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Chung CU, Lee H, Seo MG, Lee SH, Kim KT, Nazim K, Song JS, Bae DH, Rhee MH, Kwon OD, Kwak D. Molecular Detection and Genotyping of Theileria spp. in Deer (Cervidae) in Korea. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2740. [PMID: 38004751 PMCID: PMC10673458 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Major clinical symptoms of Theileria infection include fever, anemia, anorexia, jaundice, and decreased milk production. Although several studies have been conducted on tick-borne pathogens, including Theileria in Korea, only a few have focused on Theileria infection in deer, including the Korean water deer. Blood samples from 160 deer were collected and subjected to DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Next, PCR-positive samples were sequenced and analyzed by constructing a phylogenetic tree. The results showed that the overall infection rate of Theileria was 8.1% (13/160). Infection rates of 100% were observed in the northern and southern regions. However, the study's limitation was its small sample size, wherein five and one samples were analyzed from the northern and southern regions, respectively. The central region exhibited the lowest infection rate of 2.9% (4/140). Infection rates also differed based on seasons, with the highest (18.4%, 9/49) being observed in spring, followed by that in summer (8.9%, 4/45). However, no infection was observed during autumn and winter. A phylogenetic analysis indicated that the PCR-positive samples contained Theileria luwenshuni, which usually infects small ruminants, such as goats and sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Uk Chung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Daegu, Republic of Korea; (C.U.C.); (M.-G.S.); (K.-T.K.); (M.H.R.); (O.-D.K.)
- Wild Animal Rescue Center, Andong 36605, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeseung Lee
- Veterinary Epidemiology Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea;
| | - Min-Goo Seo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Daegu, Republic of Korea; (C.U.C.); (M.-G.S.); (K.-T.K.); (M.H.R.); (O.-D.K.)
| | - Seung-Hun Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kyoo-Tae Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Daegu, Republic of Korea; (C.U.C.); (M.-G.S.); (K.-T.K.); (M.H.R.); (O.-D.K.)
| | - Kaifa Nazim
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Khalsa College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Amritsar 143002, Punjab, India;
| | - Jung-Sun Song
- Department of Veterinary Nursing Science, Yeungjin University, Daegu 41527, Daegu, Republic of Korea; (J.-S.S.); (D.H.B.)
| | - Dong Hwa Bae
- Department of Veterinary Nursing Science, Yeungjin University, Daegu 41527, Daegu, Republic of Korea; (J.-S.S.); (D.H.B.)
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Daegu, Republic of Korea; (C.U.C.); (M.-G.S.); (K.-T.K.); (M.H.R.); (O.-D.K.)
| | - Oh-Deog Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Daegu, Republic of Korea; (C.U.C.); (M.-G.S.); (K.-T.K.); (M.H.R.); (O.-D.K.)
| | - Dongmi Kwak
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Daegu, Republic of Korea; (C.U.C.); (M.-G.S.); (K.-T.K.); (M.H.R.); (O.-D.K.)
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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2
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Review of the New Zealand Theileria orientalis Ikeda Type Epidemic and Epidemiological Research since 2012. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101346. [PMID: 34684296 PMCID: PMC8540055 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This article sets out to document and summarise the New Zealand epidemic and the epidemiological research conducted on the epizootic of bovine anaemia associated with Theileria orientalis Ikeda type infection, which began in New Zealand in August 2012. As New Zealand has no other pathogenic tick-borne cattle haemoparasites, the effects of the T. orientalis Ikeda type infection observed in affected herds and individual animals were not confounded by other concurrent haemoparasite infections, as was possibly the case in other countries. This has resulted in an unbiased perspective of a new disease. In addition, as both New Zealand’s beef and dairy cattle systems are seasonally based, this has led to a different epidemiological presentation than that reported by almost all other affected countries. Having verified the establishment of a new disease and identified the associated pathogen, the remaining key requirements of an epidemiological investigation, for a disease affecting production animals, are to describe how the disease spreads, describe the likely impacts of that disease at the individual and herd level and explore methods of disease control or mitigation.
