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Maamoun AA, Abouomar RM, El-Basheer TM, Azab MA, Zaki EG, Elsaeed SM, Elkhateeb A. Improving the acoustic performance of flexible polyurethane foam using biochar modified by (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane coupling agent. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18382. [PMID: 39117693 PMCID: PMC11310357 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68039-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the potential of integrating natural biochar (BC) derived from eggshell waste into flexible polyurethane (FPU) foam to enhance its mechanical and acoustic performance. The study explores the impact of incorporating BC at various weight ratios (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 wt. %) on the properties of the FPU foam. Additionally, the effects of modifying the BC with (3-aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTMS) at different ratios (10, 20, and 30 wt. %) and the influence of diverse particle sizes of BC on the thermal, mechanical, and acoustic characteristics of the FPU composite are investigated. The functional groups, morphology, and elemental composition of the developed FPU composites are analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques. Characteristics such as density, gel fraction, and porosity were also assessed. The results reveal that the density of FPU foam increased by 4.32% and 7.83% while the porosity decreased to 50.22% and 47.05% with the addition of 0.1 wt. % of unmodified BC and modified BC with 20 wt. % APTMS, respectively, compared to unfilled FPU. Additionally, the gel fraction of the FPU matrix increases by 1.91% and 3.55% with the inclusion of 0.1 wt. % unmodified BC and modified BC with 20 wt. % APTMS, respectively. Furthermore, TGA analysis revealed that all FPU composites demonstrate improved thermal stability compared to unfilled FPU, reaching a peak value of 312.17°C for the FPU sample incorporating BC modified with 20 wt. % APTMS. Compression strength increased with 0.1 wt. % untreated BC but decreased at higher concentrations. Modifying BC with 20% APTMS resulted in an 8.23% increase in compressive strength compared to unfilled FPU. Acoustic analysis showed that the addition of BC improved absorption, and modified BC enhanced absorption characteristics of FPU, reaching Class D with a 20 mm thickness. BC modified with APTMS further improved acoustic properties compared to the unfilled FPU sample (Class E), with 20% modification showing the best results. These composites present promising materials for sound absorption applications and address environmental issues related to eggshell waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdelhamid Maamoun
- Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Chemistry Division, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, 1 EL-Sarayat Street-Abdo Basha Sq., Cairo, 11517, Egypt.
| | | | - Tarek M El-Basheer
- Department of Acoustics, Mass and Force Metrology Division, National Institute of Standards (NIS), El-Sadat Street, El-Haram, El-Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Mostafa A Azab
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo, 11727, Egypt
| | - ElSayed G Zaki
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo, 11727, Egypt
| | - Shymaa M Elsaeed
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City, Cairo, 11727, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elkhateeb
- Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, 1 EL-Sarayat Street-Abdo Basha Sq., Cairo, 11517, Egypt
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2
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El-Metwaly EA, Mohamed HE, El-Basheer TM, Moselhy MTH, Zulfiqar S, Cochran EW, Maamoun AA. Eco-conscious upcycling of sugarcane bagasse into flexible polyurethane foam for mechanical & acoustic relevance. RSC Adv 2024; 14:23683-23692. [PMID: 39077325 PMCID: PMC11284533 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04025b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
This study explores the use of sugarcane bagasse (SCB), a byproduct of sugarcane processing, as a bio-filler in the production of flexible polyurethane foam (FPU), focusing on its benefits for both the environment and the economy. By varying the inclusion of SCB waste from 1 to 6 wt%, the research aims to enhance the FPU's mechanical and acoustic characteristics. Techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) were utilized to analyze the chemical structure and surface characteristics of both SCB and the FPU/SCB composites. Additionally, tests on gel fraction, density, and mechanical properties were conducted. The results indicate that adding 4 wt% SCB to FPU considerably improved the foam's properties. This modification resulted in a 148.63% increase in apparent density, a 228.47% rise in compressive strength, and a 116.24% boost in tensile strength. Furthermore, sound absorption across various frequency ranges was enhanced compared to the control foam. Additionally, the findings show that SCB effectively shifts sound absorption characteristics to lower frequencies. Specifically, at a low frequency of 500 Hz, the sound absorption coefficient increased to 0.4 with a foam thickness of 20 mm. This demonstrates that SCB can significantly improve FPU's performance, making it an attractive option for applications requiring noise mitigation, such as in the automotive and construction industries, thereby offering a sustainable solution to waste management and materials innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esraa A El-Metwaly
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University Cairo 11517 Egypt
| | - Hadeel E Mohamed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Materials Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University Cairo 11517 Egypt
| | - Tarek M El-Basheer
- Department of Acoustics, Mass and Force Metrology Division, National Institute of Standards (NIS) El-Sadat Street, El-Haram El-Giza 12211 Egypt
| | | | - Sonia Zulfiqar
- Department of Physical Sciences, Lander University 320 Stanley Ave Greenwood South Carolina 29649 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University Sweeney Hall, 618 Bissell Road Ames Iowa 50011 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava 30. Dubna 22 Ostrava 701 03 Czech Republic
| | - Eric W Cochran
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University Sweeney Hall, 618 Bissell Road Ames Iowa 50011 USA
| | - Ahmed Abdelhamid Maamoun
- Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Chemistry Division, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University Cairo 11517 Egypt
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Prociak T, Bogdal D, Kuranska M, Dlugosz O, Kubik M. The Effect of Rapeseed Oil Biopolyols and Cellulose Biofillers on Selected Properties of Viscoelastic Polyurethane Foams. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3357. [PMID: 38998437 PMCID: PMC11243053 DOI: 10.3390/ma17133357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of research on polyurethane viscoelastic foams (PUVFs) modified with biomaterials. This investigation looked at the effect of the biomaterials on the foaming processes, as well as the acoustical and selected physical-mechanical properties of the foams. Various types of rapeseed oil biopolyols and microcellulose were used to modify the materials. The analysis of properties covered a reference biopolyol-free sample and materials containing 10 wt.%, 20 wt.%, and 30 wt.% of different types of biopolyols in the mixture of polyol components. The biopolyols differed in terms of functionality and hydroxyl value (OHv). Next, a selected formulation was modified with various microcellulose biofillers in the amount of 0.5-2 wt.%. The PUVFs, with apparent densities of more than 210 kg/m3 and open-cell structures (more than 85% of open cells), showed a slow recovery to their original shape after deformation when the pressure force was removed. They were also characterized by a tensile strength in the range of 156-264 kPa, elongation at break of 310-510%, hardness of 8.1-23.1 kPa, and a high comfort factor of 3.1-7.1. The introduction of biopolyols into the polyurethane system resulted in changes in sound intensity levels of up to 31.45%, while the addition of fillers resulted in changes in sound intensity levels of up to 13.81%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Prociak
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (M.K.); (O.D.)
- Stanmark, Halki 6/1, 30-228 Cracow, Poland
| | - Dariusz Bogdal
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (M.K.); (O.D.)
| | - Maria Kuranska
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (M.K.); (O.D.)
| | - Olga Dlugosz
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (M.K.); (O.D.)
