1
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Wang A, Tang X, Zeng Y, Zou L, Bai F, Chen C. Carbon Fiber-Reinforced PLA Composite for Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2135. [PMID: 39125161 PMCID: PMC11314586 DOI: 10.3390/polym16152135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) composite serve as widely used filaments in fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing. This study investigates the enhancement of PLA composite's comprehensive mechanical properties and thermal stability through the incorporation of carbon fiber (CF). The influence of FDM process parameters on the mechanical properties of PLA composite is also analyzed. Results show that adding 5 wt.% CF significantly enhances the stiffness and comprehensive mechanical properties of PLA composite. The order of printing factors affecting the tensile strength of the PLA composite product is as follows: printing layer thickness, bottom plate temperature, printing speed, and nozzle temperature. Finally, optimal tensile strength is achieved under specific conditions: 0.1 mm layer thickness, 60 °C bottom plate temperature, 40 mm/s printing speed, and 215 °C nozzle temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Caifeng Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (A.W.)
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2
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Stratiotou Efstratiadis V, Argyros A, Efthymiopoulos P, Maliaris G, Nasikas NK, Michailidis N. Utilization of Silica Filler as Reinforcement Material of Polylactic Acid (PLA) in 3D Printing Applications: Thermal, Rheological, and Mechanical Performance. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1326. [PMID: 38794518 PMCID: PMC11125632 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Glass was introduced as an additive to filaments used for the manufacturing of composite materials, employed by Additive Manufacturing applications. Glass accounts for a large waste electric and electronic equipment (WEEE) percentage, and its recovery and recycling can lead to the production of sustainable composite materials. In this work, poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/commercially available silicon oxide composite filaments were manufactured and their structural, thermal, rheological, and mechanical properties were assessed. Scanning Electron Microscopy confirmed the 1:2 ratio of silicon: oxygen, along with the relatively low adhesion between the filler and the matrix. Differential Scanning Calorimetry presented steady glass transition and melting temperatures of composites, whereas a crystallization temperature of 10% wt. and a crystallinity of 15% wt. composite slightly increased. Rheological analysis showcased that the viscosity of the composite filaments decreased compared to PLA (10-100 compared to 300-400 Pa·s), with a more shear-thinning behavior. Dynamic mechanical analysis exhibited increased elastic, flexural moduli, and flexural strength of composites (up to 16, 23, and 11%, respectively), whereas tensile strength and elongation decreased. The affordability of raw materials (with the future introduction of recycled ones) and the minimal processing steps can lead to the potential scaling up of the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Stratiotou Efstratiadis
- Physical Metallurgy Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (V.S.E.); (A.A.)
- Centre for Research & Development of Advanced Materials (CERDAM), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Apostolos Argyros
- Physical Metallurgy Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (V.S.E.); (A.A.)
- Centre for Research & Development of Advanced Materials (CERDAM), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pavlos Efthymiopoulos
- Additive Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, 65404 Kavala, Greece; (P.E.); (G.M.)
| | - Georgios Maliaris
- Additive Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, 65404 Kavala, Greece; (P.E.); (G.M.)
| | - Nektarios K. Nasikas
- Department of Military Sciences, Division of Mathematics and Engineering Sciences, Hellenic Army Academy, 16673 Vari, Greece;
| | - Nikolaos Michailidis
- Physical Metallurgy Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (V.S.E.); (A.A.)
- Centre for Research & Development of Advanced Materials (CERDAM), Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Moaref R, Shajari S, Sundararaj U. From Waste to Value Added Products: Manufacturing High Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Composite from End-of-Life Vehicle (ELV) Waste. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:120. [PMID: 38201785 PMCID: PMC10780672 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of plastics in automobiles is increasing dramatically due to their advantages of low weight and cost-effectiveness. Various products can be manufactured by recycling end-of-life vehicle (ELV) plastic waste, enhancing sustainability within this sector. This study presents the development of an electromagnetic interference (EMI) shield that can be used for protecting electronic devices in vehicles by recycling waste bumpers of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber from ELVs. EPDM waste was added to a unique combination of 40/60: PP/CaCO3 master batch and conductive nanofiller of carbon nanotubes using an internal melt mixing process. This nanocomposite was highly conductive, with an electrical conductivity of 5.2×10-1S·cm-1 for 5 vol% CNT in a 30 wt% EPDM/70 wt% PP/CaCO3 master batch and showed a high EMI shielding effectiveness of 30.4 dB. An ultra-low percolation threshold was achieved for the nanocomposite at 0.25 vol% CNT. Waste material in the composite improved the yield strain by about 46% and strain at break by 54% in comparison with the same composition without waste. Low cost and light-weight fabricated composite from ELV waste shows high EMI SE for application in electronic vehicles and opens a new path to convert waste to wealth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Moaref
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2L1Y6, Canada; (R.M.); (S.S.)
| | - Shaghayegh Shajari
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2L1Y6, Canada; (R.M.); (S.S.)
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60611, USA
| | - Uttandaraman Sundararaj
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2L1Y6, Canada; (R.M.); (S.S.)
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4
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Alonso-Montemayor FJ, Espinach FX, Tarrés Q, Alcalà M, Delgado-Aguilar M, Mutjé P. The Evolution of the Intrinsic Flexural Strength of Jute Strands after a Progressive Delignification Process and Their Contribution to the Flexural Strength of PLA-Based Biocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:37. [PMID: 38201704 PMCID: PMC10781118 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Biocomposites from poly-(lactic acid) (PLA) and jute strands were prepared, and their flexural strength was analyzed. Jute strands were submitted to a progressive delignification process and the resulting morphology, composition, and crystallinity index were evaluated. Then, PLA biocomposites comprising 30 wt% of jute strands were produced and characterized under flexural conditions. The delignification processes decreased the lignin content and progressively increased the cellulose content. All this resulted in an enhancement of the composite flexural strength. A modified rule of mixtures, and the relation between tensile and flexural properties were used to determine the intrinsic flexural strength (of the jute strands) and their correlation with their physic-chemical characteristics. Equations correlating the intrinsic flexural strength with the crystallinity index, the cellulose content, and the microfibril angle were proposed. These equations show the impact of these properties over the intrinsic properties of the fibers and can help researchers to select appropriate fibers to obtain accurate properties for the composites. Jute strands show their value as reinforcement by increasing the flexural strength of the matrix by 70% and being less expensive and more environmentally friendly than mineral reinforcements. Together with the profitability and the environmental advantages, the mechanical results suggest that these PLA biocomposites are suitable for specific products of different market sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Alonso-Montemayor
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17003 Girona, Spain; (F.X.E.); (Q.T.); (M.A.); (M.D.-A.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pere Mutjé
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17003 Girona, Spain; (F.X.E.); (Q.T.); (M.A.); (M.D.-A.)