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3
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White SA, Bevins SN, Ruder MG, Shaw D, Vigil SL, Randall A, Deliberto TJ, Dominguez K, Thompson AT, Mertins JW, Alfred JT, Yabsley MJ. Surveys for ticks on wildlife hosts and in the environment at Asian longhorned tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis)-positive sites in Virginia and New Jersey, 2018. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:605-614. [PMID: 32639639 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Haemaphysalis longicornis, the Asian longhorned tick (ALT), is native to eastern Asia, but it has become invasive in several countries, including Australia, New Zealand and recently in the eastern United States (US). To identify wild mammal and avian host species in the US, we conducted active wildlife surveillance in two states with known ALT infestations (Virginia and New Jersey). In addition, we conducted environmental surveys in both states. These surveillance efforts resulted in detection of 51 ALT-infested individuals from seven wildlife species, including raccoon (Procyon lotor), Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), woodchuck (Marmota monax), eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus), striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). We found ALT in the environment in both states and also collected three native tick species (Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variablis and Ixodes scapularis) that are vectors of pathogens of public health and veterinary importance. This study provides important specific information on the wildlife host range of ALT in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth A White
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Sarah N Bevins
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Disease Program, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Mark G Ruder
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - David Shaw
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Stacey L Vigil
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Adam Randall
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Pittstown, NJ, USA
| | - Thomas J Deliberto
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Disease Program, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kristen Dominguez
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Alec T Thompson
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - James W Mertins
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Diagnostics and Biologics, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jeffery T Alfred
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Diagnostics and Biologics, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Michael J Yabsley
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Heath ACG. A history of the introduction, establishment, dispersal and management of Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann, 1901 (Ixodida: Ixodidae) in New Zealand. NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2020.1772326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allen C. G. Heath
- AgResearch Ltd., c/o Hopkirk Research Institute, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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5
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Oakes VJ, Yabsley MJ, Schwartz D, LeRoith T, Bissett C, Broaddus C, Schlater JL, Todd SM, Boes KM, Brookhart M, Lahmers KK. Theileria orientalis Ikeda Genotype in Cattle, Virginia, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:1653-1659. [PMID: 31237835 PMCID: PMC6711211 DOI: 10.3201/eid2509.190088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Theileria orientalis Ikeda genotype is a parasite that causes a disease in cattle that results in major economic issues in Asia, New Zealand, and Australia. The parasite is transmitted by Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks, which have recently been reported in numerous states throughout the eastern United States. Concurrently, cattle in Virginia showed clinical signs consistent with a hemoprotozoan infection. We used amplicons specific for the major piroplasm surface protein and small subunit rDNA of piroplasms to test blood samples from the cattle by PCR. Bidirectional Sanger sequencing showed sequences with 100% identity with T. orientalis Ikeda genotype 2 sequences. We detected the parasite in 3 unrelated herds and from various animals sampled at 2 time points. Although other benign T. orientalis genotypes are endemic to the United States, detection of T. orientalis Ikeda genotype might represent a risk for the cattle industry in Virginia.
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Lawrence KE, Lawrence BL, Hickson RE, Hewitt CA, Gedye KR, Fermin LM, Pomroy WE. Associations between Theileria orientalis Ikeda type infection and the growth rates and haematocrit of suckled beef calves in the North Island of New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2018; 67:66-73. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2018.1547227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- KE Lawrence
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - BL Lawrence
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - RE Hickson
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - CA Hewitt
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - KR Gedye
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - LM Fermin
- AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - WE Pomroy
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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7