| | - Mark Kubik
- Stanmark, Halki 6/1, 30-228 Cracow, Poland
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Pęczek E, Pamuła R, Białowiec A. Recycled Waste as Polyurethane Additives or Fillers: Mini-Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1013. [PMID: 38473487 DOI: 10.3390/ma17051013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The intensive development of the polyurethanes industry and limited resources (also due to the current geopolitical situation) of the raw materials used so far force the search for new solutions to maintain high economic development. Implementing the principles of a circular economy is an approach aimed at reducing the consumption of natural resources in PU production. This is understood as a method of recovery, including recycling, in which waste is processed into PU, and then re-used and placed on the market in the form of finished sustainable products. The effective use of waste is one of the attributes of the modern economy. Around the world, new ways to process or use recycled materials for polyurethane production are investigated. That is why innovative research is so important, in which development may change the existing thinking about the form of waste recovery. The paper presents the possibilities of recycling waste (such as biochar, bagasse, waste lignin, residual algal cellulose, residual pineapple cellulose, walnut shells, silanized walnut shells, basalt waste, eggshells, chicken feathers, turkey feathers, fiber, fly ash, wood flour, buffing dust, thermoplastic elastomers, thermoplastic polyurethane, ground corncake, Tetra Pak®, coffee grounds, pine seed shells, yerba mate, the bark of Western Red Cedar, coconut husk ash, cuttlebone, glass fibers and mussel shell) as additives or fillers in the formulation of polyurethanes, which can partially or completely replace petrochemical raw materials. Numerous examples of waste applications of one-component polyurethanes have been given. A new unexplored niche for the research on waste recycling for the production of two components has been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Pęczek
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a Chełmońskiego Str., 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
- Selena Industrial Technologies Sp. z o.o., Pieszycka 3, 58-200 Dzierżoniów, Poland
| | - Renata Pamuła
- Selena Industrial Technologies Sp. z o.o., Pieszycka 3, 58-200 Dzierżoniów, Poland
| | - Andrzej Białowiec
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a Chełmońskiego Str., 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
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Kamairudin N, Abdullah LC, Hoong SS, Biak DRA, Ariffin H. Preparation and Effect of Methyl-Oleate-Based Polyol on the Properties of Rigid Polyurethane Foams as Potential Thermal Insulation Material. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3028. [PMID: 37514418 PMCID: PMC10384020 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, most of the commercial polyols used in the production of rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) have been derived from petrochemicals. Therefore, the introduction of modified palm oil derivatives-based polyol as a renewable material into the formulation of RPUFs is the focus of this study. A palm oil derivative-namely, methyl oleate (MO)-was successfully modified through three steps of reactions: epoxidation reaction, ring-opened with glycerol, followed by amidation reaction to produce a bio-based polyol named alkanolamide polyol. Physicochemical properties of the alkanolamide polyol were analyzed. The hydroxyl value of alkanolamide polyol was 313 mg KOH/g, which is suitable for producing RPUFs. Therefore, RPUFs were produced by replacing petrochemical polyol with alkanolamide polyol. The effects of alkanolamide polyol on the physical, mechanical and thermal properties were evaluated. The results showed that the apparent density and compressive strength increased, and cell size decreased, upon introducing alkanolamide polyol. All the RPUFs exhibited low water absorption and excellent dimensional stability. The RPUFs made with increased amounts of alkanolamide polyol showed higher thermal conductivity. Nevertheless, the thermal conductivities of RPUFs made with alkanolamide polyol are still within the range for thermal insulating materials (<0.1 W/m.K). The thermal stability of RPUFs was improved with the addition of alkanolamide polyol into the system. Thus, the RPUFs made from alkanolamide polyol are potential candidates to be used as insulation for refrigerators or freezers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norsuhaili Kamairudin
- Higher Education Centre of Excellence (HiCoE), Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Product, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Luqman Chuah Abdullah
- Higher Education Centre of Excellence (HiCoE), Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Product, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Seng Soi Hoong
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Dayang Radiah Awang Biak
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hidayah Ariffin
- Higher Education Centre of Excellence (HiCoE), Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Product, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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Banik J, Chakraborty D, Rizwan M, Shaik AH, Chandan MR. Review on disposal, recycling and management of waste polyurethane foams: A way ahead. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2023; 41:1063-1080. [PMID: 36644994 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x221146082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
With the burning issue of air, land and water pollution, the premonition of looking forward towards a future devoid of any kind of oil and gas reserves has caused a paradigm shift towards recycling, recovery of any synthetic polymer and also to dispose them off environmentally. Among them are plastics such as polyethylene terephthalate and poly vinyl chloride. Polyurethane (PU) is also under the scanner to dispose of or recycle it environmentally and sustainably. PU is at present the sixth most utilized polymer all over the world with a production of nearly 18 million tonnes per annum, which roughly estimates a daily production of PU products of greater than a million of cubic metres. Its thermostable nature is one of the major reasons for its higher preference over other polymers. This review article discusses the current disposal and technologies available to recycle waste PU foams and also sheds some light on some additional work being done in the field to upgrade the existing technology. Interestingly, some methods mentioned here are probably undergoing scale-up trials runs by now. Currently, the most researched and studied ones are mechanical recycling and glycolysis. But microbial and enzymatic disposal methods can be turned into full-scale industrial recycling processes in the near future. Additionally, we can see an archetypal shift from traditional oil-based sources to the agrarian sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotiparna Banik
- Colloids and Polymers Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, TN, India
| | - Debdyuti Chakraborty
- Colloids and Polymers Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, TN, India
| | - Mohammed Rizwan
- Colloids and Polymers Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, TN, India
| | - Aabid Hussain Shaik
- Colloids and Polymers Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, TN, India
| | - Mohammed Rehaan Chandan
- Colloids and Polymers Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, TN, India
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Acosta AP, Kairytė A, Członka S, Miedzińska K, Aramburu AB, Barbosa KT, Amico SC, Delucis RDA. Rigid Polyurethane Biofoams Filled with Pine Seed Shell and Yerba Mate Wastes. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092194. [PMID: 37177340 PMCID: PMC10180977 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pine seed shells and yerba mate are common wastes leftover from the food and beverage industry. This study presents the development of rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) filled with pine seed shells and yerba mate at 5, 10 and 15 wt%. The fillers were characterized for chemical properties using bench chemistry analyses, and the RPUFs were investigated in terms of chemical, morphological, mechanical, thermal and colorimetric characteristics. The main results indicated that yerba mate showed good compatibility with the polyurethane system, probably because its available hydroxyl groups reacted with isocyanate groups to form urethane bonds, producing increases in mechanical and thermal properties. However, pine seed shell did not appear to be compatible. Anisotropy increased slightly, as there was an increase in the percentage of reinforcement. The mechanical properties of the yerba mate reinforced foams proved stable, while there was a loss of overall up to ~50% for all mechanical properties in those reinforced with pine seed shell. Thermal properties were improved up to ~40% for the yerba mate reinforced foams, while those reinforced with pine nuts were stable. It was possible to observe a decrease in the glass transition temperature (Tg) of ~-5 °C for the yerba mate reinforced foams and ~-14 °C for the pine seed shell reinforced ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Pereira Acosta
- Postgraduate Program in Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Agnė Kairytė
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenų St. 28, 08217 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sylwia Członka
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Karolina Miedzińska
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Arthur Behenck Aramburu
- Postgraduate Program in Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Kelvin Techera Barbosa
- Postgraduate Program in Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Sandro Campos Amico
- Postgraduate Program in Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Rafael de Avila Delucis
- Postgraduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering (PPGCEM), Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas 96010-610, Brazil
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Sowińska-Baranowska A, Maciejewska M. Potential Utilization of Ground Eggshells as a Biofiller for Natural Rubber Biocomposites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2988. [PMID: 37109824 PMCID: PMC10143961 DOI: 10.3390/ma16082988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was application of ground eggshells in various amounts by weight as a biofiller for natural rubber (NR) biocomposites. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), ionic liquids (ILs), i.e., 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BmiCl) and 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide (DmiBr), and silanes, i.e., (3-aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane (APTES) and bis [3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl] tetrasulfide (TESPTS), were used to increase the activity of ground eggshells in the elastomer matrix and to ameliorate the cure characteristics and properties of NR biocomposites. The influence of ground eggshells, CTAB, ILs, and silanes on the crosslink density, mechanical properties, and thermal stability of NR vulcanizates and their resistance to prolonged thermo-oxidation were explored. The amount of eggshells affected the curing characteristics and crosslink density of the rubber composites and therefore their tensile properties. Vulcanizates filled with eggshells demonstrated higher crosslink density than the unfilled sample by approximately 30%, whereas CTAB and ILs increased the crosslink density by 40-60% compared to the benchmark. Owing to the enhanced crosslink density and uniform dispersion of ground eggshells, vulcanizates containing CTAB and ILs exhibited tensile strength improved by approximately 20% compared to those without these additives. Moreover, the hardness of these vulcanizates was increased by 35-42%. Application of both the biofiller and the tested additives did not significantly affect the thermal stability of cured NR compared to the unfilled benchmark. Most importantly, the eggshell-filled vulcanizates showed improved resistance to thermo-oxidative aging compared to the unfilled NR.