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5
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Chen Z, Yin X, Chen H, Fu X, Sun Y, Chen Q, Liu W, Shen X. Mechanical, Crystallization, Rheological, and Supercritical CO 2 Foaming Properties of Polybutylene Succinate Nanocomposites: Impact of Carbon Nanofiber Content. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:28. [PMID: 38201693 PMCID: PMC10780851 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
As a substitute for conventional polymers for the preparation of biodegradable microcellular polymeric foams, polybutylene succinate (PBS) presents one of the most promising alternatives. However, the low melt strength of PBS makes it difficult to produce high-performance microcellular foams. This study aimed to improve the melt strength of PBS and explore the mechanical, thermal, crystalline, rheological, and supercritical CO2 foaming properties of PBS nanocomposites by using carbon nanofibers (CNFs). This study found that nanocomposites containing 7 wt% CNF exhibited the highest tensile strength, Young's modulus, and bending strength. Moreover, the CNF nanofillers were well dispersed in the PBS matrix without significant agglomeration, even at high filler concentrations. Furthermore, the nanocomposites demonstrated improved melting temperature and crystallinity compared with pure PBS. The rheological analysis showed that the addition of CNFs significantly increased PBS viscosity at low frequencies due to the interaction between the PBS molecular chains and CNFs and the entanglement of CNFs, resulting in a more complete physical network formation when the CNF content reached above 3 wt%. During the supercritical CO2 foaming process, the addition of CNFs resulted in increased cell density, smaller cells, and thicker cell walls, with good laps formed between the fibers on the cell walls of nanocomposite foams. Moreover, the electrical conductivity and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding properties of the foamed material were studied, and a nanocomposite foam containing 7 wt% CNF showed good electrical conductivity (4.5 × 10-3 S/m) and specific EMI shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) (34.7 dB/g·cm-1). Additionally, the nanocomposite foam with 7 wt% CNF also exhibited good compression properties (21.7 MPa). Overall, this work has successfully developed a high-performance, multifunctional PBS-based nanocomposite foam, making it suitable for applications in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Chen
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China; (X.Y.); (Y.S.); (Q.C.); (W.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Xichen Yin
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China; (X.Y.); (Y.S.); (Q.C.); (W.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Hui Chen
- Jiangsu Zhongneng Polysilicon Technology Development Co., Ltd., Xuzhou 221000, China; (H.C.); (X.F.)
| | - Xuguang Fu
- Jiangsu Zhongneng Polysilicon Technology Development Co., Ltd., Xuzhou 221000, China; (H.C.); (X.F.)
| | - Yuyue Sun
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China; (X.Y.); (Y.S.); (Q.C.); (W.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Qian Chen
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China; (X.Y.); (Y.S.); (Q.C.); (W.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Weidong Liu
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China; (X.Y.); (Y.S.); (Q.C.); (W.L.); (X.S.)
- Wuhu Innovation New Materials Co., Ltd., Wuhu 241080, China
| | - Xiao Shen
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China; (X.Y.); (Y.S.); (Q.C.); (W.L.); (X.S.)
- Wuhu Innovation New Materials Co., Ltd., Wuhu 241080, China
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Krupnin AE, Zakirov AR, Sedush NG, Alexanyan MM, Aganesov AG, Chvalun SN. Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of 3D-Printed Polylactide Laminate Composites' Mechanical Properties. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7229. [PMID: 38005158 PMCID: PMC10673164 DOI: 10.3390/ma16227229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work is to theoretically and experimentally investigate the applicability of the Tsai-Hill failure criterion and classical laminate theory for predicting the strength and stiffness of 3D-printed polylactide laminate composites with various raster angles in mechanical tests for uniaxial tension and compression. According to the results of tensile and compression tests, the stiffness matrix components of the orthotropic individual lamina and strength were determined. The Poisson's ratio was determined using the digital image correlation method. It was found that the Tsai-Hill criterion is applicable for predicting the tensile strength and yield strength of laminate polymer composite materials manufactured via fused deposition modeling 3D printing. The calculated values of the elastic moduli for specimens with various raster angles correlate well with the values obtained experimentally. In tensile tests, the error for the laminate with a constant raster angle was 3.3%, for a composite laminate it was 4.4, in compression tests it was 11.9% and 9%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur E. Krupnin
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (N.G.S.)
- Department of Applied Mechanics (RK-5), Faculty of Robotics and Complex Automation, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 105005 Moscow, Russia
| | - Arthur R. Zakirov
- Department of Applied Mechanics (RK-5), Faculty of Robotics and Complex Automation, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 105005 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikita G. Sedush
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (N.G.S.)
| | - Mark M. Alexanyan
- Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Sergei N. Chvalun
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (N.G.S.)
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7
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Cicogna F, Passaglia E, Telleschi A, Oberhauser W, Coltelli MB, Panariello L, Gigante V, Coiai S. New Functional Bionanocomposites by Combining Hybrid Host-Guest Systems with a Fully Biobased Poly(lactic acid)/Poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PLA/PBSA) Binary Blend. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:549. [PMID: 37998118 PMCID: PMC10672472 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14110549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have developed innovative polymer nanocomposites by integrating magnesium-aluminum layered double hydroxide (LDH)-based nanocarriers modified with functional molecules into a fully biobased poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PLA/PBSA) matrix. These LDH-based hybrid host-guest systems contain bioactive compounds like rosmarinic acid, ferulic acid, and glycyrrhetinic acid, known for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. The bioactive molecules can be gradually released from the nanocarriers over time, allowing for sustained and controlled delivery in various applications, such as active packaging or cosmetics. The morphological analysis of the polymer composites, prepared using a discontinuous mechanical mixer, revealed the presence of macroaggregates and nano-lamellae at the polymer interface. This resulted in an enhanced water vapor permeability compared to the original blend. Furthermore, the migration kinetics of active molecules from the thin films confirmed a controlled release mechanism based on their immobilization within the lamellar system. Scaling-up experiments evaluated the materials' morphology and mechanical and thermal properties. Remarkably, stretching deformation and a higher shear rate during the mixing process enhanced the dispersion and distribution of the nanocarriers, as confirmed by the favorable mechanical properties of the materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cicogna
- National Research Council-Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), SS Pisa, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.P.); (A.T.)
| | - Elisa Passaglia
- National Research Council-Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), SS Pisa, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.P.); (A.T.)
| | - Alice Telleschi
- National Research Council-Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), SS Pisa, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.P.); (A.T.)
| | - Werner Oberhauser
- National Research Council-Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;
| | - Maria-Beatrice Coltelli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo L. Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (M.-B.C.); (L.P.); (V.G.)
| | - Luca Panariello
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo L. Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (M.-B.C.); (L.P.); (V.G.)
| | - Vito Gigante
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo L. Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy; (M.-B.C.); (L.P.); (V.G.)
| | - Serena Coiai
- National Research Council-Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds (CNR-ICCOM), SS Pisa, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.P.); (A.T.)
