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Sheng Y, Yang J, Wang C, Sun X, Yan L. Microbial nattokinase: from synthesis to potential application. Food Funct 2023; 14:2568-2585. [PMID: 36857725 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo03389e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Nattokinase (NK) is an alkaline serine protease with strong thrombolytic activity produced by Bacillus spp. or Pseudomonas spp. It is a potential therapeutic agent for thrombotic diseases because of its safety, economy, and lack of side effects. Herein, a comprehensive summary and analysis of the reports surrounding NK were presented, and the physical-chemical properties and producers of NK were first described. The process and mechanism of NK synthesis were summarized, but these are vague and not specific enough. Further results may be achieved if detection techniques such as multi-omics are used to explore the process of NK synthesis. The purification of NK has problems such as a complicated operation and low recovery rate, which were found when summarizing the techniques to improve the quality of finished products. If multiple simple and efficient precipitation methods and purification materials are combined to purify NK, it may be possible to solve the current challenges. Additionally, the application potential of NK in biomedicine was reviewed, but functional foods with NK are challenging for acceptance in daily life due to their unpleasant odor. Accordingly, multi-strain combination fermentation or food flavoring agents can improve the odor of fermented foods and increase people's acceptance of them. Finally, the possible future directions focused on NK studies were proposed and provided suggestions for subsequent researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Sheng
- College of Food, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China.
| | - Jiani Yang
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Changyuan Wang
- College of Food, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China.
| | - Xindi Sun
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
| | - Lei Yan
- College of Food, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China.
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
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Jamali N, Vahedi F, Soltani Fard E, Taheri-Anganeh M, Taghvimi S, Khatami SH, Ghasemi H, Movahedpour A. Nattokinase: Structure, applications and sources. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Xiao Z, Shen J, Li Y, Wang Z, Zhao Y, Chen Y, Zhao JY. High and Economical Nattokinase Production with Acetoin as a Useful Byproduct from Soybean Milk and Glucose. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2022; 14:792-803. [PMID: 34387855 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09831-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Nattokinase (NK) is a potent fibrinolytic enzyme with wide pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. Safe and high NK-yielding strains are urgently needed. In this study, the best strain NDF was isolated from one of the 11 natto samples and then identified as Bacillus subtilis. The effects of carbon and nitrogen sources on NK production were investigated, and glucose and soybean milk were finally selected as the optimal carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. Acetoin, a valuable compound with versatile usages, was detected as the main byproduct of carbon overflow. In a 6-L fermenter, NK and acetoin reached their peak concentrations simultaneously (10,220 IU/mL and 25.9 g/L, respectively) at 25 h in a culture medium containing 180 g/L of soybean milk and 105 g/L of glucose. The NK product was verified by sequencing of the aprN gene and SDS-PAGE analysis. Only very limited kinds of proteins were found in the supernatant of the fermentation broth, and NK was one of the main bands. This study has developed an economical and high NK production method with acetoin as a useful byproduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijun Xiao
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China.
| | - Jie Shen
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Yang Li
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Yanshuang Zhao
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Jing-Yi Zhao
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China
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Yuan L, Liangqi C, Xiyu T, Jinyao L. Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Applications of Bacillus Nattokinase. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070980. [PMID: 35883536 PMCID: PMC9312984 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis has threatened human health in past decades. Bacillus nattokinase is a potential low-cost thrombolytic drug without side-effects and has been introduced into the consumer market as a functional food or dietary supplement. This review firstly summarizes the biodiversity of sources and the fermentation process of nattokinase, and systematically elucidates the structure, catalytic mechanism and enzymatic properties of nattokinase. In view of the problems of low fermentation yield, insufficient activity and stability of nattokinase, this review discusses the heterologous expression of nattokinase in different microbial hosts and summarizes the protein and genetic engineering progress of nattokinase-producing strains. Finally, this review summarizes the clinical applications of nattokinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yuan
- Department of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China;
| | - Chen Liangqi
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (C.L.); (T.X.)
| | - Tang Xiyu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (C.L.); (T.X.)
| | - Li Jinyao
- Department of Materia Medica, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China;
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830017, China; (C.L.); (T.X.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-130-0968-6488
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Recent Advances in Nattokinase-Enriched Fermented Soybean Foods: A Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11131867. [PMID: 35804683 PMCID: PMC9265860 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
With the dramatic increase in mortality of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) caused by thrombus, this has sparked an interest in seeking more effective thrombolytic drugs or dietary nutriments. The dietary consumption of natto, a traditional Bacillus-fermented food (BFF), can reduce the risk of CVDs. Nattokinase (NK), a natural, safe, efficient and cost-effective thrombolytic enzyme, is the most bioactive ingredient in natto. NK has progressively been considered to have potentially beneficial cardiovascular effects. Microbial synthesis is a cost-effective method of producing NK. Bacillus spp. are the main production strains. While microbial synthesis of NK has been thoroughly explored, NK yield, activity and stability are the critical restrictions. Multiple optimization strategies are an attempt to tackle the current problems to meet commercial demands. We focus on the recent advances in NK, including fermented soybean foods, production strains, optimization strategies, extraction and purification, activity maintenance, biological functions, and safety assessment of NK. In addition, this review systematically discussed the challenges and prospects of NK in actual application. Due to the continuous exploration and rapid progress of NK, NK is expected to be a natural future alternative to CVDs.