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Varghese SA, Pulikkalparambil H, Promhuad K, Srisa A, Laorenza Y, Jarupan L, Nampitch T, Chonhenchob V, Harnkarnsujarit N. Renovation of Agro-Waste for Sustainable Food Packaging: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030648. [PMID: 36771949 PMCID: PMC9920369 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Waste management in the agricultural sector has become a major concern. Increased food production to satisfy the surge in population has resulted in the generation of large volumes of solid waste. Agro-waste is a rich source of biocompounds with high potential as a raw material for food packaging. Utilization of agro-waste supports the goal of sustainable development in a circular economy. This paper reviews recent trends and the development of agro-wastes from plant and animal sources into eco-friendly food packaging systems. Different plant and animal sources and their potential development into packaging are discussed, including crop residues, process residues, vegetable and fruit wastes, and animal-derived wastes. A comprehensive analysis of the properties and production methods of these packages is presented. Future aspects of agro-waste packaging systems and the inherent production problems are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Alice Varghese
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd., Latyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Harikrishnan Pulikkalparambil
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd., Latyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Khwanchat Promhuad
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd., Latyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Atcharawan Srisa
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd., Latyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Yeyen Laorenza
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd., Latyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Lerpong Jarupan
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd., Latyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd., Latyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Tarinee Nampitch
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd., Latyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Vanee Chonhenchob
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd., Latyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd., Latyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Nathdanai Harnkarnsujarit
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd., Latyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies for Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd., Latyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +662-562-5045; Fax: +662-562-5046
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10
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Soykan U, Khaleel M, Cetin S, Yahsi U, Tav C. Investigation of the relation between free volume and physico-mechanical performance in rigid polyurethane foam containing turkey feather fibers: Part 2. J CELL PLAST 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x221144541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) were modified with 0–15 wt.% turkey feather fibers (TFFs) produced from waste turkey feathers. One-shut free rising method was used for the production of TFFs-filled-RPUFs in a closed mold. The dependence of mechanical performance and water vapor permeability (WVP) feature of the final foams on TFFs loading was evaluated with free volume change. The free volume analysis was performed via Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS), while the mechanical and WVP characteristics were determined with the use of the universal tester machines. PALS findings showed that the incorporation of TFFs with RPUF matrix caused the considerable diminishment in the free volume due to TFFs serving as a filling material and formation of strong secondary bonds between components. Moreover, tensile strength and extension of the foams decreased with the increasing of TFFs, which caused by the occurrence of noteworthy restriction on the spatial alignment and orientation capability of polyurethane chains due to the lack of sufficient free volume allowing the chains to move freely. As for the compression tests, all the TFFs-loaded RPUFs depicted substantially lower performance due to TFFs interfering with the ordered organization of isocyanate domains. Moreover, impact test results showed that the addition of TFFs into RPUF matrix brought about the insufficient impact energy delocalization throughout the matrix due to the restriction on the mobility of polymer chains. Additionally, the remarkable diminishment in WVP was recorded due to the reduction in the number of vacancies and constitution of keratin composed of roundly 60% of hydrophilic protein (especially cystine). All in all, this study established a strong links between free volume and characteristics of TFFs-loaded RPUFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Soykan
- Yenicaga Yasar Celik Vocational School, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Khaleel
- Departmant of Chemistry, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Sedat Cetin
- Departmant of Chemistry, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Ugur Yahsi
- Deparmant of Physics, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cumali Tav
- Deparmant of Physics, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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11
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Rigid Polyurethane Biofoams Filled with Chemically Compatible Fruit Peels. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214526. [PMID: 36365520 PMCID: PMC9654621 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Banana and bergamot peels are underutilized byproducts of the essential oil and juice-processing industry. This study was designed for the development of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) composites using polysaccharide-rich fruit peels as fillers. These fillers were characterized for chemical properties using wet analyses. Additionally, the influences of the filler type and filler content on morphological, thermal, mechanical, hygroscopic, and colorimetric properties of the RPUF were investigated. The main results indicated that, in a comparison with the neat RPUF, the insertion of up to 15% of fillers yielded similar water uptake, apparent density, compressive strength, and color properties, as well as increases up to 115% in thermal stability and up to 80% in cell size.
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12
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Mirski R, Walkiewicz J, Dukarska D, Derkowski A. Morphological Features of PUR-Wood Particle Composite Foams. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6741. [PMID: 36234081 PMCID: PMC9571402 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to apply waste wood particles (WP) with different sizes from primary wood processing as a filler for open-cell PUR foams. For this purpose, various wood particle sizes were added as a filler for polyurethane foams (PUR). The effects of the addition of of 0.05−<0.125 mm, 0.125−<0.315 mm, 0.315−1.25 mm, and >1.25−2.0 of WP to the polyurethane matrix on the density, the kinetics of PUR foaming, the cell structure, and the morphology were investigated. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray computer tomography were used. Based on the results, it was found that the addition of WP in the amount of 10% leads to an increase in density with an increase in particle size. The research shows that the morphology of the PUR-WP foam is influenced by its particle size. The difference in the number and size of cells in PUR-WP composites depends on the wood particle size. The addition of dust causes the formation of cells of much smaller sizes; confirmed by SEM images. Moreover, computer tomography clearly demonstrates that the WP are well-dispersed within the foams’ structures.
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13
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A Review of Rigid Polymeric Cellular Foams and Their Greener Tannin-Based Alternatives. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14193974. [PMID: 36235923 PMCID: PMC9572835 DOI: 10.3390/polym14193974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the description of the main processes and materials used for the formulation of rigid polymer foams. Polyurethanes and their derivatives, as well as phenolic systems, are described, and their main components, foaming routes, end of life, and recycling are considered. Due to environmental concerns and the need to find bio-based alternatives for these products, special attention is given to a recent class of polymeric foams: tannin-based foams. In addition to their formulation and foaming procedures, their main structural, thermal, mechanical, and fire resistance properties are described in detail, with emphasis on their advanced applications and recycling routes. These systems have been shown to possess very interesting properties that allow them to be considered as potential substitutes for non-renewable rigid polymeric cellular foams.
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14
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Tiuc AE, Borlea (Mureșan) SI, Nemeș O, Vermeșan H, Vasile O, Popa F, Pințoi R. New Composite Materials Made from Rigid/Flexible Polyurethane Foams with Fir Sawdust: Acoustic and Thermal Behavior. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173643. [PMID: 36080718 PMCID: PMC9459929 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to obtain new materials with improved sound absorbing and thermal properties, using rigid or flexible polyurethane foam reinforced with recycled fir sawdust from wood processing as well as by optimizing their mixing ratio. In this respect, we prepared and characterized samples by mixing rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF)/flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) with 0, 35, 40, 45, and 50 wt% fir sawdust (FS) with grains size larger than 2 mm. The samples were evaluated by cell morphology analysis, sound absorption, and thermal insulation performance. The obtained composite materials containing 50% sawdust have superior acoustic properties compared to those with 100% FPUF in the range of 420-1250 Hz. The addition of 35% and 50% FS in the FPUF matrix led to improved thermal insulation properties and decreased thermal insulation properties in the case of RPUF. The results show that the use of FS-based composites with the FPUF/RPUF matrix for sound absorption and thermal insulation applications is a desirable choice and could be applied as an alternative to conventional synthetic fiber-based materials and as a recycling method of waste wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ancuța-Elena Tiuc
- Department Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Development Entrepreneurship, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.-E.T.); (O.N.); (H.V.)
| | - Simona Ioana Borlea (Mureșan)
- Department Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Development Entrepreneurship, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Nemeș
- Department Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Development Entrepreneurship, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.-E.T.); (O.N.); (H.V.)
| | - Horațiu Vermeșan
- Department Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Development Entrepreneurship, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.-E.T.); (O.N.); (H.V.)