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Ismail KI, Pang R, Ahmed R, Yap TC. Tensile Properties of In Situ 3D Printed Glass Fiber-Reinforced PLA. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3436. [PMID: 37631493 PMCID: PMC10458518 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A 3D printed composite via the fused filament fabrication (FFF) technique has potential to enhance the mechanical properties of FFF 3D printed parts. The most commonly employed techniques for 3D composite printing (method 1) utilized premixed composite filaments, where the fibers were integrated into thermoplastic materials prior to printing. In the second method (method 2), short fibers and thermoplastic were mixed together within the extruder of a 3D printer to form a composite part. However, no research has been conducted on method 3, which involves embedding short fibers into the printed object during the actual printing process. A novel approach concerning 3D printing in situ fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) by embedding glass fibers between deposited layers during printing was proposed recently. An experimental investigation has been undertaken to evaluate the tensile behavior of the composites manufactured by the new manufacturing method. Neat polylactic acid (PLA) and three different glass fiber-reinforced polylactic acid (GFPLA) composites with 1.02%, 2.39%, and 4.98% glass fiber contents, respectively, were 3Dprinted. Tensile tests were conducted with five repetitions for each sample. The fracture surfaces of the samples were then observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, the porosities of the 3D printed samples were measured with a image processing software (ImageJ 1.53t). The result shows that the tensile strengths of GFPLA were higher than the neat PLA. The tensile strength of the composites increased from GFPLA-1 (with a 1.02% glass fiber content) to GFPLA-2.4 (with a 2.39% glass fiber content), but drastically dropped at GFPLA-5 (with a 4.98% glass fiber content). However, the tensile strength of GFPLA-5 is still higher than the neat PLA. The fracture surfaces of tensile samples were observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM images showed the average line width of the deposited material increased as glass fiber content increased, while layer height was maintained. The intralayer bond of the deposited filaments improved via the new fiber embedding method. Hence, the porosity area is reduced as glass fiber content increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairul Izwan Ismail
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Malaysia, No. 1, Jalan Venna P5/2, Precinct 5, Putrajaya 62200, Malaysia;
| | - Rayson Pang
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Malaysia, No. 1, Jalan Venna P5/2, Precinct 5, Putrajaya 62200, Malaysia;
| | - Rehan Ahmed
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK;
| | - Tze Chuen Yap
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Malaysia, No. 1, Jalan Venna P5/2, Precinct 5, Putrajaya 62200, Malaysia;
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Zhang Q, Wang R, Liu W, Yang Y, Huang L, Huo E, Ma Z. New strategy for reinforcing polylactic acid composites: Towards the insight into the effect of biochar microspheres. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 245:125487. [PMID: 37353123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Having even particle size and regular morphology of biochar microspheres (BM) provides the possibility for preparing polylactic acid (PLA) films. Hence, the novelty is proposing a strategy for reinforcing PLA by BM. It was found that BM exhibited regular morphology, higher thermal stability, even particle size, and better pore characteristics. Although adding BM decreased the toughness of PLA due to the poor compatibility between BM and PLA, the nucleation effect of BM facilitated the crystallization in the PLA system. The tensile strength and modulus of BM/PLA composite films increased first and then decreased with increasing BM content. The stress concentration formed by BM particle agglomeration was responsible for the tensile strength and modulus decreases of BM/PLA composite films under higher BM addition. 2% BM added and 3% added composite films exhibited the best tensile strength and modulus with 64.99 MPa and 1.59 GPa, which was mainly attributed to the proper proportion of BM to PLA and the uniform distribution of BM in PLA. The results of this study confirmed the positive reinforcing effect of BM in PLA and are expected to be available in the composite film field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfa Zhang
- School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Rongyan Wang
- School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yingchun Yang
- School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Lili Huang
- School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Erguang Huo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Heat Fluid Flow Technology and Energy Application, School of Physical Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Zhong Ma
- School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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10
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Lee JH, Park CK, Kim SH. Impact fracture mechanism and heat deflection temperature of PLA/PEICT blends reinforced by glass fiber. RSC Adv 2023; 13:22315-22324. [PMID: 37497093 PMCID: PMC10366569 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03692h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
To enhance the crack propagation and initiation properties and heat deflection temperature of poly(lactic acid) (PLA), PLA/poly(1,4-cyclohexanedimethylene isosorbide terephthalate) (PEICT) blend systems were prepared and glass fibers (GF) were incorporated as reinforcements. Due to high shear force during extrusion and injection molding the length of GF was reduced and was oriented towards the flow direction. Although the reinforcing effect of the GF deviated from the theoretical values calculated by the Halpin-Tsai equation, both tensile and flexural properties were greatly enhanced with increasing GF content. Dynamic mechanical and thermal testing showed improved storage modulus throughout the entire temperature range showing outstanding reinforcing ability. By incorporating GF into the PLA/PEICT blend, the crack propagation and initiation properties were enhanced compared to pristine PLA. Such an increase in crack propagation properties was the result of enhanced modulus with the added GF. Moreover, because of the increased modulus, the heat deflection temperatures of the GF reinforced blends were drastically increased showing a value of 91.4 °C at 20 wt% GF loading. The high performance reached by the biomass-based composites developed in this research shows great possibility of replacing these conventional petroleum-based polymer systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hyung Lee
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, Hanyang University Seoul 04763 South Korea
- The Research Institute of Industrial Science, Hanyang University Seoul 04763 South Korea
| | - Chang Kyu Park
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, Hanyang University Seoul 04763 South Korea
| | - Seong Hun Kim
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, Hanyang University Seoul 04763 South Korea
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11
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Hsiao CH, Huang CC, Kuo CFJ, Ahmad N. Integration of Multivariate Statistical Control Chart and Machine Learning to Identify the Abnormal Process Parameters for Polylactide with Glass Fiber Composites in Injection Molding; Part I: The Processing Parameter Optimization for Multiple Qualities of Polylactide/Glass Fiber Composites in Injection Molding. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3018. [PMID: 37514408 PMCID: PMC10383581 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper discusses the mixing of polylactide (PLA) and glass fiber which use injection molding to produce a functional composite material with glass fiber properties. The injection molding process explores the influence of glass fiber ratio, melt temperature, injection speed, packing pressure, packing time and cooling time on the mechanical properties of composite. Using the orthogonal table planning experiment of the Taguchi method, the optimal parameter level combination of a single quality process is obtained through main effect analysis (MEA) and Analysis of variance (ANOVA). Then, the optimal parameter level combination of multiple qualities is obtained through principal component analysis (PCA) and data envelopment analysis (DEA), respectively. It is observed that if all the quality characteristics of tensile strength, hardness, impact strength and bending strength are considered at the same time, the optimal process conditions are glass fiber addition 20 wt %, melt temperature 185 °C, injection speed 80 mm/s, holding pressure 60 MPa, holding time 1 s and cooling time 15 s, and the corresponding mechanical properties are tensile strength 95.04 MPa, hardness 86.52 Shore D, impact strength 4.4408 J/cm2, bending strength 119.89 MPa. This study effectively enhances multiple qualities of PLA/GF composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hao Hsiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Chiun Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Feng Jeffrey Kuo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Naveed Ahmad
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
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12
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Aguado RJ, Bastida GA, Espinach FX, Llorens J, Tarrés Q, Delgado-Aguilar M, Mutjé P. Comparative Study on the Stiffness of Poly(lactic acid) Reinforced with Untreated and Bleached Hemp Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2960. [PMID: 37447605 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Composite materials containing natural reinforcement fibers, generally called biocomposites, have attracted the interest of both researchers and manufacturers, but the most environmentally advantageous combinations include a bio-based matrix, as well. With this in mind, a poly(lactic acid) (PLA) matrix was reinforced with natural fibers from hemp, both untreated strands (UHSs) and soda-bleached fibers (SBHFs). The preparation of the subsequent fully bio-sourced, discontinuously reinforced composites involved kinetic mixing, intensive single-screw extrusion, milling, and injection molding. Up to a fiber content of 30 wt%, the tensile modulus increased linearly with the volume fraction of the dispersed phase. Differences between SBHFs (up to 7.6 Gpa) and UHSs (up to 6.9 Gpa) were hardly significant (p = 0.1), but SBHF-reinforced composites displayed higher strain at failure. In any case, for the same fiber load (30 wt%), the Young's modulus of PLA/hemp biocomposites was greater than that of glass fiber (GF)-reinforced polypropylene (5.7 GPa), albeit lower than that of PLA/GF (9.8 GPa). Considering all the measurements, the contribution of each phase was analyzed by applying the Hirsch model and the Tsai-Pagano model. As a concluding remark, although the intrinsic tensile modulus of SBHFs was lower than that of GF, the efficiency of those natural fibers as reinforcement (according to the rule of mixtures) was found to be higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto J Aguado
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Gabriela A Bastida
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17003 Girona, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnología Celulósica, FIQ-CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero 2654, Santa Fe S3000AOJ, Argentina
| | - Francisco X Espinach
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Joan Llorens
- CATS Research Group, Department of Architecture and Construction Engineering, University of Girona, Avda Mª Aurelia Capmany 61, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Quim Tarrés
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Marc Delgado-Aguilar
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Pere Mutjé
- LEPAMAP-PRODIS Research Group, University of Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 61, 17003 Girona, Spain
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13
