1
|
Oikawa K, Ohno SI, Ono K, Hirao K, Murakami A, Harada Y, Kumagai K, Sudo K, Takanashi M, Ishikawa A, Mineo S, Fujita K, Umezu T, Watanabe N, Murakami Y, Ogawa S, Schultz KA, Kuroda M. Liver-specific DICER1 syndrome model mice develop cystic liver tumors with defective primary cilia. J Pathol 2024; 264:17-29. [PMID: 38922876 DOI: 10.1002/path.6320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
DICER1 syndrome is a tumor predisposition syndrome caused by familial genetic mutations in DICER1. Pathogenic variants of DICER1 have been discovered in many rare cancers, including cystic liver tumors. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying liver lesions induced by these variants remain unclear. In the present study, we sought to gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis of these variants by generating a mouse model of liver-specific DICER1 syndrome. The mouse model developed bile duct hyperplasia with fibrosis, similar to congenital hepatic fibrosis, as well as cystic liver tumors resembling those in Caroli's syndrome, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Interestingly, the mouse model of DICER1 syndrome showed abnormal formation of primary cilia in the bile duct epithelium, which is a known cause of bile duct hyperplasia and cyst formation. These results indicated that DICER1 mutations contribute to cystic liver tumors by inducing defective primary cilia. The mouse model generated in this study will be useful for elucidating the potential mechanisms of tumorigenesis induced by DICER1 variants and for obtaining a comprehensive understanding of DICER1 syndrome. © 2024 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiki Oikawa
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Ohno
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kana Ono
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaito Hirao
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayano Murakami
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichirou Harada
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Kumagai
- Department of Pre-clinical Research Center, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuko Sudo
- Department of Pre-clinical Research Center, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Akio Ishikawa
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shouichirou Mineo
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Fujita
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Umezu
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Watanabe
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Murakami
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Ogawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kris Ann Schultz
- Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children's Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Masahiko Kuroda
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sonkar R, Ma H, Waxman DJ. Steatotic liver disease induced by TCPOBOP-activated hepatic constitutive androstane receptor: primary and secondary gene responses with links to disease progression. Toxicol Sci 2024; 200:324-345. [PMID: 38710495 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, Nr1i3), a liver nuclear receptor and xenobiotic sensor, induces drug, steroid, and lipid metabolizing enzymes, stimulates liver hypertrophy and hyperplasia, and ultimately, hepatocellular carcinogenesis. The mechanisms linking early CAR responses to later disease development are poorly understood. Here we show that exposure of CD-1 mice to TCPOBOP (1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene), a halogenated xenochemical and selective CAR agonist ligand, induces pericentral steatosis marked by hepatic accumulation of cholesterol and neutral lipid, and elevated circulating alanine aminotransferase, indicating hepatocyte damage. TCPOBOP-induced steatosis was weaker in the pericentral region but stronger in the periportal region in females compared with males. Early (1 day) TCPOBOP transcriptional responses were enriched for CAR-bound primary response genes, and for lipogenesis and xenobiotic metabolism and oxidative stress protection pathways; late (2 weeks) TCPOBOP responses included many CAR binding-independent secondary response genes, with enrichment for macrophage activation, immune response, and cytokine and reactive oxygen species production. Late upstream regulators specific to TCPOBOP-exposed male liver were linked to proinflammatory responses and hepatocellular carcinoma progression. TCPOBOP administered weekly to male mice using a high corn oil vehicle induced carbohydrate-responsive transcription factor (MLXIPL)-regulated target genes, dysregulated mitochondrial respiratory and translation regulatory pathways, and induced more advanced liver pathology. Overall, TCPOBOP exposure recapitulates histological and gene expression changes characteristic of emerging steatotic liver disease, including secondary gene responses in liver nonparenchymal cells indicative of transition to a more advanced disease state. Upstream regulators of both the early and late TCPOBOP response genes include novel biomarkers for foreign chemical-induced metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Sonkar
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - David J Waxman
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Büyük M, Berker N, Bakkaloğlu DV, Şenkal İV, Önal Z, Güllüoğlu M. Evaluation of the histologic and immunohistochemical (CD34, glutamine synthetase) findings in idiopathic non-cirrhotic portal hypertension (INCPH). Hepatol Int 2024; 18:1011-1019. [PMID: 38536628 PMCID: PMC11126445 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-024-10654-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
AIM Idiopathic non-cirrhotic portal hypertension (INCPH) is a vascular disorder of uncertain origin. Diagnosis can be challenging on liver biopsy. Despite diverse histomorphologic findings documented in literature, studies on the frequency of these findings are lacking. This study aims to assess both the histomorphologic features and the immunoexpression patterns of CD34 and glutamine synthetase (GS) in liver biopsies and searched for their contribution to the pathologic diagnosis of INCPH. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hematoxylin-eosin, CD34, and GS-stained liver needle biopsy sections of 16 patients clinically diagnosed with INCPH were retrospectively analyzed. Histologic findings such as portal vein narrowing, obliteration, or loss were grouped as major findings, while portal vein herniation, hypervascularized portal tracts, and periportal abnormal vessels were grouped as minor findings, and their frequency were evaluated. Periportal endothelial CD34 stained areas were measured via ocular micrometer. The distribution of GS immunoexpression was evaluated. Eighteen healthy liver donor biopsies were evaluated as controls. RESULTS In INCPH cases, 58% of portal tracts showed major findings, compared to 15% in the control group (p < 0.001). Minor findings were observed in 16% of INCPH cases and 7% of controls (p = 0.014). The number of portal tracts with histologic findings is significantly higher in INCPH than in control liver biopsies. Abnormal portal tract distribution, like being close to each other, was seen in 75% of INCPH cases but not in controls (p < 0.001). Nodular regenerative hyperplasia (NRH) was present in 31% of cases. Periportal CD34 expression was higher in INCPH, and affected areas were larger than in controls (p < 0.001). Irregular GS staining, i.e. GS staining with patchy distribution in zone 3, and/or periportal and zone 2 hepatocytes, was found in 62% of INCPH cases, while controls showed the usual pattern (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION In the biopsy diagnosis of INCPH, in addition to the presence of major histologic findings and the amount of portal tracts displaying these features, the expression of endothelial CD34 in periportal areas, and irregular hepatocellular GS expression can also be considered as supporting feature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melek Büyük
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Neslihan Berker
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Doğu Vurallı Bakkaloğlu
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Volkan Şenkal
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zerrin Önal
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Department, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mine Güllüoğlu
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Di Tommaso S, Dourthe C, Dupuy JW, Dugot-Senant N, Cappellen D, Cazier H, Paradis V, Blanc JF, Le Bail B, Balabaud C, Bioulac-Sage P, Saltel F, Raymond AA. Spatial characterisation of β-catenin-mutated hepatocellular adenoma subtypes by proteomic profiling of the tumour rim. JHEP Rep 2024; 6:100913. [PMID: 38304236 PMCID: PMC10831953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Hepatocellular adenomas (HCAs) are rare, benign, liver tumours classified at the clinicopathological, genetic, and proteomic levels. The β-catenin-activated (b-HCA) subtypes harbour several mutation types in the β-catenin gene (CTNNB1) associated with different risks of malignant transformation or bleeding. Glutamine synthetase is a surrogate marker of β-catenin pathway activation associated with the risk of malignant transformation. Recently, we revealed an overexpression of glutamine synthetase in the rims of exon 3 S45-mutated b-HCA and exon 7/8-mutated b-HCA compared with the rest of the tumour. A difference in vascularisation was found in this rim shown by diffuse CD34 staining only at the tumour centre. Here, we aimed to characterise this tumour heterogeneity to better understand its physiopathological involvement. Methods Using mass spectrometry imaging, genetic, and proteomic analyses combined with laser capture microdissection, we compared the tumour centre with the tumour rim and with adjacent non-tumoural tissue. Results The tumour rim harboured the same mutation as the tumour centre, meaning both parts belong to the same tumour. Mass spectrometry imaging showed different spectral profiles between the rim and the tumour centre. Proteomic profiling revealed the significant differential expression of 40 proteins at the rim compared with the tumour centre. The majority of these proteins were associated with metabolism, with an expression profile comparable with a normal perivenous hepatocyte expression profile. Conclusions The difference in phenotype between the tumour centres and tumour rims of exon 3 S45-mutated b-HCA and exon 7/8-mutated b-HCA does not depend on CTNNB1 mutational status. In a context of sinusoidal arterial pathology, tumour heterogeneity at the rim harbours perivenous characteristics and could be caused by a functional peripheral venous drainage. Impact and implications Tumour heterogeneity was revealed in β-catenin-mutated hepatocellular adenomas (b-HCAs) via the differential expression of glutamine synthase at tumour rims. The combination of several spatial approaches (mass spectrometry imaging, genetic, and proteomic analyses) after laser capture microdissection allowed identification of a potential role for peripheral venous drainage underlying this difference. Through this study, we were able to illustrate that beyond a mutational context, many factors can downstream regulate gene expression and contribute to different clinicopathological phenotypes. We believe that the combinations of spatial analyses that we used could be inspiring for all researchers wanting to access heterogeneity information of liver tumours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sylvaine Di Tommaso
- Université Bordeaux, Inserm UMR1312 BoRdeaux Institute of onCology (BRIC), Bordeaux, France
- Oncoprot Platform, TBM-Core US 005, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cyril Dourthe
- Université Bordeaux, Inserm UMR1312 BoRdeaux Institute of onCology (BRIC), Bordeaux, France
- Oncoprot Platform, TBM-Core US 005, Bordeaux, France
| | | | | | - David Cappellen
- Université Bordeaux, Inserm UMR1312 BoRdeaux Institute of onCology (BRIC), Bordeaux, France
- Bordeaux University Hospital Center, Tumor Bank and Tumor Biology Laboratory, Pessac, France
| | - Hélène Cazier
- Pathology Department, Henri Mondor AP-HP Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - Valérie Paradis
- Pathology Department, Henri Mondor AP-HP Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - Jean-Frédéric Blanc
- Université Bordeaux, Inserm UMR1312 BoRdeaux Institute of onCology (BRIC), Bordeaux, France
- Department of Hepatology and Oncology, Bordeaux University Hospital, INSERM CIC 1401, Bordeaux, France
| | - Brigitte Le Bail
- Université Bordeaux, Inserm UMR1312 BoRdeaux Institute of onCology (BRIC), Bordeaux, France
- Pathology Department, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Charles Balabaud
- Université Bordeaux, Inserm UMR1312 BoRdeaux Institute of onCology (BRIC), Bordeaux, France
| | - Paulette Bioulac-Sage
- Université Bordeaux, Inserm UMR1312 BoRdeaux Institute of onCology (BRIC), Bordeaux, France
| | - Frédéric Saltel
- Université Bordeaux, Inserm UMR1312 BoRdeaux Institute of onCology (BRIC), Bordeaux, France
- Oncoprot Platform, TBM-Core US 005, Bordeaux, France
| | - Anne-Aurélie Raymond
- Université Bordeaux, Inserm UMR1312 BoRdeaux Institute of onCology (BRIC), Bordeaux, France
- Oncoprot Platform, TBM-Core US 005, Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Makris G, Veit L, Rüfenacht V, Klassa S, Zürcher N, Matsumoto S, Poms M, Häberle J. Expression and function of the urea cycle in widely-used hepatic cellular models. J Inherit Metab Dis 2024. [PMID: 38192032 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The group of rare metabolic defects termed urea cycle disorders (UCDs) occur within the ammonia elimination pathway and lead to significant neurocognitive sequelae for patients surviving decompensation episodes. Besides orthotopic liver transplantation, curative options are lacking for UCDs, with dietary management being the gold clinical standard. Novel therapeutic approaches are essential for UCDs; however, such effort presupposes preclinical testing in cellular models that effectively capture disease manifestation. Several cellular and animal models exist and aim to recapitulate the broad phenotypic spectrum of UCDs; however, the majority of those lack extensive molecular and biochemical characterization. The development of cellular models is emerging since animal models are extremely time and cost consuming, and subject to ethical considerations, including the 3R principle that endorses animal welfare over unchecked preclinical testing. The aim of this study was to compare the extent of expression and functionality of the urea cycle in two commercial hepatoma-derived cell lines, induced pluripotent stem cell hepatocytes (iPSC-Heps), primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) and human liver cell preparations. Using immunoblotting, immunocytochemistry, and stable isotope tracing of the urea cycle metabolites, we identified that the hepatoma-derived, 2-week differentiated HepaRG cells are urea cycle proficient and behave as cellular alternatives to PHHs. Furthermore, HepaRG cells were superior to iPSC-Heps, which are known to exhibit batch-to-batch variabilities in terms of hepatic maturity and enzyme expression. Finally, HepG2 cells lack the urea cycle enzymes ornithine transcarbamylase and arginase 1, the transporter ORNT1, which limits their suitability as model for the study of UCDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Makris