| | - Ovidiu Vasile
- Department of Mechanics, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florin Popa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400641 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ramona Pințoi
- Department of Applied Mechanics and Civil Construction, University of Craiova, 200512 Craiova, Romania
- Research Institute for Construction Equipment and Technology—ICECON S.A., 060042 Bucharest, Romania
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15
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Kamińska K, Barczewski M, Kurańska M, Malewska E, Polaczek K, Prociak A. The Effect of a Chemical Foaming Agent and the Isocyanate Index on the Properties of Open-Cell Polyurethane Foams. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6087. [PMID: 36079468 PMCID: PMC9457523 DOI: 10.3390/ma15176087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This article presents an ecological approach based on climate neutrality to the synthesis of open-cell polyurethane foams with modified used cooking rapeseed oils. Water was used as a chemical blowing agent in the amount of 20-28 wt.% in relation to the weight of the bio-polyol. The influence of water on the physical and mechanical properties of the synthesized foams was investigated. The resultant porous materials were tested for the content of closed cells, cell structure, apparent density, thermal conductivity, compressive strength, and dimensional stability. It was found that the apparent density decreased in the range of 11-13 kg/m3 when the amount of the foaming agent was increased. In the next step, a foam with a water content of 22% was selected as having the most favorable physico-mechanical properties among all the foams with various water contents. The isocyanate index of the selected foam was then changed from 0.6 to 1.1 and it was observed that the compressive strength increased by an average of 10 kPa. The thermal conductivity coefficients of the final materials with different water contents and isocyanate indices were comparable and in the range of 40-43 mW/m·K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Kamińska
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Mateusz Barczewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland
| | - Maria Kurańska
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Malewska
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Polaczek
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Aleksander Prociak
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
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16
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Comparative Study on Selected Properties of Modified Polyurethane Foam with Fly Ash. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179725. [PMID: 36077123 PMCID: PMC9456515 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the article is to compare two types of fly ash (from the fluidized and pulverized coal combustion process) as a filler for rigid polyurethane foam. Pulverized fly ash (PFA) is widely used in building materials, while fluidized fly ash (FFA) is not currently recycled, but landfilled. The produced rigid polyurethane foams were reinforced with 5 and 10% by weight addition of fly ash from two different types of boilers. The foaming process, physical properties, morphologies and thermal degradation were subject to comparative analysis. The research indicated that fly ash intensifies the reactions of foam synthesis, most commonly, polyurethane (PU) foam with an addition of 10% PFA. What is interesting is that both ashes can be used in PU foam technology as they do not cause deterioration of the physical parameters. As shown, the addition of filler affects the morphology and impairs the brittleness. Additionally, the use of fly ash from coal combustion in the technology of polyurethane materials complies with the guidelines of the circular economy stated in the European Union legislation. Partial replacement of petrochemical components with waste filler also reduces the total energy consumption in the production of PU composites.
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17
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Properties of Rigid Polyurethane Foam Filled with Sawdust from Primary Wood Processing. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15155361. [PMID: 35955296 PMCID: PMC9369502 DOI: 10.3390/ma15155361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the possibility of using sawdust, a by-product of primary wood processing, as a filler (WF) for rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams was investigated. The effects of the addition of 5, 10, 15 and 20% of WF particles to the polyurethane matrix on the foaming process, cell structure and selected physical-mechanical properties such as density, thermal conductivity, dimensional stability, water absorption, brittleness, compressive and bending strengths were evaluated. Based on the results, it was found that the addition of WF in the amount of up to 10% does not significantly affect the kinetics of the foam foaming process, allowing the reduction of their thermal conductivity, significantly reducing brittleness and maintaining high dimensional stability. On the other hand, such an amount of WF causes a slight decrease in the compressive strength of the foam, a decrease in its bending strength and an increase in water absorption. However, it is important that in spite of the observed decrease in the values of these parameters, the obtained results are satisfactory and consistent with the parameters of insulation materials based on rigid PUR foam, currently available on the market.
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18
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Ates M, Karadag S, Eker AA, Eker B. Polyurethane foam materials and their industrial applications. POLYM INT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Murat Ates
- Atespolymer Research group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Degirmenalti Campus, 59030, Tekirdag Turkey
- Nanochem Polymer Energy Company, Silahtaraga Mh., University 1st street, Number: 13/1 Z102, Tekirdag Turkey
| | - Selin Karadag
- Atespolymer Research group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Degirmenalti Campus, 59030, Tekirdag Turkey
| | - Aysegul Akdogan Eker
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Yildiz Technical University, 34349, Besiktas Istanbul Turkey
| | - Bulent Eker
- Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, 59030, Tekirdag Turkey
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19
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Aramburu AB, Guidoti AB, Schneider DM, Cruz ND, de Avila Delucis R. Colour of polyurethane foams filled with wood and wood derivatives exposed to two xylophagous fungi. J CELL PLAST 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x221074608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study addresses changes in aesthetical features of bio-based polyurethane (PU) foams filled with four forest-based particles (namely wood flour, wood bark, kraft lignin, and paper sludge), which were decayed by two wood-rot fungi. White-rot and brown-rot fungi were inoculated on these foams and further characterization results were obtained using colourimetric parameters measured according to the CIELab method. The fungi penetrated into both intra and intercellular spaces into the PU foams, although it neither changed the foam weight nor chemically interacted with the polymer cell wall. These fungi changed overall the appearance of the foams, which indicates that a protective strategy against these microorganisms may be of interest, especially for foam parts used in contact with wood products. The neat PU presented smaller colour stability if compared to the filled foams. Among the fillers, powdered kraft lignin stood out and can be indicated to produce valuable darkened PU parts with stable colour patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur B Aramburu
- Post-Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Arthur B Guidoti
- Post-Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Nidria D Cruz
- Post-Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael de Avila Delucis
- Post-Graduate Program in Materials Science and Engineering, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
- Civil Engineering, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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20
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Fabrication of castor oil-derived polyurethane mortar composites with energy saving and sound absorption characteristics. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02836-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Kuźnia M, Magiera A, Zygmunt-Kowalska B, Kaczorek-Chrobak K, Pielichowska K, Szatkowski P, Benko A, Ziąbka M, Jerzak W. Fly Ash as an Eco-Friendly Filler for Rigid Polyurethane Foams Modification. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14216604. [PMID: 34772126 PMCID: PMC8585223 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is currently a growing demand for more effective thermal insulation materials with the best performance properties. This research paper presents the investigation results on the influence of two types of filler on the structure and properties of rigid polyurethane foam composites. Fly ash as a product of coal combustion in power plants and microspheres of 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt.%, were used as rigid polyurethane foams modifiers. The results of thermal analysis, mechanical properties testing, and cellular structure investigation performed for polyurethane composites show that the addition of fly ash, up to 10 wt.%, significantly improved the majority of the tested parameters. The use of up to 20 wt.% of microspheres improves the mechanical and thermal properties and thermal stability of rigid polyurethane foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kuźnia
- Department of Heat Engineering and Environment Protection, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (A.M.); (B.Z.-K.); (W.J.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Magiera
- Department of Heat Engineering and Environment Protection, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (A.M.); (B.Z.-K.); (W.J.)
| | - Beata Zygmunt-Kowalska
- Department of Heat Engineering and Environment Protection, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (A.M.); (B.Z.-K.); (W.J.)
| | | | - Kinga Pielichowska
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (K.P.); (P.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Piotr Szatkowski
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (K.P.); (P.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Aleksandra Benko
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (K.P.); (P.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Magdalena Ziąbka
- Department of Ceramics and Refractories, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Jerzak
- Department of Heat Engineering and Environment Protection, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (A.M.); (B.Z.-K.); (W.J.)
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22
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Coccia F, Gryshchuk L, Moimare P, Bossa FDL, Santillo C, Barak-Kulbak E, Verdolotti L, Boggioni L, Lama GC. Chemically Functionalized Cellulose Nanocrystals as Reactive Filler in Bio-Based Polyurethane Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2556. [PMID: 34372159 PMCID: PMC8348027 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose Nanocrystals, CNC, opportunely functionalized are proposed as reactive fillers in bio-based flexible polyurethane foams to improve, mainly, their mechanical properties. To overcome the cellulose hydrophilicity, CNC was functionalized on its surface by linking covalently a suitable bio-based polyol to obtain a grafted-CNC. The polyols grafted with CNC will react with the isocyanate in the preparation of the polyurethane foams. An attractive way to introduce functionalities on cellulose surfaces in aqueous media is silane chemistry by using functional trialkoxy silanes, X-Si (OR)3. Here, we report the synthesis of CNC-grafted-biopolyol to be used as a successful reactive filler in bio-based polyurethane foams, PUFs. The alkyl silanes were used as efficient coupling agents for the grafting of CNC and bio-polyols. Four strategies to obtain CNC-grafted-polyol were fine-tuned to use CNC as an active filler in PUFs. The effective grafting of the bio polyol on CNC was evaluated by FTIR analysis, and the amount of grafted polyol by thermogravimetric analysis. Finally, the morphological, thermal and mechanical properties and hydrophobicity of filled PUFs were thoughtfully assessed as well as the structure of the foams and, in particular, of the edges and walls of the cell foams by means of the Gibson-Ashby model. Improved thermal stability and mechanical properties of PU foams containing CNC-functionalized-polyol are observed. The morphology of the PU foams is also influenced by the functionalization of the CNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Coccia
- Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies—“G. Natta”, National Research Council, via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (P.M.)
| | - Liudmyla Gryshchuk
- Leibniz-Institut für Verbundwerkstoffe GmbH, Technische Universität, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 58, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany;
| | - Pierluigi Moimare
- Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies—“G. Natta”, National Research Council, via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (P.M.)
| | - Ferdinando de Luca Bossa
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials, National Research Council, Piazzale Enrico Fermi, 80055 Portici, Italy; (F.d.L.B.); (C.S.); (G.C.L.)
| | - Chiara Santillo
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials, National Research Council, Piazzale Enrico Fermi, 80055 Portici, Italy; (F.d.L.B.); (C.S.); (G.C.L.)
| | | | - Letizia Verdolotti
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials, National Research Council, Piazzale Enrico Fermi, 80055 Portici, Italy; (F.d.L.B.); (C.S.); (G.C.L.)
| | - Laura Boggioni
- Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies—“G. Natta”, National Research Council, via A. Corti 12, 20133 Milan, Italy; (F.C.); (P.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Cesare Lama
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials, National Research Council, Piazzale Enrico Fermi, 80055 Portici, Italy; (F.d.L.B.); (C.S.); (G.C.L.)