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Wang X, Sun Y, Hu J, Wu L, Geng T, Guo Y, Zhao C, Dong B, Liu C. The Study of Crystallization Behavior, Microcellular Structure and Thermal Properties of Glass-Fiber/Polycarbonate Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061546. [PMID: 36987326 PMCID: PMC10057943 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycarbonate (PC) foam is a versatile material with excellent properties, but its low thermal stability limits its application in high-temperature environments. The aim of this study was to improve the thermal stability of PC foam by adding glass fibers (GF) and to investigate the effect of GF on PC crystallization behavior and PC foam cell morphology. This study was motivated by the need to improve the performance of PC foams in various industries, such as construction, automotive, and medical. To achieve this goal, PC/GF composites were prepared by extrusion, and PC/GF composite foams were produced using a batch foaming process with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) as the blowing agent. The results showed that the addition of GF accelerated the SC-CO2-induced crystallization stability of PC and significantly increased the cell density to 4.6 cells/cm3. In addition, the thermal stability of PC/GF foam was improved, with a significant increase in the residual carbon rate at 700 °C and a lower weight loss rate than PC matrix. Overall, this study highlights the potential of GF as a PC foam reinforcement and its effect on thermal and structural properties, providing guidance for industrial production and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchao Wang
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Automotive Composite Materials, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yapeng Sun
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Automotive Composite Materials, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jiale Hu
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Automotive Composite Materials, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lan Wu
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Automotive Composite Materials, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Tie Geng
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Automotive Composite Materials, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yonggang Guo
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Automotive Composite Materials, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chenhao Zhao
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Automotive Composite Materials, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Binbin Dong
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technologies, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Chuntai Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technologies, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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14
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Wang Y, Guo F, Liao X, Li S, Yan Z, Zou F, Peng Q, Li G. High-expansion-ratio PLLA/PDLA/HNT composite foams with good thermally insulating property and enhanced compression performance via supercritical CO 2. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 236:123961. [PMID: 36898452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
It has been a great challenge to prepare high-expansion-ratio polylactide (PLA) foam with eminent thermal insulation and compression performance in packaging field. Herein, a naturally formed nanofiller halloysite nanotube (HNT) and stereocomplex (SC) crystallites were introduced into PLA with a supercritical CO2 foaming method to improve foaming behavior and physical properties. The compressive performance and thermal insulation properties of the obtained poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA)/poly(D-lactic acid) (PDLA)/HNT composite foams were successfully investigated. At a HNT content of 1 wt%, the PLLA/PDLA/HNT blend foam with an expansion ratio of 36.7 folds showed a thermal conductivity as low as 30.60 mW/(m·K). Meanwhile, the compressive modulus of PLLA/PDLA/HNT foam was 115% higher than that of PLLA/PDLA foam without HNT. Moreover, the crystallinity of PLLA/PDLA/HNT foam was dramatically improved after annealing, thus the results showed that compressive modulus of the annealed foam increased by as high as 72%, while it still maintained good heat insulation with the thermal conductivity of 32.63 mW/(m·K). This work provides a green method for the preparation of biodegradable PLA foams with admirable heat resistance and mechanical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Fumin Guo
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Xia Liao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China.
| | - Shaojie Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Zhihui Yan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Fangfang Zou
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Qianyun Peng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Guangxian Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
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15
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Effect of screw configuration and processing parameters on glass fiber residual length and properties of glass fiber reinforced polybutylene terephthalate composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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16
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Yargici Kovanci C, Nofar M, Ghanbari A. Synergistic Enhancement of Flame Retardancy Behavior of Glass-Fiber Reinforced Polylactide Composites through Using Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants and Chain Modifiers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235324. [PMID: 36501718 PMCID: PMC9739078 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Flame retardancy properties of neat PLA can be improved with different phosphorus-based flame retardants (FRs), however, developing flame retardant PLA-based engineering composites with maintained mechanical performance is still a challenge. This study proposes symbiosis approaches to enhance the flame retardancy behavior of polylactide (PLA) composites with 20 wt% short glass fibers (GF). This was first implemented by exploring the effects of various phosphorus-based FRs up to 5 wt% in neat PLA samples. Among the used phosphorus-based FRs, the use of only 3 wt% of diphosphoric acid-based FR (P/N), melamine coated ammonium polyphosphate (APPcoated), and APP with melamine synergist (APP/Mel) resulted in achieving the V0 value in a vertical burning test in the neat PLA samples. In addition to their superior efficiency in improving the flame retardancy of neat PLA, P/N had the least negative effect on the final mechanical performance of PLA samples. When incorporated in PLA composites with 20 wt% GF, however, even with the use of 30 wt% P/N, the V0 value could not be obtained due to the candlewick effect. To resolve this issue, the synergistic effect of P/N and aromatic polycarbodiimide (PCDI) cross-linker or Joncryl epoxy-based chain-extender (CE) on the flame retardancy characteristics of composites was examined. Due to the further chain modification, which also enhances the melt strength of PLA, the dripping of composites in the vertical burning test terminated and the V0 value could be reached when using only 1 wt% PCDI or CE. According to the scanning electron microscopic analysis, the use of noted chain modifiers further homogenized the distribution and refined the particle size of P/N within the PLA matrix. Hence this could synergistically contribute to the enhancements of the fire resistance performance of the PLA composites. Such incorporation of P/N and chain modifiers further leads to the enhancement of the mechanical performance of PLA composites and hence the resultant product can be proposed as a promising durable bioplastic engineering product where fire risk exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceren Yargici Kovanci
- Polymer Science and Technology Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
- Arcelik A.S. Central R&D Department, Polymer & Chemical, Tuzla, Istanbul 34950, Turkey
| | - Mohammadreza Nofar
- Polymer Science and Technology Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
- Sustainable & Green Plastics Laboratory, Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
- Correspondence:
| | - Abbas Ghanbari
- National Research Council Canada, 2690 Red Fife Rd., Rosser, MB R0H 1E0, Canada
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17
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Physical, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties and Characterization of Natural Fiber Composites Reinforced Poly(Lactic Acid): Miswak (Salvadora Persica L.) Fibers. INT J POLYM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/7253136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
7000 years ago, miswak fiber (MF) was used as a toothbrush for oral care. However, since the emergence of plastic materials, it monopolized the oral care industry. The increment of plastic products also promotes accumulation of plastic wastes after its disposal. Thus, many researchers have turn to biodegradable products to reduce this problem. The aim of this study is to investigate the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of MF as reinforcement in composites that are suitable to replace the toothbrush materials. The MF was reinforced in PLA composite with different weight percentage (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%) and undergoes several types of testing. The chemical results show that there were high presence of cellulose in the fiber which could act as medium to transfer stress load equally from fiber to matrix. However, the results show low cellulosic contents in MF that affects the poor interfacial bonding between fiber and matrix. Physical properties shows a positive indication to be used as a toothbrush handle. As the fiber content increases, the density also increased. SEM micrographic illustrated the presence of voids as the cause for reduction in mechanical properties of composites. The mechanical results show the proposed material is comparable to the materials used in commercial applications. As for the thermal result, the TGA test melting point of the proposed composite material was comparable to the pure PLA, which means the proposed material can use similar processing temperature as PLA. DSC shows that Tg of PLA/MF composite is found to be similar to Tg in loss modulus of composites. DMA finding found that PLA/MF30 have the highest storage modulus 2062 MPa and the lowest tan δ 0.6 among PLA/MF composites. This concludes that there is a possibility of using these materials as an alternative in composites and increase the fiber strength by using pretreatments and/or compatibilizer.
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18
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Fused Filament Fabrication of Short Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polylactic Acid Composites: Infill Density Influence on Mechanical and Thermal Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224988. [PMID: 36433114 PMCID: PMC9694720 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) is one of the frequently used material extrusion (MEX) additive manufacturing processes due to its ability to manufacture functional components with complex geometry, but their properties depend on the process parameters. This paper focuses on studying the effects of process parameters, namely infill density (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%), on the mechanical and thermal response of the samples made of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) reinforced with short glass fibers (GF) produced using FFF process. To perform a comprehensive analysis, tensile, flexural, compression, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) tests were used. The paper also aims to manufacture by FFF process of composite structures of the fuselage section type, as structural elements of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), and their testing to compression loads. The results showed that the tensile, flexural and compression strength of the additive manufactured (AMed) samples increased with the increase of infill density and therefore, the samples with 100% infill density provides the highest mechanical characteristics. The AMed samples with 50% and 75% infill density exhibited a higher toughness than samples with 100% infill. DSC analyses revealed that the glass transition (Tg), and melting (Tm) temperature increases slightly as the infill density increases. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) show that PLA-GF filament loses its thermal stability at a temperature of about 311 °C and the increase in fill density leads to a slight increase in thermal stability and the complete degradation temperature of the AMed material. The compression tests of the fuselage sections manufactured by FFF made of PLA-GF composite showed that their stiffening with stringers oriented at an angle of ±45° ensures a higher compression strength than the stiffening with longitudinal stringers.