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lara Veit
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Véronique Rüfenacht
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sven Klassa
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nadia Zürcher
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shirou Matsumoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Martin Poms
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Häberle
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Atta IS, Elnady MR, Alghamdi AG, Alghamdi AH, Aboulata AA, Shatla IM. Assessing the hepatoprotective effects of hesperidin on liver-associated disorders in albino rats with experimentally induced obesity and type II diabetes: A histological and biochemical study. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16031. [PMID: 37215885 PMCID: PMC10196525 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hesperidin (HSP) has multiple beneficial effects in verities of clinical situations including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). AIM Determination of curative effects of HSP on the liver in T2DM rats through biochemical and histopathological studies. METHODS Animals. Fifty rats were enrolled. 10 rats were fed a normal diet (control group), and the remaining 40 rats received a high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks. The HFD-fed rats were grouped into Group II: 10 rats, and Group III: 10 rats received HSP 100 mg/kg. Group IV: 10 rats received a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ), 30 mg/kg, and Group V: 10 rats received STZ and HSP. Body weight, Blood glucose, insulin level, liver enzymes, lipid profile, oxidative stress, TNF-α, NF-κB, and liver biopsy were estimated. RESULTS there is improvement in the histological profile of the steatosis in HFD-fed rats treated with HSP either in group III or in group V (received STZ) along with amelioration in blood glucose, insulin, liver enzymes, lipid profile, oxidative profile, TNF-α, and NF-κB. CONCLUSION HSP in this STZ model revealed an improvement in steatosis, biochemical markers, and histologic findings. By studying these factors, we expected to identify the prospective targets for intervention that could help improve outcomes for individuals with obesity and diabetes-related liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ihab Shafek Atta
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assuit, Egypt
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al Baha University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed R. Elnady
- Physiology Department, Damietta Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Egypt
| | - Ali G. Alghamdi
- Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al Baha University, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Alaa A. Aboulata
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Egypt
- Biomedical and Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Al Baha University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim M. Shatla
- Physiology Department, Damietta Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Egypt
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Al Baha University, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Diprospero TJ, Brown LG, Fachko TD, Lockett MR. HepaRG cells undergo increased levels of post-differentiation patterning in physiologic conditions when maintained as 3D cultures in paper-based scaffolds. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.16.524330. [PMID: 36711996 PMCID: PMC9882149 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.16.524330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer cultures of hepatocytes lack many aspects of the liver sinusoid, including a tissue-level organization that results from extracellular matrix interactions and gradients of soluble molecules that span from the portal triad to the central vein. We measured the activity and transcript levels of drug-metabolizing enzymes in HepaRG cells maintained in three different culture configurations: as monolayers, seeded onto paper scaffolds that were pre-loaded with a collagen matrix, and when seeded directly into the paper scaffolds as a cell-laden gel. Drug metabolism was significantly decreased in the presence of the paper scaffolds compared to monolayer configurations when cells were exposed to standard culture conditions. Despite this decreased function, transcript levels suggest the cells undergo increased polarization and adopt a biliary-like character in the paper scaffolds, including the increased expression of transporter proteins (e.g., ABCB11 and SLOC1B1) and the KRT19 cholangiocyte marker. When exposed to representative periportal or perivenous culture conditions, we observed in vivo zonal-like patterns, including increased cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity and transcript levels in the perivenous condition. This increased CYP activity is more pronounced in the laden configuration, supporting the need to include multiple aspects of the liver microenvironment to observe the post-differentiation processing of hepatocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Diprospero
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kenan and Caudill Laboratories, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, United States
| | - Lauren G. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kenan and Caudill Laboratories, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, United States
| | - Trevor D. Fachko
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kenan and Caudill Laboratories, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, United States
| | - Matthew R. Lockett
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kenan and Caudill Laboratories, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, United States
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 37599-7295, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Diprospero TJ, Brown LG, Fachko TD, Lockett MR. HepaRG cells undergo increased levels of post-differentiation patterning in physiologic conditions when maintained as 3D cultures in paper-based scaffolds. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2473387. [PMID: 36711963 PMCID: PMC9882668 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2473387/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer cultures of hepatocytes lack many aspects of the liver sinusoid, including a tissue-level organization that results from extracellular matrix interactions and gradients of soluble molecules that span from the portal triad to the central vein. We measured the activity and transcript levels of drug-metabolizing enzymes in HepaRG cells maintained in three different culture configurations: as monolayers, seeded onto paper scaffolds that were pre-loaded with a collagen matrix, and when seeded directly into the paper scaffolds as a cell-laden gel. Drug metabolism was significantly decreased in the presence of the paper scaffolds compared to monolayer configurations when cells were exposed to standard culture conditions. Despite this decreased function, transcript levels suggest the cells undergo increased polarization and adopt a biliary-like character in the paper scaffolds, including the increased expression of transporter proteins (e.g., ABCB11 and SLOC1B1) and the KRT19 cholangiocyte marker. When exposed to representative periportal or perivenous culture conditions, we observed in vivo zonal-like patterns, including increased cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity and transcript levels in the perivenous condition. This increased CYP activity is more pronounced in the laden configuration, supporting the need to include multiple aspects of the liver microenvironment to observe the post-differentiation processing of hepatocytes.
Collapse
|
9
|
DiProspero TJ, Brown LG, Fachko TD, Lockett MR. HepaRG cells adopt zonal-like drug-metabolizing phenotypes under physiologically relevant oxygen tensions and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:DMD-AR-2022-000870. [PMID: 35701181 PMCID: PMC9341261 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular microenvironment plays an important role in liver zonation, the spatial distribution of metabolic tasks amongst hepatocytes lining the sinusoid. Standard tissue culture practices provide an excess of oxygen and a lack of signaling molecules typically found in the liver. We hypothesized that incorporating physiologically relevant environments would promote post-differentiation patterning of hepatocytes and result in zonal-like characteristics. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated the transcriptional regulation and activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes in HepaRG cells exposed to three different oxygen tensions, in the presence or absence of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. The drug-metabolizing activity of cells exposed to representative periportal (11% O2) or perivenous (5% O2) oxygen tensions were significantly less than cells exposed to ambient oxygen. A comparison of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2, 2D6, and 3A4 activity at PP and PV oxygen tensions showed significant increases at the lower oxygen tension. The activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway only modestly impacted CYP activity at PV oxygen tension, despite a significant increase in CYP expression under this condition. Our results suggest oxygen tension is the major contributor to zonal patterning in HepaRG cells, with the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway playing a lesser albeit important role. Our datasets also highlight the importance of including activity-based assays, as transcript data alone does not provide an accurate picture of metabolic competence. Significance Statement This work investigates the post-differentiation patterning of HepaRG cells cultured at physiologically relevant oxygen tensions, in the presence and absence of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. HepaRG cells exposed to periportal (11% O2) or perivenous (5% O2) oxygen tensions display zonation-like patterning of both cytochrome P450 (CYP) and glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes. These datasets also suggest that oxygen is a primary regulator of post-differentiation patterning, with Wnt/β-catenin having a lesser effect on activity but a significant effect on transcriptional regulation of these enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren G Brown
- Chemistry, Univeristy of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Trevor D Fachko
- Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Matthew R Lockett
- Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Budelmann D, Laue H, Weiss N, Dahmen U, D’Alessandro LA, Biermayer I, Klingmüller U, Ghallab A, Hassan R, Begher-Tibbe B, Hengstler JG, Schwen LO. Automated Detection of Portal Fields and Central Veins in Whole-Slide Images of Liver Tissue. J Pathol Inform 2022; 13:100001. [PMID: 35242441 PMCID: PMC8860737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpi.2022.100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many physiological processes and pathological phenomena in the liver tissue are spatially heterogeneous. At a local scale, biomarkers can be quantified along the axis of the blood flow, from portal fields (PFs) to central veins (CVs), i.e., in zonated form. This requires detecting PFs and CVs. However, manually annotating these structures in multiple whole-slide images is a tedious task. We describe and evaluate a fully automated method, based on a convolutional neural network, for simultaneously detecting PFs and CVs in a single stained section. Trained on scans of hematoxylin and eosin-stained liver tissue, the detector performed well with an F1 score of 0.81 compared to annotation by a human expert. It does, however, not generalize well to previously unseen scans of steatotic liver tissue with an F1 score of 0.59. Automated PF and CV detection eliminates the bottleneck of manual annotation for subsequent automated analyses, as illustrated by two proof-of-concept applications: We computed lobulus sizes based on the detected PF and CV positions, where results agreed with published lobulus sizes. Moreover, we demonstrate the feasibility of zonated quantification of biomarkers detected in different stainings based on lobuli and zones obtained from the detected PF and CV positions. A negative control (hematoxylin and eosin) showed the expected homogeneity, a positive control (glutamine synthetase) was quantified to be strictly pericentral, and a plausible zonation for a heterogeneous F4/80 staining was obtained. Automated detection of PFs and CVs is one building block for automatically quantifying physiologically relevant heterogeneity of liver tissue biomarkers. Perspectively, a more robust and automated assessment of zonation from whole-slide images will be valuable for parameterizing spatially resolved models of liver metabolism and to provide diagnostic information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Lorenza A. D’Alessandro
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ina Biermayer
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ursula Klingmüller
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ahmed Ghallab
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Reham Hassan
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Brigitte Begher-Tibbe