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23
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Černá T, Pražanová K, Beneš H, Titov I, Klubalová K, Filipová A, Klusoň P, Cajthaml T. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon accumulation in aged and unaged polyurethane microplastics in contaminated soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 770:145254. [PMID: 33736377 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of microplastics (MPs) and common environmental organic pollutants has been a frequently discussed topic in recent years. Although the estimated contamination caused by MPs in terrestrial ecosystems is one order of magnitude higher than that in the oceans, experiments have been conducted solely in an aqueous matrix. Therefore, an experiment was carried out with two soils differing in their concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polyurethane foams used for scent fences along roads and crop fields. Two types of polyurethane foam (biodegradable and conventional in aged and unaged form) were exposed to soils containing PAHs that originated from historically contaminated localities. The exposure lasted 28 days, and a newly developed three-step procedure to separate MPs from soil was then applied. Biodegradable polyurethane MPs exhibited a strong tendency to accumulate PAHs after 7 days, and their concentrations significantly grew over time. In contrast, the sorption of PAHs on conventional polyurethane MPs was substantially lower (a maximum of 3.6 times higher concentration than that in the soil). Neither type of foam changed their sorption behaviors after the aging procedure. The results indicate that the flexibility of the polyurethane polymeric network could be the main driving factor for the sorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Černá
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, Prague 2, Czech Republic; Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Pražanová
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Hynek Beneš
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského náměstí 2, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Titov
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, Prague 2, Czech Republic; Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Klubalová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Filipová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Klusoň
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, Prague 2, Czech Republic; Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 1/135, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Cajthaml
- Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, Prague 2, Czech Republic; Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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24
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Oliwa R, Ryszkowska J, Oleksy M, Auguścik-Królikowska M, Gzik M, Bartoń J, Budzik G. Effects of Various Types of Expandable Graphite and Blackcurrant Pomace on the Properties of Viscoelastic Polyurethane Foams. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:1801. [PMID: 33917343 PMCID: PMC8038687 DOI: 10.3390/ma14071801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of the type and amount of expandable graphite (EG) and blackcurrant pomace (BCP) on the flammability, thermal stability, mechanical properties, physical, and chemical structure of viscoelastic polyurethane foams (VEF). For this purpose, the polyurethane foams containing EG, BCP, and EG with BCP were obtained. The content of EG varied in the range of 3-15 per hundred polyols (php), while the BCP content was 30 php. Based on the obtained results, it was found that the additional introduction of BCPs into EG-containing composites allows for an additive effect in improving the functional properties of viscoelastic polyurethane foams. As a result, the composite containing 30 php of BCP and 15 php of EG with the largest particle size and expanded volume shows the largest change in the studied parameters (hardness (H) = 2.65 kPa (+16.2%), limiting oxygen index (LOI) = 26% (+44.4%), and peak heat release rate (pHRR) = 15.5 kW/m2 (-87.4%)). In addition, this composite was characterized by the highest char yield (m600 = 17.9% (+44.1%)). In turn, the change in mechanical properties is related to a change in the physical and chemical structure of the foams as indicated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Oliwa
- Department of Polymer Composites, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, PL-35959 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Joanna Ryszkowska
- Department of Ceramics and Polymers, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, PL-02507 Warsaw, Poland; (J.R.); (M.A.-K.); (M.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Mariusz Oleksy
- Department of Polymer Composites, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, PL-35959 Rzeszow, Poland;
| | - Monika Auguścik-Królikowska
- Department of Ceramics and Polymers, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, PL-02507 Warsaw, Poland; (J.R.); (M.A.-K.); (M.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Małgorzata Gzik
- Department of Ceramics and Polymers, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, PL-02507 Warsaw, Poland; (J.R.); (M.A.-K.); (M.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Joanna Bartoń
- Department of Ceramics and Polymers, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, PL-02507 Warsaw, Poland; (J.R.); (M.A.-K.); (M.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Grzegorz Budzik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, Rzeszow University of Technology, PL-35959 Rzeszow, Poland;
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Członka S, Kairytė A, Miedzińska K, Strąkowska A, Adamus-Włodarczyk A. Mechanically Strong Polyurethane Composites Reinforced with Montmorillonite-Modified Sage Filler ( Salvia officinalis L.). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3744. [PMID: 33916847 PMCID: PMC8038432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams reinforced with 1, 2, and 5 wt.% of salvia filler (SO filler) and montmorillonite-modified salvia filler (MMT-modified SO filler) were produced in the following study. The impact of 1, 2, and 5 wt.% of SO filler and MMT-modified SO filler on the morphological, chemical, and mechanical properties of PUR composites were examined. In both cases, the addition of 1 and 2 wt.% of SO fillers resulted in the synthesis of PUR composites with improved physicomechanical properties, while the addition of 5 wt.% of SO fillers resulted in the formation of PUR composites with a less uniform structure and, therefore, some deterioration in their physicomechanical performances. Moreover, the results showed that the modification of SO filler with MMT improved the interphase compatibility between filler surface and PUR matrix. Therefore, such reinforced PUR composites were characterized by a well-developed closed-cell structure and improved mechanical, thermal, and flame-retardant performances. For example, when compared with reference foam, the addition of 2 wt.% of MMT-modified SO filler resulted in the formation of PUR composites with greater mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural strength) and improved dynamic-mechanical properties (storage modulus). The PUR composites were characterized by better thermal stability as well as improved flame retardancy-e.g., decreased peak rate of heat release (pHRR), reduced total smoke release (TSR), and increased limiting oxygen index (LOI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Członka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnė Kairytė
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Building Materials, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenu St. 28, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Karolina Miedzińska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Strąkowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Adamus-Włodarczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
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Chaali M, Rivera Ortiz HA, Cano BD, Brar SK, Ramirez AA, Arriaga S, Heitz M. Immobilization of nitrifying bacteria on composite based on polymers and eggshells for nitrate production. J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 131:663-670. [PMID: 33757751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Nitrification is a key step in biological nitrogen transformation which depends on the performance of specialized microorganisms. Generally, nitrifying bacteria present a low growth rate and performance which can be improved when immobilized as a biofilm. The development of new materials suitable for the immobilization of nitrifying microorganisms is very important in nitrification and wastewater treatment. In this study, the effect of eggshell powder on biofilm formation by Nitrosomonas europaea an ammonium-oxidizing bacteria and Nitrobacter vulgaris a nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, on new polymeric supports were analyzed. Polylactic acid, polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene were tested to produce polymer-eggshells powder composites and used as biofilm supports for nitrifying bacteria. The support material was characterized to identify the most suitable polymer-eggshells powder combination for the cell adhesion and biofilm formation. The nitrification results showed a highest nitrate production of 42 mg NO3--N/L with polylactic acid-eggshell composite, with the best surface properties for cellular adhesion. Finally, scanning electron microscopy micrographs confirmed the best biofilm formed on polylactic acid-eggshell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Chaali
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique Centre - Eau Terre Environnement, 490 Rue de la Couronne, Québec, QC, G1K 9A9, Canada
| | - Hugo Alejandro Rivera Ortiz
- Centre National en Électrochimie et en Technologies Environnementales, 2263 Avenue du Collège, Shawinigan, QC, G9N 6V8, Canada
| | - Beatriz Delgado Cano
- Centre National en Électrochimie et en Technologies Environnementales, 2263 Avenue du Collège, Shawinigan, QC, G9N 6V8, Canada