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19
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Sun Y, Zheng Z, Wang Y, Yang B, Wang J, Mu W. PLA composites reinforced with rice residues or glass fiber—a review of mechanical properties, thermal properties, and biodegradation properties. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03274-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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20
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Wu Y, Zhang S, Han S, Yu K, Wang L. Regulating cell morphology of poly (lactic acid) foams from microcellular to nanocellular by crystal nucleating agent. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Polylactic Acid–Glass Fiber Composites: Structural, Thermal, and Electrical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14194012. [PMID: 36235959 PMCID: PMC9572130 DOI: 10.3390/polym14194012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of different glass fibers made of commercial silicate, borosilicate, and laboratory-made iron–phosphate compositions, on the preparation of polylactic acid (PLA) composites and their structural and physical properties. The thermal, structural, and electrical properties of prepared PLA–glass fiber composites were studied using differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, microscopy, and impedance spectroscopy. The structural as well as morphological, thermal, and electrical properties of all PLA–glass composites were found to be very similar and independent of the composition and aspect ratio of glass fibers. All types of glass fibers improve mechanical properties, increase thermal stability, and decrease the electrical conductivity of PLA, thereby producing mechanical strong electrically insulating composite material with potential in various applications.
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22
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3D Printing Application in Wood Furniture Components Assembling. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15082907. [PMID: 35454600 PMCID: PMC9031870 DOI: 10.3390/ma15082907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is used in many fields and is a method used to replace wood components or wood-jointed furniture components in the furniture industry. Replacing wood joints by 3D printed connectors would be an advantage, considering the fact that during the process of assembling furniture, the execution technology of the joints is difficult, time-consuming, and labor-intensive. Advanced technology of AM applied in furniture manufacturing helps the designers to create new concepts of product design, with no limits of shape, number of joints, color, or size. The diversity of 3D printers and AM technologies provides the selection of materials in relation with the applicability of the 3D printed object. In this respect, the objective of the present research is to design a 3D printed connector to be used for jointing three chair components, namely the leg and two stretchers made from larch (Larix decidua Mill.) wood, and to use reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) fiberglass (20 wt. %) filament for 3D printing this connector using AM with fused filament fabrication (FFF) technology. The design of the connector, the possibility of using this type of material, and the deposition method of filament were investigated in this research. For this purpose, several evaluation methods were applied: microscopic investigation with 50×, 100×, and 200× magnifications, both of the filament and of the 3D printed connector; mechanical testing of corner joint formed with the help of connector between chair leg and the two stretchers; and a microscopic investigation of the connectors’ defects that occurred after applying the compression and tensile loads on the diagonal direction of the L-type joint. The microscopic investigation of the composite filament revealed the agglomerations of glass fibers into the core matrix and areas where the distribution of the reinforcements was poor. The heterogeneous structure of the filament and the defects highlighted in the 3D printed connectors by the microscopic investigation contributed to the mechanical behavior of L-type connecting joints. The bending moments resulting from compression and tensile tests of the 3D printed connectors were compared to the results recorded after testing, under the same conditions, the normal mortise–tenon joint used to assemble the abovementioned chair components. The larch wood strength influenced the mechanical results and the conclusions of the microscopic investigations, as well as the analysis of the broken connectors after testing recommended the change of connector design and filament deposition direction.
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23
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Moslehi A, Ajji A, Heuzey M, Rahimizadeh A, Lessard L. Polylactic acid/recycled wind turbine glass fiber composites with enhanced mechanical properties and toughness. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amirhosein Moslehi
- Département de génie chimique Polytechnique Montréal Montréal Quebec Canada
| | - Abdellah Ajji
- Département de génie chimique Polytechnique Montréal Montréal Quebec Canada
| | | | | | - Larry Lessard
- Department of Mechanical Engineering McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
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24
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Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA)-Based Nanocomposites: Impact of Vermiculite, Silver, and Graphene Oxide on Thermal Stability, Isothermal Crystallization, and Local Mechanical Behavior. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs6040112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The structural, thermal, and mechanical properties of unreinforced and reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) were investigated. The PLA was a biopolymer that was reinforced with four fillers (i.e., graphene oxide (GO) and silver (Ag); vermiculite (VMT) and silver (Ag); and two organically modified vermiculites). The processing technique for the production of the composite materials were carefully planned. The PLA nanocomposites were investigated by examining their morphological aspects, changes in PLA phases and transitions and, most importantly, the effect on certain final properties. X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis indicated that the sample was completely amorphous. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results indicated that the presence of reinforcing particles in the PLA matrix did not affect the thermal degradation of these composites. Furthermore, the local mechanical properties were investigated using the microindentation method to evaluate the effect of different nanofillers. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a VHX-500 optical digital microscope (Keyence International, Mechelen, Belgium) were also used to examine the surface morphology of the PLA polymer composites. These results can help to select suitable fillers to enhance the PLA performance of biopolymers.
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25
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Sadeghi B, Sadeghi P, Marfavi Y, Kowsari E, Zareiyazd AA, Ramakrishna S. Impacts of cellulose nanofibers on the morphological behavior and dynamic mechanical thermal properties of extruded polylactic acid/cellulose nanofibril nanocomposite foam. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peyman Sadeghi
- Faculty of Polymer and Chemical Engineering University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Yousef Marfavi
- Department of Chemistry Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Elaheh Kowsari
- Department of Chemistry Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | | | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
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26
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Razali MS, Khimeche K, Melouki R, Boudjellal A, Vroman I, Alix S, Ramdani N. Preparation and properties enhancement of poly(lactic acid)/calcined‐seashell biocomposites for
3D
printing applications. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kamel Khimeche
- Process Engineering Laboratory Polytechnic Military School Algiers Algeria
| | - Redouane Melouki
- Macromolecular Chemistry Laboratory Polytechnic Military School Algiers Algeria
| | - Ammar Boudjellal
- Process Engineering Laboratory Polytechnic Military School Algiers Algeria
| | - Isabelle Vroman
- Institut de Thermique, Mécanique, Matériaux Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne Reims France
| | - Sébastien Alix
- Institut de Thermique, Mécanique, Matériaux Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne Reims France
| | - Noureddine Ramdani
- Polymer Materials Research Center, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Harbin Engineering University Harbin China
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27
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Shahbazi M, Aghvami‐Panah M, Panahi‐Sarmad M, Seraji AA, Zeraatkar A, Ghaffarian Anbaran R, Xiao X. Fabricating bimodal microcellular structure in polystyrene/carbon nanotube/glass‐fiber hybrid nanocomposite foam by microwave‐assisted heating: A proof‐of‐concept study. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Shahbazi
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Textiles, Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi PR China
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology AmirKabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Aghvami‐Panah
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Textiles, Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi PR China
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology AmirKabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Mahyar Panahi‐Sarmad
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Textiles, Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi PR China
| | - Amir Abbas Seraji
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology AmirKabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Ali Zeraatkar
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology AmirKabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Reza Ghaffarian Anbaran
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology AmirKabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Xueliang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Textiles, Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi PR China
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28
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Hamlaoui O, Klinkova O, Elleuch R, Tawfiq I. Effect of the Glass Fiber Content of a Polybutylene Terephthalate Reinforced Composite Structure on Physical and Mechanical Characteristics. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:polym14010017. [PMID: 35012040 PMCID: PMC8747468 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This work presents the influences of glass fiber content on the mechanical and physical characteristics of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) reinforced with glass fibers (GF). For the mechanical characterization of the composites depending on the GF reinforcement rate, tensile tests are carried out. The results show that increasing the GF content in the polymer matrix leads to an increase in the stiffness of the composite but also to an increase in its brittleness. Scanning Electron Microscope analysis is performed, highlighting the multi-scale dependency on types of damage and macroscopic behavior of the composites. Furthermore, flammability tests were performed. They permit certifying the flame retardancy capacity of the electrical composite part. Additionally, fluidity tests are carried out to identify the flow behavior of the melted composite during the polymer injection process. Finally, the cracking resistance is assessed by riveting tests performed on the considered electrical parts produced from composites with different GF reinforcement. The riveting test stems directly from the manufacturing process. Therefore, its results accurately reflect the fragility of the material used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oumayma Hamlaoui
- Laboratoire QUARTZ EA7393, ISAE-Supméca Institut Supérieur de Mécanique de Paris, 93400 Saint-Ouen, France; (O.H.); (I.T.)