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jan G. Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Christ B, Collatz M, Dahmen U, Herrmann KH, Höpfl S, König M, Lambers L, Marz M, Meyer D, Radde N, Reichenbach JR, Ricken T, Tautenhahn HM. Hepatectomy-Induced Alterations in Hepatic Perfusion and Function - Toward Multi-Scale Computational Modeling for a Better Prediction of Post-hepatectomy Liver Function. Front Physiol 2021; 12:733868. [PMID: 34867441 PMCID: PMC8637208 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.733868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver resection causes marked perfusion alterations in the liver remnant both on the organ scale (vascular anatomy) and on the microscale (sinusoidal blood flow on tissue level). These changes in perfusion affect hepatic functions via direct alterations in blood supply and drainage, followed by indirect changes of biomechanical tissue properties and cellular function. Changes in blood flow impose compression, tension and shear forces on the liver tissue. These forces are perceived by mechanosensors on parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells of the liver and regulate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions as well as cellular signaling and metabolism. These interactions are key players in tissue growth and remodeling, a prerequisite to restore tissue function after PHx. Their dysregulation is associated with metabolic impairment of the liver eventually leading to liver failure, a serious post-hepatectomy complication with high morbidity and mortality. Though certain links are known, the overall functional change after liver surgery is not understood due to complex feedback loops, non-linearities, spatial heterogeneities and different time-scales of events. Computational modeling is a unique approach to gain a better understanding of complex biomedical systems. This approach allows (i) integration of heterogeneous data and knowledge on multiple scales into a consistent view of how perfusion is related to hepatic function; (ii) testing and generating hypotheses based on predictive models, which must be validated experimentally and clinically. In the long term, computational modeling will (iii) support surgical planning by predicting surgery-induced perfusion perturbations and their functional (metabolic) consequences; and thereby (iv) allow minimizing surgical risks for the individual patient. Here, we review the alterations of hepatic perfusion, biomechanical properties and function associated with hepatectomy. Specifically, we provide an overview over the clinical problem, preoperative diagnostics, functional imaging approaches, experimental approaches in animal models, mechanoperception in the liver and impact on cellular metabolism, omics approaches with a focus on transcriptomics, data integration and uncertainty analysis, and computational modeling on multiple scales. Finally, we provide a perspective on how multi-scale computational models, which couple perfusion changes to hepatic function, could become part of clinical workflows to predict and optimize patient outcome after complex liver surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Christ
- Cell Transplantation/Molecular Hepatology Lab, Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maximilian Collatz
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Optisch-Molekulare Diagnostik und Systemtechnologié, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Experimental Transplantation Surgery, Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Herrmann
- Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Höpfl
- Faculty of Engineering Design, Production Engineering and Automotive Engineering, Institute for Systems Theory and Automatic Control, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthias König
- Systems Medicine of the Liver Lab, Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt-University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Lambers
- Faculty of Aerospace Engineering and Geodesy, Institute of Mechanics, Structural Analysis and Dynamics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Manja Marz
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Daria Meyer
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicole Radde
- Faculty of Engineering Design, Production Engineering and Automotive Engineering, Institute for Systems Theory and Automatic Control, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jürgen R. Reichenbach
- Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Tim Ricken
- Faculty of Aerospace Engineering and Geodesy, Institute of Mechanics, Structural Analysis and Dynamics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hans-Michael Tautenhahn
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Liu J, Zhu J, Zhang X, Jia Y, Lee X, Gao Z. Hsa-miR-637 inhibits human hepatocyte proliferation by targeting Med1-interacting proteins. LIVER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
13
|
Braeuning A, Pavek P. β-catenin signaling, the constitutive androstane receptor and their mutual interactions. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3983-3991. [PMID: 33097968 PMCID: PMC7655584 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02935-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant signaling through β-catenin is an important determinant of tumorigenesis in rodents as well as in humans. In mice, xenobiotic activators of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), a chemo-sensing nuclear receptor, promote liver tumor growth by means of a non-genotoxic mechanism and, under certain conditions, select for hepatocellular tumors which contain activated β-catenin. In normal hepatocytes, interactions of β-catenin and CAR have been demonstrated with respect to the induction of proliferation and drug metabolism-related gene expression. The molecular details of these interactions are still not well understood. Recently it has been hypothesized that CAR might activate β-catenin signaling, thus providing a possible explanation for some of the observed phenomena. Nonetheless, many aspects of the molecular interplay of the two regulators have still not been elucidated. This review briefly summarizes our current knowledge about the interplay of CAR and β-catenin. By taking into account data and observations obtained with different mouse models and employing different experimental approaches, it is shown that published data also contain substantial evidence that xenobiotic activators of CAR do not activate, or do even inhibit signaling through the β-catenin pathway. The review highlights new aspects of possible ways of interaction between the two signaling cascades and will help to stimulate scientific discussion about the crosstalk of β-catenin signaling and the nuclear receptor CAR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Braeuning
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Petr Pavek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, 500 05, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wild SL, Elghajiji A, Grimaldos Rodriguez C, Weston SD, Burke ZD, Tosh D. The Canonical Wnt Pathway as a Key Regulator in Liver Development, Differentiation and Homeostatic Renewal. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11101163. [PMID: 33008122 PMCID: PMC7599793 DOI: 10.3390/genes11101163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The canonical Wnt (Wnt/β-catenin) signalling pathway is highly conserved and plays a critical role in regulating cellular processes both during development and in adult tissue homeostasis. The Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway is vital for correct body patterning and is involved in fate specification of the gut tube, the primitive precursor of liver. In adults, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is increasingly recognised as an important regulator of metabolic zonation, homeostatic renewal and regeneration in response to injury throughout the liver. Herein, we review recent developments relating to the key role of the pathway in the patterning and fate specification of the liver, in the directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into hepatocytes and in governing proliferation and zonation in the adult liver. We pay particular attention to recent contributions to the controversy surrounding homeostatic renewal and proliferation in response to injury. Furthermore, we discuss how crosstalk between the Wnt/β-catenin and Hedgehog (Hh) and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) pathways works to maintain liver homeostasis. Advancing our understanding of this pathway will benefit our ability to model disease, screen drugs and generate tissue and organ replacements for regenerative medicine.
Collapse
|
15
|
Nicolas CT, Kaiser RA, Hickey RD, Allen KL, Du Z, VanLith CJ, Guthman RM, Amiot B, Suksanpaisan L, Han B, Francipane MG, Cheikhi A, Jiang H, Bansal A, Pandey MK, Garg I, Lowe V, Bhagwate A, O’Brien D, Kocher JPA, DeGrado TR, Nyberg SL, Lagasse E, Lillegard JB. Ex Vivo Cell Therapy by Ectopic Hepatocyte Transplantation Treats the Porcine Tyrosinemia Model of Acute Liver Failure. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 18:738-750. [PMID: 32913881 PMCID: PMC7452193 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of cell-based therapies to treat liver failure is often limited by the diseased liver environment. Here, we provide preclinical proof of concept for hepatocyte transplantation into lymph nodes as a cure for liver failure in a large-animal model with hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT1), a metabolic liver disease caused by deficiency of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) enzyme. Autologous porcine hepatocytes were transduced ex vivo with a lentiviral vector carrying the pig Fah gene and transplanted into mesenteric lymph nodes. Hepatocytes showed early (6 h) and durable (8 months) engraftment in lymph nodes, with reproduction of vascular and hepatic microarchitecture. Subsequently, hepatocytes migrated to and repopulated the native diseased liver. The corrected cells generated sufficient liver mass to clinically ameliorate the acute liver failure and HT1 disease as early as 97 days post-transplantation. Integration site analysis defined the corrected hepatocytes in the liver as a subpopulation of hepatocytes from lymph nodes, indicating that the lymph nodes served as a source for healthy hepatocytes to repopulate a diseased liver. Therefore, ectopic transplantation of healthy hepatocytes cures this pig model of liver failure and presents a promising approach for the development of cures for liver disease in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara T. Nicolas
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert A. Kaiser
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Children’s Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Midwest Fetal Care Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Kari L. Allen
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Zeji Du
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Rebekah M. Guthman
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Wausau, WI, USA
| | - Bruce Amiot
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | - Bing Han
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Maria Giovanna Francipane
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Ri.MED Foundation, Palermo, Italy
| | - Amin Cheikhi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Huailei Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Aditya Bansal
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Ishan Garg
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Val Lowe
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Aditya Bhagwate
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Daniel O’Brien
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre A. Kocher
- Department of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Scott L. Nyberg
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Eric Lagasse
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joseph B. Lillegard
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Children’s Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Midwest Fetal Care Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Pediatric Surgical Associates, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Garrido A, Djouder N. Cirrhosis: A Questioned Risk Factor for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Trends Cancer 2020; 7:29-36. [PMID: 32917550 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The liver is one of the major metabolic organs in the body, susceptible to injury caused by various factors. In response to injury, sophisticated mechanisms are engaged to repair and regenerate the damaged liver, preventing its failure. When the damage is chronic, regeneration goes awry, impairing liver function and causing cirrhosis. Hence, cirrhosis may rather be a protective response to injury, where wound-healing processes are set to primarily repair the damaged liver. Although cirrhosis is clinically considered a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), comprehensive population-based studies demonstrate a very modest incidence, refuting the idea that cirrhosis progresses to HCC. Here, we discuss and shed light on the provocative question of whether cirrhosis predisposes to HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Garrido
- Molecular Oncology Programme, Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Nabil Djouder
- Molecular Oncology Programme, Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xu F, Hua C, Tautenhahn HM, Dirsch O, Dahmen U. The Role of Autophagy for the Regeneration of the Aging Liver. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103606. [PMID: 32443776 PMCID: PMC7279469 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Age is one of the key risk factors to develop malignant diseases leading to a high incidence of hepatic tumors in the elderly population. The only curative treatment for hepatic tumors is surgical removal, which initiates liver regeneration. However, liver regeneration is impaired with aging, leading to an increased surgical risk for the elderly patient. Due to the increased risk, those patients are potentially excluded from curative surgery. Aging impairs autophagy via lipofuscin accumulation and inhibition of autophagosome formation. Autophagy is a recycling mechanism for eukaryotic cells to maintain homeostasis. Its principal function is to degrade endogenous bio-macromolecules for recycling cellular substances. A number of recent studies have shown that the reduced regenerative capacity of the aged remnant liver can be restored by promoting autophagy. Autophagy can be activated via multiple mTOR-dependent and mTOR-independent pathways. However, inducing autophagy through the mTOR-dependent pathway alone severely impairs liver regeneration. In contrast, recent observations suggest that inducing autophagy via mTOR-independent pathways might be promising in promoting liver regeneration. Conclusion: Activation of autophagy via an mTOR-independent autophagy inducer is a potential therapy for promoting liver regeneration, especially in the elderly patients at risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengming Xu
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (F.X.); (C.H.); (H.-M.T.)