| | - Satinder Kaur Brar
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique Centre - Eau Terre Environnement, 490 Rue de la Couronne, Québec, QC, G1K 9A9, Canada; Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, North York, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | - Antonio Avalos Ramirez
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique Centre - Eau Terre Environnement, 490 Rue de la Couronne, Québec, QC, G1K 9A9, Canada; Centre National en Électrochimie et en Technologies Environnementales, 2263 Avenue du Collège, Shawinigan, QC, G9N 6V8, Canada
| | - Sonia Arriaga
- Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, División de Ciencias Ambientales Camino a la Presa San José No. 2055, Lomás 4ta. Sección, 78216, San Luis, S.L.P., Mexico
| | - Michèle Heitz
- Département de Génie Chimique et de Génie Biotechnologique, Faculté de Génie, 2500 Boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
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Park SJ, Cho SH, Seo HW, Nam JD, Suhr J. Natural cork agglomerate enabled mechanically robust rigid polyurethane foams with outstanding viscoelastic damping properties. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hejna A, Olszewski A, Zedler Ł, Kosmela P, Formela K. The Impact of Ground Tire Rubber Oxidation with H 2O 2 and KMnO 4 on the Structure and Performance of Flexible Polyurethane/Ground Tire Rubber Composite Foams. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14030499. [PMID: 33494274 PMCID: PMC7864513 DOI: 10.3390/ma14030499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The use of waste tires is a very critical issue, considering their environmental and economic implications. One of the simplest and the least harmful methods is conversion of tires into ground tire rubber (GTR), which can be introduced into different polymer matrices as a filler. However, these applications often require proper modifications to provide compatibility with the polymer matrix. In this study, we examined the impact of GTR oxidation with hydrogen peroxide and potassium permanganate on the processing and properties of flexible polyurethane/GTR composite foams. Applied treatments caused oxidation and introduction of hydroxyl groups onto the surface of rubber particles, expressed by the broad range of their hydroxyl numbers. It resulted in noticeable differences in the processing of the polyurethane system and affected the structure of flexible composite foams. Treatment with H2O2 resulted in a 31% rise of apparent density, while the catalytic activity of potassium ions enhanced foaming of system decreased density by 25% and increased the open cell content. Better mechanical performance was noted for H2O2 modifications (even by 100% higher normalized compressive strength), because of the voids in cell walls and incompletely developed structure during polymerization, accelerated by KMnO4 treatment. This paper shows that modification of ground tire rubber is a very promising approach, and when properly performed may be applied to engineer the structure and performance of polyurethane composite foams.
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Kerche EF, Silva VD, Silveira Jankee G, Schrekker HS, Avila Delucis R, Irulappasamy S, Amico SC. Aramid pulp treated with imidazolium ionic liquids as a filler in rigid polyurethane bio‐foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Fischer Kerche
- Post graduate program in mining, metalurgical and materials (PPGE3M), Engineering School Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Vinícius Demétrio Silva
- Post graduate program in mining, metalurgical and materials (PPGE3M), Engineering School Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Gabriela Silveira Jankee
- Post graduate program in mining, metalurgical and materials (PPGE3M), Engineering School Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | | | | | - Siva Irulappasamy
- Center for Composite Materials Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education Anand Nagar India
| | - Sandro Campos Amico
- Post graduate program in mining, metalurgical and materials (PPGE3M), Engineering School Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
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Członka S, Kairytė A, Miedzińska K, Strąkowska A. Polyurethane Hybrid Composites Reinforced with Lavender Residue Functionalized with Kaolinite and Hydroxyapatite. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:415. [PMID: 33467655 PMCID: PMC7829896 DOI: 10.3390/ma14020415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane (PUR) composites were modified with 2 wt.% of lavender fillers functionalized with kaolinite (K) and hydroxyapatite (HA). The impact of lavender fillers on selected properties of PUR composites, such as rheological properties (dynamic viscosity, foaming behavior), mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural strength, impact strength), insulation properties (thermal conductivity), thermal characteristic (temperature of thermal decomposition stages), flame retardancy (e.g., ignition time, limiting oxygen index, heat peak release) and performance properties (water uptake, contact angle) was investigated. Among all modified types of PUR composites, the greatest improvement was observed for PUR composites filled with lavender fillers functionalized with kaolinite and hydroxyapatite. For example, on the addition of functionalized lavender fillers, the compressive strength was enhanced by ~16-18%, flexural strength by ~9-12%, and impact strength by ~7%. Due to the functionalization of lavender filler with thermally stable flame retardant compounds, such modified PUR composites were characterized by higher temperatures of thermal decomposition. Most importantly, PUR composites filled with flame retardant compounds exhibited improved flame resistance characteristics-in both cases, the value of peak heat release was reduced by ~50%, while the value of total smoke release was reduced by ~30%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Członka
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Agnė Kairytė
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenu st. 28, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Karolina Miedzińska
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Anna Strąkowska
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (K.M.); (A.S.)
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Nassar AM, Alotaibi NF. Eggshell recycling for fabrication of Pd@CaO, characterization and high-performance solar photocatalytic activity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:3515-3523. [PMID: 32918695 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10751-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recycling of waste materials into useful products is a promising strategy for environmental protection. Eggshell is one of the globally produced huge wastes. In this work, calcium oxide (CaO) nanoparticles were recycled via calcination of chicken eggshells at 1100 °C for 2 h. A novel nanocomposite, made of loading palladium nanoparticles on calcium oxide surface (Pd@CaO), is successfully fabricated through solid-solid interaction. The materials were characterized using different physicochemical techniques: Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), photoluminescence (PL) analysis, ultra-high resolution field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), transmittance electron microscope (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The study sheds light on the ability of the materials to be used for detoxification of crystal violet dye as pollutant model under solar irradiation. The effects of operational conditions, such as catalyst mass, initial dye concentration, pH, and illumination time, have been tested. The optimum conditions for crystal violet photocatalytic degradation in the presence of Pd@CaO were mild conditions. Control experiments studied the effect of sunlight in the absence of the catalyst, and the effect of the catalyst in the absence of sunlight does not provide the significant removal exhibited in the presence of catalyst under solar irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr M Nassar
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Nasser F Alotaibi
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Husainie SM, Khattak SU, Robinson J, Naguib HE. A Comparative Study on the Mechanical Properties of Different Natural Fiber Reinforced Free-Rise Polyurethane Foam Composites. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Syed Muhammad Husainie
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Saad Ullah Khattak
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Jason Robinson
- Evoco Ltd, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Hani E. Naguib
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
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Composites of Semi-Rigid Polyurethane Foams with Keratin Fibers Derived from Poultry Feathers and Flame Retardant Additives. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12122943. [PMID: 33317209 PMCID: PMC7764476 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Semi-rigid composites of polyurethane foams (SRPUF) modified with the addition of keratin flour from poultry feathers and flame retardant additives were manufactured. Ten percent by mass of keratin fibers was added to the foams as well as halogen-free flame retardant additives such as Fyrol PNX, expandable graphite, metal oxides, in amounts such that their total mass did not exceed 15%. Thermal and mechanical properties were tested. Water absorption, dimensional stability, apparent density and flammability of produced foams were determined. It was found that the use of keratin fibers and flame retardant additives changes the foam synthesis process, changes their structure and properties as well as their combustion process. The addition of the filler made of keratin fibers significantly limits the amount of smoke generated during foam burning. The most favorable reduction of heat and smoke release rate was observed for foams with the addition of 10% keratin fibers and 10% expandable graphite. Systems of reducing combustibility of polyurethane foams using keratin fillers are a new solution on a global scale.