- Laboratoire des Systèmes ElectroMécaniques (LASEM), Ecole Nationale D′Ingénieurs de Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia;
| | - Olga Klinkova
- Laboratoire QUARTZ EA7393, ISAE-Supméca Institut Supérieur de Mécanique de Paris, 93400 Saint-Ouen, France; (O.H.); (I.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Riadh Elleuch
- Laboratoire des Systèmes ElectroMécaniques (LASEM), Ecole Nationale D′Ingénieurs de Sfax, Sfax 3038, Tunisia;
| | - Imad Tawfiq
- Laboratoire QUARTZ EA7393, ISAE-Supméca Institut Supérieur de Mécanique de Paris, 93400 Saint-Ouen, France; (O.H.); (I.T.)
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29
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Alternative Materials for Printed Circuit Board Production: An Environmental Perspective. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132112126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article investigates the potential environmental impacts of four-layer printed circuit board (PCB) production from cradle to grave. The study starts with a lifecycle assessment of conventional PCB production. Then, the alternative materials of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polylactic acid (PLA)/glass fiber composite and paper are investigated for the substrate. A conventional PCB adopts copper as the conductive material and requires an etching process. The environmental impacts of changing the conductive deposition method to an additive method by printing silver nanoparticles is studied. In a conventional PCB, electricity generation contributes 41% of the global warming potential (GWP) and 38% of the abiotic resource depletion (ADP), in the fossil category. By applying an additive manufacturing method, the GWP of PCB manufacturing can be reduced to 14% of that of the conventional method. A sensitivity analysis of silver recycling illustrates that a 40% higher silver recycling rate would decrease the GWP of silver material by about 48–60%. Uncertainty in the energy consumption of PCB production would alter the environmental impacts; however, even with the most conservative energy consumption in a conventional PCB production method, the environmental impacts of the additive method are about five times lower than those of conventional PCB production.
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30
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Guo F, Liao X, Li S, Yan Z, Tang W, Li G. Heat insulating PLA/HNTs foams with enhanced compression performance fabricated by supercritical carbon dioxide. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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31
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Wu Y, Lin X, Li J, Zhang C, Liu Y, Song L, Hao X, Lin F, Wang S, Dong T. Polylactic Acid/Cerium Fluoride Films: Effects of Cerium Fluoride on Mechanical Properties, Crystallinity, Thermal Behavior, and Transparency. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:4882. [PMID: 34500972 PMCID: PMC8432698 DOI: 10.3390/ma14174882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PLA is widely used in the field of disposable products for its good transparency, high strength, high modulus, and good processing performance. However, the crystallization rate and crystallinity of PLA are weak. In actual production, the PLA products that are typically obtained are amorphous with poor heat resistance, which greatly limits the application range of PLA products. Finding an effective nucleating agent to improve the transparency of PLA has been a hot topic in research. This study found that Cerium fluoride (CeF3) can effectively improve the crystallinity of PLA/CeF3 (P/F) films. When the content of CeF3 in PLA was 1 wt %, the retention ratio of visible light transmittance was 82.36%, the crystallinity was 29.8%, and the tensile strength was 59.92 MPa. Compared to pure PLA, the crystallinity of P/F1 increased by 56% and tensile strength increased by 8.76%. This study provided an alternative scheme that maintained the PLA film's transparency and improved the crystallinity of PLA, which significantly expanded the application of PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yincai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province, School of Packaging and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China; (Y.W.); (X.L.); (C.Z.); (F.L.)
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; (J.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Xintu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province, School of Packaging and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China; (Y.W.); (X.L.); (C.Z.); (F.L.)
| | - Jinlei Li
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; (J.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Chuanxiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province, School of Packaging and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China; (Y.W.); (X.L.); (C.Z.); (F.L.)
| | - Yuejun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province, School of Packaging and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China; (Y.W.); (X.L.); (C.Z.); (F.L.)
| | - Lijun Song
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; (J.L.); (S.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Design and Assembly of Functional Nanostructures, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xihai Hao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province, School of Packaging and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China; (Y.W.); (X.L.); (C.Z.); (F.L.)
| | - Fenglong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Packaging Materials and Technology of Hunan Province, School of Packaging and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China; (Y.W.); (X.L.); (C.Z.); (F.L.)
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; (J.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Shenglong Wang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; (J.L.); (S.W.)
| | - Tungalag Dong
- School of College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010000, China;
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32
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Microcellular PLA/PMMA foam fabricated by CO2 foaming with outstanding shape-memory performance. J CO2 UTIL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Wen H, Wang M, Luo S, Zhou Y, Liu T. Aramid fiber reinforced
EPDM
microcellular foams: Influence of the aramid fiber content on rheological behavior, mechanical properties, thermal properties, and cellular structure. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huayin Wen
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
- Material Science and Engineering College Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Min Wang
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
- Material Science and Engineering College Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Shikai Luo
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
- Material Science and Engineering College Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Yuanlin Zhou
- Material Science and Engineering College Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Tao Liu
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
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35
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Zhang X, Li S, Li J, Fu B, Di J, Xu L, Zhu X. Reinforcing effect of nanocrystalline cellulose and office waste paper fibers on mechanical and thermal properties of poly (lactic acid) composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhang
- Faculty of Printing, Packing Engineering and Digital Media Technology Xi'an University of Technology Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Shaoge Li
- Faculty of Printing, Packing Engineering and Digital Media Technology Xi'an University of Technology Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Jia Li
- Faculty of Printing, Packing Engineering and Digital Media Technology Xi'an University of Technology Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Baiqiao Fu
- Faculty of Printing, Packing Engineering and Digital Media Technology Xi'an University of Technology Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Di
- Faculty of Printing, Packing Engineering and Digital Media Technology Xi'an University of Technology Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Long Xu
- Faculty of Printing, Packing Engineering and Digital Media Technology Xi'an University of Technology Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- Faculty of Printing, Packing Engineering and Digital Media Technology Xi'an University of Technology Xi'an P. R. China
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36
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Balla E, Daniilidis V, Karlioti G, Kalamas T, Stefanidou M, Bikiaris ND, Vlachopoulos A, Koumentakou I, Bikiaris DN. Poly(lactic Acid): A Versatile Biobased Polymer for the Future with Multifunctional Properties-From Monomer Synthesis, Polymerization Techniques and Molecular Weight Increase to PLA Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1822. [PMID: 34072917 PMCID: PMC8198026 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental problems, such as global warming and plastic pollution have forced researchers to investigate alternatives for conventional plastics. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), one of the well-known eco-friendly biodegradables and biobased polyesters, has been studied extensively and is considered to be a promising substitute to petroleum-based polymers. This review gives an inclusive overview of the current research of lactic acid and lactide dimer techniques along with the production of PLA from its monomers. Melt polycondensation as well as ring opening polymerization techniques are discussed, and the effect of various catalysts and polymerization conditions is thoroughly presented. Reaction mechanisms are also reviewed. However, due to the competitive decomposition reactions, in the most cases low or medium molecular weight (MW) of PLA, not exceeding 20,000-50,000 g/mol, are prepared. For this reason, additional procedures such as solid state polycondensation (SSP) and chain extension (CE) reaching MW ranging from 80,000 up to 250,000 g/mol are extensively investigated here. Lastly, numerous practical applications of PLA in various fields of industry, technical challenges and limitations of PLA use as well as its future perspectives are also reported in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dimitrios N. Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; (E.B.); (V.D.); (G.K.); (T.K.); (M.S.); (N.D.B.); (A.V.); (I.K.)