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Lawrence KE, Gibson M, Hickson RE, Gedye K, Hoogenboom A, Fermin L, Draganova I, Pomroy WE. Experimental infection of Friesian bulls with Theileria orientalis (Ikeda) and effects on the haematocrit, live weight, rectal temperature and activity. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2018; 14:85-93. [PMID: 31014744 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Since 2012, New Zealand has suffered from an epidemic of infectious bovine anaemia associated with T. orientalis (Ikeda), an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite of cattle. Despite widespread agreement that T. orientalis (Ikeda) infection has impacted beef and dairy farming in New Zealand there is very little quantitative data to support this conclusion. A randomised controlled experimental study of the effect of T. orientalis (Ikeda) infection on the live weight, haematocrit (HCT), temperature and activity of 2-year-old Friesian bulls was conducted at a Massey University Research farm, Palmerston North. Ten out of seventeen 2-year-old Friesian bulls were injected intravenously with 30 mL whole blood from 2 clinical cases of Theileria-associated bovine anaemia and then followed over a period of 20 weeks. The bulls were blood sampled, had rectal temperature recorded and weighed 3 times weekly for 13 weeks and then once weekly thereafter until the end of the trial. Infection intensity was monitored using qPCR. All 10 inoculated bulls were successfully infected with T. orientalis (Ikeda). The results showed that the live weight response to infection was varied and the bulls could be divided into two groups based on this response. Four infected bulls showed a significant weight reduction of 41.5 kg (p < 0.0001), a financial loss of around NZ$112 per bull, compared with the other 6 bulls in the infected group, which were not different to the 7 uninfected controls. The live weight of the 4 poor growing bulls was significantly lower than the other 6 infected bulls from Day 71 post infection (p < 0.05). All ten infected bulls showed a similar decrease in HCT, with the lowest HCT reached around Day 60 to 80 post-infection, however the four infected bulls that grew poorly did have a significantly elevated HCT for the first 1 to 3 weeks post infection (p < 0.05). The 4 infected bulls which grew poorly also had a significantly higher infection intensity than the other infected bulls from Day 27 to Day 60 post-infection (p < 0.05). There was no pyrexia recorded in the infected group or control groups, instead there was a tendency for the infected group to have a lower rectal temperature from Day 5 to 70 post infection. The infected bulls walked on average 239 steps per day less than the control bulls, although this difference was not significant (p = 0.35). Overall the study clearly showed, by controlling infection date and infectious dose, that a proportion of cattle infected with T. orientalis (Ikeda) have significantly decreased live weight gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Lawrence
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - M Gibson
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - R E Hickson
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - K Gedye
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - A Hoogenboom
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - L Fermin
- AgResearch, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - I Draganova
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - W E Pomroy
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Lawrence KE, McFadden AMJ, Bingham P, Pulford DJ, Vink WD, Pomroy WE. Prevalence studies for Theileria orientalis conducted during the early stages of the 2012 New Zealand epidemic of Theileria associated bovine anaemia. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2018; 13:38-44. [PMID: 31014886 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Since 1982 there have been two epidemics of bovine anaemia associated with Theileria orientalis infection (TABA) in New Zealand. The latest and more serious epidemic started in 2012 and is associated with the T. orientalis (Ikeda) type. In 2013 the Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) carried out several epidemiological investigations on the TABA epidemic, which included a series of on-farm herd prevalence studies. The aims of this paper are to present and summarise the results of these herd prevalence studies. The data were collected from March 2013 to September 2013 and comprised 26 farms. For 21/26 of these farms, a T. orientalis (Ikeda) positive index case of TABA precipitated the follow-up herd prevalence study. Each herd prevalence study involved a random sample of 10 cows for haematocrit, for piroplasm counts (number of Theileria infected RBCs per 1000 RBCs) and for PCR molecular diagnosis. Animals were diagnosed anaemic if the haematocrit ≤0.24. The results showed that for the index cases, the average haematocrit = 0.10 L/L and the average piroplasm count = 10.9 Theileria infected RBCs per 1000 RBCs, and for the herd prevalence studies the average haematocrit = 0.26 and the average piroplasm count = 6.9. The average herd prevalence of T. orientalis (Ikeda) PCR positive cattle and of anaemic cattle was 87% and 26% respectively. For dairy herds (n = 7 herds) it took, on average, 80 days for the within herd prevalence of anaemia to return to zero after the initial diagnosis. In conclusion the prevalence studies showed that infection rates and anaemia rates were already high in herds when the index case of TABA was observed. At the time, these prevalence studies significantly added to our understanding of the epidemiology of the evolving T. orientalis (Ikeda) epidemic and furthermore met the New Zealand MPI objective of being rapid and applied, fit for purpose and completed at a relatively low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Lawrence
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - A M J McFadden
- Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 40742, Upper Hutt 5018, New Zealand
| | - P Bingham
- Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 40742, Upper Hutt 5018, New Zealand
| | - D J Pulford
- Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 40742, Upper Hutt 5018, New Zealand
| | - W D Vink
- Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 40742, Upper Hutt 5018, New Zealand
| | - W E Pomroy