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Waheed M, Yousaf M, Shehzad A, Inam-Ur-Raheem M, Khan MKI, Khan MR, Ahmad N, Abdullah, Aadil RM. Channelling eggshell waste to valuable and utilizable products: A comprehensive review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Członka S, Strąkowska A, Kairytė A. The Impact of Hemp Shives Impregnated with Selected Plant Oils on Mechanical, Thermal, and Insulating Properties of Polyurethane Composite Foams. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13214709. [PMID: 33105707 PMCID: PMC7659977 DOI: 10.3390/ma13214709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane (PUR) foams reinforced with 2 wt.% hemp shives (HS) fillers were successfully synthesized. Three different types of HS fillers were evaluated—non-treated HS, HS impregnated with sunflower oil (SO) and HS impregnated with tung oil (TO). The impact of each type of HS fillers on cellular morphology, mechanical performances, thermal stability, and flame retardancy was evaluated. It has been shown that the addition of HS fillers improved the mechanical characteristics of PUR foams. Among all modified series, the greatest improvement was observed after the incorporation of non-treated HS filler—when compared with neat foams, the value of compressive strength increased by ~13%. Moreover, the incorporation of impregnated HS fillers resulted in the improvement of thermal stability and flame retardancy of PUR foams. For example, the addition of both types of impregnated HS fillers significantly decreased the value of heat peak release (pHRR), total smoke release (TSR), and limiting oxygen index (LOI). Moreover, the PUR foams containing impregnated fillers were characterized by improved hydrophobicity and limited water uptake. The obtained results confirmed that the modification of PUR foams with non-treated and impregnated HS fillers may be a successful approach in producing polymeric composites with improved properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Członka
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Strąkowska
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Agnė Kairytė
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenu st. 28, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania;
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Implementation of Circular Economy Principles in the Synthesis of Polyurethane Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12092068. [PMID: 32932605 PMCID: PMC7569902 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The main strategy of the European Commission in the field of the building industry assumes a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by up to 20% by 2020 and by up to 80% by 2050. In order to meet these conditions, it is necessary to develop not only efficient thermal insulation materials, but also more environmentally friendly ones. This paper describes an experiment in which two types of bio-polyols were obtained using transesterification of used cooking oil with triethanolamine (UCO_TEA) and diethylene glycol (UCO_DEG). The bio-polyols were next used to prepare low-density rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams. It was found that the bio-polyols increased the reactivity of the PUR systems, regardless of their chemical structures. The reactivity of the system modified with 60% of the diethylene glycol-based bio-polyol was higher than in the case of the reference system. The bio-foams exhibited apparent densities of 41-45 kg/m3, homogeneous cellular structures and advantageous values of the coefficient of thermal conductivity. It was observed that the higher functionality of bio-polyol UCO_TEA compared with UCO_DEG had a beneficial effect on the mechanical and thermal properties of the bio-foams. The most promising results were obtained in the case of the foams modified in 60% with the bio-polyol based on triethanoloamine. In conclusion, this approach, utilizing used cooking oil in the synthesis of high-value thermal insulating materials, provides a sustainable municipal waste recycling solution.
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Quasi-Static Tests of Hybrid Adhesive Bonds Based on Biological Reinforcement in the Form of Eggshell Microparticles. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12061391. [PMID: 32580294 PMCID: PMC7361947 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper is focused on the research of the cyclic loading of hybrid adhesive bonds based on eggshell microparticles in polymer composite. The aim of the research was to characterize the behavior of hybrid adhesive bonds with composite adhesive layer in quasi-static tests. An epoxy resin was used as the matrix and microparticles of eggshells were used as the filler. The adhesive bonds were exposed to cyclic loading and their service life and mechanical properties were evaluated. Testing was performed by 1000 cycles at 5–30% (165–989 N) and 5–70% (165–2307 N) of the maximum load of the filler-free bond in the static test. The results of the research show the importance of cyclic loading on the service life and mechanical properties of adhesive bonds. Quasi-static tests demonstrated significant differences between measured intervals of cyclic loading. All adhesive bonds resisted 1000 cycles of the quasi-static test with an interval loading 5–30%. The number of completed quasi-static tests with the interval loading 5–70% was significantly lower. The filler positively influenced the service life of adhesive bonds at a higher amount of quasi-static tests, i.e., the safety of adhesive bonds increased. The filler had a positive effect on adhesive bonds ABF2, where the strength significantly increased up to 20.26% at the loading of 5–30% against adhesive bonds ABF0. A viscoelasticity characteristic (creep) of the adhesive layer occurred at higher values of loading, i.e., between loading 5–70%. The viscoelasticity behavior did not occur at lower values of loading, i.e., between loading 5–30%.
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Członka S, Strąkowska A, Kairytė A. Application of Walnut Shells-Derived Biopolyol in the Synthesis of Rigid Polyurethane Foams. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E2687. [PMID: 32545580 PMCID: PMC7345166 DOI: 10.3390/ma13122687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine rigid polyurethane (PUR) foam properties that were synthesized from walnut shells (WS)-based polyol. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) results revealed that the liquefaction of walnut shells was successfully performed. The three types of polyurethane (PUR) foams were synthesized by replacement of 10, 20, and 30 wt% of a petrochemical polyol with WS-based polyol. The impact of WS-based polyol on the cellular morphology, mechanical, thermal, and insulating characteristics of PUR foams was examined. The produced PUR foams had apparent densities from 37 to 39 kg m-3, depending on the weight ratio of WS-based polyol. PUR foams that were obtained from WS-based polyol exhibited improved mechanical characteristics when compared with PUR foams that were derived from the petrochemical polyol. PUR foams produced from WS-based polyol showed compressive strength from 255 to 310 kPa, flexural strength from 420 to 458 kPa, and impact strength from 340 to 368 kPa. The foams that were produced from WS-based polyol exhibited less uniform cell structure than foams derived from the petrochemical polyol. The thermal conductivity of the PUR foams ranged between 0.026 and 0.032 W m-1K-1, depending on the concentration of WS-based polyol. The addition of WS-based polyol had no significant influence on the thermal degradation characteristics of PUR foams. The maximum temperature of thermal decomposition was observed for PUR foams with the highest loading of WS-based polyol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Członka
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Anna Strąkowska
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Agnė Kairytė
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Building Materials, Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenu st. 28, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania;
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39
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Fire Suppression and Thermal Behavior of Biobased Rigid Polyurethane Foam Filled with Biomass Incineration Waste Ash. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12030683. [PMID: 32204494 PMCID: PMC7182938 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is great demand to implement circular economy principles and motivate producers of building materials to integrate into a closed loop supply chain system and improve sustainability of their end-product. Therefore, it is of great interest to replace conventional raw materials with inorganic or organic waste-based and filler-type additives to promote sustainability and the close loop chain. This article investigates the possibility of bottom waste incineration ash (WA) particles to be used as a flame retardant replacement to increase fire safety and thermal stability under higher temperatures. From 10 wt.% to 50 wt.% WA particles do not significantly deteriorate performance characteristics, such as compressive strength, thermal conductivity, and water absorption after 28 days of immersion, and at 32 °C WA particles improve the thermal stability of resultant PU foams. Furthermore, 50 wt.% WA particles reduce average heat release by 69% and CO2 and CO yields during fire by 76% and 77%, respectively. Unfortunately, WA particles do not act as a smoke suppressant and do not reduce smoke release rate.
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Członka S, Strąkowska A, Strzelec K, Kairytė A, Kremensas A. Bio-Based Polyurethane Composite Foams with Improved Mechanical, Thermal, and Antibacterial Properties. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13051108. [PMID: 32131392 PMCID: PMC7084974 DOI: 10.3390/ma13051108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Among different organic fillers, the chemical composition of Syzygium aromaticum, commonly known as cloves, has great potential as a sustainable reinforcement for polymeric materials. In the study, grounded cloves were used as cellulosic filler for a novel polyurethane (PU) composite foams. Soybean oil-based PU composite foams were successfully reinforced with different concentrations (1, 2, and 5 wt%) of clove filler. PU foams were examined by rheological behavior, processing parameters, cellular structure (scanning electron microscopy analysis), mechanical properties (compression test, impact test, three-point bending test), thermal properties (thermogravimetric analysis), viscoelastic behavior (dynamic mechanical analysis) as well as selected application properties (apparent density, dimensional stability, surface hydrophobicity, water absorption, color characteristic). In order to undertake the disc diffusion method, all PU composites were tested against selected bacteria (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus). Based on the results, it can be concluded that the addition of 1 and 2 wt% of clove filler leads to PU composite foams with improved compression strength (improvement by ≈18% for sample PU-1), greater flexural strength (increase of ≈11%), and improved impact strength (increase of ≈8%). Moreover, it has been proved that clove filler may be used as a natural anti-aging compound for polymeric materials. Based on the antibacterial results, it has been shown that the addition of clove filler significantly improved the antibacterial properties of PU foams and is suitable for the manufacturing of antimicrobial PU composite foams. Due to these positive and beneficial effects, it can be stated that the use of cloves as a natural filler in PU composite foams can promote a new application path in converting agricultural waste into useful resources for creating a new class of green materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Członka
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90924 Stefanowskiego, Poland; (A.S.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Strąkowska
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90924 Stefanowskiego, Poland; (A.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Krzysztof Strzelec
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90924 Stefanowskiego, Poland; (A.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Agnė Kairytė
- Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Arūnas Kremensas
- Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.K.); (A.K.)
