1
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Delle C, Wang X, Nedergaard M. The Ocular Glymphatic System-Current Understanding and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5734. [PMID: 38891923 PMCID: PMC11172116 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The ocular glymphatic system subserves the bidirectional polarized fluid transport in the optic nerve, whereby cerebrospinal fluid from the brain is directed along periarterial spaces towards the eye, and fluid from the retina is directed along perivenous spaces following upon its axonal transport across the glial lamina. Fluid homeostasis and waste removal are vital for retinal function, making the ocular glymphatic fluid pathway a potential route for targeted manipulation to combat blinding ocular diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. Several lines of work investigating the bidirectional ocular glymphatic transport with varying methodologies have developed diverging mechanistic models, which has created some confusion about how ocular glymphatic transport should be defined. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the current understanding of the ocular glymphatic system, aiming to address misconceptions and foster a cohesive understanding of the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Delle
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark;
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Elmwood Avenue 601, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, 10 Koret Way, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark;
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Elmwood Avenue 601, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;
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2
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Wu L, An J, Li X, Tao Q, Liu Z, Zhang K, Zhou L, Zhang X. Comprehensive Proteomic Profiling of Aqueous Humor in Idiopathic Uveitis and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Syndrome. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:18643-18653. [PMID: 38680323 PMCID: PMC11044210 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Idiopathic uveitis (IU) and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) syndrome are common types of uveitis. However, the exact pathological mechanisms of IU and VKH remain unclear. Proteomic analysis of aqueous humor (AH), the most easily accessible intraocular fluid and a key site of uveitis development, may reveal potential biomarkers and elucidate uveitis pathogenesis. In this study, 44 AH samples, including 12 IU cases, 16 VKH cases, and 16 controls, were subjected to label-free quantitative proteomic analysis. We identified 557 proteins from a comprehensive spectral library of 634 proteins across all samples. The AH proteomic profiles of the IU and VKH groups were different from those of the control group. Differential analysis revealed a shared pattern of extracellular matrix disruption and downregulation of retinal cellular proteins in the IU and VKH groups. Enrichment analysis revealed a protein composition indicative of inflammation in the AH of the IU and VKH groups but not in that of the control group. In the IU and VKH groups, innate immunity played an important role, as indicated by complement cascade activation and overexpression of innate immune cell markers. Extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), an efficient and robust machine learning algorithm, was subsequently used to screen potential biomarkers for classifying the IU, VKH, and control groups. Transferrin and complement factor B were deemed the most important and represent a promising biomarker panel. These proteins were validated by high-resolution multiple reaction monitoring (HR-MRM) in an independent validation cohort. A classification decision tree was subsequently built for the diagnosis. Our findings further the understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms in IU and VKH and facilitate the development of potential therapeutic and diagnostic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzi Wu
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of
National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute
and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical
University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
- Beijing
Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren
Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100051, China
| | - Jinying An
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of
National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute
and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical
University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Xueru Li
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of
National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute
and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical
University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Qingqin Tao
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of
National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute
and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical
University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Shanxi
Eye Hospital, Taiyuan 030002, Shanxi, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- The
Province and Ministry Co-sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center
for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment
and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical
Epigenetics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School
of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical
University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- School
of Optometry, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology,
and Research Centre for SHARP Vision (RCSV), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Centre for
Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Tianjin
Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of
National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute
and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical
University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300384, China
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3
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Qu S, Tang Y, Ning Z, Zhou Y, Wu H. Desired properties of polymeric hydrogel vitreous substitute. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 172:116154. [PMID: 38306844 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitreous replacement is a commonly employed method for treating a range of ocular diseases, including posterior vitreous detachment, complex retinal detachment, diabetic retinopathy, macular hole, and ocular trauma. Various clinical substitutes for vitreous include air, expandable gas, silicone oil, heavy silicone oil, and balanced salt solution. However, these substitutes have drawbacks such as short retention time, cytotoxicity, high intraocular pressure, and the formation of cataracts, rendering them unsuitable for long-term treatment. Polymeric hydrogels possess the potential to serve as ideal vitreous substitutes due to their structure-mimicking to natural vitreous and adjustable mechanical properties. Replacement with hydrogels as the tamponade can help maintain the shape of the eyeball, apply pressure to the detached retina, and ensure the metabolic transport of substances without impairing vision. This literature review examines the required properties of artificial vitreous, including the optical properties, rheological properties, expansive force action, and physiological and biochemical functions of chemically and physically crosslinked hydrogels. The strategies for enhancing the biocompatibility and injectability of hydrogels are also summarized and discussed. From a clinical ophthalmology perspective, this paper presents the latest developments in vitreous replacement, providing clinicians with a comprehensive understanding of hydrogel clinical applications, which offers guidance for future design directions and methodologies for hydrogel development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Zichao Ning
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Yanjie Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China.