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37
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Potential Chemicals from Plastic Wastes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113175. [PMID: 34073300 PMCID: PMC8199254 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic is referred to as a “material of every application”. From the packaging and automotive industries to the medical apparatus and computer electronics sectors, plastic materials are fulfilling demands efficiently. These plastics usually end up in landfills and incinerators, creating plastic waste pollution. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in 2015, 9.1% of the plastic materials generated in the U.S. municipal solid waste stream was recycled, 15.5% was combusted for energy, and 75.4% was sent to landfills. If we can produce high-value chemicals from plastic wastes, a range of various product portfolios can be created. This will help to transform chemical industries, especially the petrochemical and plastic sectors. In turn, we can manage plastic waste pollution, reduce the consumption of virgin petroleum, and protect human health and the environment. This review provides a description of chemicals that can be produced from different plastic wastes and the research challenges involved in plastic waste to chemical production. This review also provides a brief overview of the state-of-the-art processes to help future system designers in the plastic waste to chemicals area.
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38
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Li P, Zhu X, Kong M, Lv Y, Huang Y, Yang Q, Li G. Fully biodegradable polylactide foams with ultrahigh expansion ratio and heat resistance for green packaging. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:222-234. [PMID: 33930441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Long chain branching (LCB) structures are efficiently introduced into polylactide (PLA) by employing sustainable soybean oil (SO) under the initiation of trace amount of cyclic peroxide, which displays robust foamability and heat resistance. It is discovered that with the introduction of 0.6 wt% SO, the expansion ratio and Vicat softening temperature of LCB PLA are sharply raised to 75.2-fold and 155.8 °C, respectively, which is about 17.9 and 2.6 times those of linear PLA. This is because that the amounts of LCB structures are significantly increased in LCB PLA by the addition of SO with low reactivity of internal CC bonds, which can avoid the oligomerization reaction, resulting in more dramatically improved melting strength and crystallization performance of LCB PLA. Moreover, the hydrolytic degradation of LCB PLA is largely expedited as compared to linear PLA, owing to the more rapid water permeation caused by the loose packing of LCB structures. Finally, the PLA foam tray with light weight and good heat resistance is successfully developed by using LCB PLA with 0.6 wt% SO through extrusion foaming with supercritical carbon oxide and thermoforming techniques. Hence, this research offers a green route to produce eco-friendly light-weight and high-heat-resistance LCB-PLA foam with full biodegradability, which is an ideal alternative to the non-degradable oil-based plastics in the field of disposable packaging products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Miqiu Kong
- School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China.
| | - Yadong Lv
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Yajiang Huang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Qi Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Guangxian Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
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39
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The Effect of Surface Treatment with Isocyanate and Aromatic Carbodiimide of Thermally Expanded Vermiculite Used as a Functional Filler for Polylactide-Based Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13060890. [PMID: 33799352 PMCID: PMC7999904 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, thermally expanded vermiculite (TE-VMT) was surface modified and used as a filler for composites with a polylactide (PLA) matrix. Modification of vermiculite was realized by simultaneous ball milling with the presence of two PLA chain extenders, aromatic carbodiimide (KI), and 4,4’-methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate) (MDI). In addition to analyzing the particle size of the filler subjected to processing, the efficiency of mechanochemical modification was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The composites of PLA with three vermiculite types were prepared by melt mixing and subjected to mechanical, thermomechanical, thermal, and structural evaluation. The structure of composites containing a constant amount of the filler (20 wt%) was assessed using FTIR spectroscopy and SEM analysis supplemented by evaluating the final injection-molded samples’ physicochemical properties. Mechanical behavior of the composites was assessed by static tensile test and impact strength hardness measurements. Heat deflection temperature (HDT) test and dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DMTA) were applied to evaluate the influence of the filler addition and its functionalization on thermomechanical properties of PLA-based composites. Thermal properties were assessed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry (PCFC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The use of filler-reactive chain extenders (CE) made it possible to change the vermiculite structure and obtain an improvement in interfacial adhesion and more favorable filler dispersions in the matrix. This translated into an improvement in impact strength and an increase in thermo-mechanical stability and heat release capacity of composites containing modified vermiculites.
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40
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Thermal and mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid) filled with modified silicon dioxide: importance of the surface area. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03571-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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41
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Sbardella F, Martinelli A, Di Lisio V, Bavasso I, Russo P, Tirillò J, Sarasini F. Surface Modification of Basalt Fibres with ZnO Nanorods and Its Effect on Thermal and Mechanical Properties of PLA-Based Composites. Biomolecules 2021; 11:200. [PMID: 33535423 PMCID: PMC7912728 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The composites based on basalt fibres and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) show promising applications in biomedical and automotive fields, but their mechanical performance is still largely hindered by poor interfacial properties. Zinc oxide nanorods have been successfully used to tune the PLA/basalt fibre interface by growing them on commercially available basalt fabrics. The hierarchical fibres significantly enhanced the mechanical properties of PLA-based composites, especially their flexural strength and stiffness. These values are 26% and 22% higher than those of unmodified basalt/PLA composites, and 24% and 34% higher than those of glass/PLA composites used as a baseline. The increase in tensile and flexural properties hinges on the mechanical interlocking action promoted by ZnO nanorods and on the creation of a compact transcrystallinity structure. A degradation of PLA matrix was detected but it was positively counteracted by the better interfacial stress transfer. This study offers a novel approach for modifying the fibre-matrix interface of biocomposites intended for high-performance applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Sbardella
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, Sapienza-Università di Roma & UdR INSTM, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy; (I.B.); (J.T.)
| | - Andrea Martinelli
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza-Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy;
| | - Valerio Di Lisio
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza-Università di Roma, P.le A. Moro, 5, 00185 Roma, Italy;
| | - Irene Bavasso
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, Sapienza-Università di Roma & UdR INSTM, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy; (I.B.); (J.T.)
| | - Pietro Russo
- Institute for Polymers, Composites, and Biomaterials, National Council of Research, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy;
| | - Jacopo Tirillò
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, Sapienza-Università di Roma & UdR INSTM, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy; (I.B.); (J.T.)
| | - Fabrizio Sarasini
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Environment, Sapienza-Università di Roma & UdR INSTM, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy; (I.B.); (J.T.)
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42
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Liu Y, Jiang S, Yan W, Qin J, He M, Qin S, Yu J. Enhanced mechanical and thermal properties of polyamide 6/p (N-(4-F-phenylmaleimide)–alt-styrene) composites based on interfacial complexation inducing crystal transformation. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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43
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Biocomposite foams based on polyhydroxyalkanoate and nanocellulose: Morphological and thermo-mechanical characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:1867-1878. [PMID: 32758612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The application of bio-based and biodegradable poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) is restricted by its high cost and brittleness. In the present work, these deficiencies were overcome by the manufacture of PHBV foams using thermally expandable microspheres (TES). Nanocellulose (Nc) and a crosslinking agent were added to PHBV-TES to control the foam structure and to improve the mechanical properties. Foams with almost perfect pores, well embedded in the polymer matrix, were obtained by a simple melt molding process. The closed-cell foams have a density 2.5-2.7 times lower than that of PHBV. The addition of Nc increased the expansion ratio, cell density and porosity and also led to a more uniform cell size distribution. The incorporation of the crosslinking agent, together with Nc and TES, increased the glass transition temperature with about 7 °C and strengthened the PHBV-Nc interactions. PHBV foams showed a 1.7-3 times higher deformation compared to PHBV and absorbed up to 15 times more energy. The fully biodegradable PHBV-Nc foams obtained in this work exhibit an advantageous porosity, good specific mechanical properties and high energy absorption, being promising alternatives for insulation, packaging or biomedical application.