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41
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Aranberri I, Montes S, Wesołowska E, Rekondo A, Wrześniewska-Tosik K, Grande HJ. Improved Thermal Insulating Properties of Renewable Polyol Based Polyurethane Foams Reinforced with Chicken Feathers. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11122002. [PMID: 31816975 PMCID: PMC6960907 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present work, sustainable rigid polyurethane foams (RPUF) reinforced with chicken feathers (CF) were prepared and characterized. The bio-based polyol used to formulate the foams was obtained from castor oil. This investigation reports the influence of the chicken feathers fibers as reinforcement of RPUF, on water absorption, thermal, mechanical and morphological properties (field-emission scanning electron microscope-FESEM) and thermal conductivity on water-blown biofoams. It was found that the biofoams improved thermal insulating properties when CF was added. The addition of CF to foams provided lower heat flux density to the biofoams obtaining bio-based materials with better insulation properties. The results obtained in this study proved that the incorporation of CF to RPUF modified the cell structure of the foams affecting their physical and mechanical properties, as well as functional properties such as the heat transmission factor. These biofoams containing up to 45% of bio-based materials have shown the potential to replace fully petroleum-based foams in thermal insulation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibon Aranberri
- CIDETEC, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Po. Miramón 196, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (S.M.); (A.R.); (H.-J.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sarah Montes
- CIDETEC, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Po. Miramón 196, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (S.M.); (A.R.); (H.-J.G.)
| | - Ewa Wesołowska
- Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres, ul Skłodowskiej-Curie 19/27, 90-570 Łódź, Poland; (E.W.); (K.W.-T.)
| | - Alaitz Rekondo
- CIDETEC, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Po. Miramón 196, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (S.M.); (A.R.); (H.-J.G.)
| | - Krystyna Wrześniewska-Tosik
- Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres, ul Skłodowskiej-Curie 19/27, 90-570 Łódź, Poland; (E.W.); (K.W.-T.)
| | - Hans-Jürgen Grande
- CIDETEC, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Po. Miramón 196, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (S.M.); (A.R.); (H.-J.G.)
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42
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Fabrication of novel formulations from rigid polyurethane foams and mortar for potential applications in building industry. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-1934-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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43
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Agrawal A, Kaur R, Singh Walia R. Flame retardancy of ceramic‐based rigid polyurethane foam composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Agrawal
- Department of Applied Chemistry & Polymer TechnologyDelhi Technological University Delhi 110042 India
| | - Raminder Kaur
- Department of Applied Chemistry & Polymer TechnologyDelhi Technological University Delhi 110042 India
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44
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Optimization of Epoxy Resin: An Investigation of Eggshell as a Synergic Filler. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12091489. [PMID: 31071924 PMCID: PMC6540584 DOI: 10.3390/ma12091489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Epoxy resin based on bisphenol A diglycidyl ether/anhydride methyl tetrahydrophthalic/2,4,6-tris(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol (DGEBA/MTHPA/DEH 35) was produced by magnetic stirring; chicken eggshell (ES) was added as cure improver. Thermal stability, cure parameters, mechanical properties, and fracture surface were investigated by thermogravimetry (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), tensile experiments, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In general, the addition of ES slightly decreased the thermal stability, being T0.05 5% lower than that of the reference sample. The cure rate increased with the heating rates, while best results were obtained upon addition of neat membrane (M) from ES. Surprisingly, the mechanical properties were significantly improved with ES as well as with M, being the Young’s modulus 18% higher, the tensile strength 50% higher, and the deformation 35% higher than those of epoxy resin. SEM images showed that the synthetic compounds presented a smooth fracture surface, while the compounds with ES and M had a rougher surface with multiplane fractures, suggesting a fracture with higher energy absorption. In conclusion, epoxy/ES composites with better performance were produced, and effective tools are provided to control and attain in the future even better properties with ecological features.
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45
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Azman NAN, Islam MR, Parimalam M, Rashidi NM, Mupit M. Mechanical, structural, thermal and morphological properties of epoxy composites filled with chicken eggshell and inorganic CaCO3 particles. Polym Bull (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-02779-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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46
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Gama NV, Ferreira A, Barros-Timmons A. Polyurethane Foams: Past, Present, and Future. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1841. [PMID: 30262722 PMCID: PMC6213201 DOI: 10.3390/ma11101841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric foams can be found virtually everywhere due to their advantageous properties compared with counterparts materials. Possibly the most important class of polymeric foams are polyurethane foams (PUFs), as their low density and thermal conductivity combined with their interesting mechanical properties make them excellent thermal and sound insulators, as well as structural and comfort materials. Despite the broad range of applications, the production of PUFs is still highly petroleum-dependent, so this industry must adapt to ever more strict regulations and rigorous consumers. In that sense, the well-established raw materials and process technologies can face a turning point in the near future, due to the need of using renewable raw materials and new process technologies, such as three-dimensional (3D) printing. In this work, the fundamental aspects of the production of PUFs are reviewed, the new challenges that the PUFs industry are expected to confront regarding process methodologies in the near future are outlined, and some alternatives are also presented. Then, the strategies for the improvement of PUFs sustainability, including recycling, and the enhancement of their properties are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno V Gama
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro⁻Campus Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Artur Ferreira
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro⁻Campus Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão de Águeda-Rua Comandante Pinho e Freitas, No. 28, 3750-127 Águeda, Portugal.
| | - Ana Barros-Timmons
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro⁻Campus Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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47
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Zhao W, Zhou T, Zhu J, Sun X, Xu Y. Adsorption of cadmium ions using the bioadsorbent of Pichia kudriavzevii YB5 immobilized by polyurethane foam and alginate gels. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:3745-3755. [PMID: 29168136 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0785-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Pichia kudriavzevii YB5, mutated from Pichia kudriavzevii A16 with a strong ability to remove cadmium ions, was immobilized by polyurethane foam and alginate gels in this work. The immobilization conditions were optimized as follows: sodium alginate concentration of 2% (w/v), calcium chloride concentration of 2% (w/v), biomass dose of 1 × 109 cell/mL, and cross-linking time for 4 h. Then, the results of batch adsorption experiments showed that the removal capacity of prepared bioadsorbent was significantly affected by the pH of media, contact time, and the initial Cd(II) concentration, and a suitable adsorption conditions of Cd(II) could be achieved with a pH value of 6.0 at 20 °C for 90 min. Kinetic and isothermal results indicated the behavior of Cd(II) adsorption onto immobilized P. kudriavzevii YB5 fitted to the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation and the Langmuir adsorption model. Thermodynamic results showed that the Cd(II) adsorption process was endothermic and spontaneous in nature. Besides, the Cd(II) removing capacity of the prepared bioadsorbent was also tested in the oyster hydrolysates, showing an average removal rate of 54.35%. Thus, the immobilized P. kudriavzevii YB5 adsorbent had great potential for application in aquatic products to ensure the food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Junxiang Zhu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
- Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang, Zhoushan, 316021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China.
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48
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Meng L, Li W, Ma R, Huang M, Cao Y, Wang J. Mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane composites reinforced with surface treated ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene fibers. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Meng
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Ningbo University; Ningbo 315211 China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Ningbo University; Ningbo 315211 China
| | - Renliang Ma
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Ningbo University; Ningbo 315211 China
| | - Momo Huang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Ningbo University; Ningbo 315211 China
| | - Yingbo Cao
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Ningbo University; Ningbo 315211 China
| | - Jiawen Wang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering; Ningbo University; Ningbo 315211 China
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de Avila Delucis R, Magalhães WLE, Petzhold CL, Amico SC. Forest-based resources as fillers in biobased polyurethane foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael de Avila Delucis
- Post-Graduation Program in Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | | | | | - Sandro Campos Amico
- Post-Graduation Program in Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre RS Brazil
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50
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Yarahmadi N, Vega A, Jakubowicz I. Accelerated ageing and degradation characteristics of rigid polyurethane foam. Polym Degrad Stab 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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