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Mizzi R, Plain KM, Timms VJ, Marsh I, Whittington RJ. Characterisation of IS1311 in Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis genomes: Typing, continental clustering, microbial evolution and host adaptation. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0294570. [PMID: 38349924 PMCID: PMC10863896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Johne's disease (JD), caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is a global burden for livestock producers and has an association with Crohn's disease in humans. Within MAP there are two major lineages, S/Type I/TypeIII and C/Type II, that vary in phenotype including culturability, host preference and virulence. These lineages have been identified using the IS1311 element, which contains a conserved, single nucleotide polymorphism. IS1311 and the closely related IS1245 element belong to the IS256 family of insertion sequences, are dispersed throughout M. avium taxa but remain poorly characterised. To investigate the distribution and diversity of IS1311 in MAP, 805 MAP genomes were collated from public databases. IS1245 was absent, while IS1311 sequence, copy number and insertion loci were conserved between MAP S lineages and varied within the MAP C lineage. One locus was specific to the S strains, which contained nine IS1311 copies. In contrast, C strains contained either seven or eight IS1311 loci. Most insertion loci were associated with the boundaries of homologous regions that had undergone genome rearrangement between the MAP lineages, suggesting that this sequence may be a driver of recombination. Phylogenomic geographic clustering of MAP subtypes was demonstrated for the first time, at continental scale, and indicated that there may have been recent MAP transmission between Europe and North America, in contrast to Australia where importation of live ruminants is generally prohibited. This investigation confirmed the utility of IS1311 typing in epidemiological studies and resolved anomalies in past studies. The results shed light on potential mechanisms of niche/host adaptation, virulence of MAP and global transmission dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Mizzi
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karren M. Plain
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Verlaine J. Timms
- Neilan Laboratory of Microbial and Molecular Diversity, College of Engineering, Science and Environment, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ian Marsh
- Microbiology and Parasitology Research, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard J. Whittington
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Pickrodt C, Köhler H, Moog U, Liebler-Tenorio EM, Möbius P. Molecular Diversity of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Four Dairy Goat Herds from Thuringia (Germany). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3542. [PMID: 38003160 PMCID: PMC10668697 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the intra- and inter-herd diversity of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) isolates from four goat herds in Thuringia (Germany) that were affected by paratuberculosis for several years. The main focus was on the characterization and distribution of genotypes among animals and the environment of goat herd 1. This study included 196 isolates from the feces of 121 infected goats, various tissues from 13 clinically diseased goats, 29 environmental samples from herd 1, and additionally, 22 isolates of different origin from herds 2 to 4. The isolates, sampled between 2018 and 2022, were genotyped using short-sequence-repeat (SSR) analysis, mycobacterial-interspersed repetitive units-variable-number tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR) analysis, and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based assay for phylogenetic grouping. All the isolates belonged to the MAP-C group. In herd 1, one predominant genotype was determined, while two other genotypes were identified very rarely and only in fecal and environmental samples. One of three further genotypes was found in each of herds 2 to 4. The assignment of genotypes to different phylogenetic clades suggested six different infection strains. The results indicated no epidemiological links between the examined herds. Based on the current MAP genotyping data from Germany, possible sources of infection are MAP-contaminated barns previously used by infected cattle and the purchase of sub-clinically infected goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Pickrodt
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Naumburger Straße 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany; (C.P.); (E.M.L.-T.)
| | - Heike Köhler
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Naumburger Straße 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany; (C.P.); (E.M.L.-T.)
| | - Udo Moog
- Thuringian Animal Diseases Fund, Sheep and Goat Health Service, Victor-Goerttler-Straße 4, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Elisabeth M. Liebler-Tenorio
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Naumburger Straße 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany; (C.P.); (E.M.L.-T.)
| | - Petra Möbius
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Naumburger Straße 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany; (C.P.); (E.M.L.-T.)
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Byrne A, Bissonnette N, Ollier S, Tahlan K. Investigating in vivo Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis microevolution and mixed strain infections. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0171623. [PMID: 37584606 PMCID: PMC10581078 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01716-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) causes Johne's Disease (JD) in ruminants, which is responsible for significant economic loss to the global dairy industry. Mixed strain infection (MSI) refers to the concurrent infection of a susceptible host with genetically distinct strains of a pathogen, whereas within-host changes in an infecting strain leading to genetically distinguishable progeny is called microevolution. The two processes can influence host-pathogen dynamics, disease progression and outcomes, but not much is known about their prevalence and impact on JD. Therefore, we obtained up to 10 MAP isolates each from 14 high-shedding animals and subjected them to whole-genome sequencing. Twelve of the 14 animals examined showed evidence for the presence of MSIs and microevolution, while the genotypes of MAP isolates from the remaining two animals could be attributed solely to microevolution. All MAP isolates that were otherwise isogenic had differences in short sequence repeats (SSRs), of which SSR1 and SSR2 were the most diverse and homoplastic. Variations in SSR1 and SSR2, which are located in ORF1 and ORF2, respectively, affect the genetic reading frame, leading to protein products with altered sequences and computed structures. The ORF1 gene product is predicted to be a MAP surface protein with possible roles in host immune modulation, but nothing could be inferred regarding the function of ORF2. Both genes are conserved in Mycobacterium avium complex members, but SSR1-based modulation of ORF1 reading frames seems to only occur in MAP, which could have potential implications on the infectivity of this pathogen. IMPORTANCE Johne's disease (JD) is a major problem in dairy animals, and concerns have been raised regarding the association of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) with Crohn's disease in humans. MAP is an extremely slow-growing bacterium with low genome evolutionary rates. Certain short sequence repeats (SSR1 and SSR2) in the MAP chromosome are highly variable and evolve at a faster rate than the rest of the chromosome. In the current study, multiple MAP isolates with genetic variations such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms, and more noticeably, diverse SSRs, could simultaneously infect animals. Variations in SSR1 and SSR2 affect the products of the respective genes containing them. Since multiple MAP isolates can infect the same animal and the possibility that the pathogen undergoes further changes within the host due to unstable SSRs, this could provide a compensative mechanism for an otherwise slow-evolving pathogen to increase phenotypic diversity for overcoming host responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Byrne
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Nathalie Bissonnette
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Séverine Ollier
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kapil Tahlan
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