| | - Chuanfeng Hua
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (F.X.); (C.H.); (H.-M.T.)
| | - Hans-Michael Tautenhahn
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (F.X.); (C.H.); (H.-M.T.)
| | - Olaf Dirsch
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum Chemnitz gGmbH, 09111 Chemnitz, Germany;
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; (F.X.); (C.H.); (H.-M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-03641-9325350
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mak KM, Png CYM. The Hepatic Central Vein: Structure, Fibrosis, and Role in Liver Biology. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:1747-1767. [PMID: 31581357 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The hepatic central vein is a primary source of Wnt2, Wnt9b, and R-spondin3. These angiocrines activate ß-catenin signaling to regulate hepatic metabolic zonation and perivenous gene expression in mice. Little is known about the central vein ultrastructure. Here, we describe the morphological-functional correlates of the central vein and its draining and branching patterns. Central vein fibrosis occurs in liver disease and is often accompanied by perivenous perisinusoidal fibrosis, which may affect perivenous gene expression. We review the biological properties of perivenous hepatocytes and glutamine synthetase that serve as a biomarker of perivenous hepatocytes. Glutamine synthetase and P4502E1 are indicators of ß-catenin activity in centrilobular liver injury and regeneration. The Wnt/ß-catenin pathway is the master regulator of hepatic metabolic zonation and perivenous gene expression and is modulated by the R-spondin-LGR4/5-ZNRF3/RNF43 module. We examined the structures of the molecules of these pathways and their involvements in liver biology. Central vein-derived Wnts and R-spondin3 participate in the cellular-molecular circuitry of the Wnt/ß-catenin and R-spondin-LGR4/5-ZNRF3/RNF43 module. The transport and secretion of lipidated Wnts in Wnt-producing cells require Wntless protein. Secreted Wnts are carried on exosomes in the extracellular matrix to responder cells. The modes of release of Wnts and R-spondin3 from central veins and their transit in the venular wall toward perivenous hepatocytes are unknown. We hypothesize that central vein fibrosis may impact perivenous gene expression. The proposal that the central vein constitutes an anatomical niche of perivenous stem cells that subserve homeostatic hepatic renewal still needs studies using additional mouse models for validation. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy Anat Rec, 303:1747-1767, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ki M Mak
- Department of Medical Education and Center for Anatomy and Functional Morphology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - C Y Maximilian Png
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Here, we review recent findings in the field of generating insulin-producing cells by pancreatic transcription factor (pTF)-induced liver transdifferentiation (TD). TD is the direct conversion of functional cell types from one lineage to another without passing through an intermediate stage of pluripotency. We address potential reasons for the restricted efficiency of TD and suggest modalities to overcome these challenges, to bring TD closer to its clinical implementation in autologous cell replacement therapy for insulin-dependent diabetes. RECENT FINDINGS Liver to pancreas TD is restricted to cells that are a priori predisposed to undergo the developmental process. In vivo, the predisposition of liver cells is affected by liver zonation and hepatic regeneration. The TD propensity of liver cells is related to permissive epigenome which could be extended to TD-resistant cells by specific soluble factors. An obligatory role for active Wnt signaling in continuously maintaining a "permissive" epigenome is suggested. Moreover, the restoration of the pancreatic niche and vasculature promotes the maturation of TD cells along the β cell function. Future studies on liver to pancreas TD should include the maturation of TD cells by 3D culture, the restoration of vasculature and the pancreatic niche, and the extension of TD propensity to TD-resistant cells by epigenetic modifications. Liver to pancreas TD is expected to result in the generation of custom-made "self" surrogate β cells for curing diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irit Meivar-Levy
- The Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, 56261, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Dia-Cure, Institute of Medical Scientific Research Acad. Nicolae Cajal, University Titu Maiorescu, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sarah Ferber
- The Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, 56261, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
- Dia-Cure, Institute of Medical Scientific Research Acad. Nicolae Cajal, University Titu Maiorescu, Bucharest, Romania.
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abou-Beih S, Masson S, Saunders R, Haugk B, Oakley F, Tiniakos D. Sinusoidal and pericellular fibrosis in adult post-transplant liver biopsies: association with hepatic stellate cell activation and patient outcome. Virchows Arch 2019; 475:233-243. [PMID: 31201503 PMCID: PMC6647882 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-019-02585-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Post-transplant sinusoidal fibrosis (SF) and pericellular fibrosis (PCF) have not been extensively investigated in adults. Fifty-two post-transplant liver biopsies from 28 consented patients (12 men, mean age 49, range 33–67 years) were studied. Tissue morphology, including an arbitrary summative fibrosis score was assessed in detail. Collagen proportionate area (CPA) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) immunostain were evaluated by digital image analysis (DIA). Anti-keratin 7, anti-C4d and anti-sonic hedgehog (Shh) immunostains were scored semi-quantitatively. SF was observed in 36/52 (69.2%) biopsies and most of these (20/36, 55.6%) had centrilobular fibrosis (CLF). PCF was seen in 7/52 (13.5%) biopsies exclusively in cases with CLF. CPA was significantly correlated with time since liver transplantation (p = 0.043), summative fibrosis score and its main components but not with α-SMA. α-SMA-positive area significantly correlated with the Banff rejection score (p = 0.022) and centrilobular inflammatory changes were more severe in cases with CLF (p = 0.003). Hepatocyte ballooning of cholestatic type was associated with PCF (p = 0.016) and Shh expression (p < 0.001). Sinusoidal fibrosis is a frequent occurrence in post-transplant adult livers, with predilection toward centrilobular areas. Graft age and oxidative stress may contribute to SF development, while hepatocyte ballooning may be implicated in PCF development. Hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation is likely affected by centrilobular inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Abou-Beih
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, W. Leech Building, M4.143, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Steven Masson
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, W. Leech Building, M4.143, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.,Liver Transplant Unit, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rachael Saunders
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, W. Leech Building, M4.143, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Beate Haugk
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, NUTH NHS Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Fiona Oakley
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, W. Leech Building, M4.143, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Dina Tiniakos
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, W. Leech Building, M4.143, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK. .,Department of Pathology, Aretaieion Hospital, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Matboli M, ElGwad AA, Hasanin AH, El-Tawdi A, Habib EK, Elmansy RA, Ibrahim D, Shehata H, Tash F. Pantoprazole attenuates tumorigenesis via inhibition of exosomal secretion in a rat model of hepatic precancerous lesion induced by diethylnitrosamine and 2-acetamidofluorene. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:14946-14959. [PMID: 31009125 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the potential therapeutic effect of pantoprazole, a proton-pump inhibitor, on precancerous lesion (PCL) in rats. diethylnitrosamine and 2-acetylaminofluorene were used to induce PCL in rats, in vivo. The rats were treated with three doses of pantoprazole (100, 50, and 25 mg/kg; three times weekly) during the last 4 weeks of the total 10 weeks of the experiment. Blood and liver tissue samples were collected for measurement of the exosomal abundance and exosomal competing endogenous RNA markers. Results revealed that pantoprazole administration had an ameliorating effect on liver function tests and microscopic features of the liver; and decreased exosome abundance in the liver tissue samples and sera of the rats. Meanwhile, the treatment also resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in exosomal RAB11A mRNA and long noncoding RNA RP11-513I15.6, which is an important participant in th exosomal secretion process with an increase in exosomal miRNA-1262. Based on these results, we postulated that pantoprazole has the potential to attenuate liver tumorigenesis in this rat model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Matboli
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Abd ElGwad
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amany H Hasanin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed El-Tawdi
- Department of General surgery, Military Medical Academy, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman K Habib
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rasha Ahmed Elmansy
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Unaizah College of Medicine, AlQassim University, AlQassim, KSA
| | - Doaa Ibrahim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanan Shehata
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fathy Tash
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Vernone A, Ricca C, Merlo D, Pescarmona G, Silvagno F. The analysis of glutamate and glutamine frequencies in human proteins as marker of tissue oxygenation. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181891. [PMID: 31183125 PMCID: PMC6502398 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated whether the relative abundance of glutamate and glutamine in human proteins reflects the availability of these amino acids (AAs) dictated by the cellular context. In particular, because hypoxia increases the conversion of glutamate to glutamine, we hypothesized that the ratio glutamate/glutamine could be related to tissue oxygenation. By histological, biochemical and genetic evaluation, we identified proteins expressed selectively by distinct cellular populations that are exposed in the same tissue to high or low oxygenation, or proteins codified by different chromosomal loci. Our biochemical assessment was implemented by software tools that calculated the absolute and the relative frequencies of all AAs contained in the proteins. Moreover, an agglomerative hierarchical cluster analysis was performed. In the skin model that has a strictly local metabolism, we demonstrated that the ratio glutamate/glutamine of the selected proteins was directly proportional to oxygenation. Accordingly, the proteins codified by the epidermal differentiation complex in the region 1q21.3 and by the lipase clustering region 10q23.31 showed a significantly lower ratio glutamate/glutamine compared with the nearby regions of the same chromosome. Overall, our results demonstrate that the estimation of glutamate/glutamine ratio can give information on tissue oxygenation and could be exploited as marker of hypoxia, a condition common to several pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Vernone
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Via Santena 5 bis, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Ricca
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Via Santena 5 bis, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Daniela Merlo
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Pescarmona
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Via Santena 5 bis, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Silvagno
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Via Santena 5 bis, 10126 Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abu Rmilah A, Zhou W, Nelson E, Lin L, Amiot B, Nyberg SL. Understanding the marvels behind liver regeneration. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2019; 8:e340. [PMID: 30924280 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissue regeneration is a process by which the remaining cells of an injured organ regrow to offset the missed cells. This field is relatively a new discipline that has been a focus of intense research by clinicians, surgeons, and scientists for decades. It constitutes the cornerstone of tissue engineering, creation of artificial organs, and generation and utilization of therapeutic stem cells to undergo transformation to different types of mature cells. Many medical experts, scientists, biologists, and bioengineers have dedicated their efforts to deeply comprehend the process of liver regeneration, striving for harnessing it to invent new therapies for liver failure. Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rodents has been extensively studied by researchers for many years. It is divided into three important distinctive phases including (a) Initiation or priming phase which includes an overexpression of specific genes to prepare the liver cells for replication, (b) Proliferation phase in which the liver cells undergo a series of cycles of cell division and expansion and finally, (c) termination phase which acts as brake to stop the regenerative process and prevent the liver tissue overgrowth. These events are well controlled by cytokines, growth factors, and signaling pathways. In this review, we describe the function, embryology, and anatomy of human liver, discuss the molecular basis of liver regeneration, elucidate the hepatocyte and cholangiocyte lineages mediating this process, explain the role of hepatic progenitor cells and elaborate the developmental signaling pathways and regulatory molecules required to procure a complete restoration of hepatic lobule. This article is categorized under: Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Regeneration Signaling Pathways > Global Signaling Mechanisms Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Cellular Differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anan Abu Rmilah
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Erek Nelson
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Bruce Amiot
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Scott L Nyberg