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Vazquez-Martinez JM, Piñero D, Salguero J, Batista M. Evaluation of the Joining Response of Biodegradable Polylactic Acid (PLA) from Fused Deposition Modeling by Infrared Laser Irradiation. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112479. [PMID: 33114527 PMCID: PMC7692778 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of high-complexity geometry parts is one of the main goals of additive manufacturing technology. However, the failure of printed structures and the joining of different parts to create complex assemblies represents a real challenge in the research of efficient and sustainability techniques for the permanent assembly of polymers. Laser welding processes have been used as a single-step method to join metals for years. Nowadays, the growing trend in the use of thermoplastics for additive manufacturing has led to the need to adapt this technique to materials with a very specific nature and which are more sensitive to thermal effects. In addition, the possibility of transmitting the laser beam through transparent polymer layers allows to us focus the energy supply on internal sections of the assembled components. In this research, an infrared laser marking system was used to join two different samples of polylactic acid manufactured by fused deposited modeling technology. In order to increase the effectiveness of the bonding process, a transparent and a dark sample have been used as assembly material, focusing the laser beam on the interface area of the two parts. By means of tensile tests, dimensional measurement and the use of optical microscopy techniques, a basis was established that links the supplied energy by laser to the joining performance.
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45
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Zaaba NF, Jaafar M, Ismail H. Tensile and morphological properties of nanocrystalline cellulose and nanofibrillated cellulose reinforced
PLA
bionanocomposites: A review. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nor Fasihah Zaaba
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal Malaysia
| | - Mariatti Jaafar
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal Malaysia
| | - Hanafi Ismail
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal Malaysia
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46
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Plant-Based Natural Fibre Reinforced Composites: A Review on Fabrication, Properties and Applications. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10100973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The increasing global environmental concerns and awareness of renewable green resources is continuously expanding the demand for eco-friendly, sustainable and biodegradable natural fibre reinforced composites (NFRCs). Natural fibres already occupy an important place in the composite industry due to their excellent physicochemical and mechanical properties. Natural fibres are biodegradable, biocompatible, eco-friendly and created from renewable resources. Therefore, they are extensively used in place of expensive and non-renewable synthetic fibres, such as glass fibre, carbon fibre and aramid fibre, in many applications. Additionally, the NFRCs are used in automobile, aerospace, personal protective clothing, sports and medical industries as alternatives to the petroleum-based materials. To that end, in the last few decades numerous studies have been carried out on the natural fibre reinforced composites to address the problems associated with the reinforcement fibres, polymer matrix materials and composite fabrication techniques in particular. There are still some drawbacks to the natural fibre reinforced composites (NFRCs)—for example, poor interfacial adhesion between the fibre and the polymer matrix, and poor mechanical properties of the NFRCs due to the hydrophilic nature of the natural fibres. An up-to-date holistic review facilitates a clear understanding of the behaviour of the composites along with the constituent materials. This article intends to review the research carried out on the natural fibre reinforced composites over the last few decades. Furthermore, up-to-date encyclopaedic information about the properties of the NFRCs, major challenges and potential measures to overcome those challenges along with their prospective applications have been exclusively illustrated in this review work. Natural fibres are created from plant, animal and mineral-based sources. The plant-based cellulosic natural fibres are more economical than those of the animal-based fibres. Besides, these pose no health issues, unlike mineral-based fibres. Hence, in this review, the NFRCs fabricated with the plant-based cellulosic fibres are the main focus.
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Catana D, Pop M. Studies regarding simulation process to static loading of the structures obtained from polylactic acid,
3D
printed. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorin Catana
- Department of Materials Engineering and Welding Transilvania University of Brasov Brasov Romania
| | - Mihai‐Alin Pop
- Department of Materials Science Transilvania University of Brasov Brasov Romania
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Oliver-Ortega H, Tarrés Q, Mutjé P, Delgado-Aguilar M, Méndez JA, Espinach FX. Impact Strength and Water Uptake Behavior of Bleached Kraft Softwood-Reinforced PLA Composites as Alternative to PP-Based Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12092144. [PMID: 32962257 PMCID: PMC7570267 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The research toward environmentally friendly materials has devoted a great effort on composites based on natural fiber-reinforced biopolymers. These materials have shown noticeable mechanical properties, mainly tensile and flexural strengths, as a consequence of increasingly strong interfaces. Previous studies have shown a good interface between natural fibers and poly (lactic acid) (PLA) when these fibers present a low lignin content in their surface chemical composition (bleached fibers). Nonetheless, one of the main drawbacks of these materials is the hydrophilicity of the reinforcements in front of the mineral ones like glass fiber. Meanwhile, the behavior of such materials under impact is also of importance to evaluate its usefulness. This research evaluates the water uptake behavior and the impact strength of bleached Kraft softwood-reinforced PLA composites that have been reported to show noticeable tensile and flexural properties. The paper explores the differences between these bio-based materials and commodity composites like glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Oliver-Ortega
- Laboratori d’Enginyeria Paperera i Materials Polímers (LEPAMAP Research Group), Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, C.P. 17003 Girona, Spain; (H.O.-O.); (P.M.); (M.D.-A.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Quim Tarrés
- Laboratori d’Enginyeria Paperera i Materials Polímers (LEPAMAP Research Group), Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, C.P. 17003 Girona, Spain; (H.O.-O.); (P.M.); (M.D.-A.); (J.A.M.)
- Càtedra de Processos Industrials Sostenibles, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, C.P. 17003 Girona, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Pere Mutjé
- Laboratori d’Enginyeria Paperera i Materials Polímers (LEPAMAP Research Group), Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, C.P. 17003 Girona, Spain; (H.O.-O.); (P.M.); (M.D.-A.); (J.A.M.)
- Càtedra de Processos Industrials Sostenibles, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, C.P. 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Marc Delgado-Aguilar
- Laboratori d’Enginyeria Paperera i Materials Polímers (LEPAMAP Research Group), Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, C.P. 17003 Girona, Spain; (H.O.-O.); (P.M.); (M.D.-A.); (J.A.M.)
| | - José Alberto Méndez
- Laboratori d’Enginyeria Paperera i Materials Polímers (LEPAMAP Research Group), Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, C.P. 17003 Girona, Spain; (H.O.-O.); (P.M.); (M.D.-A.); (J.A.M.)
| | - Francesc Xavier Espinach
- Design, Development and Product Innovation, Dept. of Organization, Business, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
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Zaaba NF, Jaafar M. A review on degradation mechanisms of polylactic acid: Hydrolytic, photodegradative, microbial, and enzymatic degradation. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nor Fasihah Zaaba
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources EngineeringEngineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal Pulau Pinang 14300 Malaysia
| | - Mariatti Jaafar
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources EngineeringEngineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal Pulau Pinang 14300 Malaysia
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50
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Zhang X, Ding W, Chang E, Chen X, Chen J, Park CB, Shen C. Foaming Behaviors and Mechanical Properties of Injection-Molded Polylactide/Cotton-Fiber Composites. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c03348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Weidan Ding
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Eunse Chang
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Xuefeng Chen
- China National Pulp and Paper Research Institute, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Jingbo Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chul B. Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Changyu Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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