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4
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Du J, Liu D, Zhou W, Ye T, Zhang C, Qian T, Zhang J, Zhang Z. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Aqueous Humor Reveals Biochemical Disparities in the Eyes of High Myopic Patients. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:916-928. [PMID: 38367214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Myopia accounts for a significant proportion of visual lesions worldwide and has the potential to progress toward pathological myopia. This study aims to reveal the difference in protein content in aqueous humor between high myopic and nonhigh myopic patients, as well as better understand the dysregulation of proteins in myopic eyes. Aqueous humor was collected for liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer (LC/MS) analysis from 30 individual eyes that underwent phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. Results showed that a total of 190 differentially expressed proteins were identified, which revealed their involvement in cell metabolism, immune and inflammatory response, and system and anatomical structure. Further analysis focused on 15 intensively interacted hub proteins, encompassing functions related to complement cascades, lipoprotein metabolism, and fibrin biological function. Subsequent validations demonstrated elevated levels of APOE (apolipoprotein E), C3 (complement 3), and AHSG (α-2-HS-glycoprotein) in the high myopia group (31 eyes of cataracts and 45 eyes of high myopia with cataracts). AHSG had a significant positive correlation with axial length in high myopic patients, with good efficacy in distinguishing between myopic and nonmyopic groups. AHSG may be a potential indicator of the pathological severity and participator in the pathological progress of high myopia. This study depicted differential expression characteristics of aqueous humor in patients with high myopia and provided optional information for further experimental research on exploring the molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets for high myopia. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD047584.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxiao Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology of Tongji Hospital and Laboratory of Clinical and Visual Sciences of Tongji Eye Institute, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Wenkai Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Tianyu Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Tianwei Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Jingfa Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Zhihua Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China
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5
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Riley-Gillis B, Huh H, Shen J, den Hollander AI. Genetic and molecular biomarkers for geographic atrophy. Acta Ophthalmol 2023; 101:869-880. [PMID: 37933607 DOI: 10.1111/aos.15803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Geographic atrophy (GA) is characterized by atrophy of the retina, retinal pigment epithelium and choriocapillaris, causing a gradual loss of vision over time. Treatment options to prevent initiation or progression of GA are limited; two recently FDA-approved inhibitors of the complement system (pegcetacoplan, avacincaptad pegol) showed a modest decrease in GA lesion growth in phase 3 clinical trials. Exploration of genetic and molecular biomarkers in GA plays a critical role in our battle against this blinding disease to improve early disease detection, to find more effective therapies, and to provide personalized care to patients. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current literature investigating genetic and molecular biomarkers for GA. Genetic studies identified multiple genes and variants that play a role in progression to GA and GA lesion growth, involving pathways such as complement activation, extracellular matrix interaction and lipid metabolism. The number of published studies assessing molecular biomarkers for GA initiation and progression in ocular matrices is limited. Several studies evaluated molecular biomarkers in the systemic circulation, showing higher levels of complement activation and a causal role of lipid subfractions in GA. Larger, well-powered studies are needed to identify novel and validate existing biomarkers, and to investigate the potential of combining genetic and molecular markers with imaging techniques for more accurate diagnosis and monitoring of GA. The development of personalized medicine approaches based on individual genetic and molecular profiles could hold promise for more effective and targeted treatments for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Huh
- AbbVie, Local Delivery Translational Sciences, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jie Shen
- AbbVie, Local Delivery Translational Sciences, Irvine, California, USA
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6
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Mimura M, Akagi T, Kohmoto R, Fujita Y, Sato Y, Ikeda T. Measurement of vitreous humor pressure in vivo using an optic fiber pressure sensor. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18233. [PMID: 37880357 PMCID: PMC10600124 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45616-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We conducted a study to assess the pressure difference between the aqueous and vitreous humors in rabbit eyes using a direct intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement method. A micro-optic-fiber pressure sensor was utilized for this purpose. Preliminary experiments with enucleated porcine eyes confirmed the sensor's accuracy in measuring both aqueous and vitreous humor pressure. The main study involved six healthy albino rabbits, where the sensor measured the pressure in the anterior chamber (aIOP) and posterior vitreous-cavity (pIOP). These measurements were compared to aIOP values obtained through rebound tonometry. Additionally, pre- and postoperative pressure comparisons were made after performing a vitrectomy. Results revealed a significant disparity between aqueous and vitreous humor pressures. Prior to vitrectomy, pIOP was 22.8 mmHg, over twice as high as aIOP (11.0 mmHg), but decreased to a similar level following the procedure. Comparison between the sensor measurements and rebound tonometry showed agreement in aIOP values. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that vitreous humor pressure is consistently higher than aqueous humor pressure, reaching the upper limit of normal IOP. Furthermore, vitrectomy effectively reduces pIOP, aligning it with aIOP. These findings contribute valuable insights into intraocular pressure dynamics and have implications for clinical interventions targeting ocular pressure regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Mimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki-City, Osaka, Japan.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1, Mukogawa-Cho, Nishinomiya-Shi, Hyogo , 663-8501, Japan.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Sakura-City, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Tadamichi Akagi
- Division of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kohmoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki-City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasushi Fujita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki-City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yohei Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki-City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsunehiko Ikeda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki-City, Osaka, Japan
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7
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Boddu SH, Acharya D, Hala V, Jani H, Pande S, Patel C, Shahwan M, Jwala R, Ranch KM. An Update on Strategies to Deliver Protein and Peptide Drugs to the Eye. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:35470-35498. [PMID: 37810716 PMCID: PMC10552503 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, advancements in protein engineering, biotechnology, and structural biochemistry have resulted in the discovery of various techniques that enhanced the production yield of proteins, targetability, circulating half-life, product purity, and functionality of proteins and peptides. As a result, the utilization of proteins and peptides has increased in the treatment of many conditions, including ocular diseases. Ocular delivery of large molecules poses several challenges due to their high molecular weight, hydrophilicity, unstable nature, and poor permeation through cellular and enzymatic barriers. The use of novel strategies for delivering protein and peptides such as glycoengineering, PEGylation, Fc-fusion, chitosan nanoparticles, and liposomes have improved the efficacy, safety, and stability, which consequently expanded the therapeutic potential of proteins. This review article highlights various proteins and peptides that are useful in ocular disorders, challenges in their delivery to the eye, and strategies to enhance ocular bioavailability using novel delivery approaches. In addition, a few futuristic approaches that will assist in the ocular delivery of proteins and peptides were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai H.