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Motallebirad T, Mardanshah O, Safarabadi M, Ghaffari K, Orouji MA, Abedi B, Azadi D. Screening, molecular identification, population diversity, and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Actinomycetes species isolated from meat and meat products of slaughterhouses, restaurants, and meat stores of a developing country, Iran. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1134368. [PMID: 37520382 PMCID: PMC10373891 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1134368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Actinomycetes can colonize surfaces of tools and equipment and can be transferred to meat and meat products during manufacture, processing, handling, and storage. Moreover, washing the meat does not eliminate the microorganisms; it only spreads them. As a result, these opportunistic pathogens can enter the human body and cause various infections. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to screen, identify, and determine the antibiotic susceptibility of Actinomycetes species from meat and meat products in the Markazi province of Iran. Methods A total of 60 meat and meat product samples, including minced meat, mutton, beef, chicken, hamburgers, and sausages, were collected from slaughterhouses, butchers, and restaurants in the Markazi province of Iran. The samples were analyzed using standard microbiological protocols for the isolation and characterization of Actinomycetes. PCR amplification of hsp65 and 16SrRNA genes and sequence analysis of 16SrRNA were used for genus and species identification. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antimicrobial agents were determined by the broth microdilution method and interpreted according to the CLSI guidelines. Results A total of 21 (35%) Actinomycetes isolates from 5 genera and 12 species were isolated from 60 samples. The most prevalent Actinomycetes were from the genus Mycobacterium, with six (28.6%) isolates (M. avium complex, M. terrae, M. smegmatis, and M. novocastrense), followed by the genus Rhodococcus with five (23.8%) isolates (R. equi and R. erythropolis), the genus Actinomyces with four (19.1%) isolates (A. ruminicola and A. viscosus), the genus Nocardia with four (19.1%) isolates (N. asiatica, N. seriolae, and N. niigatensis), and the genus Streptomyces with two (9.5%) isolates (S. albus). Chicken and sausage samples had the highest and lowest levels of contamination, with six and one isolates. Respectively, the results of drug susceptibility testing (DST) showed that all isolates were susceptible to Ofloxacin, Amikacin, Ciprofloxacin, and Levofloxacin, whereas all of them were resistant to Doxycycline and Rifampicin. Discussion The findings suggest that meat and meat products play an important role as a reservoir for the transmission of Actinomycetes to humans, thus causing life-threatening foodborne diseases such as gastrointestinal and cutaneous disorders. Therefore, it is essential to incorporate basic hygiene measures into the cycle of meat production to ensure food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Motallebirad
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
| | - Omid Mardanshah
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Safarabadi
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
| | - Kazem Ghaffari
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Orouji
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
| | - Behnam Abedi
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
| | - Davood Azadi
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
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Schrott J, Sodoma E, Dünser M, Tichy A, Khol JL. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Sheep and Goats in Austria: Seroprevalence, Risk Factors and Detection from Boot Swab Samples. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091517. [PMID: 37174554 PMCID: PMC10177492 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in small ruminants in Austria by testing 22,019 serum samples with ELISA for the presence of specific antibodies. Furthermore, detailed investigations in five MAP-infected goat herds were carried out by ELISA, qPCR and bacterial culture. The found animal-level apparent MAP seroprevalence was 2.0% for goats and 0.7% for sheep (calculated true prevalence 3.5% and 1.2%, respectively). Herd-level apparent MAP seroprevalence was 11.1% for goat herds and 8.9% for sheep flocks. Significant risk factors for seropositivity in goat herds were: herd size, animal trading, farmed as a dairy herd, Animal Health Service membership and cohabitation with farmed game. For sheep flocks, seroprevalence was significantly higher in flocks with animal trading and where cattle or goats were kept in the flock, respectively. The overall apparent within-herd MAP seroprevalence in the five goat farms investigated was 21.8% (11.7%-28.0%, calculated true seroprevalence 38.6%) and an overall rate of MAP shedding of 12.3% was detected (5.0%-24.7%). It was possible to identify MAP by culture using boot swab samples in each herd. The results indicated a moderate MAP infection rate in small ruminants in Austria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Schrott
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute for Veterinary Disease Control Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 70, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Eva Sodoma
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute for Veterinary Disease Control Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 70, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute for Veterinary Disease Control Linz, Wieningerstraße 8, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Michael Dünser
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute for Veterinary Disease Control Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 70, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute for Veterinary Disease Control Linz, Wieningerstraße 8, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Alexander Tichy
- Platform for Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Wien, Austria
| | - Johannes Lorenz Khol
- University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Wien, Austria
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Byrne A, Ollier S, Tahlan K, Biet F, Bissonnette N. Genomic epidemiology of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates from Canadian dairy herds provides evidence for multiple infection events. Front Genet 2023; 14:1043598. [PMID: 36816022 PMCID: PMC9934062 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1043598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the pathogen responsible for paratuberculosis or Johne's Disease (JD) in ruminants, which is responsible for substantial economic losses worldwide. MAP transmission primarily occurs through the fecal-oral route, and the introduction of an MAP infected animal into a herd is an important transmission route. In the current study, we characterized MAP isolates from 67 cows identified in 20 herds from the provinces of Quebec and Ontario, Canada. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed and an average genome coverage (relative to K-10) of ∼14.9 fold was achieved. The total number of SNPs present in each isolate varied from 51 to 132 and differed significantly between herds. Isolates with the highest genetic variability were generally present in herds from Quebec. The isolates were broadly separated into two main clades and this distinction was not influenced by the province from which they originated. Analysis of 8 MIRU-VNTR loci and 11 SSR loci was performed on the 67 isolates from the 20 dairy herds and publicly available references, notably major genetic lineages and six isolates from the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. All 67 field isolates were phylogenetically classified as Type II (C-type) and according to MIRU-VNTR, the predominant type was INMV 2 (76.1%) among four distinct patterns. Multilocus SSR typing identified 49 distinct INMV SSR patterns. The discriminatory index of the multilocus SSR typing was 0.9846, which was much higher than MIRU-VNTR typing (0.3740). Although multilocus SSR analysis provides good discriminatory power, the resolution was not informative enough to determine inter-herd transmission. In select cases, SNP-based analysis was the only approach able to document disease transmission between herds, further validated by animal movement data. The presence of SNPs in several virulence genes, notably for PE, PPE, mce and mmpL, is expected to explain differential antigenic or pathogenetic host responses. SNP-based studies will provide insight into how MAP genetic variation may impact host-pathogen interactions. Our study highlights the informative power of WGS which is now recommended for epidemiological studies and to document mixed genotypes infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Byrne