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Li T, Zhan C, Guo G, Liu Z, Hao N, Ouyang P. Tofu processing wastewater as a low-cost substrate for high activity nattokinase production using Bacillus subtilis. BMC Biotechnol 2021; 21:57. [PMID: 34620130 PMCID: PMC8499530 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-021-00719-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even though tofu is a traditional Chinese food loved by Asian people the wastewater generated during the production of tofu can pollute the environment, and the treatment of this generated wastewater can increase the operating cost of the plant. In this study, the production of nattokinase could be achieved by using the nitrogen source in tofu processing wastewater (TPW) instead of using the traditional nattokinase medium. This meets the need for the low-cost fermentation of nattokinase and at the same time addresses the environmental pollution concerns caused by the wastewater. Bacillus subtilis 13,932 is, a high yielding strain of nattokinase, which is stored in our laboratory. To increase the activity of nattokinase in the tofu process wastewater fermentation medium, the medium components and culture parameters were optimized. Nattokinase with high enzymatic activity was obtained in 7 L and 100 L bioreactors when TPW was used as the sole nitrogen source catalyzed by Bacillus subtilis. Such a result demonstrates that the production of nattokinase from TPW fermentation using B. subtilis can be implemented at an industrial level. RESULTS The peptide component in TPW is a crucial factor in the production of nattokinase. Box-Behnken design (BBD) experiments were designed to optimize various critical components, i.e., Glucose, TPW, MgSO4·7H2O, CaCl2, in nattokinase fermentation media. A maximum nattokinase activity was recorded at 37 °C, pH 7.0, 70 mL liquid medium, and 200 rpm. The highest nattokinase activities obtained from 7 to 100 L bioreactors were 8628.35 ± 113.87 IU/mL and 10,661.97 ± 72.47 IU/mL, respectively. CONCLUSIONS By replacing the nitrogen source in the original medium with TPW, there was an increase in the enzyme activity by 19.25% after optimizing the medium and culture parameters. According to the scale-up experiment from conical flasks to 100 L bioreactors, there was an increase in the activity of nattokinase by 47.89%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Chenyi Zhan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Gege Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zhaoxing Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Ning Hao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Pingkai Ouyang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
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Soares Bispo JR, de Oliveira Lima IG, da Silva MB, de Oliveira Feitosa A, Dos Santos ACM, Alexandre Moreira MS, Zambrano Passarini MR, Saraiva Câmara PEA, Rosa LH, Oliveira VM, de Queiroz AC, Fernandes Duarte AW. Fibrinolytic enzymes from extremophilic microorganisms in the development of new thrombolytic therapies: Technological Prospecting. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2021; 15:169-183. [PMID: 34353276 DOI: 10.2174/1872208315666210805154713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extremophilic microorganisms from a wide variety of extreme natural environments have been researched, and many biotechnological applications have been carried out, due to their capacity to produce biomolecules resistant to extreme conditions, such as fibrinolytic proteases. The search for new fibrinolytic enzymes is important in the development of new therapies against cardiovascular diseases. OBJECTIVE This article aimed to evaluate the patents filed about protease with fibrinolytic activity produced by extremophilic microorganisms whose use is aimed at the development of new drugs for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. METHODS The prospecting was carried out using data on deposits and patent concessions made available on the technological bases: European Patent Office (EPO), United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial - Brazil (INPI), The LENS and Patent Inspiration. The International Patent Classification and subclasses and groups for each document were also evaluated. RESULTS Although 382 patents were selected using terms related to extreme environments, such as "thermophile" and "acidophiles", few were related to clinical use and were mainly performed using Bacillus subtilis and Streptomyces megasporus strains. A highlight of nattokinase was produced by Bacillus subtilis GDN and actinokinase by Streptomyces megasporus SD5. CONCLUSION The low number of patents on enzymes with this profile (extreme environments) revealed a little-explored field, promising in the development of new microbial thrombolytic drugs, such as fibrinolytic enzymes with less adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Romero Soares Bispo
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Complexo de Ciências Médicas e Enfermagem, Campus Arapiraca, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57309-005, Arapiraca, AL. Brazil
| | - Igor Gomes de Oliveira Lima
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Complexo de Ciências Médicas e Enfermagem, Campus Arapiraca, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57309-005, Arapiraca, AL. Brazil
| | - Maurício Bernardo da Silva
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Complexo de Ciências Médicas e Enfermagem, Campus Arapiraca, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57309-005, Arapiraca, AL. Brazil
| | - Alexya de Oliveira Feitosa
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Complexo de Ciências Médicas e Enfermagem, Campus Arapiraca, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57309-005, Arapiraca, AL. Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline Melo Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Complexo de Ciências Médicas e Enfermagem, Campus Arapiraca, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57309-005, Arapiraca, AL. Brazil
| | - Magna Suzana Alexandre Moreira
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57072-900, Maceió, AL. Brazil
| | | | | | - Luiz Henrique Rosa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG. Brazil
| | - Valéria Maia Oliveira
- Divisão de Recursos Microbianos, Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas, Biológicas e Agrícolas. Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, 13148-218, Paulínia, SP. Brazil
| | - Aline Cavalcanti de Queiroz
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Complexo de Ciências Médicas e Enfermagem, Campus Arapiraca, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57309-005, Arapiraca, AL. Brazil
| | - Alysson Wagner Fernandes Duarte
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Complexo de Ciências Médicas e Enfermagem, Campus Arapiraca, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 57309-005, Arapiraca, AL. Brazil
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Lu M, Gao Z, Xing S, Long J, Li C, He L, Wang X. Purification, characterization, and chemical modification of Bacillus velezensis SN-14 fibrinolytic enzyme. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 177:601-609. [PMID: 33636270 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fermented bean foods are a crucial source of fibrinolytic enzymes. The presented study aimed to purify, characterize, and chemically modify Bacillus velezensis SN-14 fibrinolytic enzyme. The fibrinolytic enzyme was purified using CTAB/isooctane/hexyl alcohol/n-butyl alcohol reverse micellar system, and the purified enzyme was chemically modified to improve its enzymatic activity and stability. Enzyme activity recovery and the purification fold for this enzyme were 44.5 ± 1.9% and 4.93 ± 0.05 fold, respectively. SDS-PAGE results showed that the molecular weight of the purified fibrinolytic enzyme was around 28 kDa. Besides, the optimum temperature and pH of the purified fibrinolytic enzyme were 37 °C and 8-9, respectively. Fe2+, mPEG5000, and pepsin were used for chemical modification and for improving the activity and stability of the purified enzyme. Thermal and acid-base stability of chemically modified enzymes increased significantly, whereas enzymatic activity increased by 7.3 times. After 30 d of frozen storage, the modified enzyme's activity was remarkably lower (33.2%) than the unmodified enzyme (60.6%). The current study on B. velezensis SN-14 fibrinolytic enzyme and chemical modification method using Fe2+, mPEG5000, and pepsin provide a reference for developing fibrinolytic drugs and foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Store & Processing of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Zexin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Store & Processing of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Shuqi Xing
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Store & Processing of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Jia Long
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Store & Processing of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Cuiqin Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Store & Processing of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Laping He
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Store & Processing of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China.
| | - Xiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Store & Processing of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
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Whole Genome Sequencing and Tn 5-Insertion Mutagenesis of Pseudomonas taiwanensis CMS to Probe Its Antagonistic Activity Against Rice Bacterial Blight Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228639. [PMID: 33207795 PMCID: PMC7696974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas taiwanensis is a novel bacterium that uses shrimp shell waste as its sole sources of carbon and nitrogen. It is a versatile bacterium with potential for use in biological control, with activities including toxicity toward insects, fungi, and the rice pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae (Xoo). In this study, the complete 5.08-Mb genome sequence of P. taiwanensis CMS was determined by a combination of NGS/Sanger sequencing and optical mapping. Comparison of optical maps of seven Pseudomonas species showed that P. taiwanensis is most closely related to P. putida KT 2400. We screened a total of 11,646 individual Tn5-transponson tagged strains to identify genes that are involved in the production and regulation of the iron-chelator pyoverdine in P. taiwanensis, which is a key anti-Xoo factor. Our results indicated that the two-component system (TCS) EnvZ/OmpR plays a positive regulatory role in the production of pyoverdine, whereas the sigma factor RpoS functions as a repressor. The knowledge of the molecular basis of the regulation of pyoverdine by P. taiwanensis provided herein will be useful for its development for use in biological control, including as an anti-Xoo agent.
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Doan CT, Tran TN, Nguyen VB, Tran TD, Nguyen AD, Wang SL. Bioprocessing of Squid Pens Waste into Chitosanase by Paenibacillus sp. TKU047 and Its Application in Low-Molecular Weight Chitosan Oligosaccharides Production. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12051163. [PMID: 32438616 PMCID: PMC7284385 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) has become of great interest in recent years because of its worthy biological activities. This study aims to produce COS using the enzymatic method, and investigates Paenibacillus sp. TKU047, a chitinolytic-producing strain, in terms of its chitosanase productivity on several chitinous material-containing mediums from fishery process wastes. The highest amount of chitosanase was produced on the medium using 2% (w/v) squid pens powder (0.60 U/mL) as the single carbon and nitrogen (C/N) source. The molecular mass of TKU047 chitosanase, which could be the smallest one among chitinases/chitosanases from the Paenibacillus genus, was approximately 23 kDa according to the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) method. TKU047 chitosanase possessed the highest activity at 60 °C, pH 7, and toward chitosan solution with a higher degree of deacetylation (DDA) value. Additionally, the hydrolysis products of 98% DDA chitosan catalyzed by TKU047 chitosanase showed the degree of polymerization (DP) ranging from 2 to 9, suggesting that it was an endo-type activity chitosanase. The free radical scavenging activity of the obtained chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) was determined. The result showed that COS produced with Paenibacillus sp. TKU047 chitosanase expressed a higher 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity than that from the commercial COSs with maximum activity and IC50 values of 81.20% and 1.02 mg/mL; 18.63% and 15.37 mg/mL; and 15.96% and 15.16 mg/mL, respectively. As such, Paenibacillus sp. TKU047 may have potential use in converting squid pens waste to produce chitosanase as an enzyme for bio-activity COS preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien Thang Doan
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan; (C.T.D.); (T.N.T.)
- Department of Science and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam;
| | - Thi Ngoc Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan; (C.T.D.); (T.N.T.)
- Department of Science and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam;
| | - Van Bon Nguyen
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam;
| | - Trung Dung Tran
- Department of Science and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam;
| | - Anh Dzung Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam;
| | - San-Lang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan; (C.T.D.); (T.N.T.)
- Life Science Development Center, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2621-5656; Fax: +886-2-2620-9924
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Sharma C, Salem GEM, Sharma N, Gautam P, Singh R. Thrombolytic Potential of Novel Thiol-Dependent Fibrinolytic Protease from Bacillus cereus RSA1. Biomolecules 2019; 10:E3. [PMID: 31861284 PMCID: PMC7022875 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study demonstrates the production and thrombolytic potential of a novel thermostable thiol-dependent fibrinolytic protease by Bacillus cereus RSA1. Statistical optimization of different parameters was accomplished with Plackett-Burman design and validated further by central composite design with 30.75 U/mL protease production. Precipitation and chromatographic approaches resulted in 33.11% recovery with 2.32-fold purification. The molecular weight of fibrinolytic protease was 40 KDa and it exhibited a broad temperature and pH stability range of 20-80 °C and pH 5-10 with utmost activity at 50 °C and pH 8, respectively. The protease retained its fibrinolytic activity in organic solvents and enhanced the activity in solutions with divalent cations (Mn2+, Zn2+, and Cu2+). The enzyme kinetics revealed Km and Vmax values of 1.093 mg/mL and 52.39 µg/mL/min, respectively, indicating higher affinity of fibrinolytic activity towards fibrin. Also, complete inhibition of fibrinolytic activity with DFP and a 2-fold increase with DTT and β-mercaptoethanol indicates its thiol-dependent serine protease nature. MALDI-TOF analysis showed 56% amino acid sequence homology with Subtilisin NAT OS = Bacillus subtilis subsp. natto. The fibrinolysis activity was compared with a commercial thrombolytic agent for its therapeutic applicability, and fibrinolytic protease was found highly significant with absolute blood clot dissolution within 4 h in in vitro conditions. The isolated fibrinolytic protease of Bacillus cereus RSA1 is novel and different from other known fibrinolytic proteases with high stability and efficacy, which might have wide medicinal and industrial application as a thrombolytic agent and in blood stain removal, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhavi Sharma
- Amity Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India; (C.S.)
| | - Gad Elsayed Mohamed Salem
- Amity Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India; (C.S.)
- National Organization for Drug Control and Research, 51 Wezaret El-Zeraa st., Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Neha Sharma
- Amity Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India; (C.S.)
| | - Prerna Gautam
- Amity Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India; (C.S.)
| | - Rajni Singh
- Amity Institute of Microbial Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India; (C.S.)