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ahn J, Ahn JH, Yoon S, Nam YS, Son MY, Oh JH. Human three-dimensional in vitro model of hepatic zonation to predict zonal hepatotoxicity. J Biol Eng 2019; 13:22. [PMID: 30886645 PMCID: PMC6404355 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-019-0148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Various hepatic models mimicking liver lobules have been investigated to evaluate the potential hepatotoxic effects of chemicals and drugs, but in vitro hepatic models of zonal hepatotoxicity have not yet been established. Herein, we developed a three-dimensional (3D) hepatic zonal channel to evaluate zone-specific hepatotoxicity. Based on the perivenous zone-3-like cytochrome P450 (CYP) expression patterns in metabolically active HepaRG cells treated with CHIR99021 (CHIR), which is an inducer of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, this culture model represents a novel tool for exploring hepatic zonation. Results We generated and validated a 3D hepatic zonal channel model in which 3D HepaRG cells were well distributed in agarose hydrogel channels, and a linear gradient of CHIR was generated according to the zonal distance. According to the results from imaging analyses and bioanalytical experiments, acetaminophen (APAP) caused cytotoxicity in the zone-3 region of the 3D hepatic zonal channel, and the levels of nonphosphorylated β-catenin, CYP2E, and apoptotic proteins were remarkably increased in the zone-3-like region. Finally, the applicability of the 3D hepatic zonal channel model for the high-throughput screening of zonal hepatotoxicity was successfully evaluated using hepatotoxic drugs, including tamoxifen, bromobenzene, and APAP. Conclusions The results indicated that tamoxifen induced cytotoxic effects, regardless of the zonal distance, while the zone-3-specific hepatotoxic drugs bromobenzene and APAP induced greater cytotoxic effects on cells in the zone-3-like region. This finding highlights the potential of our 3D hepatic zonation model as a valuable tool for replicating and evaluating zonal hepatotoxicity by mimicking the spatial features of liver lobules. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13036-019-0148-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaehwan Ahn
- 1Department of Material Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea.,2Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Daejeon, 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Ahn
- 2Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Daejeon, 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Seokjoo Yoon
- 2Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Daejeon, 34114 Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Sung Nam
- 1Department of Material Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Young Son
- 3Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea.,4Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Oh
- 2Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology (KIT), Daejeon, 34114 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Knittelfelder O, Traikov S, Vvedenskaya O, Schuhmann A, Segeletz S, Shevchenko A, Shevchenko A. Shotgun Lipidomics Combined with Laser Capture Microdissection: A Tool To Analyze Histological Zones in Cryosections of Tissues. Anal Chem 2018; 90:9868-9878. [PMID: 30004672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Shotgun analysis provides a quantitative snapshot of the lipidome composition of cells, tissues, or model organisms; however, it does not elucidate the spatial distribution of lipids. Here we demonstrate that shotgun analysis could quantify low-picomole amounts of lipids isolated by laser capture microdissection (LCM) of hundred micrometer-sized histological zones visualized at the cryosections of tissues. We identified metabolically distinct periportal (pp) and pericentral (pc) zones by immunostaining of 20 μm thick cryosections of a healthy mouse liver. LCM was used to ablate, catapult, and collect the tissue material from 10 to 20 individual zones covering a total area of 0.3-0.5 mm2 and containing ca. 500 cells. Top-down shotgun profiling relying upon computational stitching of 61 targeted selective ion monitoring ( t-SIM) spectra quantified more than 200 lipid species from 17 lipid classes including glycero- and glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, cholesterol esters, and cholesterol. Shotgun LCM revealed the overall commonality of the full lipidome composition of pp and pc zones along with significant ( p < 0.001) difference in the relative abundance of 13 lipid species. Follow-up proteomics analyses of pellets recovered from an aqueous phase saved after the lipid extraction identified 13 known and 7 new protein markers exclusively present in pp or in pc zones and independently validated the specificity of their visualization, isolation, and histological assignment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Knittelfelder
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics , Pfotenhauerstrasse 108 , 01307 Dresden , Germany
| | - Sofia Traikov
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics , Pfotenhauerstrasse 108 , 01307 Dresden , Germany
| | - Olga Vvedenskaya
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics , Pfotenhauerstrasse 108 , 01307 Dresden , Germany
| | - Andrea Schuhmann
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics , Pfotenhauerstrasse 108 , 01307 Dresden , Germany
| | - Sandra Segeletz
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics , Pfotenhauerstrasse 108 , 01307 Dresden , Germany
| | - Anna Shevchenko
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics , Pfotenhauerstrasse 108 , 01307 Dresden , Germany
| | - Andrej Shevchenko
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics , Pfotenhauerstrasse 108 , 01307 Dresden , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hu R, Qu F, Tang J, Zhao Q, Yan J, Zhou Z, Zhou Y, Liu Z. Cloning, expression, and nutritional regulation of the glutamine synthetase gene in Ctenopharyngodon idellus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
27
|
Kietzmann T. Metabolic zonation of the liver: The oxygen gradient revisited. Redox Biol 2017; 11:622-630. [PMID: 28126520 PMCID: PMC5257182 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver has a multitude of functions which are necessary to maintain whole body homeostasis. This requires that various metabolic pathways can run in parallel in the most efficient manner and that futile cycles are kept to a minimum. To a large extent this is achieved due to a functional specialization of the liver parenchyma known as metabolic zonation which is often lost in liver diseases. Although this phenomenon is known for about 40 years, the underlying regulatory pathways are not yet fully elucidated. The physiologically occurring oxygen gradient was considered to be crucial for the appearance of zonation; however, a number of reports during the last decade indicating that β-catenin signaling, and the hedgehog (Hh) pathway contribute to metabolic zonation may have shifted this view. In the current review we connect these new observations with the concept that the oxygen gradient within the liver acinus is a regulator of zonation. This is underlined by a number of facts showing that the β-catenin and the Hh pathway can be modulated by the hypoxia signaling system and the hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs). Altogether, we provide a view by which the dynamic interplay between all these pathways can drive liver zonation and thus contribute to its physiological function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kietzmann
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cellular Mechanisms of Liver Regeneration and Cell-Based Therapies of Liver Diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:8910821. [PMID: 28210629 PMCID: PMC5292184 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8910821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The emerging field of regenerative medicine offers innovative methods of cell therapy and tissue/organ engineering as a novel approach to liver disease treatment. The ultimate scientific foundation of both cell therapy of liver diseases and liver tissue and organ engineering is delivered by the in-depth studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of liver regeneration. The cellular mechanisms of the homeostatic and injury-induced liver regeneration are unique. Restoration of the mass of liver parenchyma is achieved by compensatory hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the differentiated parenchymal cells, hepatocytes, while expansion and differentiation of the resident stem/progenitor cells play a minor or negligible role. Participation of blood-borne cells of the bone marrow origin in liver parenchyma regeneration has been proven but does not exceed 1-2% of newly formed hepatocytes. Liver regeneration is activated spontaneously after injury and can be further stimulated by cell therapy with hepatocytes, hematopoietic stem cells, or mesenchymal stem cells. Further studies aimed at improving the outcomes of cell therapy of liver diseases are underway. In case of liver failure, transplantation of engineered liver can become the best option in the foreseeable future. Engineering of a transplantable liver or its major part is an enormous challenge, but rapid progress in induced pluripotency, tissue engineering, and bioprinting research shows that it may be doable.
Collapse
|
29
|
Man K, Kutyavin VI, Chawla A. Tissue Immunometabolism: Development, Physiology, and Pathobiology. Cell Metab 2017; 25:11-26. [PMID: 27693378 PMCID: PMC5226870 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Evolution of metazoans resulted in the specialization of cellular and tissue function. This was accomplished by division of labor, which allowed tissue parenchymal cells to prioritize their core functions while ancillary functions were delegated to tissue accessory cells, such as immune, stromal, and endothelial cells. In metabolic organs, the accessory cells communicate with their clients, the tissue parenchymal cells, to optimize cellular processes, allowing organisms to adapt to changes in their environment. Here, we discuss tissue immunometabolism from this vantage point and use examples from adipose tissues (white, beige, and brown) and liver to outline the general principles by which accessory cells support metabolic homeostasis in parenchymal cells. A corollary of this model is that disruption of communication between client and accessory cells might predispose metabolic organs to the development of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Man
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0795, USA
| | - Vassily I Kutyavin
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0795, USA
| | - Ajay Chawla
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0795, USA; Departments of Physiology and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0795, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Stevenson HL, Prats MM, Sasatomi E. Chemotherapy-induced Sinusoidal Injury (CSI) score: a novel histologic assessment of chemotherapy-related hepatic sinusoidal injury in patients with colorectal liver metastasis. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:35. [PMID: 28061766 PMCID: PMC5219653 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2998-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preoperative neoadjuvant therapy for colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) is increasing in use and can lead to chemotherapy-induced damage to sinusoidal integrity, namely sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS). SOS has been associated with an increased need for intraoperative blood transfusions, increased length of hospitalization post-surgery, decreased tumor response, and a shorter overall survival after resection due to liver insufficiency. It is critical for clinicians and pathologists to be aware of this type of liver injury, and for pathologists to include the status of the background, non-neoplastic liver parenchyma in their pathology reports. In this study, expression of CD34 by sinusoidal endothelial cells (SECs), increased expression of smooth muscle actin (SMA) by hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and aberrant expression of glutamine synthetase (GS) by noncentrizonal hepatocytes were semiquantitatively evaluated in liver resection or biopsy specimens from patients with CRLM to determine their diagnostic value for assessing chemotherapy-induced sinusoidal injury (CSI). Methods The expression of each marker was compared among 22 patients with CRLM with histologically evident SOS (SOS+) and 8 patients with CRLM who had not undergone chemotherapy. Each case was given a histologic grade using the sinusoidal obstruction syndrome index score (SOS-I) to assess the likelihood of SOS. Cases were also given an immunohistochemical grade using the total CSI score calculated as the sum of CD34, SMA, and GS scores. Results Abnormal staining patterns for CD34 and SMA were significantly more frequent and extensive in SOS+ cases than in the controls (81.8% vs. 25%, P < 0.01; 72.7% vs. 25%, P = 0.03). Aberrant GS expression in midzonal and periportal hepatocytes was only observed in SOS+ cases (31.8% vs. 0%), but this difference did not reach statistical significance. The CSI score was significantly higher in the SOS+ cases when compared to controls (P < 0.01), and was associated with a higher SOS histologic grade (P = 0.02). Conclusions The CSI score, calculated using an immunohistochemical panel consisting of CD34, SMA, and GS, may serve as an objective marker of chemotherapy-induced sinusoidal injury and could help diagnose this peculiar form of liver injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Stevenson
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, John Sealy Annex Building - Room 2.148, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555-0588, USA
| | - Mariana M Prats
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, John Sealy Annex Building, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555-0588, USA
| | - Eizaburo Sasatomi
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, John Sealy Annex Building - Room 2.148, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX, 77555-0588, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Women's & Children's Hospitals, Room 30212, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Correlation of exon 3 β-catenin mutations with glutamine synthetase staining patterns in hepatocellular adenoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2016; 29:1370-1380. [PMID: 27469330 PMCID: PMC5149418 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2016.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The current clinical practice is based on the assumption of strong correlation between diffuse glutamine synthetase expression and β-catenin activation in hepatocellular adenoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. This high correlation is based on limited data and may represent an oversimplification as glutamine synthetase staining patterns show wide variability in clinical practice. Standardized criteria for interpreting diverse glutamine synthetase patterns, and the association between each pattern and β-catenin mutations is not clearly established. This study examines the correlation between glutamine synthetase staining patterns and β-catenin mutations in 15 typical hepatocellular adenomas, 5 atypical hepatocellular neoplasms and 60 hepatocellular carcinomas. Glutamine synthetase staining was classified into one of the three patterns: (a) diffuse homogeneous: moderate-to-strong cytoplasmic staining in >90% of lesional cells, without a map-like pattern, (b) diffuse heterogeneous: moderate-to-strong staining in 50-90% of lesional cells, without a map-like pattern, and (c) patchy: moderate-to-strong staining in <50% of lesional cells (often perivascular), or weak staining irrespective of the extent, and all other staining patterns (including negative cases). Sanger sequencing of CTNNB1 exon 3 was performed in all cases. Of hepatocellular tumors with diffuse glutamine synthetase staining (homogeneous or heterogeneous), an exon 3 β-catenin mutation was detected in 33% (2/6) of typical hepatocellular adenoma, 75% (3/4) of atypical hepatocellular neoplasm and 17% (8/47) of hepatocellular carcinomas. An exon 3 mutation was also observed in 15% (2/13) of hepatocellular carcinomas with patchy glutamine synthetase staining. The results show a modest correlation between diffuse glutamine synthetase immunostaining and exon 3 β-catenin mutations in hepatocellular adenoma and hepatocellular carcinoma with discrepancy rates >50% in both hepatocellular adenoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. The interpretation of β-catenin activation based on glutamine synthetase staining should be performed with caution, and the undetermined significance of various glutamine synthetase patterns should be highlighted in pathology reports.