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Séverine Ollier
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Kapil Tahlan
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Franck Biet
- INRAE, ISP, Université de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Nathalie Bissonnette
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada,*Correspondence: Nathalie Bissonnette,
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Verdugo C, Marquez D, Paredes E, Moroni M, Navarrete-Talloni MJ, Tomckowiack C, Salgado M. Association between the severity of histopathological lesions and Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) molecular diversity in cattle in southern Chile. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:962241. [PMID: 36713883 PMCID: PMC9878319 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.962241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the association between the severity of histopathological lesions caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) infection and the molecular diversity of this pathogen. Blood, ileum, and mesenteric lymph node samples were collected at slaughter, from 1,352 adult cattle [source population 1 (SP1)]. In addition, 42 dairy herds (n = 4,963 cows) were followed for 2 years, and samples from compatible paratuberculosis clinical cases [source population 2 (SP2)] were collected. MAP infection was confirmed using an ELISA test, liquid media culture, and PCR. Isolates were genotyped using five MIRU-VNTR markers. Tissues from confirmed samples were subjected to a histopathological examination. A histopathological severity score (HSS) system was developed and used to grade (0 to 5) the magnitude of lesions caused by MAP. In general, the HSS system assesses the number of foci and degree of macrophage infiltration, together with the presence of multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) and acid-fast bacilli (AFB), in addition to the fusion of the intestinal villi and hyperplasia of the crypts. Despite the large sampling effort, only 79 MAP isolates were successfully genotyped, where 19 different haplotypes were described. A mixed-effect Poisson regression model was used to assess the relationship between haplotypes and HSS values. The model was controlled by animal age, and the farm was used as a random effect. Haplotypes were grouped based on their relative frequency: the most frequent haplotype (group i, 49.4%), the second most frequent haplotype (group ii, 12.7%), and all other haplotypes (group iii, 37.9%). Model outputs indicated that group i had significantly higher HSS values than group iii. In addition, group i was also associated with higher optical density (OD) values of the ELISA test. These results support the existence of differences in pathogenicity between MAP haplotypes. However, results were based on a relatively small sample size; thus, these should be taken with caution. Despite this, study findings suggest that haplotypes would be associated with differences in disease progression, where the dominant haplotype tends to generate more severe lesions, which could be linked to a greater shed of MAP cells than non-dominant haplotypes, increasing their chances of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristobal Verdugo
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile,Center for the Surveillance and Evolution of Infectious Diseases (CSEID), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile,*Correspondence: Cristobal Verdugo ✉
| | - Diego Marquez
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile,Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Enrique Paredes
- Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Manuel Moroni
- Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - Camilo Tomckowiack
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Miguel Salgado
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Rasper-Hössinger M, Biggel M, Stephan R, Seehusen F, Scherrer S. Strain diversity in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis-positive bovine fecal samples collected in Switzerland. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1154516. [PMID: 37180063 PMCID: PMC10171428 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1154516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis or Johne's disease is a chronic intestinal disease in domestic and wild ruminants. It affects global dairy economy and is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). The objective of this study was to analyze strain diversity in MAP-positive fecal samples by using a particular single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) distinguishing between cattle (C-) and sheep (S-) type MAP and analysis of SNPs within gyrA and gyrB genes differentiating between Types I, II, and III. Moreover, mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit and variable-number tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR) analysis using eight established loci was performed. A total of 90 fecal samples from diseased animals presenting diarrhea and/or weight loss, originating from 59 bovine herds across 16 cantons of Switzerland were screened by PCR for the MAP-specific F57 and IS900 genes and were further subtyped. 96.7% and 3.3% of the samples contained C- and S-type MAP, respectively. Ten INRA Nouzilly MIRU-VNTR (INMV) profiles, with a discriminatory index of 0.802, calculated based on 65 epidemiological independent genotypes, were detected: INMV 1 (33.8%), INMV 2 (23.1%), INMV 6 (16.9%), INMV 9 (9.2%), INMV 116 (4.6%), INMV 3 (3.1%), INMV 5 (3.1%) and INMV 72 (1.5%), including two novel INMV profiles, namely INMV 253 (3.1%; S-type III) and INMV 252 (1.5%; C-type). INMV 1, INMV 2, and INMV 6 comprised almost 75% of the F57- and IS900-positive samples. Typing data from 11 herds suggest that there are some herds with intra-herd diversity of genotypes. The results of this study indicate a heterogeneity of MAP in Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Biggel
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frauke Seehusen
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simone Scherrer
- Section of Veterinary Bacteriology, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Simone Scherrer,
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Field NL, McAloon CG, Gavey L, Mee JF. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in cattle - a review in the context of seasonal pasture-based dairy herds. Ir Vet J 2022; 75:12. [PMID: 35590382 PMCID: PMC9121589 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-022-00217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne’s disease is an infectious disease affecting cattle, other ruminants and non-ruminant wildlife worldwide, caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). This review provides an up-to-date concise overview of the pathogenesis of MAP, the significance of Johne’s disease in cattle and the use of diagnostic testing at both animal and herd level in the context of seasonal pasture-based herds. While MAP can only replicate intracellularly, the bacterium is sufficiently robust to survive for months in the environment. Transmission of MAP is mostly via the faecal-oral route, however in-utero transmission in also possible. The bacteria evade the immune system by persisting in macrophages in the small intestine submucosa, with this latent stage of infection lasting, in most cases, for at least two years before bacterial shedding and clinical signs begin. The slowly progressive nature of MAP infection, poor performance of diagnostic tests and management systems that expose susceptible calves to infection make control of Johne’s disease challenging, particularly in seasonal calving herds. Testing of individual animals provides little assurance for farmers and vets due to the poor sensitivity and, in the case of ELISA, imperfect specificity of the available tests. Repeated herd-level testing is utilised by the IJCP to detect infected herds, identify high risk animals, and provide increasing confidence that test-negative herds are free of infection. The IJCP aims to control the spread of Johne’s disease in cattle in Ireland, in order to protect non-infected herds, limit the economic and animal health impact of the disease, improve calf health and reassure markets of Johne’s disease control in Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niamh L Field
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Teagasc, Moorepark Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 P302, Ireland. .,UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 W6F6, Ireland.