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Production, characterization and optimization of fibrinolytic protease from Bacillus pseudomycoides strain MA02 isolated from poultry slaughter house soils. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Doan CT, Tran TN, Nguyen VB, Nguyen AD, Wang SL. Production of a Thermostable Chitosanase from Shrimp Heads via Paenibacillus mucilaginosus TKU032 Conversion and its Application in the Preparation of Bioactive Chitosan Oligosaccharides. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17040217. [PMID: 30974812 PMCID: PMC6520834 DOI: 10.3390/md17040217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosanase has attracted great attention due to its potential applications in medicine, agriculture, and nutraceuticals. In this study, P. mucilaginosus TKU032, a bacterial strain isolated from Taiwanese soil, exhibited the highest chitosanase activity (0.53 U/mL) on medium containing shrimp heads as the sole carbon and nitrogen (C/N) source. Using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis, a chitosanase isolated from P. mucilaginosus TKU032 cultured on shrimp head medium was determined at approximately 59 kDa. The characterized chitosanase showed interesting properties with optimal temperature and thermal stability up to 70 °C. Three chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) fractions were isolated from hydrolyzed colloidal chitosan that was catalyzed by TKU032 chitosanase. Of these, fraction I showed the highest α-glucosidase inhibitor (aGI) activity (65.86% at 20 mg/mL); its inhibitory mechanism followed the mixed noncompetitive inhibition model. Fractions II and III exhibited strong 2,2-diphenyl1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (79.00% at 12 mg/mL and 73.29% at 16 mg/mL, respectively). In summary, the COS fractions obtained by hydrolyzing colloidal chitosan with TKU032 chitosanase may have potential use in medical or nutraceutical fields due to their aGI and antioxidant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien Thang Doan
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
- Department of Science and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam.
| | - Thi Ngoc Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
- Department of Science and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam.
| | - Van Bon Nguyen
- Department of Science and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam.
| | - Anh Dzung Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam.
| | - San-Lang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
- Life Science Development Center, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
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Fibrinolytic Enzymes for Thrombolytic Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1148:345-381. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7709-9_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Doan CT, Tran TN, Nguyen VB, Nguyen AD, Wang SL. Reclamation of Marine Chitinous Materials for Chitosanase Production via Microbial Conversion by Paenibacillus macerans. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E429. [PMID: 30400216 PMCID: PMC6265764 DOI: 10.3390/md16110429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitinous materials from marine byproducts elicit great interest among biotechnologists for their potential biomedical or agricultural applications. In this study, four kinds of marine chitinous materials (squid pens, shrimp heads, demineralized shrimp shells, and demineralized crab shells) were used to screen the best source for producing chitosanase by Paenibacillus macerans TKU029. Among them, the chitosanase activity was found to be highest in the culture using the medium containing squid pens as the sole carbon/nitrogen (C/N) source. A chitosanase which showed molecular weights at 63 kDa was isolated from P. macerans cultured on a squid pens medium. The purified TKU029 chitosanase exhibited optimum activity at 60 °C and pH 7, and was stable at temperatures under 50 °C and pH 3-8. An analysis by MALDI-TOF MS revealed that the chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) obtained from the hydrolysis of water-soluble chitosan by TKU029 crude enzyme showed various degrees of polymerization (DP), varying from 3⁻6. The obtained COS enhanced the growth of four lactic acid bacteria strains but exhibited no effect on the growth of E. coli. By specialized growth enhancing effects, the COS produced from hydrolyzing water soluble chitosan with TKU029 chitinolytic enzymes could have potential for use in medicine or nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien Thang Doan
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
- Department of Science and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam.
| | - Thi Ngoc Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
- Department of Science and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam.
| | - Van Bon Nguyen
- Department of Science and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam.
| | - Anh Dzung Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot 630000, Vietnam.
| | - San-Lang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
- Life Science Development Center, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
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Wang H, Sun X, Wang L, Wu H, Zhao G, Liu H, Wang P, Zheng Z. Coproduction of menaquinone-7 and nattokinase by Bacillus subtilis using soybean curd residue as a renewable substrate combined with a dissolved oxygen control strategy. ANN MICROBIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-018-1372-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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18
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Krishnamurthy A, Mundra S, Belur PD. Improving the catalytic efficiency of Fibrinolytic enzyme from Serratia marcescens subsp. sakuensis by chemical modification. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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19
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Doan CT, Tran TN, Nguyen VB, Nguyen AD, Wang SL. Conversion of Squid Pens to Chitosanases and Proteases via Paenibacillus sp. TKU042. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E83. [PMID: 29517987 PMCID: PMC5867627 DOI: 10.3390/md16030083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosanases and proteases have received much attention due to their wide range of applications. Four kinds of chitinous materials, squid pens, shrimp heads, demineralized shrimp shells and demineralized crab shells, were used as the sole carbon and nitrogen (C/N) source to produce chitosanases, proteases and α-glucosidase inhibitors (αGI) by four different strains of Paenibacillus. Chitosanase productivity was highest in the culture supernatants using squid pens as the sole C/N source. The maximum chitosanase activity of fermented squid pens (0.759 U/mL) was compared to that of fermented shrimp heads (0.397 U/mL), demineralized shrimp shells (0.201 U/mL) and demineralized crab shells (0.216 U/mL). A squid pen concentration of 0.5% was suitable for chitosanase, protease and αGI production via Paenibacillus sp. TKU042. Multi-purification, including ethanol precipitation and column chromatography of Macro-Prep High S as well as Macro-Prep DEAE (diethylaminoethyl), led to the isolation of Paenibacillus sp. TKU042 chitosanase and protease with molecular weights of 70 and 35 kDa, respectively. For comparison, 16 chitinolytic bacteria, including strains of Paenibacillus, were investigated for the production of chitinase, exochitinase, chitosanase, protease and αGI using two kinds of chitinous sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien Thang Doan
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
- Department of Science and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot City 630000, Vietnam.
| | - Thi Ngoc Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
- Department of Science and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot City 630000, Vietnam.
| | - Van Bon Nguyen
- Department of Science and Technology, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot City 630000, Vietnam.
| | - Anh Dzung Nguyen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Tay Nguyen University, Buon Ma Thuot City 630000, Vietnam.
| | - San-Lang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
- Life Science Development Center, Tamkang University, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan.