Collapse
|
32
|
Lin CJ, Li FC, Lee YY, Tseng TY, Chen WL, Hovhannisyan V, Kang N, Horton NG, Chiang SJ, Xu C, Lee HS, Dong CY. Direct visualization of functional heterogeneity in hepatobiliary metabolism using 6-CFDA as model compound. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:3574-3584. [PMID: 27699121 PMCID: PMC5030033 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.003574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Hepatobiliary metabolism is one of the major functions of the liver. However, little is known of the relationship between the physiological location of the hepatocytes and their metabolic potential. By the combination of time-lapse multiphoton microscopy and first order kinetic constant image analysis, the hepatocellular metabolic rate of the model compound 6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate (6-CFDA) is quantified at the single cell level. We found that the mouse liver can be divided into three zones, each with distinct metabolic rate constants. The sinusoidal uptake coefficients k1 of Zones 1, 2, and 3 are respectively 0.239 ± 0.077, 0.295 ± 0.087, and 0.338 ± 0.133 min-1, the apical excreting coefficients k2 of Zones 1, 2, and 3 are 0.0117 ± 0.0052, 0.0175 ± 0.0052, and 0.0332 ± 0.0195 min-1, respectively. Our results show not only the existence of heterogeneities in hepatobiliary metabolism, but they also show that Zone 3 is the main area of metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ju Lin
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Chieh Li
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yang Lee
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Te-Yu Tseng
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Liang Chen
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | | | - Ning Kang
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Nicholas G Horton
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Shu-Jen Chiang
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Chris Xu
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Hsuan-Shu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan; Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan;
| | - Chen-Yuan Dong
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Center for Optoelectronic Biomedicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan;
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Moreira C, Ramos MJ, Fernandes PA. Glutamine Synthetase Drugability beyond Its Active Site: Exploring Oligomerization Interfaces and Pockets. Molecules 2016; 21:E1028. [PMID: 27509490 PMCID: PMC6274088 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21081028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamine synthetase (GS) is a crucial enzyme to the nitrogen cycle with great commercial and pharmaceutical value. Current inhibitors target the active site, affecting GS activity indiscriminately in all organisms. As the active site is located at the interface between two monomers, the protein-protein interface (PPI) of GSs gains a new role, by providing new targets for enzyme inhibition. Exploring GSs PPI could allow for the development of inhibitors selective for specific organisms. Here we map the PPI of three GSs-human (hsGS), maize (zmGS) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtGS)-and unravel new drugable pockets. METHODS The PPI binding free energy coming from key residues on three GSs from different organisms were mapped by computational alanine scan mutagenesis, applying a multiple dielectric constant MM-PBSA methodology. The most relevant residues for binding are referred as hot-spots. Drugable pockets on GS were detected with the Fpocket software. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS A total of 23, 19 and 30 hot-spots were identified on hsGS, zmGS and mtGS PPI. Even possessing differences in the hot-spots, hsGS and zmGS PPI are overall very similar. On the other hand, mtGS PPI differs greatly from hsGS and zmGS PPI. A novel drugable pocket was detected on the mtGS PPI. It seems particularly promising for the development of selective anti-tuberculosis drugs given its location on a PPI region that is highly populated with hot-spots and is completely different from the hsGS and zmGS PPIs. Drugs targeting this pockets should be inactive on eukaryotic GS II enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Moreira
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Maria J Ramos
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Pedro A Fernandes
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zhang P, Li L, Bao Z, Huang F. Role of BAF60a/BAF60c in chromatin remodeling and hepatic lipid metabolism. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:30. [PMID: 27127533 PMCID: PMC4848843 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The switching defective/sucrose non-fermenting (SWI/SNF) complexes play an important role in hepatic lipid metabolism regulating both transcriptional activation and repression. BAF60a is a core subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complexes that activates the transcription of fatty acid oxidation genes during fasting/glucagon. BAF60c, another subunit of SWI/SNF complexes, is recruited to form the lipoBAF complex that activates lipogenic genes, promoting lipogenesis and increasing the triglyceride level in response to feeding/insulin. Interestingly, hepatocytes located in the periportal and perivenous zones of the liver display a remarkable heterogeneity in the activity of various enzymes, metabolic functions and gene expression. Especially, fatty-acid oxidation was shown to be mostly periportal, whereas lipogenesis was mostly perivenous. Therefore, the present review highlights the role of of SWI/SNF regulating lipid metabolism under nutritional and hormonal control, which may be associated with hepatocyte heterogeneity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Lulu Li
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Zhengxi Bao
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Feiruo Huang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
PGC-1α Promotes Ureagenesis in Mouse Periportal Hepatocytes through SIRT3 and SIRT5 in Response to Glucagon. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24156. [PMID: 27052737 PMCID: PMC4823758 DOI: 10.1038/srep24156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Excess ammonia is produced during fasting when amino acids are used for glucogenesis. Together with ureagenesis, glucogenesis occurs in periportal hepatocytes mediated mainly through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α). In vivo experiments showed that fasting strongly stimulated mice glucagon secretion, hepatic PGC-1α, sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) and sirtuin 5 (SIRT5) expression and ureagenesis enzymatic activity such as carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) and ornithine transcarbamoylase (OTC). Interestingly, (15)N-labeled urea and (13)C-labeled glucose production in wild-type mice were significantly increased compared with PGC-1α null mice by [(15)N,(13)C]alanine perfused liver. Glucagon significantly stimulated ureagenesis, expression of SIRT3, SIRT5 and the activities of CPS1 and OCT but did not stimulate PGC-1α silencing hepatocytes in mice periportal hepatocytes. Contrarily, PGC-1α overexpression significantly increased the expression of SIRT3, SIRT5 and the activities of CPS1 and OTC, but induced no significant changes in CPS1 and OTC expression. Morever, SIRT3 directly deacetylates and upregulates the activity of OTC, while SIRT5 deacetylates and stimulates the activity of CPS1. During fasting, PGC-1α facilitates ureagenesis in mouse periportal hepatocytes by deacetylating CPS1 and OTC modulated by mitochondrial deacetylase, SIRT3 and SIRT5. This mechanism may be relevant to ammonia detoxification and metabolic homeostasis in liver during fasting.
Collapse
|
36
|
Ghallab A, Cellière G, Henkel SG, Driesch D, Hoehme S, Hofmann U, Zellmer S, Godoy P, Sachinidis A, Blaszkewicz M, Reif R, Marchan R, Kuepfer L, Häussinger D, Drasdo D, Gebhardt R, Hengstler JG. Model-guided identification of a therapeutic strategy to reduce hyperammonemia in liver diseases. J Hepatol 2016; 64:860-71. [PMID: 26639393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Recently, spatial-temporal/metabolic mathematical models have been established that allow the simulation of metabolic processes in tissues. We applied these models to decipher ammonia detoxification mechanisms in the liver. METHODS An integrated metabolic-spatial-temporal model was used to generate hypotheses of ammonia metabolism. Predicted mechanisms were validated using time-resolved analyses of nitrogen metabolism, activity analyses, immunostaining and gene expression after induction of liver damage in mice. Moreover, blood from the portal vein, liver vein and mixed venous blood was analyzed in a time dependent manner. RESULTS Modeling revealed an underestimation of ammonia consumption after liver damage when only the currently established mechanisms of ammonia detoxification were simulated. By iterative cycles of modeling and experiments, the reductive amidation of alpha-ketoglutarate (α-KG) via glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) was identified as the lacking component. GDH is released from damaged hepatocytes into the blood where it consumes ammonia to generate glutamate, thereby providing systemic protection against hyperammonemia. This mechanism was exploited therapeutically in a mouse model of hyperammonemia by injecting GDH together with optimized doses of cofactors. Intravenous injection of GDH (720 U/kg), α-KG (280 mg/kg) and NADPH (180 mg/kg) reduced the elevated blood ammonia concentrations (>200 μM) to levels close to normal within only 15 min. CONCLUSION If successfully translated to patients the GDH-based therapy might provide a less aggressive therapeutic alternative for patients with severe hyperammonemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ghallab
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt.