S. Boddu
- College
of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
- Center
of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Devarshi Acharya
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009, India
| | - Vivek Hala
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009, India
| | - Harshil Jani
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009, India
- Gujarat
Technological University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382424, India
| | - Sonal Pande
- Gujarat
Technological University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382424, India
- Department
of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009, India
| | - Chirag Patel
- Department
of Pharmacology, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009, India
| | - Moyad Shahwan
- College
of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
- Center
of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Renukuntla Jwala
- School
of
Pharmacy, The University of Texas at El
Paso, 1101 N Campbell
St., El Paso, Texas 79902, United States
- Department
of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, 27240, United States
| | - Ketan M. Ranch
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009, India
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Razavi SMS, Daneshvar R. Possible dose-dependent effect of eplerenone on intraocular pressure. Indian J Ophthalmol 2023; 71:3357-3360. [PMID: 37787235 PMCID: PMC10683679 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_175_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the main modifiable risk factor for glaucoma. Current therapies target the anterior outflow of aqueous humor or its production. This study aims to demonstrate eplerenone could reduce IOP through a possible posterior outflow path via retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Methods In this retrospective study, IOP changes in patients undergoing eplerenone treatment were investigated. Inclusion criteria were IOP data immediately before and during treatment. Exclusion criteria included ophthalmic procedures, changes in topical glaucoma treatment, or taking systemic medications affecting IOP. After reviewing 162 charts, 41 subjects were eligible. Pearson correlation test was used to investigate the correlation between continuous IOP and eplerenone dosage. Results The mean ± SD IOP before eplerenone treatment was 14.31 ± 3.73 mmHg and decreased to 13.50 ± 4.04 mmHg; however, this was not statistically significant (P = 0.39). In subset of patients with eplerenone dose of more than 25 mg/day and baseline IOP equal to or less than 15 mmHg, the mean IOP before eplerenone treatment was 12.33 ± 2.59 mmHg and decreased to 10.33 ± 2.99, which is a trend toward IOP reduction with a 16% reduction in IOP (P = 0.055). Conclusion A possible dose-dependent decrease in IOP with eplerenone provides indirect evidence for the posterior flow model and suggests the mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) in RPE play a role in the posterior flow of aqueous humor. It can be deduced that the RPE pumps responsible for the posterior flow of aqueous humor are MR-regulated and their function can be enhanced with MR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramin Daneshvar
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Florida, USA
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Sinenko IL, Kuttler F, Simeonov V, Moulin A, Aouad P, Stathopoulos C, Munier FL, Berger A, Dyson PJ. Translational screening platform to evaluate chemotherapy in combination with focal therapy for retinoblastoma. Cancer Sci 2023; 114:3728-3739. [PMID: 37340597 PMCID: PMC10475790 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is the most common pediatric eye cancer. It is currently treated with a limited number of drugs, adapted from other pediatric cancer treatments. Drug toxicity and relapse of the disease warrant new therapeutic strategies for these young patients. In this study, we developed a robust tumoroid-based platform to test chemotherapeutic agents in combination with focal therapy (thermotherapy) - a treatment option widely used in clinical practice - in accordance with clinically relevant trial protocols. The model consists of matrix-embedded tumoroids that retain retinoblastoma features and respond to repeated chemotherapeutic drug exposure similarly to advanced clinical cases. Moreover, the screening platform includes a diode laser (810 nm, 0.3 W) to selectively heat the tumoroids, combined with an on-line system to monitor the intratumoral and surrounding temperatures. This allows the reproduction of the clinical settings of thermotherapy and combined chemothermotherapy treatments. When testing the two main drugs currently used in clinics to treat retinoblastoma in our model, we observed results similar to those clinically obtained, validating the utility of the model. This screening platform is the first system to accurately reproduce clinically relevant treatment methods and should lead to the identification of more efficient drugs to treat retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina L. Sinenko
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
- Ophthalmology DepartmentUniversity of Lausanne, Jules‐Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des AveuglesLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Fabien Kuttler
- Biomolecular Screening Facility, School of Life SciencesÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Valentin Simeonov
- Laboratory of Environmental Remote SensingÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Alexandre Moulin
- Ophthalmology DepartmentUniversity of Lausanne, Jules‐Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des AveuglesLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Patrick Aouad
- Ophthalmology DepartmentUniversity of Lausanne, Jules‐Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des AveuglesLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Christina Stathopoulos
- Ophthalmology DepartmentUniversity of Lausanne, Jules‐Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des AveuglesLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Francis L. Munier
- Ophthalmology DepartmentUniversity of Lausanne, Jules‐Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des AveuglesLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Adeline Berger
- Ophthalmology DepartmentUniversity of Lausanne, Jules‐Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des AveuglesLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Paul J. Dyson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and EngineeringÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)LausanneSwitzerland
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10
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Naware S, Bussing D, Shah DK. Translational physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model for ocular disposition of monoclonal antibodies. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2023:10.1007/s10928-023-09881-9. [PMID: 37558929 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-023-09881-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
We have previously published a PBPK model comprising the ocular compartment to characterize the disposition of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in rabbits. While rabbits are commonly used preclinical species in ocular research, non-human primates (NHPs) have the most phylogenetic resemblance to humans including the presence of macula in the eyes as well as higher sequence homology. However, their use in ocular research is limited due to the strict ethical guidelines. Similarly, in humans the ocular samples cannot be collected except for the tapping of aqueous humor (AH). Therefore, we have translated this rabbit model to monkeys and human species using literature-reported datasets. Parameters describing the tissue volumes, physiological flows, and FcRn-binding were obtained from the literature, or estimated by fitting the model to the data. In the monkey model, the values for the rate of lysosomal degradation for antibodies (Kdeg), intraocular reflection coefficients (σaq, σret, σcho), bidirectional rate of fluid circulation between the vitreous chamber and the aqueous chamber (QVA), and permeability-surface area product of lens (PSlens) were estimated; and were found to be 31.5 h-1, 0.7629, 0.6982, 0.9999, 1.64 × 10-5 L/h, and 4.62 × 10-7 L/h, respectively. The monkey model could capture the data in plasma, aqueous humor, vitreous humor and retina reasonably well with the predictions being within twofold of the observed values. For the human model, only the value of Kdeg was estimated to fit the model to the plasma pharmacokinetics (PK) of mAbs and was found to be 24.4 h-1 (4.14%). The human model could also capture the ocular PK data reasonably well with the predictions being within two- to threefold of observed values for the plasma, aqueous and vitreous humor. Thus, the proposed framework can be used to characterize and predict the PK of mAbs in the eye of monkey and human species following systemic and intravitreal administration. The model can also facilitate the development of new antibody-based therapeutics for the treatment of ocular diseases as well as predict ocular toxicities of such molecules following systemic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanika Naware
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo 455 Kapoor Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214-8033, USA
| | - David Bussing
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo 455 Kapoor Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214-8033, USA
| | - Dhaval K Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo 455 Kapoor Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214-8033, USA.