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Production of Fibrinolytic Enzyme by the Marine Isolate Serratia marcescens subsp. sakuensis and its In-vitro Anticoagulant and Thrombolytic Potential. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.11.4.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Production, purification and characterization of fibrinolytic enzyme from Serratia sp. KG-2-1 using optimized media. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:184. [PMID: 28664371 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0808-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravascular thrombosis is one of the major causes of variety of cardiovascular disorders leading to high mortality worldwide. Fibrinolytic enzymes from microbial sources possess ability to dissolve these clots and help to circumvent these problems in more efficient and safer way. In the present study, fibrinolytic protease with higher fibrinolytic activity than plasmin was obtained from Serratia sp. KG-2-1 isolated from garbage dump soil. Response surface methodology was used to study the interactive effect of concentration of maltose, yeast extract + peptone (1:1), incubation time, and pH on enzyme production and biomass. Maximum enzyme production was achieved at 33 °C after 24 h at neutral pH in media containing 1.5% Maltose, 4.0% yeast extract + peptone and other trace elements resulting in 1.82 folds increased production. The enzyme was purified from crude extract using ammonium sulfate precipitation and DEAE-Sephadex chromatography resulting in 12.9 fold purification with 14.9% yield. The purified enzyme belongs to metalloprotease class and had optimal activity in conditions similar to physiological environment with temperature optima of 40 °C and pH optima of 8. The enzyme was found to be stable in various solvents and its activity was enhanced in presence of Na+, K+, Ba2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Hg2+ but inhibited by Ca2+ and Fe3+. Hence, the obtained enzyme may be used as potential therapeutic agent in combating various thrombolytic disorders.
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Nattokinase: An Oral Antithrombotic Agent for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030523. [PMID: 28264497 PMCID: PMC5372539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Natto, a fermented soybean product, has been consumed as a traditional food in Japan for thousands of years. Nattokinase (NK), a potent blood-clot dissolving protein used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, is produced by the bacterium Bacillus subtilis during the fermentation of soybeans to produce Natto. NK has been extensively studied in Japan, Korea, and China. Recently, the fibrinolytic (anti-clotting) capacity of NK has been recognized by Western medicine. The National Science Foundation in the United States has investigated and evaluated the safety of NK. NK is currently undergoing a clinical trial study (Phase II) in the USA for atherothrombotic prevention. Multiple NK genes have been cloned, characterized, and produced in various expression system studies. Recombinant technology represents a promising approach for the production of NK with high purity for its use in antithrombotic applications. This review covers the history, benefit, safety, and production of NK. Opportunities for utilizing plant systems for the large-scale production of NK, or for the production of edible plants that can be used to provide oral delivery of NK without extraction and purification are also discussed.
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Novel Sequential Screening and Enhanced Production of Fibrinolytic Enzyme by Bacillus sp. IND12 Using Response Surface Methodology in Solid-State Fermentation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:3909657. [PMID: 28321408 PMCID: PMC5340989 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3909657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fibrinolytic enzymes have wide applications in clinical and waste treatment. Bacterial isolates were screened for fibrinolytic enzyme producing ability by skimmed milk agar plate using bromocresol green dye, fibrin plate method, zymography analysis, and goat blood clot lysis. After these sequential screenings, Bacillus sp. IND12 was selected for fibrinolytic enzyme production. Bacillus sp. IND12 effectively used cow dung for its growth and enzyme production (687 ± 6.5 U/g substrate). Further, the optimum bioprocess parameters were found out for maximum fibrinolytic enzyme production using cow dung as a low cost substrate under solid-state fermentation. Two-level full-factorial experiments revealed that moisture, pH, sucrose, peptone, and MgSO4 were the vital parameters with statistical significance (p < 0.001). Three factors (moisture, sucrose, and MgSO4) were further studied through experiments of central composite rotational design and response surface methodology. Enzyme production of optimized medium showed 4143 ± 12.31 U/g material, which was more than fourfold the initial enzyme production (978 ± 36.4 U/g). The analysis of variance showed that the developed response surface model was highly significant (p < 0.001). The fibrinolytic enzyme digested goat blood clot (100%), chicken skin (83 ± 3.6%), egg white (100%), and bovine serum albumin (29 ± 4.9%).
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Velusamy P, Pachaiappan R, Christopher M, Vaseeharan B, Anbu P, So JS. Isolation and identification of a novel fibrinolytic Bacillus tequilensis CWD-67 from dumping soils enriched with poultry wastes. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2016; 61:241-7. [PMID: 26782654 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.61.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A newly isolated strain, CWD-67, which exhibited high fibrinolytic activity, was screened from dumping soils enriched with poultry wastes. The strain was identified as Bacillus tequilensis (KF897935) by 16Sr RNA gene sequence analysis and biochemical characterization. A fibrinolytic enzyme was purified to homogeneity from the culture supernatant using ammonium sulfate precipitation, membrane concentration, dialysis, ion-exchange, and gel filtration chromatography. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the purified enzyme was a monomeric protein with an apparent molecular weight of 22 kDa, which is the lowest among Bacillus fibrinolytic enzymes reported to date. The purified enzyme was confirmed to have fibrinolytic activity by a fibrin zymogram. The optimal pH and temperature values of the enzyme were 8.0 and 45 °C, respectively. The enzyme was completely inhibited by PMSF and significantly inhibited by EDTA, TPCK, Co(2+), Zn(2+), and Cu(2+), suggesting a chymotrypsin-like serine metalloprotease. In vitro assays revealed that the purified enzyme could catalyze fibrin lysis effectively, indicating that this enzyme could be a useful fibrinolytic agent.
