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Dony P, Berzin F. Thermogravimetric, Morphological and Infrared Analysis of Blends Involving Thermoplastic Starch and Poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) and Its Ionomer Form. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114519. [PMID: 37298994 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on the thermal properties and structural features of blends consisting of thermoplastic starch (TPS) and poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) copolymer (EMAA) or its ionomer form (EMAA-54Na). The aim is to investigate how carboxylate functional groups of the ionomer form intervene in blends compatibility at the interface of the two materials and how this impacts their properties. Two series of blends (TPS/EMAA and TPS/EMAA-54Na) were produced with an internal mixer, with TPS compositions between 5 and 90 wt%. Thermogravimetry shows two main weight losses, indicating that TPS and the two copolymers are primarily immiscible. However, a small weight loss existing at intermediate degradation temperature between those of the two pristine components reveals specific interactions at the interface. At a mesoscale level, scanning electron microscopy confirmed thermogravimetry results and showed a two-phase domain morphology, with a phase inversion at around 80 wt% TPS, but also revealed a different surface appearance evolution between the two series. Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy analysis also revealed discrepancies in fingerprint between the two series of blends, analysed in terms of additional interactions in TPS/EMAA-54Na coming from the supplementary sodium neutralized carboxylate functions of the ionomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Dony
- Institue de Thermique, Mécanique et Matériaux (ITheMM), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, EA 7548, CEDEX 2, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Françoise Berzin
- Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, INRAE, UMR 0614, 51100 Reims, France
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2
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Fortelný I, Jůza J. The Effects of Copolymer Compatibilizers on the Phase Structure Evolution in Polymer Blends-A Review. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14247786. [PMID: 34947377 PMCID: PMC8707745 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper summarizes the results of studies describing the effect of block and graft copolymers on the phase structure formation and evolution in immiscible polymer blends. The main phenomenological rules for prediction of the copolymer compatibilization efficiency are briefly described and compared with selected experimental data. The results of the theories of equilibrium distribution of a copolymer between the blend interface and the bulk phases and its effect on the blend interfacial tension are summarized. The theories of the compatibilizer effect on the droplet breakup in flow are analyzed. The mechanisms of the copolymer effect on the coalescence of droplets in flow are compared and their effect on the droplet size is shown. The problems of reliable description of the effect of a copolymer on the coalescence in quiescent state are presented. Obstacles to derivation of a realistic theory of the copolymer effect on the competition between the droplet breakup and coalescence are discussed. Selected experimental data are compared with the theoretical results.
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Van Kets K, Jacques J, Delva L, Ragaert K. Contribution of compatibilizer backbone to degradation and retained functionality of multiple extruded polypropylene/poly(ethylene terephthalate) blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Van Kets
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Ghent University Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Justien Jacques
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Ghent University Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Laurens Delva
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Ghent University Zwijnaarde Belgium
| | - Kim Ragaert
- Centre for Polymer and Material Technologies Department of Materials, Textiles and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture Ghent University Zwijnaarde Belgium
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4
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Hu J, Song Y, Ning N, Zhang L, Yu B, Tian M. An effective strategy for improving the interface adhesion of the immiscible methyl vinyl silicone elastomer/thermoplastic polyurethane blends via developing a hybrid janus particle with amphiphilic brush. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Alizadeh N, Thorne DP, Auad ML, Celestine AN. Mechanical performance of vinyl ester—polyurethane interpenetrating polymer network composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nima Alizadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA
- Center for Polymers and Advanced Composites Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA
| | - David P. Thorne
- Center for Polymers and Advanced Composites Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA
- Department of Aerospace Engineering Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA
| | - Maria L. Auad
- Department of Chemical Engineering Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA
- Center for Polymers and Advanced Composites Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA
| | - Asha‐Dee N. Celestine
- Center for Polymers and Advanced Composites Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA
- Department of Aerospace Engineering Auburn University Auburn Alabama USA
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6