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Duncan B, Al-Kassas R, Zhang G, Hughes D, Qiu Y. Ultrasound-Mediated Ocular Drug Delivery: From Physics and Instrumentation to Future Directions. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1575. [PMID: 37630111 PMCID: PMC10456754 DOI: 10.3390/mi14081575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery to the anterior and posterior segments of the eye is impeded by anatomical and physiological barriers. Increasingly, the bioeffects produced by ultrasound are being proven effective for mitigating the impact of these barriers on ocular drug delivery, though there does not appear to be a consensus on the most appropriate system configuration and operating parameters for this application. In this review, the fundamental aspects of ultrasound physics most pertinent to drug delivery are presented; the primary phenomena responsible for increased drug delivery efficacy under ultrasound sonication are discussed; an overview of common ocular drug administration routes and the associated ocular barriers is also given before reviewing the current state of the art of ultrasound-mediated ocular drug delivery and its potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair Duncan
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Raida Al-Kassas
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Guangming Zhang
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Dave Hughes
- Novosound Ltd., Biocity, BoNess Road, Newhouse, Glasgow ML1 5UH, UK
| | - Yongqiang Qiu
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Liverpool John Moores University, James Parsons Building, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
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12
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Eriksen AZ, Melander F, Eriksen GDM, Kempen PJ, Kjaer A, Andresen TL, Urquhart AJ. Active Transport and Ocular Distribution of Intravitreally Injected Liposomes. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2023; 12:20. [PMID: 37615641 PMCID: PMC10461645 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.12.8.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Drug delivery to the retina remains a challenge due to ocular barriers and fast clearing mechanisms. Nanocarrier drug delivery systems (NDDSs) hold the promise of prolonging intraocular retention times and increasing drug concentrations in the retina. Methods Anionic and cationic PEGylated liposomes, loaded with oxaliplatin (OxPt) to be used as trace element, were prepared from dry lipid powders. The differently charged liposomes were intravitreally injected in C57BL/6JrJ mice; eyes were harvested 2 hours and 24 hours post-injection. To investigate active transport mechanisms in the eye, a subset of mice were pre-injected with chloroquine before injection with cationic liposomes. Eyes were dissected and the distribution of OxPt in different tissues were quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results Both liposome formulations enhanced the retention time of OxPt in the vitreous over free OxPt. Surprisingly, when formulated in cationic liposomes, OxPt translocated through the retina and accumulated in the RPE-sclera. Pre-injection with chloroquine inhibited the transport of liposomal OxPt from the vitreous to the RPE-sclera. Conclusions We show that liposomes can enhance the retention time of small molecular drugs in the vitreous and that active transport mechanisms are involved in the trans retinal transport of NDDS after intravitreal injections. Translational Relevance These results highlight the need for understanding the dynamics of ocular transport mechanisms in living eyes when designing NDDS with the back of the eye as the target. Active transport of nanocarriers through the retina will limit the drug concentration in the neuronal retina but might be exploited for targeting the RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Zebitz Eriksen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Fredrik Melander
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Paul Joseph Kempen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- National Center for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kjaer
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET & Cluster for Molecular Imaging, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Lars Andresen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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13
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Tayyab HA, Iqbal K, Rahman FU, Tayyab M, Abid MA, Asad U. The Emulsification of Silicone Oil 5000 cs in Patients With Retinal Detachment. Cureus 2023; 15:e40205. [PMID: 37435250 PMCID: PMC10331315 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The emulsification of silicone oil is a significant concern for those with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) following surgery. The aim of the study was to assess the frequency of emulsification in the patients who underwent primary vitrectomy and were administered 5000 cs silicone oil. Methodology The Layton Rahmatullah Benevolent Trust in Lahore conducted an ophthalmology study from January 2022 to March 2023. The patients who had primary vitrectomy for RRD with silicone oil tamponade were included regardless of age or gender. Those on anti-inflammatory or steroid medications prior to surgery were excluded. Retinal attachment was examined 8-12 weeks post operation to assess silicone oil removal eligibility. Emulsification occurrence was reported. Data on emulsification time, visual acuity (pre- and post-removal), mean intraocular pressure (IOP), and clinical outcomes were collected and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software (IBM SPSS Statistics, Armonk, NY). The results were graphically presented with mean, standard deviations, frequencies, and proportions. Results A total of 158 patients underwent silicone oil removal after undergoing primary vitrectomy for RRD with silicone oil. The mean age of the patients was 45.90 ± 17.8 years. The mean preoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) among the patients was 16.28 ± 2.97 mmHg. Post removal of silicone oil, the IOP was reduced to 12.66 ± 3.02 mmHg. In 11 out of 158 cases (6.9%) of RRD, emulsification had occurred with silicone oil 5000 cs. We found that out of 11 cases of emulsification, eight (72.73%) were 40 years or older in age. Seven (63.64%) patients had tamponade duration of 10 weeks or longer. However, the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion In conclusion, our study found that the incidence of emulsification of 5000 cs silicone oil in the patients who underwent primary vitrectomy for the treatment of RRD was 6.9%. We observed that emulsification was more frequent in patients aged 40 years or older and those with a tamponade duration of 10 weeks or longer, although the difference was not statistically significant. Further investigation with bigger sample sizes and extended follow-up periods is required to verify our findings and explore potential factors that could lead to emulsification in this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza A Tayyab
- Department of Ophthalmology, Layton Rahmatullah Benevolent Trust, Lahore, PAK
| | - Kashif Iqbal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Layton Rahmatullah Benevolent Trust, Lahore, PAK
| | - Fawad U Rahman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Layton Rahmatullah Benevolent Trust, Lahore, PAK
| | - Mashal Tayyab
- Department of Ophthalmology, Layton Rahmatullah Benevolent Trust, Lahore, PAK
| | - Muhammad Awaid Abid
- Department of Ophthalmology, Layton Rahmatullah Benevolent Trust, Lahore, PAK
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mughal Eye Hospital, Lahore, PAK
| | - Uzair Asad
- Department of General Surgery, Lahore General Hospital, Lahore, PAK
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14
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Mishra D, Gade S, Glover K, Sheshala R, Singh TRR. Vitreous Humor: Composition, Characteristics and Implication on Intravitreal Drug Delivery. Curr Eye Res 2023; 48:208-218. [PMID: 36036478 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2119254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Intravitreal administration of drug molecules is one of the most common routes for treating posterior segment eye diseases. However, the properties of vitreous humour changes with the time. A number of ocular complications such as liquefaction of the vitreous humour, solidification of the vitreous humour in the central vitreous cavity and detachment of the limiting membrane due to the shrinking of vitreous humour are some of the factors that can drastically affect the efficacy of therapeutics delivered via intravitreal route. Although significant research has been conducted for studying the properties of vitreous humour and its changes during the ageing process, there have been limited work to understand the effect of these changes on therapeutic efficacy of intravitreal drug delivery systems. Therefore, in this review we discussed both the coomposition and characteristics of the vitreous humour, and their subsequent influence on intravitreal drug delivery.Methods: Articles were searched on Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science up to March 2022.Results: In this review, we discussed the biological composition and biomechanical properties of vitreous humour, methods to study the properties of vitreous humour and the changes in these properties and their relevance in ocular drug delivery field, with the aim to provide a useful insight into these aspects which can aid the process of development of novel intravitreal drug delivery systems.Conclusions: The composition and characteristics of the vitreous humour, and how these change during natural aging processes, directly influence intravitreal drug delivery. This review therefore highlights the importance of understanding the properties of the vitreous and identifies the need to achieve greater understanding of how changing properties of the vitreous affect the therapeutic efficacy of drugs administered for the treatment of posterior eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepakkumar Mishra