| | - Conor G McAloon
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 W6F6, Ireland
| | | | - John F Mee
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Teagasc, Moorepark Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 P302, Ireland
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Corti P, Collado B, Salgado M, Moraga CA, Radic-Schilling S, Tejeda C, Ruiz-Aravena M. Dynamic of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in a domestic-wildlife interface: Domestic sheep and guanaco as reservoir community. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e161-e174. [PMID: 34347393 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural herbivore populations have experienced uninterrupted pressures from direct and evident domestic-wildlife interactions and competition, to indirect or less obvious ones such as pathogen transmission. Thus, pathogen spillover between wild and domestic animals is a constant concern because the domestic-wildlife interface represents the ecological frontier in which pathogen transmission takes place in both directions. In Patagonian steppe communities, extensive sheep ranching and guanaco (Lama guanicoe) populations coexist, and guanaco have shown to be infected by pathogens such as Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) likely transmitted from livestock. MAP causes chronic enteritis and affects mostly domestic ruminants. We evaluated MAP prevalence and pathogen shedding in both species' faeces collected in non-shared and shared sites according to presence/absence of sheep and guanaco along a year, in four different seasons (autumn, winter, and spring 2018, and summer 2019). Our results indicate that MAP circulates in both sheep and guanaco populations with self-sustained transmission; however, both species differ in their levels of competence. We detected higher pathogen shedding in sites occupied by sheep, suggesting that sheep populations may be the main source of infection for susceptible animals due to their large numbers which drive MAP dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Corti
- Laboratorio de Manejo y Conservación de Vida Silvestre, Instituto de Ciencia Animal y Programa de Investigación Aplicada en Fauna Silvestre, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Bernardita Collado
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Miguel Salgado
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Claudio A Moraga
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Sergio Radic-Schilling
- Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Carlos Tejeda
- Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Escuela de Graduados, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Manuel Ruiz-Aravena
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA
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11
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Pourmahdi Borujeni M, Haji Hajikolaei MR, Ghorbanpoor M, Elhaei Sahar H, Bagheri S, Roveyshedzadeh S. Comparison of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in cattle, sheep and goats in the Khuzestan Province of Iran: Results of a preliminary survey. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1970-1979. [PMID: 34228398 PMCID: PMC8464266 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paratuberculosis or Johne's disease, the chronic infectious granulomatous enteritis of ruminants, is a worldwide infection, which is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). The most common symptoms of this disease in cattle are loss of milk production, weight loss and diarrhoea, whereas in sheep and goats, the symptoms are emaciation, anorexia and severe disability. Objectives The aim of this study was to compare the seroprevalence of MAP in cattle, sheep and goats in the southwest of Iran. Methods Blood samples were randomly collected from 530 cattle, 568 sheep and 368 goats in southwest of Iran. Sera were tested by a commercial ELISA kit (ID vet; ID Screen® Paratuberculosis Indirect) for detection of antibodies of MAP. Results Overall apparent and true seroprevalence rate of MAP was 6.00% (95% CI: 4.90%–7.30%) and 13.25% (95% CI: 11.55%– 14.95%). Apparent and true seroprevalence of MAP, respectively, was 4.34% (95% CI: 3.88%–6.46%) and 9.19% (95% CI: 6.98%–11.98%) in cattle, 6.87% (95% CI: 5.05%–9.27%) and 15.37% (95% CI: 12.60%–16.60%) in sheep and 7.07% (95% CI: 4.82%–10.18%) and 15.86% (95% CI: 12.41%–20.01%) in goats, respectively. As a result, there was no significant relationship between animal species and MAP infection. Moreover, multivariate logistic regression showed that the infection rate is not associated with age, gender and geographical location in cattle, sheep and goats (P > 0.05). Conclusion This study confirms that the seroprevalence of MAP is relatively considerable in the cattle, sheep and goats in the southwest of Iran, although in cattle, it is less than goats and sheep. Therefore, preventive and control measures should be considered by animal health authorities and meat and dairy processing units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Pourmahdi Borujeni
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Masoud Ghorbanpoor
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hamzeh Elhaei Sahar
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saeed Bagheri
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sanaz Roveyshedzadeh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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12
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Mizzi R, Timms VJ, Price-Carter ML, Gautam M, Whittington R, Heuer C, Biggs PJ, Plain KM. Comparative Genomics of Mycobacterium avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis Sheep Strains. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:637637. [PMID: 33659287 PMCID: PMC7917049 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.637637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is the aetiological agent of Johne's disease (JD), a chronic enteritis that causes major losses to the global livestock industry. Further, it has been associated with human Crohn's disease. Several strains of MAP have been identified, the two major groups being sheep strain MAP, which includes the Type I and Type III sub-lineages, and the cattle strain or Type II MAP lineage, of which bison strains are a sub-grouping. Major genotypic, phenotypic and pathogenic variations have been identified in prior comparisons, but the research has predominately focused on cattle strains of MAP. In countries where the sheep industries are more prevalent, however, such as Australia and New Zealand, ovine JD is a substantial burden. An information gap exists regarding the genomic differences between sheep strain sub-lineages and the relevance of Type I and Type III MAP in terms of epidemiology and/or pathogenicity. We therefore investigated sheep MAP isolates from Australia and New Zealand using whole genome sequencing. For additional context, sheep MAP genome datasets were downloaded from the Sequence Read Archive and GenBank. The final dataset contained 18 Type III and 16 Type I isolates and the K10 cattle strain MAP reference genome. Using a pan-genome approach, an updated global phylogeny for sheep MAP from de novo assemblies was produced. When rooted with the K10 cattle reference strain, two distinct clades representing the lineages were apparent. The Australian and New Zealand isolates formed a distinct sub-clade within the type I lineage, while the European type I isolates formed another less closely related group. Within the type III lineage, isolates appeared more genetically diverse and were from a greater number of continents. Querying of the pan-genome and verification using BLAST analysis revealed lineage-specific variations (n = 13) including genes responsible for metabolism and stress responses. The genetic differences identified may represent important epidemiological and virulence traits specific to sheep MAP. This knowledge will potentially contribute to improved vaccine development and control measures for these strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Mizzi
- Farm Animal Health Group, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Verlaine J Timms
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Public Health, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Milan Gautam
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Richard Whittington
- Farm Animal Health Group, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Cord Heuer
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Patrick J Biggs
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Karren M Plain
- Farm Animal Health Group, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
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13
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Serological and Molecular Characterization of Mycobacterium avium Subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) from Sheep, Goats, Cattle and Camels in the Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020323. [PMID: 33525431 PMCID: PMC7911684 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne’s disease, affecting small and large ruminants and causing chronic diarrhea and severe emaciation. MAP is prevalent in many countries, including Saudi Arabia. Serological and molecular characterization of MAP and determination of the prevalent strains are essential for the control strategies. The results obtained from 31 herds showed that the sheep type (S-type) was the most prevalent MAP type and the molecular characterization revealed different strain profiles distributed among the sheep, goat, cattle, and camel herds in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Abstract The objectives of the present study were to characterize Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection using serological and molecular tools and investigate the distribution and molecular characterization of MAP strains (cattle (C) and sheep (S) types) in sheep, goat, cattle, and camel herds in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Serum and fecal samples were collected from all animals aged >2 years old in 31 herds (sheep = 8, goats = 6, cattle = 8 and camels = 9) from January to December 2019. Serum samples were tested by ELISA for the detection of MAP antibodies. Fecal samples were tested by PCR for the detection of MAP IS900 gene and the identification of MAP strains. MAP antibodies were detected in 19 (61.3%) herds. At the animal level, antibodies against MAP were detected in 43 (19.5%) sheep, 21 (17.1%) goats, 13 (19.7%) cattle and 22 (9.1%) camels. The IS900 gene of MAP was detected in 23 (74.2%) herds and was directly amplified from fecal samples of 59 (26.8%) sheep, 34 (27.6%) goats, 20 (30.3%) cattle and 36 (15.0%) camels. The S-type was the most prevalent MAP type identified in 15 herds, and all were identified as type-I, while the C-type was identified in only 8 herds. The IS900 sequences revealed genetic differences among the MAP isolates recovered from sheep, goats, cattle and camels. Results from the present study show that MAP was prevalent and confirm the distribution of different MAP strains in sheep, goat, cattle and camel herds in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia.