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Wang Q, Zhang H, Liu X. Microbial Community Composition Associated with Maotai Liquor Fermentation. J Food Sci 2016; 81:M1485-94. [PMID: 27122124 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The solid-state fermentation state of Chinese Maotai liquor involves the interaction of several complex microbial communities leading to the generation of the most complex liquor fermentation system in the world and contributes to the unique flavor and aroma of the liquor. In this study, total DNA was extracted from 3 fermented grain samples (FG1, FG2, and FG3) and 12 environmental samples, including Daqu (DA1, DA2, DA3, and DA4), cellar mud (CS1, CS2, and CS3), soil (SL1 and SL2), air (A1 and A2), and sorghum (SH), and the 16S and 18S rRNA genes were amplified. The distribution of typical microorganisms in the samples was analyzed using nested PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, while quantitative PCR amplification of 16S rRNA and internal transcribed spacer genes was performed to estimate the microbial abundance present in each sample. The results indicated that Daqu was the primary source of bacteria, followed by the air, soil, and sorghum samples, while the majority of the fungi responsible for Maotai liquor fermentation were from Daqu and sorghum. Highest bacterial concentrations were found in fermented grains, followed by Daqu and sorghum, while the highest fungal concentrations were found in Daqu, followed by sorghum and an air sample from outside the liquor production area. The findings of this study may provide information regarding the mechanisms responsible for flavor development in Maotai liquor, and may be used to further optimize the traditional art of making liquor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Graduate Univ. of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Kweichou Moutai Co., LTD, Renhuai, China
| | - Hongxun Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Graduate Univ. of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Kweichou Moutai Co., LTD, Renhuai, China
| | - Xiu Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Graduate Univ. of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Kweichou Moutai Co., LTD, Renhuai, China.,China National Research Inst. of Food & Fermentation Industries (CNRIFFI), No. 24 Jiu Xian Qiao Zhong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 10027, China
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Application of Chitinous Materials in Production and Purification of a Poly(l-lactic acid) Depolymerase from Pseudomonas tamsuii TKU015. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8030098. [PMID: 30979189 PMCID: PMC6432605 DOI: 10.3390/polym8030098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of fishery residues and plastics is considered to be a vital strategy for conserving resources and maintaining the quality of the environment. Poly(l-lactic acid) (PLA) is a commercially promising, renewable, and biodegradable plastic. In this study, a PLA depolymerase was produced in a squid pen powder (SPP) and recycled plastic waste (PLA powder)-containing medium by Pseudomonas tamsuii TKU015, a bacterial strain isolated from Taiwanese soil. This PLA depolymerase had a molecular weight of 58 kDa and was purified to homogeneity from the supernatant of a TKU015 culture. The optimum pH of TKU015 PLA depolymerase is 10, and the optimal temperature of the enzyme is 60 °C. In addition to PLA, TKU015 PLA depolymerase degraded fibrinogen and tributyrin, but did not hydrolyze casein, triolein, and poly(β-hydroxybutyrate). Taken together, these data demonstrate that P. tamsuii TKU015 produces a PLA depolymerase to utilize SPP and polylactide as carbon/nitrogen sources.
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Wang SL, Liang TW. Microbial reclamation of squid pens and shrimp shells. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-016-2425-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Production, Purification and Stability Studies on Nattokinase: A Therapeutic Protein Extracted from Mutant Pseudomonas aeruginosa CMSS Isolated from Bovine Milk. Int J Pept Res Ther 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-015-9505-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Chandrasekaran SD, Vaithilingam M, Shanker R, Kumar S, Thiyur S, Babu V, Selvakumar JN, Prakash S. Exploring the In Vitro Thrombolytic Activity of Nattokinase From a New Strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa CMSS. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e23567. [PMID: 26587211 PMCID: PMC4644271 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.23567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombolytic therapy has become a conventional treatment for acute myocardial infarction (AMI), yet currently, clinically prescribed thrombolytic drugs have problems such as delayed action and other side effects. Fibrinolytic enzymes have attracted interest as thrombolytic agents because of their efficiency in the fibrinolytic process, including plasmin activation. Nattokinase (NK) is a potent fibrinolytic agent for thrombosis therapy. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to enhance the production of NK from Pseudomonas aeruginosa CMSS by media optimization and strain improvement. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, a potent NK-producing strain was isolated from cow milk and identified. To enhance the yield of NK, effect of various parameters such as pH, temperature, carbon source, nitrogen source and inoculum size were optimized. Strain improvement of P. aeruginosa CMSS was done by random UV-mutagenesis. Nattokinase was partially purified and the activity was determined by the casein digestion method, blood clot lysis and fibrin degradation assay. RESULTS Based on morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization, the strain was confirmed as P. aeruginosa (GenBank accession number: JX112657), designated as P. aeruginosa CMSS. The optimum condition at pH 7 and temperature at 25˚C showed activity of NK as 1514 U mL(-1) and 1532 U mL(-1), respectively. Sucrose as the carbon source and shrimp shell powder (SSP) as the nitrogen source expressed NK activity of 1721 U mL(-1) and 2524 U mL(-1), respectively. At 1% inoculum size, the maximum rate of enzyme production was achieved with 2581 U mL(-1). The NK activity of the mutant strain UV60 was 4263 U mL(-1), indicating a two-fold increase in activity compared to the wild strain (2581 UmL(-1)). Nattokinase produced from mutant strain P. aeruginosa CMSS UV60 showed 94% blood clot lysis at ten minutes. The degradation of fibrin clot by the produced NK was observed after two hours of incubation. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) confirmed the molecular mass of CMSS UV60 NK to be 21kDa. CONCLUSIONS The current study demonstrated the enhanced production of NK by P. aeruginosa CMSS. This study is unique and the findings are the first report on the production of NK from P. aeruginosa CMSS isolated from cow milk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ravi Shanker
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, India
| | - Swathi Thiyur
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, India
| | - Vaishnavi Babu
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, India
| | - Jemimah Naine Selvakumar
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, India
| | - Suyash Prakash
- Industrial Biotechnology Division, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore, India
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Vijayaragh P, Raj SF, Prakash Vi SG. Purification and Characterization of Fibrinolytic Enzyme from Pseudoalteromonas sp., IND11 and its in vitro Activity on Blood Clot. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3923/ijbc.2015.11.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Efficient expression of nattokinase in Bacillus licheniformis: host strain construction and signal peptide optimization. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 42:287-95. [PMID: 25475755 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1559-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nattokinase (NK) possesses the potential for prevention and treatment of thrombus-related diseases. In this study, high-level expression of nattokinase was achieved in Bacillus licheniformis WX-02 via host strain construction and signal peptides optimization. First, ten genes (mpr, vpr, aprX, epr, bpr, wprA, aprE, bprA, hag, amyl) encoding for eight extracellular proteases, a flagellin and an amylase were deleted to obtain B. licheniformis BL10, which showed no extracellular proteases activity in gelatin zymography. Second, the gene fragments of P43 promoter, Svpr, nattokinase and TamyL were combined into pHY300PLK to form the expression vector pP43SNT. In BL10 (pP43SNT), the fermentation activity and product activity per unit of biomass of nattokinase reached 14.33 FU/mL and 2,187.71 FU/g respectively, which increased by 39 and 156 % compared to WX-02 (pP43SNT). Last, Svpr was replaced with SsacC and SbprA, and the maximum fermentation activity (33.83 FU/mL) was achieved using SsacC, which was 229 % higher than that of WX-02 (pP43SNT). The maximum NK fermentation activity in this study reaches the commercial production level of solid state fermentation, and this study provides a promising engineered strain for industrial production of nattokinase, as well as a potential platform host for expression of other target proteins.