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Shilpkala Gade
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Katie Glover
- School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Ravi Sheshala
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Group of Affinity, Safety and Efficacy Studies (OASES), Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Kuala Selangor, Malaysia
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15
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Luo RH, Tram NK, Parekh AM, Puri R, Reilly MA, Swindle-Reilly KE. The Roles of Vitreous Biomechanics in Ocular Disease, Biomolecule Transport, and Pharmacokinetics. Curr Eye Res 2023; 48:195-207. [PMID: 35179421 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2033271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The biomechanical properties of the vitreous humor and replication of these properties to develop substitutes for the vitreous humor have rapidly become topics of interest over the last two decades. In particular, the behavior of the vitreous humor as a viscoelastic tissue has been investigated to identify its role in a variety of processes related to biotransport, aging, and age-related pathologies of the vitreoretinal interface. METHODS A thorough search and review of peer-reviewed publications discussing the biomechanical properties of the vitreous humor in both human and animal specimens was conducted. Findings on the effects of biomechanics on vitreoretinal pathologies and vitreous biotransport were analyzed and discussed. RESULTS The pig and rabbit vitreous have been found to be most mechanically similar to the human vitreous. Age-related liquefaction of the vitreous creates two mechanically unique phases, with an overall effect of softening the vitreous. However, the techniques used to acquire this mechanical data are limited by the in vitro testing methods used, and the vitreous humor has been hypothesized to behave differently in vivo due in part to its swelling properties. The impact of liquefaction and subsequent detachment of the vitreous humor from the posterior retinal surface is implicated in a variety of tractional pathologies of the retina and macula. Liquefaction also causes significant changes in the biotransport properties of the eye, allowing for significantly faster movement of molecules compared to the healthy vitreous. Recent developments in computational and ex vivo models of the vitreous humor have helped with understanding its behavior and developing materials capable of replacing it. CONCLUSIONS A better understanding of the biomechanical properties of the vitreous humor and how these relate to its structure will potentially aid in improving clinical metrics for vitreous liquefaction, design of biomimetic vitreous substitutes, and predicting pharmacokinetics for intravitreal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard H Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nguyen K Tram
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ankur M Parekh
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Raima Puri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Matthew A Reilly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Katelyn E Swindle-Reilly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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16
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Adlung A, Licht C, Reichert S, Özdemir S, Mohamed SA, Samartzi M, Fatar M, Gass A, Prost EN, Schad LR. Quantification of tissue sodium concentration in the ischemic stroke: A comparison between external and internal references for 23Na MRI. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 382:109721. [PMID: 36202191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Adlung
- Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany.
| | - Christian Licht
- Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Simon Reichert
- Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Safa Özdemir
- Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Sherif A Mohamed
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany; Clinic for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melina Samartzi
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim and Mannheim Center of Translational Neurosciences (MCTN), Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Marc Fatar
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim and Mannheim Center of Translational Neurosciences (MCTN), Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Achim Gass
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim and Mannheim Center of Translational Neurosciences (MCTN), Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Eva Neumaier Prost
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Lothar R Schad
- Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Germany
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17
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Marshall AT, Crewther SG. Osmotic gradients and transretinal water flow-a quantitative elemental microanalytical study of frozen hydrated chick eyes. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:975313. [PMID: 36353149 PMCID: PMC9639504 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.975313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical clarity and efficient phototransduction are necessary for optimal vision, however, how the associated processes of osmoregulation and continuous fluid drainage across the whole eye are achieved remains relatively unexplored. Hence, we have employed elemental microanalysis of planed surfaces of light-adapted bulk frozen-hydrated chick eyes to determine the unique intracellular elemental localization, compositions, and hydration states that contribute to maintaining osmotic gradients and water flow from the vitreous, across the retina, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), to choroid and sclera. As expected, the greatest difference in resultant osmotic concentration gradients, [calculated using the combined concentrations of sodium (Na) and potassium (K)] and tissue hydration [oxygen-defined water concentration], occurs in the outer retina and, in particular, in the RPE where the apical and basal membranes are characterized by numerous bioenergetically active, osmoregulating ion transport mechanisms, aquaporins, and chloride (Cl) channels. Our results also demonstrate that the high intracellular Na+ and K+ concentrations in the apical region of the RPE are partially derived from the melanosomes. The inclusion of the ubiquitous osmolyte taurine to the calculation of the osmotic gradients suggests a more gradual increase in the osmotic transport of water from the vitreous into the ganglion cell layer across the inner retina to the outer segments of the photoreceptor/apical RPE region where the water gradient increases rapidly towards the basal membrane. Thus transretinal water is likely to cross the apical membrane from the retina into the RPE cells down the Na+ and K+ derived osmotic concentration gradient and leave the RPE for the choroid across the basal membrane down the Cl- derived osmotic concentration gradient that is sustained by the well-described bioenergetically active RPE ion transporters and channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan T. Marshall
- Analytical Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sheila G. Crewther
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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18
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Ocular Lymphatic and Glymphatic Systems: Implications for Retinal Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710139. [PMID: 36077535 PMCID: PMC9456449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clearance of ocular fluid and metabolic waste is a critical function of the eye in health and disease. The eye has distinct fluid outflow pathways in both the anterior and posterior segments. Although the anterior outflow pathway is well characterized, little is known about posterior outflow routes. Recent studies suggest that lymphatic and glymphatic systems play an important role in the clearance of fluid and waste products from the posterior segment of the eye. The lymphatic system is a vascular network that runs parallel to the blood circulatory system. It plays an essential role in maintenance of fluid homeostasis and immune surveillance in the body. Recent studies have reported lymphatics in the cornea (under pathological conditions), ciliary body, choroid, and optic nerve meninges. The evidence of lymphatics in optic nerve meninges is, however, limited. An alternative lymphatic system termed the glymphatic system was recently discovered in the rodent eye and brain. This system is a glial cell-based perivascular network responsible for the clearance of interstitial fluid and metabolic waste. In this review, we will discuss our current knowledge of ocular lymphatic and glymphatic systems and their role in retinal degenerative diseases.