| | - Géraldine Cellière
- Sorbonne Universités, Inria, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Lab. J.L. Lions UMR CNRS 7598, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Stefan Hoehme
- Institute of Computer Science and Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ute Hofmann
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart and University of Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zellmer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patricio Godoy
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Agapios Sachinidis
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Meinolf Blaszkewicz
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Raymond Reif
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rosemarie Marchan
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Lars Kuepfer
- Computational Systems Biology, Bayer Technology Services GmbH, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dirk Drasdo
- Sorbonne Universités, Inria, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Lab. J.L. Lions UMR CNRS 7598, Paris, France; Institute of Computer Science and Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Glutamine, reviewed extensively in the last century, is a key substrate for the splanchnic bed in the whole body and is a nutrient of particular interest in gastrointestinal research. A marked decrease in the plasma glutamine concentration has recently been observed in neonates and adults during acute illness and stress. Although some studies in newborns have shown parenteral and enteral supplementation with glutamine to be of benefit (by decreasing proteolysis and activating the immune system), clinical trials have not demonstrated prolonged advantages such as reductions in mortality or risk of infections in adults. In addition, glutamine is not able to combat the muscle wasting associated with disease or age-related sarcopenia. Oral glutamine supplementation initiated before advanced age in rats increases gut mass and improves the villus height of mucosa, thereby preventing the gut atrophy encountered in advanced age. Enterocytes from very old rats continuously metabolize glutamine into citrulline, which allowed, for the first time, the use of citrulline as a noninvasive marker of intestinal atrophy induced by advanced age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Meynial-Denis
- D. Meynial-Denis is with the Unit of Human Nutrition (UNH), French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Joint Research Unit (UMR) 1019, Center for Research in Human Nutrition (CRNH) Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Combined use of heat-shock protein 70 and glutamine synthetase is useful in the distinction of typical hepatocellular adenoma from atypical hepatocellular neoplasms and well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2016; 29:283-92. [PMID: 26769138 PMCID: PMC5292872 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2015.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma can mimic high-grade dysplastic nodule in cirrhotic liver and hepatocellular adenoma in non-cirrhotic liver. This study evaluates the efficacy of combined use of heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70), glutamine synthetase (GS) and glypican-3 in this setting. Immunohistochemistry for these three markers was done in 17 typical hepatocellular adenoma, 15 high-grade dysplastic nodules, 20 atypical hepatocellular neoplasms (14 clinically atypical and 6 pathologically atypical), 14 very well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma, and 43 well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma. All three markers were negative in typical adenomas. HSP70 was positive in 10, 71, and 67% of atypical neoplasms, very well-differentiated and well-differentiated HCC, respectively, while GS was positive in 60, 50, and 60% of atypical neoplasms, very well-differentiated and well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma, respectively. Glypican-3 was negative in all atypical neoplasms and very well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma, and was positive in 27% of well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma. Positive staining with at least one marker (HSP70 and/or GS) was seen in 85% of very well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma, which was similar to well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma (78%, P=0.4), and pathologically atypical cases (100%, P=0.5), but significantly higher compared with clinically atypical cases (43%. P=0.03) and none of typical adenomas (P<0.001). Positive staining with both GS and HSP70 was seen significantly more often in hepatocellular carcinoma compared with atypical neoplasms (45 vs 10%, P=0.004). Both these markers were also more often expressed in very well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma compared with atypical cases (38 vs 10%, P=0.06). In conclusion, the combined use of GS and HSP70 can be useful in the diagnosis of very well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma. These stains can also help in the distinction of typical adenoma from atypical hepatocellular neoplasms. Glypican-3 has low sensitivity and is not useful in this setting.
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy is an extremely complicated pathophysiologic process, which involves the up-regulation of many proliferation associated proteins and genes. The molecular mechanisms responsible for initiating, maintaining, and terminating this process are still under active investigation and remain one of the research focuses in the field of regenerative medicine. Studies of the mechanism of liver regeneration can provide a theoretical foundation for regeneration promotion and hepatic failure prevention, which is extremely important in clinical practice. This review aims to elucidate the molecular mechanism responsible for the initiation, proliferation and termination of liver regeneration.
Collapse
|
40
|
Schulthess P, Löffler A, Vetter S, Kreft L, Schwarz M, Braeuning A, Blüthgen N. Signal integration by the CYP1A1 promoter--a quantitative study. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:5318-30. [PMID: 25934798 PMCID: PMC4477655 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Genes involved in detoxification of foreign compounds exhibit complex spatiotemporal expression patterns in liver. Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), for example, is restricted to the pericentral region of liver lobules in response to the interplay between aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways. However, the mechanisms by which the two pathways orchestrate gene expression are still poorly understood. With the help of 29 mutant constructs of the human CYP1A1 promoter and a mathematical model that combines Wnt/β-catenin and AhR signaling with the statistical mechanics of the promoter, we systematically quantified the regulatory influence of different transcription factor binding sites on gene induction within the promoter. The model unveils how different binding sites cooperate and how they establish the promoter logic; it quantitatively predicts two-dimensional stimulus-response curves. Furthermore, it shows that crosstalk between Wnt/β-catenin and AhR signaling is crucial to understand the complex zonated expression patterns found in liver lobules. This study exemplifies how statistical mechanical modeling together with combinatorial reporter assays has the capacity to disentangle the promoter logic that establishes physiological gene expression patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Schulthess
- Institute for Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany Integrative Research Institute for the Life Sciences and Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Löffler
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Silvia Vetter
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Luisa Kreft
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarz
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Toxicology, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 56, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nils Blüthgen
- Institute for Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany Integrative Research Institute for the Life Sciences and Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Philippstr. 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Schleicher J, Tokarski C, Marbach E, Matz-Soja M, Zellmer S, Gebhardt R, Schuster S. Zonation of hepatic fatty acid metabolism - The diversity of its regulation and the benefit of modeling. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:641-56. [PMID: 25677822 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A pronounced heterogeneity between hepatocytes in subcellular structure and enzyme activities was discovered more than 50years ago and initiated the idea of metabolic zonation. In the last decades zonation patterns of liver metabolism were extensively investigated for carbohydrate, nitrogen and lipid metabolism. The present review focuses on zonation patterns of the latter. We review recent findings regarding the zonation of fatty acid uptake and oxidation, ketogenesis, triglyceride synthesis and secretion, de novo lipogenesis, as well as bile acid and cholesterol metabolism. In doing so, we expose knowledge gaps and discuss contradictory experimental results, for example on the zonation pattern of fatty acid oxidation and de novo lipogenesis. Thus, possible rewarding directions of further research are identified. Furthermore, recent findings about the regulation of metabolic zonation are summarized, especially regarding the role of hormones, nerve innervation, morphogens, gender differences and the influence of the circadian clock. In the last part of the review, a short collection of models considering hepatic lipid metabolism is provided. We conclude that modeling, despite its proven benefit for understanding of hepatic carbohydrate and ammonia metabolisms, has so far been largely disregarded in the study of lipid metabolism; therefore some possible fields of modeling interest are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Schleicher
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
| | - C Tokarski
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - E Marbach
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - M Matz-Soja
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Zellmer
- Department of Chemicals and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - R Gebhardt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Schuster
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Moreau M, Rivière B, Vegna S, Aoun M, Gard C, Ramos J, Assenat E, Hibner U. Hepatitis C viral proteins perturb metabolic liver zonation. J Hepatol 2015; 62:278-85. [PMID: 25220251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The metabolic identity of a hepatocyte is determined by its position along the porto-centrilobular axis of a liver lobule. Altered patterns of metabolic liver zonation are associated with several pathologies. In hepatitis C, although only a minority of hepatocytes harbour the virus, the liver undergoes major systemic metabolic changes. We have investigated the HCV-driven mechanisms that allow the systemic loss of metabolic zonation. METHODS Transgenic mice with hepatocyte-targeted expression of all HCV proteins (FL-N/35 model) and needle biopsies from hepatitis C patients were studied with respect to patterns of lipid deposition in the context of metabolic zonation of the liver lobule. RESULTS We report that low levels of viral proteins are sufficient to drive striking alterations of hepatic metabolic zonation. In mice, a major lipogenic enzyme, fatty acid synthase, was redistributed from its normal periportal expression into the midzone of the lobule, coinciding with a highly specific midzone accumulation of lipids. Strikingly, alteration of zonation was not limited to lipogenic enzymes and appeared to be driven by systemic signalling via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Importantly, we show that similarly perturbed metabolic zonation appears to precede steatosis in early stages of human disease associated with HCV infection. CONCLUSIONS Our results rationalize systemic effects on liver metabolism, triggered by a minority of infected cells, thus opening new perspectives for the investigation of HCV-related pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Moreau
- CNRS, UMR 5535, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Benjamin Rivière
- Département de Biopathologie Cellulaire et Tissulaire des Tumeurs, Hôpital Saint Eloi-Gui de Chauliac, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Serena Vegna
- CNRS, UMR 5535, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Manar Aoun
- Départment de Biochimie, CHU, Université Montpellier I, France
| | - Christopher Gard
- CNRS, UMR 5535, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France; University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jeanne Ramos
- Département de Biopathologie Cellulaire et Tissulaire des Tumeurs, Hôpital Saint Eloi-Gui de Chauliac, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Assenat
- CNRS, UMR 5535, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France; Service d'Oncologie Médicale, CHU St Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Urszula Hibner
- CNRS, UMR 5535, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France; Université de Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wilson GK, Tennant DA, McKeating JA. Hypoxia inducible factors in liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma: current understanding and future directions. J Hepatol 2014; 61:1397-406. [PMID: 25157983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia inducible transcription factors (HIFs) activate diverse pathways that regulate cellular metabolism, angiogenesis, proliferation, and migration, enabling a cell to respond to a low oxygen or hypoxic environment. HIFs are regulated by oxygen-dependent and independent signals including: mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive oxygen species, endoplasmic reticular stress, and viral infection. HIFs have been reported to play a role in the pathogenesis of liver disease of diverse aetiologies. This review explores the impact of HIFs on hepatocellular biology and inflammatory responses, highlighting the therapeutic potential of targeting HIFs for an array of liver pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garrick K Wilson
- Viral Hepatitis Research Group, Centre for Human Virology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Daniel A Tennant
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jane A McKeating
- Viral Hepatitis Research Group, Centre for Human Virology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; NIHR Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Schliess F, Hoehme S, Henkel SG, Ghallab A, Driesch D, Böttger J, Guthke R, Pfaff M, Hengstler JG, Gebhardt R, Häussinger D, Drasdo D, Zellmer S. Integrated metabolic spatial-temporal model for the prediction of ammonia detoxification during liver damage and regeneration. Hepatology 2014; 60:2040-51. [PMID: 24677161 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The impairment of hepatic metabolism due to liver injury has high systemic relevance. However, it is difficult to calculate the impairment of metabolic capacity from a specific pattern of liver damage with conventional techniques. We established an integrated metabolic spatial-temporal model (IM) using hepatic ammonia detoxification as a paradigm. First, a metabolic model (MM) based on mass balancing and mouse liver perfusion data was established to describe ammonia detoxification and its zonation. Next, the MM was combined with a spatial-temporal model simulating liver tissue damage and regeneration after CCl4 intoxication. The resulting IM simulated and visualized whether, where, and to what extent liver damage compromised ammonia detoxification. It allowed us to enter the extent and spatial patterns of liver damage and then calculate the outflow concentrations of ammonia, glutamine, and urea in the hepatic vein. The model was validated through comparisons with (1) published data for isolated, perfused livers with and without CCl4 intoxication and (2) a set of in vivo experiments. Using the experimentally determined portal concentrations of ammonia, the model adequately predicted metabolite concentrations over time in the hepatic vein during toxin-induced liver damage and regeneration in rodents. Further simulations, especially in combination with a simplified model of blood circulation with three ammonia-detoxifying compartments, indicated a yet unidentified process of ammonia consumption during liver regeneration and revealed unexpected concomitant changes in amino acid metabolism in the liver and at extrahepatic sites. CONCLUSION The IM of hepatic ammonia detoxification considerably improves our understanding of the metabolic impact of liver disease and highlights the importance of integrated modeling approaches on the way toward virtual organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Freimut Schliess
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectiology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Immunostaining of glutamine synthetase is a sensitive and specific marker for diagnosing focal nodular hyperplasia in needle biopsy. Pathology 2014; 44:605-10. [PMID: 22990279 DOI: 10.1097/pat.0b013e32835817c6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) has characteristic histological features which may not be seen in needle biopsy specimens. We investigate the diagnostic role of glutamine synthetase (GS) in needle biopsy specimens. METHODS Sixty-one hepatic tumours were categorised into 20 'definite' FNHs, 13 'probable' FNHs, and 28 cases without specific diagnosis. Needle biopsy specimens of 92 non-tumourous lesions, 25 well-differentiated hepatocellular carcinomas (WDHCCs), and 4 high-grade dysplastic nodules (HGDNs) and resection specimens of 10 macroregenerative nodules were also selected for immunohistochemical stain of GS for comparison. RESULTS All 20 'definite' FNHs, nine 'probable' FNHs, and five cases without specific diagnosis expressed typical map-like staining pattern of GS. The demographic data of these five cases were similar to those of FNH. All cases of chronic hepatitis B and C, cirrhosis, macroregenerative nodule and peritumourous liver tissue showed normal pericentral/periseptal pattern. Fifteen of 25 WDHCCs and one HGDN showed diffuse pattern. Ten WDHCCs and two HGDNs showed negative staining. One HGDN showed mosaic pattern. CONCLUSIONS Immunohistochemical staining of GS increases the diagnostic sensitivity of FNH in needle biopsy, especially in those without typical morphology. It also helps in differentiating FNH from other tumourous and non-tumourous lesions.