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14
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Cochard T, Branger M, Supply P, Sreevatsan S, Biet F. MAC-INMV-SSR: a web application dedicated to genotyping members of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) including Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis strains. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 77:104075. [PMID: 31634642 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Genotyping of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) is an indispensable tool for surveillance of this significant veterinary pathogen. For Map, multi-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) targeting mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRUs) and other variable number variable-number tandem repeats (VNTRs) was established using 8 markers. In the recent past this standard, portable, reproducible and discriminatory typing method has been frequently applied alone or in combinations with multi-locus short-sequence-repeat (MLSSR) sequencing. With the widespread use of these genotyping methods, standardization between laboratories needs to be managed, and knowledge of existing profiles and newly defined genotypes should be indexed and shared. To meet this need, a web application called "MAC-INMV-SSR database" was developed. This freely accessible service allows users to compare MLVA and MLSSR subtype data of their strains with those of existing reference strains analyzed with the same genotyping methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Cochard
- ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Maxime Branger
- ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Philip Supply
- INSERM U1019, F-59019 Lille Cedex, France; CNRS UMR 8204, F-59019, Lille Cedex, France; Institut Pasteur de Lille, France; Univ Lille Nord de France, F-59019 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA
| | - Franck Biet
- ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, UMR 1282, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
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15
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Whittington R, Donat K, Weber MF, Kelton D, Nielsen SS, Eisenberg S, Arrigoni N, Juste R, Sáez JL, Dhand N, Santi A, Michel A, Barkema H, Kralik P, Kostoulas P, Citer L, Griffin F, Barwell R, Moreira MAS, Slana I, Koehler H, Singh SV, Yoo HS, Chávez-Gris G, Goodridge A, Ocepek M, Garrido J, Stevenson K, Collins M, Alonso B, Cirone K, Paolicchi F, Gavey L, Rahman MT, de Marchin E, Van Praet W, Bauman C, Fecteau G, McKenna S, Salgado M, Fernández-Silva J, Dziedzinska R, Echeverría G, Seppänen J, Thibault V, Fridriksdottir V, Derakhshandeh A, Haghkhah M, Ruocco L, Kawaji S, Momotani E, Heuer C, Norton S, Cadmus S, Agdestein A, Kampen A, Szteyn J, Frössling J, Schwan E, Caldow G, Strain S, Carter M, Wells S, Munyeme M, Wolf R, Gurung R, Verdugo C, Fourichon C, Yamamoto T, Thapaliya S, Di Labio E, Ekgatat M, Gil A, Alesandre AN, Piaggio J, Suanes A, de Waard JH. Control of paratuberculosis: who, why and how. A review of 48 countries. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:198. [PMID: 31196162 PMCID: PMC6567393 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1943-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Paratuberculosis, a chronic disease affecting ruminant livestock, is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). It has direct and indirect economic costs, impacts animal welfare and arouses public health concerns. In a survey of 48 countries we found paratuberculosis to be very common in livestock. In about half the countries more than 20% of herds and flocks were infected with MAP. Most countries had large ruminant populations (millions), several types of farmed ruminants, multiple husbandry systems and tens of thousands of individual farms, creating challenges for disease control. In addition, numerous species of free-living wildlife were infected. Paratuberculosis was notifiable in most countries, but formal control programs were present in only 22 countries. Generally, these were the more highly developed countries with advanced veterinary services. Of the countries without a formal control program for paratuberculosis, 76% were in South and Central America, Asia and Africa while 20% were in Europe. Control programs were justified most commonly on animal health grounds, but protecting market access and public health were other factors. Prevalence reduction was the major objective in most countries, but Norway and Sweden aimed to eradicate the disease, so surveillance and response were their major objectives. Government funding was involved in about two thirds of countries, but operations tended to be funded by farmers and their organizations and not by government alone. The majority of countries (60%) had voluntary control programs. Generally, programs were supported by incentives for joining, financial compensation and/or penalties for non-participation. Performance indicators, structure, leadership, practices and tools used in control programs are also presented. Securing funding for long-term control activities was a widespread problem. Control programs were reported to be successful in 16 (73%) of the 22 countries. Recommendations are made for future control programs, including a primary goal of establishing an international code for paratuberculosis, leading to universal acknowledgment of the principles and methods of control in relation to endemic and transboundary disease. An holistic approach across all ruminant livestock industries and long-term commitment is required for control of paratuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Whittington
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570 Australia
| | - Karsten Donat
- Animal Health Service, Thuringian Animal Diseases Fund, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Clinic for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Andrology with Veterinary Ambulance, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | | | - David Kelton
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Søren Saxmose Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | | | - Norma Arrigoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, 29027 Podenzano, Italy
| | - Ramon Juste
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias Spain
| | - Jose Luis Sáez
- Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Food and Environment, ES-28071 Madrid, Spain
| | - Navneet Dhand
- School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570 Australia
| | - Annalisa Santi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, 29027 Podenzano, Italy
| | - Anita Michel
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa
| | - Herman Barkema
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - Petr Kralik
- Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Lorna Citer
- Animal Health Ireland, Carrick on Shannon, Co. Leitrim, N41 WN27 Republic of Ireland
| | - Frank Griffin
- Disease Research Limited, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Mosgiel, 9092 New Zealand
| | - Rob Barwell
- Animal Health Australia, Turner, ACT 2612 Australia
| | | | - Iva Slana
- Veterinary Research Institute, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Heike Koehler
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Animal Health, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- Deparment of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh 281 406 India
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 South Korea
| | - Gilberto Chávez-Gris
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, 76750 Tequisquiapan, Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Amador Goodridge
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, City of Knowledge, Panama City, 0843-01103 Panama
| | - Matjaz Ocepek
- National Veterinary Institute, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Joseba Garrido
- Instituto Vasco de Investigacion y Desarrollo Agrario-NEIKER, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia Spain
| | | | - Mike Collins
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, 53706-1102 USA
| | | | - Karina Cirone
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria, 7620 Balcarce, Argentina