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Nucleation modalities in poly(lactide), poly(butylene succinate), and poly(ε‐caprolactone) ternary blends with partial wetting morphology. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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7
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Fenni SE, Wang J, Haddaoui N, Favis BD, Müller AJ, Cavallo D. Nucleation of Poly(lactide) Partially Wet Droplets in Ternary Blends with Poly(butylene succinate) and Poly(ε-caprolactone). Macromolecules 2020; 53:1726-1735. [PMID: 33814614 PMCID: PMC8016171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the first investigation on the crystallization behavior of partially wet droplets in immiscible ternary blends. Poly(lactide), poly(ε-caprolactone), and poly(butylene succinate) (PLA, PCL, and PBS, respectively) were melt blended in a 10/45/45 weight ratio to produce a "partial wetting" morphology with droplets of the PLA minor phase located at the interface between the other two major components. The crystallization process of the higher melting PLA droplets was studied by polarized light optical microscopy, while the other components remain in the molten state. We found that neighboring partially wet droplets nucleate in close sequence. This is unexpected since partially wet droplets display points of three-phase contact and, hence, should not touch each other. Moreover, the onset of poly(lactide) crystallization is frequently observed at the interface with molten PCL or PBS, with a significant preference for the former polymer. The observed sequential droplet-to-droplet crystallization is attributed to the weak partial wetting behavior of the PCL/PLA/PBS ternary system. In fact, the contact between the interfacially confined droplets during crystallization due to their mobility can lead to a transition from a partial to a completely wet state, with the formation of thin continuous layers bridging larger partially wet droplets. This allows crystallization to spread sequentially between neighboring domains. Using a simple heterogeneous nucleation model, it is shown that the nucleation of PLA on either PCL or PBS melts is energetically feasible. This study establishes a clear relationship between the unique partial wetting morphology of ternary blends and the nucleation of the minor component, paving the way to the understanding and control of crystallization in multiphasic polymer blends for advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seif Eddine Fenni
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Genova, via Dodecaneso, 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
- Laboratory
of Physical-Chemistry of High Polymers (LPCHP), Faculty of Technology, University of Ferhat ABBAS Sétif-1, 19000 Sétif, Algeria
| | - Jun Wang
- CREPEC,
Department of Chemical Engineering, École
Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C3A7, Canada
| | - Nacerddine Haddaoui
- Laboratory
of Physical-Chemistry of High Polymers (LPCHP), Faculty of Technology, University of Ferhat ABBAS Sétif-1, 19000 Sétif, Algeria
| | - Basil D. Favis
- CREPEC,
Department of Chemical Engineering, École
Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C3A7, Canada
| | - Alejandro J. Müller
- POLYMAT
and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal
3, 20018 Donostia-San
Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Dario Cavallo
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Genova, via Dodecaneso, 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
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Singh JSK, Ching YC, Liu DS, Ching KY, Razali S, Gan SN. Effects of PTFE Micro-Particles on the Fiber-Matrix Interface of Polyoxymethylene/Glass Fiber/Polytetrafluoroethylene Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E2164. [PMID: 30400137 PMCID: PMC6267008 DOI: 10.3390/ma11112164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reinforcing polyoxymethylene (POM) with glass fibers (GF) enhances its mechanical properties, but at the expense of tribological performance. Formation of a transfer film to facilitate tribo-contact is compromised due to the abrasiveness of GF. As a solid lubricant, for example, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) significantly improves friction and wear resistance. The effects of chemically etched PTFE micro-particles on the fiber-matrix interface of POM/GF/PTFE composites have not been systematically characterized. The aim of this study is to investigate their tribological performance as a function of micro-PTFE blended by weight percentage. Samples were prepared by different compositions of PTFE (0, 1.7, 4.0, 9.5, 15.0 and 17.3 wt.%). The surface energy of PTFE micro-particles was increased by etching for 10 min using sodium naphthalene salt in tetrahydrofuran. Tribological performance was characterized through simultaneous acquisition of the coefficient of friction and wear loss on a reciprocating test rig in accordance to Procedure A of ASTM G133-95. Friction and wear resistance improved as the micro-PTFE weight ratio was increased. Morphology analysis of worn surfaces showed transfer film formation, encapsulating the abrasive GF. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) revealed increasing PTFE concentration from the GF surface interface region (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 µm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasbir Singh Kunnan Singh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Yern Chee Ching
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - De Shin Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi County 62102, Taiwan.
| | - Kuan Yong Ching
- School of Foundation, University of Reading Malaysia, Persiaran Graduan, Kota Ilmu, Educity, 79200 Iskandar Puteri Johor, Malaysia.