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Production of insecticidal materials from Pseudomonas tamsuii. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-014-1869-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Anh DBQ, Mi NTT, Huy DNA, Van Hung P. Isolation and Optimization of Growth Condition of Bacillus sp. from Fermented Shrimp Paste for High Fibrinolytic Enzyme Production. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-014-1506-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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35
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Nattokinase: production and application. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:9199-206. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6135-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Liu P, Liu S, Guo N, Mao X, Lin H, Xue C, Wei D. Cofermentation of Bacillus licheniformis and Gluconobacter oxydans for chitin extraction from shrimp waste. Biochem Eng J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Chen WJ, Hsieh FC, Hsu FC, Tasy YF, Liu JR, Shih MC. Characterization of an insecticidal toxin and pathogenicity of Pseudomonas taiwanensis against insects. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004288. [PMID: 25144637 PMCID: PMC4140846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas taiwanensis is a broad-host-range entomopathogenic bacterium that exhibits insecticidal activity toward agricultural pests Plutella xylostella, Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera litura, Trichoplusia ni and Drosophila melanogaster. Oral infection with different concentrations (OD = 0.5 to 2) of wild-type P. taiwanensis resulted in insect mortality rates that were not significantly different (92.7%, 96.4% and 94.5%). The TccC protein, a component of the toxin complex (Tc), plays an essential role in the insecticidal activity of P. taiwanensis. The ΔtccC mutant strain of P. taiwanensis, which has a knockout mutation in the tccC gene, only induced 42.2% mortality in P. xylostella, even at a high bacterial dose (OD = 2.0). TccC protein was cleaved into two fragments, an N-terminal fragment containing an Rhs-like domain and a C-terminal fragment containing a Glt symporter domain and a TraT domain, which might contribute to antioxidative stress activity and defense against macrophagosis, respectively. Interestingly, the primary structure of the C-terminal region of TccC in P. taiwanensis is unique among pathogens. Membrane localization of the C-terminal fragment of TccC was proven by flow cytometry. Sonicated pellets of P. taiwanensis ΔtccC strain had lower toxicity against the Sf9 insect cell line and P. xylostella larvae than the wild type. We also found that infection of Sf9 and LD652Y-5d cell lines with P. taiwanensis induced apoptotic cell death. Further, natural oral infection by P. taiwanensis triggered expression of host programmed cell death-related genes JNK-2 and caspase-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jen Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Chia Hsieh
- Biopesticide Division, Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chiun Hsu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fang Tasy
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Je-Ruei Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Che Shih
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Garg R, Thorat BN. Nattokinase purification by three phase partitioning and impact of t-butanol on freeze drying. Sep Purif Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kotb E. The biotechnological potential of fibrinolytic enzymes in the dissolution of endogenous blood thrombi. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 30:656-72. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Essam Kotb
- Dept. of Microbiology, Faculty of Science; Zagazig University; Zagazig Egypt 44519
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40
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Activity assessment of microbial fibrinolytic enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:6647-65. [PMID: 23812278 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin inside blood vessels results in thrombosis, leading to myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular diseases. In general, there are four therapy options: surgical operation, intake of antiplatelets, anticoagulants, or fibrinolytic enzymes. Microbial fibrinolytic enzymes have attracted much more attention than typical thrombolytic agents because of the expensive prices and the side effects of the latter. The fibrinolytic enzymes were successively discovered from different microorganisms, the most important among which is the genus Bacillus. Microbial fibrinolytic enzymes, especially those from food-grade microorganisms, have the potential to be developed as functional food additives and drugs to prevent or cure thrombosis and other related diseases. There are several assay methods for these enzymes; this may due to the insolubility of substrate, fibrin. Existing assay methods can be divided into three major groups. The first group consists of assay of fibrinolytic activity with natural proteins as substrates, e.g., fibrin plate methods. The second and third groups of assays are suitable for kinetic studies and are based on the determination of hydrolysis of synthetic peptide esters. This review will deal primarily with the microorganisms that have been reported in literature to produce fibrinolytic enzymes and the first review discussing the methods used to assay the fibrinolytic activity.
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Novel fibrinolytic enzymes from Virgibacillus halodenitrificans SK1-3-7 isolated from fish sauce fermentation. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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42
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Naveena B, Gopinath KP, Sakthiselvan P, Partha N. Enhanced production of thrombinase by Streptomyces venezuelae: kinetic studies on growth and enzyme production of mutant strain. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 111:417-424. [PMID: 22401714 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This investigation provides the enhanced production of thrombinase, a fibrinolytic enzyme using mutant Streptomyces venezuelae. Initially the mutagenesis of the marine isolate was done by UV and Ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) and their mutational efficiencies were compared. The mutants were selected based on their high thrombinase activity and used for further studies. The mutant was found to be more halo and thermo tolerant comparing to wild. The effect of Dissolved oxygen level was also determined and the mutant offered the maximum specific growth rate as 0.2404 (h(-1)). The mutant showed high resistance to higher initial lactose concentration and the inhibition concentration was found to be 155.1mg/mL. The effect of S(0)/X(0) ratio on specific substrate consumption and production rate were also investigated. Both mutant and wild showed increase in specific substrate consumption and production rate at higher S(0)/X(0) ratio but the mutant showed better values than the wild strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balakrishnan Naveena
- Department of Chemical Engineering, A.C. College of Technology, Anna University Chennai, Chennai 600 025, India
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43
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Ultrasound induced production of thrombinase by marine actinomycetes: Kinetic and optimization studies. Biochem Eng J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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44
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Wei X, Luo M, Xu L, Zhang Y, Lin X, Kong P, Liu H. Production of fibrinolytic enzyme from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens by fermentation of chickpeas, with the evaluation of the anticoagulant and antioxidant properties of chickpeas. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:3957-3963. [PMID: 21391672 DOI: 10.1021/jf1049535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