| | | | - Lawrence Gavey
- Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Toowoomba, Queensland 4350 Australia
| | - Md Tanvir Rahman
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202 Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Cathy Bauman
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Gilles Fecteau
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, University of Montreal, Quebec, J2S 6Z9 Canada
| | - Shawn McKenna
- Atlantic Veterinary College, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island C1A 4P3 Canada
| | - Miguel Salgado
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5090000 Valdivia, Chile
| | - Jorge Fernández-Silva
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Antioquia 050034076 Colombia
| | | | - Gustavo Echeverría
- Instituto de Investigación en Salud Pública y Zoonosis, Universidad Central del Ecuador, 17-03-100 Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jaana Seppänen
- Finnish Food Authority, Mustialankatu 3, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Virginie Thibault
- ANSES Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort and GDS France, CS 28440, 79024 Niort Cedex, France
| | - Vala Fridriksdottir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology at Keldur, University of Iceland, IS-112 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | | - Masoud Haghkhah
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71441-69155 Iran
| | - Luigi Ruocco
- Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Animal Health and Veterinary Medicines, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Satoko Kawaji
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856 Japan
| | - Eiichi Momotani
- Comparative Medical Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856 Japan
| | - Cord Heuer
- School of Veterinary Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4441 New Zealand
| | | | - Simeon Cadmus
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Joanna Szteyn
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | - Ebba Schwan
- Swedish Farm and Animal Health, 62254 Romakloster, Sweden
| | | | - Sam Strain
- Animal Health and Welfare Northern Ireland, Dungannon Enterprise Centre, Dungannon, BT71 6JT UK
| | - Mike Carter
- USDA-APHIS-Veterinary Services, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA
| | - Scott Wells
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 USA
| | - Musso Munyeme
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, 10101 Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Robert Wolf
- Fachabteilung Gesundheit und Pflegemanagement, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ratna Gurung
- National Centre for Animal Health, Serbithang, Bhutan
| | - Cristobal Verdugo
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, 5090000 Valdivia, Chile
| | - Christine Fourichon
- Oniris – INRA, Department Farm Animal Health and Public Health, 44307 Nantes cedex 3, France
| | - Takehisa Yamamoto
- National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856 Japan
| | - Sharada Thapaliya
- Faculty of Animal Science, Veterinary Science and Fisheries, Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan Nepal
| | - Elena Di Labio
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, 3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Monaya Ekgatat
- National Institute of Animal Health, Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand
| | - Andres Gil
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Lasplaces 1620, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - José Piaggio
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Lasplaces 1620, CP 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Alejandra Suanes
- Ministry of Livestock Agriculture and Fisheries of Uruguay, CP 11300 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Jacobus H. de Waard
- Servicio Autonomo Instituto de Biomedicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
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16
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Brauning R, Plain K, Gautam M, Russell T, Correa CC, Biggs P, Whittington R, Murray A, Price-Carter M. Complete Genome Sequence of the Telford Type S Strain of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:e00004-19. [PMID: 30938318 PMCID: PMC6424202 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00004-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis is the causative agent of Johne's disease (JD). Here, we report the complete genome sequence of Telford 9.2, a well-characterized representative strain of the M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis S subtype that is endemic in New Zealand and Australian sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudiger Brauning
- AgResearch Ltd., Invermay Agricultural Centre, Mosgiel, New Zealand
| | - Karren Plain
- University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Milan Gautam
- School of Veterinary Science, EpiCentre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Tonia Russell
- Ramaciotti Centre for Genomics, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
| | - C Carolina Correa
- Ramaciotti Centre for Genomics, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
| | - Patrick Biggs
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Hopkirk Research Institute, and School of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Alan Murray
- School of Veterinary Science, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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17
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McAloon CG, Roche S, Ritter C, Barkema HW, Whyte P, More SJ, O'Grady L, Green MJ, Doherty ML. A review of paratuberculosis in dairy herds - Part 1: Epidemiology. Vet J 2019; 246:59-65. [PMID: 30902190 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bovine paratuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease of cattle caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). This is the first in a two-part review of the epidemiology and control of paratuberculosis in dairy herds. Paratuberculosis was originally described in 1895 and is now considered endemic among farmed cattle worldwide. MAP has been isolated from a wide range of non-ruminant wildlife as well as humans and non-human primates. In dairy herds, MAP is assumed to be introduced predominantly through the purchase of infected stock with additional factors modulating the risk of persistence or fade-out once an infected animal is introduced. Faecal shedding may vary widely between individuals and recent modelling work has shed some light on the role of super-shedding animals in the transmission of MAP within herds. Recent experimental work has revisited many of the assumptions around age susceptibility, faecal shedding in calves and calf-to-calf transmission. Further efforts to elucidate the relative contributions of different transmission routes to the dissemination of infection in endemic herds will aid in the prioritisation of efforts for control on farm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor G McAloon
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Steven Roche
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd., Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Caroline Ritter
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Herman W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Paul Whyte
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Simon J More
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Luke O'Grady
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Martin J Green
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Michael L Doherty
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
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18
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Gautam M, Ridler A, Wilson PR, Heuer C. Control of clinical paratuberculosis in New Zealand pastoral livestock. N Z Vet J 2017; 66:1-8. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2017.1379914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Gautam
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences (IVABS), EpiCentre, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - A Ridler