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19
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Sadeghi A, Ruponen M, Puranen J, Cao S, Ridolfo R, Tavakoli S, Toropainen E, Lajunen T, Ranta VP, van Hest J, Urtti A. Imaging, quantitation and kinetic modelling of intravitreal nanomaterials. Int J Pharm 2022; 621:121800. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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20
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Li H, Zhu X, Wang M, Zhao D, Li H, Yan J. Drug sustained release from degradable drug-loaded in-situ hydrogels in the posterior eye: a mechanistic model and analytical method. J Biomech 2022; 136:111052. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Lohia A, Sahel DK, Salman M, Singh V, Mariappan I, Mittal A, Chitkara D. Delivery Strategies for CRISPR/Cas Genome editing tool for Retinal Dystrophies: challenges and opportunities. Asian J Pharm Sci 2022; 17:153-176. [PMID: 36320315 PMCID: PMC9614410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas, an adaptive immune system in bacteria, has been adopted as an efficient and precise tool for site-specific gene editing with potential therapeutic opportunities. It has been explored for a variety of applications, including gene modulation, epigenome editing, diagnosis, mRNA editing, etc. It has found applications in retinal dystrophic conditions including progressive cone and cone-rod dystrophies, congenital stationary night blindness, X-linked juvenile retinoschisis, retinitis pigmentosa, age-related macular degeneration, leber's congenital amaurosis, etc. Most of the therapies for retinal dystrophic conditions work by regressing symptoms instead of reversing the gene mutations. CRISPR/Cas9 through indel could impart beneficial effects in the reversal of gene mutations in dystrophic conditions. Recent research has also consolidated on the approaches of using CRISPR systems for retinal dystrophies but their delivery to the posterior part of the eye is a major concern due to high molecular weight, negative charge, and in vivo stability of CRISPR components. Recently, non-viral vectors have gained interest due to their potential in tissue-specific nucleic acid (miRNA/siRNA/CRISPR) delivery. This review highlights the opportunities of retinal dystrophies management using CRISPR/Cas nanomedicine.
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22
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Tsai SJ, Atai NA, Cacciottolo M, Nice J, Salehi A, Guo C, Sedgwick A, Kanagavelu S, Gould SJ. Exosome-mediated mRNA delivery in vivo is safe and can be used to induce SARS-CoV-2 immunity. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101266. [PMID: 34600888 PMCID: PMC8483990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional delivery of mRNA has high clinical potential. Previous studies established that mRNAs can be delivered to cells in vitro and in vivo via RNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). Here we describe an alternative approach using exosomes, the only biologically normal nanovesicle. In contrast to LNPs, which elicited pronounced cellular toxicity, exosomes had no adverse effects in vitro or in vivo at any dose tested. Moreover, mRNA-loaded exosomes were characterized by efficient mRNA encapsulation (∼90%), high mRNA content, consistent size, and a polydispersity index under 0.2. Using an mRNA encoding the red light-emitting luciferase Antares2, we observed that mRNA-loaded exosomes were superior to mRNA-loaded LNPs at delivering functional mRNA into human cells in vitro. Injection of Antares2 mRNA-loaded exosomes also led to strong light emission following injection into the vitreous fluid of the eye or into the tissue of skeletal muscle in mice. Furthermore, we show that repeated injection of Antares2 mRNA-loaded exosomes drove sustained luciferase expression across six injections spanning at least 10 weeks, without evidence of signal attenuation or adverse injection site responses. Consistent with these findings, we observed that exosomes loaded with mRNAs encoding immunogenic forms of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Nucleocapsid proteins induced long-lasting cellular and humoral responses to both. Taken together, these results demonstrate that exosomes can be used to deliver functional mRNA to and into cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Jui Tsai
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nadia A Atai
- Capricor Therapeutics, Inc, Beverly Hills, California, USA
| | | | - Justin Nice
- Capricor Therapeutics, Inc, Beverly Hills, California, USA
| | - Arjang Salehi
- Capricor Therapeutics, Inc, Beverly Hills, California, USA
| | - Chenxu Guo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Stephen J Gould
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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23
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Recent advances in ophthalmic preparations: Ocular barriers, dosage forms and routes of administration. Int J Pharm 2021; 608:121105. [PMID: 34537269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The human eye is a complex organ with unique anatomy and physiology that restricts the delivery of drugs to target ocular tissues/sites. Recent advances in the field of pharmacy, biotechnology and material science have led to development of novel ophthalmic dosage forms which can provide sustained drug delivery, reduce dosing frequency and improve the ocular bioavailability of drugs. This review highlights the different anatomical and physiological factors which affect ocular bioavailability of drugs and explores advancements from 2016 to 2020 in various ophthalmic preparations. Different routes of drug administration such as topical, intravitreal, intraocular, juxtascleral, subconjunctival, intracameral and retrobulbar are discussed with their advances and limitations.
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24
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Lymphatics in Eye Fluid Homeostasis: Minor Contributors or Significant Actors? BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10070582. [PMID: 34201989 PMCID: PMC8301034 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels exert major effects on the maintenance of interstitial fluid homeostasis, immune cell trafficking, lipid absorption, tumor progression and metastasis. Recently, novel functional roles for the lymphatic vasculature have emerged, which can be associated with pathological situations. Among them, lymphatics have been proposed to participate in eye aqueous humor drainage, with potential consequences on intraocular pressure, a main risk factor for progression of glaucoma disease. In this review, after the description of eye fluid dynamics, we provide an update on the data concerning the distribution of ocular lymphatics. Particular attention is given to the results of investigations allowing the three dimensional visualization of the ocular surface vasculature, and to the molecular mechanisms that have been characterized to regulate ocular lymphatic vessel development. The studies concerning the potential role of lymphatics in aqueous humor outflow are reported and discussed. We also considered the novel studies mentioning the existence of an ocular glymphatic system which may have, in connection with lymphatics, important repercussions in retinal clearance and in diseases affecting the eye posterior segment. Some remaining unsolved questions and new directions to explore are proposed to improve the knowledge about both lymphatic and glymphatic system interactions with eye fluid homeostasis.