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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Lawrence KE, Sanson RL, McFadden AMJ, Pulford DJ, Pomroy WE. The effect of month, farm type and latitude on the level of anaemia associated with Theileria orientalis Ikeda type infection in New Zealand cattle naturally infected at pasture. Res Vet Sci 2017; 117:233-238. [PMID: 29310034 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Commencing in 2012, an epidemic of infectious bovine anaemia associated with Theileria orientalis Ikeda type has been present in New Zealand. The aims of this study were to analyse the temporal and spatial effects of T. orientalis Ikeda type infection on the sample submission rates and haematocrits of infected cattle over the first two years of the New Zealand epidemic. The data were collected from 30/08/2012 to 28/11/2014 and included all samples that met the case definition for Theileria associated bovine anaemia (TABA) and tested positive for T. orientalis Ikeda type by PCR. The sample submission rates by month and farm type were highly seasonal with dairy farm submissions peaking in September a month before beef farm submissions peaked. A second lesser peak of dairy farm submissions in April was absent for beef farms. A mixed effects model was fitted to the data and showed a significant interaction between farm production type (dairy or beef) and month of sampling (p=0.006) and between latitude and month of sampling (p=0.024). The estimated haematocrit, adjusted for month and latitude, for dairy cattle=0.125 (95%CI 0.121-0.129) and for beef cattle=0.151 (95% CI 0.138-0.165), p<0.0001. This research shows that infected beef animals tend to be less severely affected than dairy animals and that the month of sampling and latitude of the sampled farm have significant and interacting effects on the level of anaemia associated with T. orientalis Ikeda type infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Lawrence
- Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand.
| | - R L Sanson
- AsureQuality, Tennent Drive, PO Box 609, Palmerston North 4440, New Zealand
| | - A M J McFadden
- Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 40742, Upper Hutt 5018, New Zealand
| | - D J Pulford
- Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 40742, Upper Hutt 5018, New Zealand
| | - W E Pomroy
- Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
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10
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Lawrence KE, Forsyth SF, Vaatstra BL, McFadden AMJ, Pulford DJ, Govindaraju K, Pomroy WE. Cluster analysis of the clinical histories of cattle affected with bovine anaemia associated with Theileria orientalis Ikeda type infection. N Z Vet J 2017; 65:305-312. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2017.1364180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- KE Lawrence
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - SF Forsyth
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - BL Vaatstra
- Gribbles Veterinary Pathology, 840 Tremaine Ave, Palmerston North, 4412, New Zealand
| | - AMJ McFadden
- Ministry for Primary Industries, 66 Ward Street, Wallaceville, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - DJ Pulford
- Ministry for Primary Industries, 66 Ward Street, Wallaceville, Upper Hutt, New Zealand
| | - K Govindaraju
- Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - WE Pomroy
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
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McFadden A, Hart M, Bueno IM, Ha HJ, Heath A, Pulford DJ. Monitoring Theileria orientalis (Ikeda)-associated bovine anaemia in affected cattle over time. Vet Parasitol 2017; 245:29-33. [PMID: 28969833 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to observe changes in haematocrit (HCT) over time in a New Zealand South Island dairy herd affected by an outbreak of Theileria-associated bovine anaemia (TABA; Ikeda). A secondary aim was to relate individual cow HCTs to the amount of Theileria orientalis Ikeda DNA present in the blood, as measured by cycle threshold values, using a quantitative PCR (qPCR). Over a 6 month period, blood samples from 19 randomly selected cattle were monitored from a herd of 600 dairy cows. The sampling interval was approximately fortnightly for the first six weeks, followed by sampling at between four and six week intervals. At the initial report of the outbreak, two from six cattle were anaemic (HCT<0.25L/L). Blood collected from 14 cattle 11 days later showed that 57% (95% CI 33-77%) of the cattle sampled were anaemic. Of the 19 cattle that went on to be monitored, 12 (63% 95% CI=41-81%) developed anaemia at some point during the period of monitoring. One of the anaemic animals did not meet the case definition for TABA Ikeda. For individual cattle, the average number of days between when cattle were first detected as anaemic and when HCT returned to normal was 53days (median=47 days, range=6-92 days). At the point of notification the amount of T. orientalis Ikeda DNA in the blood of the six cattle tested was low (Cq median=36), but 11days later the amount of DNA in blood of 14 additional cows tested was relatively high (Cq median=24). Levels of all 19 cows monitored continued to remain moderately high through the period of testing (Cq median=29). This was despite a general improvement in the HCT of affected cattle. In four of the 15 cattle positive to T. orientalis Ikeda where blood fractions (plasma and whole blood) were tested, it appeared that T. orientalis Ikeda (as measured by qPCR) dropped more rapidly in plasma fractions than in whole blood at the point that HCT started to return to normal levels. Despite the assumption that tick populations were low in the Canterbury region of the South Island the impact of TABA (proportion of herd affected and the average period that animals remained anaemic) on the case herd was still relatively high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amj McFadden
- Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 40742, Upper Hutt 5018, New Zealand.