To develop safe and cheap thrombolytic agents, a fibrinolytic enzyme productive strain of LSSE-62 was isolated from Chinese soybean paste. This strain was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence analysis showed that this fibrinolytic enzyme was identical to subtilisin DJ-4. Chickpeas were used as the substrate for fibrinolytic enzyme production from B. amyloliquefaciens in solid-state fermentation. Under the optimized conditions (34 °C and 50% initial moisture content), the fibrinolytic activity of fermented chickpeas reached 39.28 fibrin degradation units (FU)/g. Additionally, the fermented chickpeas showed anticoagulant activity, and the purified anticoagulant component showed higher anticoagulant activity than heparin sodium. After fermentation, the total phenolic and total flavonoid contents increased by 222 and 71%, respectively, and then the antioxidant activities were improved significantly. This study provided a novel method for the preparation of multifunctional food of chickpeas or raw materials for the preparation of functional food additives and potential drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuetuan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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45
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Bioconversion of chitin-containing wastes for the production of enzymes and bioactive materials. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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46
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Liu JR, Lin YD, Chang ST, Zeng YF, Wang SL. Molecular cloning and characterization of an insecticidal toxin from Pseudomonas taiwanensis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:12343-9. [PMID: 21062004 DOI: 10.1021/jf103604r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
An insecticidal toxin gene, tccC, was cloned from the recently discovered novel species Pseudomonas taiwanensis using degenerate PCR and genomic walking. The DNA sequence of the tccC gene (2,940 bp) has an open reading frame encoding 980 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 107.93 kDa. The amino acid sequence alignment showed the highest sequence identity (41.2%) with the insecticidal toxin from Pseudomonas entomophila. To examine the insecticidal functionality of the tccC gene product, TccC was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli as a recombinant His6 fusion protein and purified by immobilized metal ion-affinity chromatography. The recombinant TccC was fed to Drosophila larvae at a concentration of 350 ppm, which induced about 60% mortality within 72 h. The recombinant TccC was stable at pH 7.0 and at 37 °C. When the pH was less than 5.0 or greater than 9.0, or temperature was greater than 55 °C, less than 20% Drosophila larvae mortality was observed. These results prove that Pseudomonas taiwanensis could be used as a source for developing novel biopesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Ruei Liu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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47
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Lu F, Lu Z, Bie X, Yao Z, Wang Y, Lu Y, Guo Y. Purification and characterization of a novel anticoagulant and fibrinolytic enzyme produced by endophytic bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa EJS-3. Thromb Res 2010; 126:e349-55. [PMID: 20813399 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endophytes may become a new source of thrombolytic agents for thrombosis treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS A novel fibrinolytic enzyme from Paenibacillus polymyxa EJS-3 (PPFE-I) was purified with ammonium sulfate precipitation, hydrophobic chromatography, ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. The characterization of the enzyme was investigated by means of fibrinolysis plate, hydrolysis of fibrinogen and anticoagulant effect in vitro. RESULTS The fibrinolytic enzyme is purified to homogeneity with a purification of 14.5 fold and a recovery of 3.3%. The enzyme was shown to have a molecular mass of 63.3kDa by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). The optimum temperature and pH value were 37°C and 7.5, respectively. Results from the fibrinolysis pattern showed that the enzyme rapidly hydrolyzed the Aα-chain of fibrinogen, followed by the Bβ-chains. It also hydrolyzed the γ-chains, but more slowly. It was activated by metal ions such as Zn(2+), Mg(2+), and Fe(2+), but inhibited by Ca(2+) and Cu(2+). Furthermore, PPFE-I activity was inhibited strongly by PMSF, and it was found to exhibit a higher specificity for the synthetic substrate N-succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-pNA for chymotrypsin, indicating that the enzyme is a chymotrypsin-like serine protease. Additionly, PPFE-I showed a significant anticoagulant effect in vitro. CONCLUSION The fibrinolytic enzyme PPFE-I from endophytic bacterium Paenibacillu polymyxa EJS-3 exhibits a profound fibrinolytic activity.
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Chen WC, Tseng WN, Hsieh JL, Wang YS, Wang SL. Biodegradation and microbial community changes upon shrimp shell wastes amended in mangrove river sediment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2010; 45:473-477. [PMID: 20512738 DOI: 10.1080/03601231003800305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, a homopolymer of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) residues linked by beta 1-4 bonds, is the most abundant renewable natural resource after cellulose. It is widely distributed in nature as the integuments of crustaceans and insects and as a component of fungi and algae. This study investigated the effects of a bifunctional chitinase/lysozyme-producing strain, Pseudomonas aeruginosa K-187, on degradation of shrimp shells and the survival conditions of bacterial strains in mangrove river sediment of Tamsui River. The structures of the whole bacterial community of the samples were measured by using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) technique. Results show that three bacterial strains (Acrobacter sp., Shewanella sp., and Marinobacterium sp.) which originated from the mangrove river sediment were found predominant in the 6 days-incubation sample of P. aeruginosa K-187 amended mangrove river sediment. Meanwhile, biomass, reducing sugar, and total sugar were found highest in the 6 weeks-incubation sample of shrimp shell powder and P. aeruginosa K-187-amended mangrove river sediment. According to the results, we assumed that the amendment of P. aeruginosa K-187 can enhance the biodegradation of shrimp shells in the seawater containing mangrove river sediment. We hope that these findings may provide some useful information for the reclamation of chitin-containing wastes in our environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ching Chen
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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50
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Cho YH, Song JY, Kim KM, Kim MK, Lee IY, Kim SB, Kim HS, Han NS, Lee BH, Kim BS. Production of nattokinase by batch and fed-batch culture of Bacillus subtilis. N Biotechnol 2010; 27:341-6. [PMID: 20541632 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Nattokinase was produced by batch and fed-batch culture of Bacillus subtilis in flask and fermentor. Effect of supplementing complex media (peptone, yeast extract, or tryptone) was investigated on the production of nattokinase. In flask culture, the highest cell growth and nattokinase activity were obtained with 50 g/L of peptone supplementation. In this condition, nattokinase activity was 630 unit/ml at 12 h. In batch culture of B. subtilis in fermentor, the highest nattokinase activity of 3400 unit/ml was obtained at 10h with 50 g/L of peptone supplementation. From the batch kinetics data, it was shown that nattokinase production was growth-associated and culture should be harvested before stationary phase for maximum nattokinase production. In fed-batch culture of B. subtilis using pH-stat feeding strategy, cell growth (optical density monitored at 600 nm) increased to ca. 100 at 22 h, which was 2.5 times higher than that in batch culture. The highest nattokinase activity was 7100 unit/ml at 19 h, which was also 2.1 times higher than that in batch culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Han Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
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