- International Sheep Research Centre, IVABS, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - PR Wilson
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences (IVABS), EpiCentre, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - C Heuer
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences (IVABS), EpiCentre, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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19
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Barkema HW, Orsel K, Nielsen SS, Koets AP, Rutten VPMG, Bannantine JP, Keefe GP, Kelton DF, Wells SJ, Whittington RJ, Mackintosh CG, Manning EJ, Weber MF, Heuer C, Forde TL, Ritter C, Roche S, Corbett CS, Wolf R, Griebel PJ, Kastelic JP, De Buck J. Knowledge gaps that hamper prevention and control of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65 Suppl 1:125-148. [PMID: 28941207 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades, many regional and country-wide control programmes for Johne's disease (JD) were developed due to associated economic losses, or because of a possible association with Crohn's disease. These control programmes were often not successful, partly because management protocols were not followed, including the introduction of infected replacement cattle, because tests to identify infected animals were unreliable, and uptake by farmers was not high enough because of a perceived low return on investment. In the absence of a cure or effective commercial vaccines, control of JD is currently primarily based on herd management strategies to avoid infection of cattle and restrict within-farm and farm-to-farm transmission. Although JD control programmes have been implemented in most developed countries, lessons learned from JD prevention and control programmes are underreported. Also, JD control programmes are typically evaluated in a limited number of herds and the duration of the study is less than 5 year, making it difficult to adequately assess the efficacy of control programmes. In this manuscript, we identify the most important gaps in knowledge hampering JD prevention and control programmes, including vaccination and diagnostics. Secondly, we discuss directions that research should take to address those knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Barkema
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - K Orsel
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - S S Nielsen
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A P Koets
- Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - V P M G Rutten
- Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | | | - G P Keefe
- University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Canada
| | | | - S J Wells
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | - M F Weber
- GD Animal Health, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - C Heuer
- Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - C Ritter
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - S Roche
- University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - C S Corbett
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - R Wolf
- Amt der Steiermärkischen Landesregierung, Graz, Austria
| | | | - J P Kastelic
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - J De Buck
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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20
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Dong H, Lv Y, Sreevatsan S, Zhao D, Zhou X. Differences in pathogenicity of three animal isolates of Mycobacterium species in a mouse model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183666. [PMID: 28837698 PMCID: PMC5570376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal mycobacterioses are among the most important zoonoses worldwide. These are generally caused by either Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), M. bovis (MBO) or M. avium (MAV). To test the hypothesis that different species of pathogenic mycobacteria isolated from varied anatomic locations or animal species differ in virulence and pathogenicity, we performed experiments with three mycobacteria strains (NTSE-3(MTB), NTSE-4(MBO) and NTSE-5 (MAV)) obtained from animal species. Spoligotyping analysis was used to confirm both MTB and MBO strains while the MAV strain was confirmed by 16s rDNA sequencing. BALB/c mice were intranasally infected with the three strains at low and high CFU doses to evaluate variations in pathogenicity. Clinical and pathological parameters were assessed. Infected mice were euthanized at 80 days post-inoculation (dpi). Measures of lung and body weights indicated that the MBO infected group had higher mortality, more weight loss, higher bacterial burden and more severe lesions in lungs than the other two groups. Cytokine profiles showed higher levels of TNF-α for MBO versus MTB, while MAV had the highest amounts of IFN-β in vitro and in vivo. In vitro levels of other cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, and IFN-β showed that Th1 cells had the strongest response in MBO infected mice and that Th2 cells were inhibited. We found that the level of virulence among the three isolates decreased in the following order MBO>MTB>MAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haodi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Veterinary Population Medicine Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Deming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture and College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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21
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Möbius P, Liebler-Tenorio E, Hölzer M, Köhler H. Evaluation of associations between genotypes of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculsis and presence of intestinal lesions characteristic of paratuberculosis. Vet Microbiol 2017; 201:188-194. [PMID: 28284609 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of paratuberculosis affecting ruminants worldwide. Depending on the MAP-Type (MAP-C or MAP-S, cattle or sheep type), strains differ in virulence and host preference. There is not yet any strong evidence indicating that individual field strains of the same MAP-subgroup exhibit differences in virulence. The aim of this study was to evaluate a potential association between the genotype of individual field strains belonging to the MAP-C group and the presence of macroscopic intestinal lesions characteristic of paratuberculosis in the infected animals. 88 MAP-C isolates were sampled from clinically healthy cows at slaughter. Cows were grouped as A (n=46) with, and B (n=42) without macroscopic intestinal lesions. Sampled cows from both the A and B groups came from different farms and had a similar age distribution. MAP isolates were characterized by MIRU-VNTR and IS900-RFLP analysis. Resulting genotypes were examined for an association with the presence of macroscopic intestinal lesions characteristic of paratuberculosis. MAP isolates from groups A and B exhibited similar strain diversity: 20 and 18 combined genotypes, altogether 32 genotypes. Six of these genotypes were detected in both groups. Although no association was found between individual combined genotypes and presence of macroscopic intestinal lesions, IS900-RFLP-(BstEII)-Type-C1 (the most common type worldwide) was found more often in group A (p<0.01). The data give only weak indication for the existence of differences in virulence among MAP-cattle type isolates. Differences in the development and severity of lesions may rather depend on unknown host factors or inoculation dose. Virulence properties of IS900-RFLP-(BstEII)-Type-C1 isolates should be examined in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Möbius
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, 07743 Jena, Naumburger Str. 96a, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Liebler-Tenorio
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, 07743 Jena, Naumburger Str. 96a, Germany.
| | - Martin Hölzer
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, RNA Bioinformatics and High Throughput Analysis, 07743 Jena, Leutragraben 1, Germany.
| | - Heike Köhler
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, 07743 Jena, Naumburger Str. 96a, Germany.