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25
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Breazzano MP, Nair AA, Arevalo JF, Barakat MR, Berrocal AM, Chang JS, Chen A, Eliott D, Garg SJ, Ghadiali Q, Gong D, Grewal DS, Handa JT, Henderson M, Leiderman YI, Leng T, Mannina A, Mendel TA, Mustafi D, de Koo LCO, Patel SN, Patel TP, Prenner J, Richards P, Singh RP, Wykoff CC, Yannuzzi NA, Yu H, Modi YS, Chang S. Frequency of Urgent or Emergent Vitreoretinal Surgical Procedures in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Ophthalmol 2021; 139:456-463. [PMID: 33662093 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Importance The American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) indicated that urgent or emergent vitreoretinal surgical procedures should continue during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Although decreases in the frequency of critical procedures have been reported outside the field of ophthalmology, analyses are limited by volume, geography, and time. Objective To evaluate whether the frequency of ophthalmic surgical procedures deemed urgent or emergent by the AAO changed across the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design, Setting, and Participants Vitreoretinal practices from 17 institutions throughout the US participated in this multicenter cross-sectional study. The frequency of 11 billed vitreoretinal Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes across respective weeks was obtained from each practice between January 1, 2019, and May 31, 2020. Data were clustered into intravitreal injections (code 67028), lasers and cryotherapy (codes 67141, 67145, and 67228), retinal detachment (RD) repairs (codes 67107, 67108, 67110, and 67113), and other vitrectomies (codes 67036, 67039, and 67040). Institutions were categorized by region (Northeast, Midwest, South, and West Coast), practice setting (academic [tax-exempt] or private [non-tax-exempt]), and date of respective statewide stay-at-home orders. Main Outcomes and Measures Nationwide changes in the frequency of billing for urgent or emergent vitreoretinal surgical procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results A total of 526 536 CPT codes were ascertained: 483 313 injections, 19 257 lasers or cryotherapy, 14 949 RD repairs, and 9017 other vitrectomies. Relative to 2019, a weekly institutional decrease in injections was observed from March 30 to May 2, 2020, with a maximal 38.6% decrease (from a mean [SD] of 437.8 [436.3] to 273.8 [269.0] injections) from April 6 to 12, 2020 (95% CI, -259 to -69 injections; P = .002). A weekly decrease was also identified that spanned a longer interval, at least until study conclusion (March 16 to May 31, 2020), for lasers and cryotherapy, with a maximal 79.6% decrease (from a mean [SD] of 6.6 [7.7] to 1.5 [2.0] procedures) from April 6 to 12, 2020 (95% CI, -6.8 to -3.3 procedures; P < .001), for RD repairs, with a maximal 59.4% decrease (from a mean [SD] of 3.5 [4.0] to 1.6 [2.2] repairs) from April 13 to 19, 2020 (95% CI, -2.7 to -1.4 repairs; P < .001), and for other vitrectomies, with a maximal 84.3% decrease (from a mean [SD] of 3.0 [3.1] to 0.4 [0.8] other vitrectomies) from April 6 to 12, 2020 (95% CI, -3.3 to -1.8 other vitrectomies; P < .001). No differences were identified by region, setting, or state-level stay-at-home order adjustment. Conclusions and Relevance Although the AAO endorsed the continued performance of urgent or emergent vitreoretinal surgical procedures, the frequency of such procedures throughout the country experienced a substantial decrease that may persist after the COVID-19 pandemic's initial exponential growth phase. This decrease appears independent of region, setting, and state-level stay-at-home orders. It is unknown to what extent vitreoretinal intervention would have decreased without AAO recommendations, and how the decrease is associated with outcomes. Although safety is paramount during the COVID-19 pandemic, practices should consider prioritizing availability for managing high-acuity conditions until underlying reasons for the reduction are fully appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Breazzano
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York.,NYU Langone Eye Center, New York University, New York.,Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - J Fernando Arevalo
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Audina M Berrocal
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Jonathan S Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin Madison School of Medicine, Madison
| | - Andrew Chen
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Dean Eliott
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Sunir J Garg
- Wills Eye Hospital, Mid-Atlantic Retina, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Quraish Ghadiali
- Department of Surgery, Cook County Health, Chicago, Illinois.,Retina Consultants Ltd, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dan Gong
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Dilraj S Grewal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - James T Handa
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Matthew Henderson
- NJRetina, Department of Ophthalmology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | | | - Theodore Leng
- Byers Eye Institute of Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Amar Mannina
- Department of Surgery, Cook County Health, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Debarshi Mustafi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Lisa C Olmos de Koo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
| | - Shriji N Patel
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Tapan P Patel
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jonathan Prenner
- NJRetina, Department of Ophthalmology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Paige Richards
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin Madison School of Medicine, Madison
| | - Rishi P Singh
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Nicolas A Yannuzzi
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Hannah Yu
- Retina Consultants of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Yasha S Modi
- NYU Langone Eye Center, New York University, New York
| | - Stanley Chang
- Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York
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de Jong S, Gagliardi G, Garanto A, de Breuk A, Lechanteur YTE, Katti S, van den Heuvel LP, Volokhina EB, den Hollander AI. Implications of genetic variation in the complement system in age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 84:100952. [PMID: 33610747 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the main cause of vision loss among the elderly in the Western world. While AMD is a multifactorial disease, the complement system was identified as one of the main pathways contributing to disease risk. The strong link between the complement system and AMD was demonstrated by genetic associations, and by elevated complement activation in local eye tissue and in the systemic circulation of AMD patients. Several complement inhibitors have been and are being explored in clinical trials, but thus far with limited success, leaving the majority of AMD patients without treatment options to date. This indicates that there is still a gap of knowledge regarding the functional implications of the complement system in AMD pathogenesis and how to bring these towards clinical translation. Many different experimental set-ups and disease models have been used to study complement activation in vivo and in vitro, and recently emerging patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells and genome-editing techniques open new opportunities to study AMD disease mechanisms and test new therapeutic strategies in the future. In this review we provide an extensive overview of methods employed to understand the molecular processes of complement activation in AMD pathogenesis. We discuss the findings, advantages and challenges of each approach and conclude with an outlook on how recent, exciting developments can fill in current knowledge gaps and can aid in the development of effective complement-targeting therapeutic strategies in AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah de Jong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Giuliana Gagliardi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Garanto
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Anita de Breuk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Yara T E Lechanteur
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Suresh Katti
- Gemini Therapeutics Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Lambert P van den Heuvel
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Elena B Volokhina
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Anneke I den Hollander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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27
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ROCK inhibition reduces morphological and functional damage to rod synapses after retinal injury. Sci Rep 2021; 11:692. [PMID: 33436892 PMCID: PMC7804129 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal detachment (RD) causes damage, including disjunction, of the rod photoreceptor-bipolar synapse, which disrupts vision and may contribute to the poor visual recovery observed after retinal reattachment surgery. We created a model of iatrogenic RD in adult female pigs to study damage to the rod-bipolar synapse after injury and the ability of a highly specific Rho-kinase (ROCK) inhibitor to preserve synaptic structure and function. This model mimics procedures used in humans when viral vectors or cells are injected subretinally for treatment of retinal disease. Synaptic disjunction by retraction of rod spherules, quantified by image analysis of confocal sections, was present 2 h after detachment and remained 2 days later even though the retina had spontaneously reattached by then. Moreover, spherule retraction occurred in attached retina 1-2 cms from detached retina. Synaptic damage was significantly reduced by ROCK inhibition in detached retina whether injected subretinally or intravitreally. Dark-adapted full-field electroretinograms were recorded in reattached retinas to assess rod-specific function. Reduction in synaptic injury correlated with increases in rod-driven responses in drug-treated eyes. Thus, ROCK inhibition helps prevent synaptic damage and improves functional outcomes after retinal injury and may be a useful adjunctive treatment in iatrogenic RD and other retinal degenerative diseases.
