perpendicular rise directions, and better viscoelastic characteristics. Despite the gains, higher thermal conductivity and lower flammability were reported for the developed RPUF composites, related to the high content of cellulose and hemicellulose on the bleached CF chemical composition. This work shows the possibility of using a Brazilian vegetable fiber, with low exploration for the manufacturing of composite materials with improved properties. The developed RPUF presents high applicability as enhanced cores for the manufacturing of structural sandwich panels, mainly used in civil, aircraft, and marine industries.
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Synthesis, Characterization of Erythromycin Propionate Core-Based Star Poly(ether urethane)s and Their Antibacterial Properties. Macromol Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-021-9069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Production of Rigid Polyurethane Foams Using Polyol from Liquefied Oil Palm Biomass: Variation of Isocyanate Indexes. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13183072. [PMID: 34577973 PMCID: PMC8468963 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of polyurethane foam (PUF) containing bio-based components is a complex process that requires extensive studies. This work reports on the production of rigid PUFs from polyol obtained via liquefaction of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) biomass with different isocyanate (NCO) indexes. The effect of the NCO index on the physical, chemical and compressive properties of the liquefied EFB-based PUF (EFBPUF) was evaluated. The EFBPUFs showed a unique set of properties at each NCO index. Foaming properties had affected the apparent density and cellular morphology of the EFBPUFs. Increasing NCO index had increased the crosslink density and dimensional stability of the EFBPUFs via formation of isocyanurates, which had also increased their thermal stability. Combination of both foaming properties and crosslink density of the EFBPUFs had influenced their respective compressive properties. The EFBPUF produced at the NCO index of 120 showed the optimum compressive strength and released the least toxic hydrogen cyanide (HCN) gas under thermal degradation. The normalized compressive strength of the EFBPUF at the NCO index of 120 is also comparable with the strength of the PUF produced using petrochemical polyol.
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Etemadi H, Afsharkia S, Zinatloo‐Ajabshir S, Shokri E. Effect of alumina nanoparticles on the antifouling properties of polycarbonate‐polyurethane blend ultrafiltration membrane for water treatment. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Habib Etemadi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Bonab Bonab Iran
| | - Soheyla Afsharkia
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of Bonab Bonab Iran
| | | | - Elham Shokri
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Bonab Bonab Iran
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Członka S, Kairytė A, Miedzińska K, Strąkowska A. Polyurethane Composites Reinforced with Walnut Shell Filler Treated with Perlite, Montmorillonite and Halloysite. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147304. [PMID: 34298923 PMCID: PMC8303685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the following study, polyurethane (PUR) composites were modified with 2 wt.% of walnut shell filler modified with selected mineral compounds–perlite, montmorillonite, and halloysite. The impact of modified walnut shell fillers on selected properties of PUR composites, such as rheological properties (dynamic viscosity, foaming behavior), mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural strength, impact strength), dynamic-mechanical behavior (glass transition temperature, storage modulus), insulation properties (thermal conductivity), thermal characteristic (temperature of thermal decomposition stages), and flame retardant properties (e.g., ignition time, limiting oxygen index, heat peak release) was investigated. Among all modified types of PUR composites, the greatest improvement was observed for PUR composites filled with walnut shell filler functionalized with halloysite. For example, on the addition of such modified walnut shell filler, the compressive strength was enhanced by ~13%, flexural strength by ~12%, and impact strength by ~14%. Due to the functionalization of walnut shell filler with thermally stable flame retardant compounds, such modified PUR composites were characterized by higher temperatures of thermal decomposition. Most importantly, PUR composites filled with flame retardant compounds exhibited improved flame resistance characteristics-in all cases, the value of peak heat release was reduced by ~12%, while the value of total smoke release was reduced by ~23%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Członka
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Agnė Kairytė
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Building Materials, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenu St. 28, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Karolina Miedzińska
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Anna Strąkowska
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (A.S.)
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Strąkowska A, Członka S, Miedzińska K, Strzelec K. Chlorine-Functional Silsesquioxanes (POSS-Cl) as Effective Flame Retardants and Reinforcing Additives for Rigid Polyurethane Foams. Molecules 2021; 26:3979. [PMID: 34210013 PMCID: PMC8271702 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The subject of the research was the production of silsesquioxane modified rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams (POSS-Cl) with chlorine functional groups (chlorobenzyl, chloropropyl, chlorobenzylethyl) characterized by reduced flammability. The foams were prepared in a one-step additive polymerization reaction of isocyanates with polyols, and the POSS modifier was added to the reaction system in an amount of 2 wt.% polyol. The influence of POSS was analyzed by performing a series of tests, such as determination of the kinetics of foam growth, determination of apparent density, and structure analysis. Compressive strength, three-point bending strength, hardness, and shape stability at reduced and elevated temperatures were tested, and the hydrophobicity of the surface was determined. The most important measurement was the determination of the thermal stability (TGA) and the flammability of the modified systems using a cone calorimeter. The obtained results, after comparing with the results for unmodified foam, showed a large influence of POSS modifiers on the functional properties, especially thermal and fire-retardant, of the obtained PUR-POSS-Cl systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Strąkowska
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (S.C.); (K.M.); (K.S.)
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Jagodzińska K, Yang W, Jönsson PG, Forsgren C. Can torrefaction be a suitable method of enhancing shredder fines recycling? WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 128:211-220. [PMID: 34000691 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Effective recycling of metallic waste and end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) is of crucial importance. Currently used separation and sorting techniques result in the formation of fine residue (usually below 10-20 mm) called shredder fines. Shredder fines contain the so-called 'fluff' (i.e., foam, wood and textile fibres) with metal particles entangled in it. This 'fluff' interferes with sorting techniques and thus reduces the metal recycling rate. For this reason, presently, shredder fines are primarily landfilled, which is not covered by the greater objective of the circular economy; therefore, the need for their recycling emerged. Low-temperature pyrolysis (torrefaction) increases the 'fluff' fragility and thus liberates the metal particles without their substantial oxidation, thereby enabling their recycling. For that reason, in this article, shredder fines torrefaction was performed at the temperature range of 250-450 °C. The process products were comprehensively characterised using, among others, MicroGC (non-condensables), GC/MS (condensables), and ICP-SFMS (char). The possible application of the torrefied shredder fines after the metal sorting was discussed as well. Torrefaction was identified as a promising way of shredder fines recycling, and the torrefied shredder fines after metals sorting have the potential to be used as an ingredient of a raw material mix for cement kilns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Jagodzińska
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Brinellvägen 23, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Weihong Yang
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Brinellvägen 23, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pär Göran Jönsson
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Brinellvägen 23, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Forsgren
- Stena Recycling International AB, Fiskhamnsgatan 8B, Göteborg, Sweden
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50
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Olejnik A, Kosmela P, Piszczyk Ł. Enhancement of PUR/PIR foam thermal stability after addition of
Zostera marina
biomass component investigated via thermal analysis and isoconversional kinetics. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Olejnik
- Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics Gdansk University of Technology Gdansk Poland
- Centre for Plasma and Laser Engineering The Szewalski Institute of Fluid‐Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences Gdańsk Poland
| | - Paulina Kosmela
- Department of Polymer Technology Gdansk University of Technology Gdansk Poland
| | - Łukasz Piszczyk
- Department of Polymer Technology Gdansk University of Technology Gdansk Poland
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