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22
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Dukkipati VSR, Ridler AL, Thompson KG, Buddle BM, Hedgespeth BA, Price-Carter M, Begg DJ, Whittington RJ, Gicquel B, Murray A. Experimental infection of New Zealand Merino sheep with a suspension of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) strain Telford: Kinetics of the immune response, histopathology and Map culture. Vet Microbiol 2016; 195:136-143. [PMID: 27771059 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A long-term study was undertaken to monitor immune responses, faecal cultures and clinical disease in sheep experimentally infected with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) strain Telford. New Zealand Merino lambs (N=56) were challenged with three oral doses of Map suspension. The lambs were weighed and faecal and blood samples obtained at different time-points. At 63 weeks post-challenge, surviving sheep were euthanised and samples of liver, ileo-caecal valve and mesenteric lymph node were collected for histopathology and Map culture. High IFN-γ and antibody responses were evident as early as 8 weeks post-C1 which persisted until the end of the trial. Approximately 92% of the sheep shed Map in faeces at 36 weeks post-challenge, with the prevalence decreasing to around 40% at the end of the trial. Thirteen sheep progressively lost weight and were euthanised between weeks 32 and 58 post-challenge. Nearly 58% of surviving sheep exhibited histo-pathological lesions in at least one of the three tissues sampled, while 42% showed acid-fast bacilli in at least one tissue. A positive Map culture in at least one tissue was obtained from approximately 85% of sheep. These results indicate that the three doses of Map challenge were highly effective in establishing Johne's disease in NZ Merino lambs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata S R Dukkipati
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Anne L Ridler
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Keith G Thompson
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Bryce M Buddle
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Barry A Hedgespeth
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Marian Price-Carter
- AgResearch, Hopkirk Research Institute, Grasslands Research Centre, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Douglas J Begg
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Private Bag 3, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Richard J Whittington
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Private Bag 3, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Brigitte Gicquel
- Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Alan Murray
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand; Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Institut Pasteur, Paris Cedex 15, France
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23
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Marquetoux N, Heuer C, Wilson P, Ridler A, Stevenson M. Merging DNA typing and network analysis to assess the transmission of paratuberculosis between farms. Prev Vet Med 2016; 134:113-121. [PMID: 27836032 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis, a chronic enteric infection caused by Mycobacterium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), is endemic in all farmed ruminant species in New Zealand. The use of genotyping in combination with network analysis of livestock movement events from one farm location to another has the potential to contribute to our understanding of between-farm transmission events. We studied a population of 122 farms from a corporate commercial livestock enterprise in New Zealand, trading with each other in near isolation from other commercial farms. The data consisted of longitudinal movements to and from these farms between 2006 and 2010, as well as the results of cross-sectional MAP screening and genotyping performed in 2010. We explored associations between past livestock movements and current strain type distribution in this population of farms using quadratic assignment procedure. Our results show that measures of farm clustering within the movement network were significantly associated with sharing of MAP strains. For example, farms closely related by trade were twice as likely to share the same strains of MAP (p=0.033). Other covariates were also associated with the probability of sharing the same strains of MAP, such as being located on the same island (OR=5.8 to 8.7, p<0.01), farming the same livestock species and Euclidian distance between farms. The novel approach we used supports the hypothesis that livestock movement is indeed a significant contributor to farm-to-farm transmission of MAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Marquetoux
- EpiCentre, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - C Heuer
- EpiCentre, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - P Wilson
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, New Zealand
| | - A Ridler
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, New Zealand
| | - M Stevenson
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
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24
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Bryant JM, Thibault VC, Smith DGE, McLuckie J, Heron I, Sevilla IA, Biet F, Harris SR, Maskell DJ, Bentley SD, Parkhill J, Stevenson K. Phylogenomic exploration of the relationships between strains of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:79. [PMID: 26813574 PMCID: PMC4729121 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2234-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) is an infectious enteric pathogen that causes Johne’s disease in livestock. Determining genetic diversity is prerequisite to understanding the epidemiology and biology of Map. We performed the first whole genome sequencing (WGS) of 141 global Map isolates that encompass the main molecular strain types currently reported. We investigated the phylogeny of the Map strains, the diversity of the genome and the limitations of commonly used genotyping methods. Results Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and phylogenetic analyses confirmed two major lineages concordant with the former Type S and Type C designations. The Type I and Type III strain groups are subtypes of Type S, and Type B strains are a subtype of Type C and not restricted to Bison species. We found that the genome-wide SNPs detected provided greater resolution between isolates than currently employed genotyping methods. Furthermore, the SNP used for IS1311 typing is not informative, as it is likely to have occurred after Type S and C strains diverged and does not assign all strains to the correct lineage. Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Unit-Variable Number Tandem Repeat (MIRU-VNTR) differentiates Type S from Type C but provides limited resolution between isolates within these lineages and the polymorphisms detected do not necessarily accurately reflect the phylogenetic relationships between strains. WGS of passaged strains and coalescent analysis of the collection revealed a very high level of genetic stability, with the substitution rate estimated to be less than 0.5 SNPs per genome per year. Conclusions This study clarifies the phylogenetic relationships between the previously described Map strain groups, and highlights the limitations of current genotyping techniques. Map isolates exhibit restricted genetic diversity and a substitution rate consistent with a monomorphic pathogen. WGS provides the ultimate level of resolution for differentiation between strains. However, WGS alone will not be sufficient for tracing and tracking Map infections, yet importantly it can provide a phylogenetic context for affirming epidemiological connections. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-2234-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine M Bryant
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK. .,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK.
| | | | - David G E Smith
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK. .,Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
| | - Joyce McLuckie
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - Ian Heron
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| | - Iker A Sevilla
- Neiker-tecnalia, Dpto. de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Berreaga 1, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Franck Biet
- INRA, UMR1282, Infectiologie Santé Publique (ISP-311), F-37380, Nouzilly, France.
| | - Simon R Harris
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Duncan J Maskell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - Julian Parkhill
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Karen Stevenson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK.
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25
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Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and the influence of strain type on infection and pathogenesis: a review. Vet Res 2015; 46:64. [PMID: 26092160 PMCID: PMC4473831 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) is an important pathogen that causes a chronic, progressive granulomatous enteritis known as Johne's disease or paratuberculosis. The disease is endemic in many parts of the world and responsible for considerable losses to the livestock and associated industries. Diagnosis and control are problematic, due mostly to the long incubation period of the disease when infected animals show no clinical signs and are difficult to detect, and the ability of the organism to survive and persist in the environment. The existence of phenotypically distinct strains of Map has been known since the 1930s but the genetic differentiation of Map strain types has been challenging and only recent technologies have proven sufficiently discriminative for strain comparisons, tracing the sources of infection and epidemiological studies. It is important to understand the differences that exist between Map strains and how they influence both development and transmission of disease. This information is required to develop improved diagnostics and effective vaccines for controlling Johne's disease. Here I review the current classification of Map strain types, the sources of the genetic variability within strains, growth characteristics and epidemiological traits associated with strain type and the influence of strain type on infection and pathogenicity.
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