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28
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Yu M, Xie F, Liu X, Sun H, Guo Z, Liu X, Li W, Sun W, Wang Y, He C. Proteomic Study of Aqueous Humor and Its Application in the Treatment of Neovascular Glaucoma. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:587677. [PMID: 33195434 PMCID: PMC7580691 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.587677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aqueous humor (AH) proteins are involved in many physiological and pathological processes of the eye. The proteome analysis of AH is important to understand its physiological and pathophysiological functions. In the present study, AH samples obtained from 21 cataract volunteers were pooled together. After high-pH RPLC offline separation, the pooled sample was analyzed by LC-MS/MS to provide a comprehensive profile of AH proteome. The function analysis was provided by the GO and IPA annotation. In order to determine whether the AH proteome can reflect the pathophysiological changes of the disease, DIA technology was used to analyze the AH samples obtained from three neovascular glaucoma (NVG) patients (six samples) before and after drug treatment. The differential proteins were validated by PRM technology in an independent group (14 samples). In the AH proteome database, 802 proteins were identified, and 318 proteins were identified for the first time. Furthermore, 480 proteins were quantified based on the peak intensity-based semiquantification (iBAQ), which ranged by approximately 7 orders of magnitude. These proteins are primarily involved in immunity- and inflammation-related pathways. The differential AH proteomic analysis in NVG treatment revealed that the AH proteome can reflect the pathophysiological changes of drug treatment. Angiogenesis and thrombus coagulation progression are deeply involved in NVG treatment. The present experiment provided a comprehensive AH proteome analysis and expanded the profile of human AH proteome. The differential AH proteomic analysis of NVG treatment indicated that AH proteome can reflect the pathophysiological changes in drug intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Yu
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Feng Xie
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Shanghai AB Sciex Analytical Instrument Trading Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Haidan Sun
- Core Facility of Instrument, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Peking, China
| | - Zhengguang Guo
- Core Facility of Instrument, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Peking, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Core Facility of Instrument, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Peking, China
| | - Wei Li
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Core Facility of Instrument, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Peking, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chengyan He
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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29
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Lamminsalo M, Karvinen T, Subrizi A, Urtti A, Ranta VP. Extended Pharmacokinetic Model of the Intravitreal Injections of Macromolecules in Rabbits. Part 2: Parameter Estimation Based on Concentration Dynamics in the Vitreous, Retina, and Aqueous Humor. Pharm Res 2020; 37:226. [PMID: 33094404 PMCID: PMC7581578 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02946-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To estimate the diffusion coefficients of an IgG antibody (150 kDa) and its antigen-binding fragment (Fab; 50 kDa) in the neural retina (Dret) and the combined retinal pigment epithelium-choroid (DRPE-cho) with a 3-dimensional (3D) ocular pharmacokinetic (PK) model of the rabbit eye. METHODS Vitreous, retina, and aqueous humor concentrations of IgG and Fab after intravitreal injection in rabbits were taken from Gadkar et al. (2015). A least-squares method was used to estimate Dret and DRPE-cho with the 3D finite element model where mass transport was defined with diffusion and convection. Different intraocular pressures (IOP), initial distribution volumes (Vinit), and neural retina/vitreous partition coefficients (Kret/vit) were tested. Sensitivity analysis was performed for the final model. RESULTS With the final IgG model (IOP 10.1 Torr, Vinit 400 μl, Kret/vit 0.5), the estimated Dret and DRPE-cho were 36.8 × 10-9 cm2s-1 and 4.11 × 10-9 cm2s-1, respectively, and 76% of the dose was eliminated via the anterior chamber. Modeling of Fab revealed that a physiological model parameter "aqueous humor formation rate" sets constraints that need to be considered in the parameter estimation. CONCLUSIONS This study extends the use of 3D ocular PK models for parameter estimation using simultaneously macromolecule concentrations in three ocular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Lamminsalo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland.
| | | | - Astrid Subrizi
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Laboratory of Biohybrid Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Veli-Pekka Ranta
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland
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30
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Smith DW, Lee CJ, Gardiner BS. Estimating outflow facility parameters for the human eye using hypotensive pressure-time data. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238146. [PMID: 32841295 PMCID: PMC7447060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously developed a new theory for pressure dependent outflow from the human eye, and tested the model using experimental data at intraocular pressures above normal eye pressures. In this paper, we use our model to analyze a hypotensive pressure-time dataset obtained following application of a Honan balloon. Here we show that the hypotensive pressure-time data can be successfully analyzed using our proposed pressure dependent outflow model. When the most uncertain initial data point is removed from the dataset, then parameter estimates are close to our previous parameter estimates, but clearly parameter estimates are very sensitive to assumptions. We further show that (i) for a measured intraocular pressure-time curve, the estimated model parameter for whole eye surface hydraulic conductivity is primarily a function of the ocular rigidity, and (ii) the estimated model parameter that controls the rate of decrease of outflow with increasing pressure is primarily a function of the convexity of the monotonic pressure-time curve. Reducing parameter uncertainty could be accomplished using new technologies to obtain higher quality datasets, and by gathering additional data to better define model parameter ranges for the normal eye. With additional research, we expect the pressure dependent outflow analysis described herein may find applications in the differential diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of the glaucomatous eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Smith
- Faculty of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Chang-Joon Lee
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bruce S. Gardiner
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
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