| | - M Hart
- Vetlife, 4 Hororata-Dunsandel Road, Dunsandel 7657, New Zealand
| | - I M Bueno
- Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 40742, Upper Hutt 5018, New Zealand
| | - H J Ha
- Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 40742, Upper Hutt 5018, New Zealand
| | - Acg Heath
- Parasitology, AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - D J Pulford
- Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 40742, Upper Hutt 5018, New Zealand
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12
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Lawrence KE, Summers SR, Heath ACG, McFadden AMJ, Pulford DJ, Tait AB, Pomroy WE. Using a rule-based envelope model to predict the expansion of habitat suitability within New Zealand for the tick Haemaphysalis longicornis, with future projections based on two climate change scenarios. Vet Parasitol 2017; 243:226-234. [PMID: 28807298 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Haemaphysalis longicornis is the only species of tick present in New Zealand which infests livestock and is also the only competent vector for Theileria orientalis. Since 2012, New Zealand has suffered from an epidemic of infectious bovine anaemia associated with T. orientalis, an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite of cattle and buffaloes. The aim of this study was to predict the spatial distribution of habitat suitability of New Zealand for the tick H. longicornis using a simple rule-based climate envelope model, to validate the model against published data and use the validated model to project an expansion in habitat suitability for H. longicornis under two alternative climate change scenarios for the periods 2046-2065 and 2081-2100, relative to the climate of 1981-2010. A rule-based climate envelope model was developed based on the environmental requirements for off-host tick survival. The resulting model was validated against a maximum entropy environmental niche model of environmental suitability for T. orientalis transmission and against a H. longicornis occurrence map. Validation was completed using the I-similarity statistic and by linear regression. The H. longicornis climate envelope model predicted that 75% of cattle farms in the North Island, 3% of cattle farms in the South Island and 54% of cattle farms in New Zealand overall have habitats potentially suitable for the establishment of H. longicornis. The validation methods showed an acceptable level of agreement between the envelope model and published data. Both of the climate change scenarios, for each of the time periods, projected only slight to moderate increases in the average farm habitat suitability scores for all the South Island regions. However, only for the West Coast, Marlborough, Tasman, and Nelson regions did these increases in environmental suitability translate into an increased proportion of cattle farms with low or high H. longicornis habitat suitability. These results will have important implications for the geographical progression of Theileria-associated bovine anaemia (TABA) in New Zealand and will also be of interest to Haemaphysalis longicornis researchers in Australia, Japan, Korea and New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Lawrence
- Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - S R Summers
- Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - A C G Heath
- Agresearch Ltd., c/o Hopkirk Research Institute, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - A M J McFadden
- Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 40742, Upper Hutt 5018, New Zealand.
| | - D J Pulford
- Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 40742, Upper Hutt 5018, New Zealand.
| | - A B Tait
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Greta Point, Wellington, New Zealand.
| | - W E Pomroy
- Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Inadequate Differentiation of Theileria orientalis Genotypes buffeli and ikeda in a Multiplexed Tandem PCR (MT-PCR) Assay Using the p23 Gene as a Marker. J Clin Microbiol 2016; 55:641-644. [PMID: 27927924 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02017-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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