| | - Shaifulazuar Razali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Seng Neon Gan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Langstraat T, Van Puyvelde P, Delcour J, Verpoest I, Goderis B. Effect of adding a reactive plasticizer on the mechanical, thermal, and morphology properties of nylon toughened wheat gluten materials. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jan Delcour
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry; KU Leuven; Leuven 3001 Belgium
- Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe); Leuven 3001 Belgium
| | - Ignaas Verpoest
- Department of Materials Engineering; KU Leuven; Leuven 3001 Belgium
- Leuven Material Research Centre (Leuven-MRC); KU Leuven Belgium
| | - Bart Goderis
- Department of Chemistry; KU Leuven; Leuven 3001 Belgium
- Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe); Leuven 3001 Belgium
- Leuven Material Research Centre (Leuven-MRC); KU Leuven Belgium
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10
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Synergistic effects of Janus particles and triblock terpolymers on toughness of immiscible polymer blends. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Gegenhuber T, Krekhova M, Schöbel J, Gröschel AH, Schmalz H. "Patchy" Carbon Nanotubes as Efficient Compatibilizers for Polymer Blends. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:306-310. [PMID: 35614726 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Surface-modified carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have become well-established filler materials for polymer nanocomposites. However, in immiscible polymer blends, the CNT-coating is selective toward the more compatible phase, which suppresses their homogeneous distribution and limits harnessing the full potential of the filler. In this study, we show that multiwalled CNTs with a patchy polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS/PMMA) corona disperse equally well in both phases of an incompatible PS/PMMA polymer blend. Unlike polymer-grafted CNTs with a uniform corona, the patchy CNTs are able to adjust their corona structure to the blend phases by selective swelling/collapse of respective miscible/immiscible surface patches. Importantly, the high interfacial activity of patchy CNTs further causes a significant decrease in PMMA droplet size with increasing filler content. The combined effect of compatibilization and homogeneous distribution makes patchy CNTs interesting materials for polymer blend nanocomposites, where next to the compatibilization, a homogeneous filler distribution is important to gain the desired materials property (e.g., reinforcement).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gegenhuber
- Makromolekulare
Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Marina Krekhova
- Makromolekulare
Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Judith Schöbel
- Makromolekulare
Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - André H. Gröschel
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Makromolekulare
Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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12
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Bahrami R, Löbling TI, Gröschel AH, Schmalz H, Müller AHE, Altstädt V. The impact of Janus nanoparticles on the compatibilization of immiscible polymer blends under technologically relevant conditions. ACS NANO 2014; 8:10048-10056. [PMID: 25211536 DOI: 10.1021/nn502662p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Several hundred grams of Janus nanoparticles (d ≈ 40 nm) were synthesized from triblock terpolymers as compatibilizers for blending of technologically relevant polymers, PPE and SAN, on industry-scale extruders. The Janus nanoparticles (JPs) demonstrate superior compatibilization capabilities compared to the corresponding triblock terpolymer, attributed to the combined intrinsic properties, amphiphilicity and the Pickering effect. Straightforward mixing and extrusion protocols yield multiscale blend morphologies with "raspberry-like" structures of JPs-covered PPE phases in a SAN matrix. The JPs densely pack at the blend interface providing the necessary steric repulsion to suppress droplet coagulation during processing. We determine the efficiency of JP-compatibilization by droplet size evaluation and find the smallest average droplet size of d ≈ 300 nm at 10 wt % of added compatibilizer, whereas at 2 wt %, use of JPs is most economic with reasonable small droplets and narrow dispersity. In case of excess JPs, rheological properties of the system is changed by a droplet network formation. The large-scale synthesis of JPs, the low required weight fractions and their exceptional stability against extensive shear and temperature profiles during industrial extrusion process make JP promising next generation compatibilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronak Bahrami
- Fakultät für Ingenieurwissenschaften, ‡Makromolekulare Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth , 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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13
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Jose S, Thomas S, Aravind I, Karger-Kocsis J. Rheology of multiphase polymer blends with and without reactive compatibiliser: evaluation of interfacial tension using theoretical predictions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12588-014-9075-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Jose S, Thomas S, Biju PK, Karger-Kocsis J. Mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of polyolefin blends: effect of blend ratio and copolymer monomer fraction on the compatibilisation efficiency of random copolymers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-013-0303-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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