Collapse
|
46
|
Vázquez-Martínez O, De Ita-Pérez D, Valdés-Fuentes M, Flores-Vidrio A, Vera-Rivera G, Miranda MI, Méndez I, Díaz-Muñoz M. Molecular and biochemical modifications of liver glutamine synthetase elicited by daytime restricted feeding. Liver Int 2014; 34:1391-401. [PMID: 25368882 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The circadian clock system in the liver plays important roles in regulating metabolism and energy homeostasis. Restricted feeding schedules (RFS) become an entraining stimulus that promotes adaptations that form part of an alternative circadian clock known as the food entrained oscillator (FEO). The aim of this study was to evaluate the daily variations of glutamine synthetase (GS) in liver under a daytime RFS. METHODS Hepatic GS properties were analysed at 3-h intervals over a 24-h period in adult male Wistar rats maintained in a 12:12 h light–dark cycle. RFS group: food access for 2-h in light phase, during 3 weeks. AL group: feeding ad libitum. Fa group: acute fast (21 h). Fa–Re group: acute fast followed by refed 2 h.mRNA expression was measured by RT-qPCR, protein presence by Western-blot and immunohistochemistry, enzyme activity by a spectrophotometric assay, and glutamine by high pressure liquid chromatography. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Restricted feeding schedule induced circadian rhythmicity inmRNA levels of GS and the loss of the rhythmic pattern in mitochondrial GS activity. GS activity in liver homogenates displayed a robust rhythmic pattern in AL that was not modified by RFS. The presence of GS and its zonal distribution did not show rhythmic pattern in both groups. However, acute Fa and Fa–Re diminished GS protein and activity in liver homogenates. Hepatic glutamine concentrations showed a 24-h rhythmic pattern in both groups, in an antiphasic pattern. In conclusion, daytime RFS influences the liver GS system at different levels, that could be part of rheostatic adaptations associated to the FEO, and highlight the plasticity of this system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Vázquez-Martínez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology; Instituto de Neurobiología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); Querétaro Mexico
| | - Dalia De Ita-Pérez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology; Instituto de Neurobiología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); Querétaro Mexico
| | - Marlen Valdés-Fuentes
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology; Instituto de Neurobiología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); Querétaro Mexico
| | - Alejandra Flores-Vidrio
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology; Instituto de Neurobiología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); Querétaro Mexico
| | - Gabriela Vera-Rivera
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurobiology; Instituto de Neurobiología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); Querétaro Mexico
| | - María I. Miranda
- Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurobiology; Instituto de Neurobiología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); Querétaro Mexico
| | - Isabel Méndez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology; Instituto de Neurobiología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); Querétaro Mexico
| | - Mauricio Díaz-Muñoz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology; Instituto de Neurobiología; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); Querétaro Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Gebhardt R, Matz-Soja M. Liver zonation: Novel aspects of its regulation and its impact on homeostasis. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:8491-8504. [PMID: 25024605 PMCID: PMC4093700 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i26.8491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver zonation, the spatial separation of the immense spectrum of different metabolic pathways along the liver sinusoids, is fundamental for proper functioning of this organ. Recent progress in elucidating localization and interactions of different metabolic pathways by using “omics” techniques and novel approaches to couple them with refined spatial resolution and in characterizing novel master regulators of zonation by using transgenic mice has created the basis for a deeper understanding of core mechanisms of zonation and their impact on liver physiology, pathology and metabolic diseases. This review summarizes the fascinating technical achievements for investigating liver zonation and the elucidation of an emerging network of master regulators of zonation that keep the plethora of interrelated and sometimes opposing functions of the liver in balance with nutritional supply and specific requirements of the entire body. In addition, a brief overview is given on newly described zonated functions and novel details on how diverse the segmentation of metabolic zonation may be. From these facts and developments a few fundamental principles are inferred which seem to rule zonation of liver parenchyma. In addition, we identify important questions that still need to be answered as well as interesting fields of research such as the connection of zonation with circadian rhythm and gender dimorphism which need to be pushed further, in order to improve our understanding of metabolic zonation. Finally, an outlook is given on how disturbance of liver zonation and its regulation may impact on liver pathology and the development of metabolic diseases.
Collapse
|
48
|
Berry RS, Gullapalli RR, Wu J, Morris K, Hanson JA. Diffuse glutamine synthetase overexpression restricted to areas of peliosis in a β-catenin-activated hepatocellular adenoma: a potential pitfall in glutamine synthetase interpretation. Virchows Arch 2014; 465:241-5. [PMID: 24997695 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-014-1620-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular adenomas have recently been classified into four subtypes based on molecular findings: hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α (HNF1α) inactivated, inflammatory/telangiectatic, β-catenin activated, and unclassifiable. β-catenin-activated adenomas have the potential for malignant transformation and are thus important to recognize. Diffuse glutamine synthetase immunohistochemical positivity has been shown to be a reliable surrogate marker for β-catenin activation, though variations in staining patterns may be difficult to interpret. We report a case of a peliotic adenoma that was morphologically consistent with a β-catenin wild-type hepatocellular adenoma but harbored a β-catenin mutation by molecular analysis. The tumor lacked nuclear β-catenin positivity and demonstrated a hitherto undescribed pattern of glutamine synthetase overexpression restricted to areas of peliosis with mostly negative staining in non-peliotic areas. This pattern was initially interpreted as physiologic and may represent a potential pitfall in glutamine synthetase interpretation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Berry
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
van Straten G, van Steenbeek FG, Grinwis GCM, Favier RP, Kummeling A, van Gils IH, Fieten H, Groot Koerkamp MJA, Holstege FCP, Rothuizen J, Spee B. Aberrant expression and distribution of enzymes of the urea cycle and other ammonia metabolizing pathways in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100077. [PMID: 24945279 PMCID: PMC4063766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The detoxification of ammonia occurs mainly through conversion of ammonia to urea in the liver via the urea cycle and glutamine synthesis. Congenital portosystemic shunts (CPSS) in dogs cause hyperammonemia eventually leading to hepatic encephalopathy. In this study, the gene expression of urea cycle enzymes (carbamoylphosphate synthetase (CPS1), ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OTC), argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS1), argininosuccinate lyase (ASL), and arginase (ARG1)), N-acetylglutamate synthase (NAGS), Glutamate dehydrogenase (GLUD1), and glutamate-ammonia ligase (GLUL) was evaluated in dogs with CPSS before and after surgical closure of the shunt. Additionally, immunohistochemistry was performed on urea cycle enzymes and GLUL on liver samples of healthy dogs and dogs with CPSS to investigate a possible zonal distribution of these enzymes within the liver lobule and to investigate possible differences in distribution in dogs with CPSS compared to healthy dogs. Furthermore, the effect of increasing ammonia concentrations on the expression of the urea cycle enzymes was investigated in primary hepatocytes in vitro. Gene-expression of CPS1, OTC, ASL, GLUD1 and NAGS was down regulated in dogs with CPSS and did not normalize after surgical closure of the shunt. In all dogs GLUL distribution was localized pericentrally. CPS1, OTC and ASS1 were localized periportally in healthy dogs, whereas in CPSS dogs, these enzymes lacked a clear zonal distribution. In primary hepatocytes higher ammonia concentrations induced mRNA levels of CPS1. We hypothesize that the reduction in expression of urea cycle enzymes, NAGS and GLUD1 as well as the alterations in zonal distribution in dogs with CPSS may be caused by a developmental arrest of these enzymes during the embryonic or early postnatal phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giora van Straten
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Frank G. van Steenbeek
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Guy C. M. Grinwis
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Robert P. Favier
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anne Kummeling
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid H. van Gils
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hille Fieten
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Frank C. P. Holstege
- Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Rothuizen
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Spee
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Tajiri K, Tsuneyama K, Kawai K, Atarashi Y, Minemura M, Sawada S, Tsukada K, Imura J, Sugiyama T. A case of progressing focal nodular hyperplasia and its molecular expression pattern. Clin J Gastroenterol 2014; 7:271-7. [PMID: 26183749 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-014-0483-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We report the case of an adult male with progressing focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH). Although imaging studies suggested that the tumor was a classical FNH, the tumor biopsy showed glutamine synthetase expression and heat shock protein 70 in part of the tumor. As we could not definitely distinguish this case of FNH from early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we performed laparoscopic partial hepatectomy. The surgical resected specimen showed that the tumor had a central scar with vascular and cholangiolar proliferation, which is compatible with FNH. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the molecular expression pattern was compatible with FNH in the center of the tumor, whereas it partly resembled early HCC in the periphery of the tumor. FNH progression is occasionally found, and the molecular pattern of the progressing area in FNH might resemble that of early HCC due to morphologic and phenotypic changes induced by the regenerative mechanism and the alteration of blood flow. We should carefully observe progressing FNH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Tajiri
- Department of Gastroenterology, Toyama University Hospital, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|