1
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Sedikides A, Lennox AJJ. Silver-Catalyzed ( Z)-β-Fluoro-vinyl Iodonium Salts from Alkynes: Efficient and Selective Syntheses of Z-Monofluoroalkenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15672-15680. [PMID: 38829699 PMCID: PMC11177317 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Monofluoroalkenes are stable and lipophilic amide bioisosteres used in medicinal chemistry. However, efficient and stereoselective methods for synthesizing Z-monofluoroalkenes are underdeveloped. We envisage (Z)-β-fluoro-vinyl iodonium salts (Z-FVIs) as coupling partners for the diverse and stereoselective synthesis of Z-monofluoroalkenes. Disclosed herein is the development and application of a silver(I)-catalyzed process for accessing a broad scope of (Z)-FVIs with exclusive Z-stereoselectivity and regioselectivity from alkynes in a single step. Experimental and computational studies provide insight into the mechanism of the catalytic cycle and the role of the silver(I) catalyst, and the reactivity of (Z)-FVIs is explored through several stereospecific derivatizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexi
T. Sedikides
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair J. J. Lennox
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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2
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Yan T, Chen X, Kumari L, Lin J, Li M, Fan Q, Chi H, Meyer TJ, Zhang S, Ma X. Multiscale CO 2 Electrocatalysis to C 2+ Products: Reaction Mechanisms, Catalyst Design, and Device Fabrication. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10530-10583. [PMID: 37589482 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrosynthesis of value-added chemicals, directly from CO2, could foster achievement of carbon neutral through an alternative electrical approach to the energy-intensive thermochemical industry for carbon utilization. Progress in this area, based on electrogeneration of multicarbon products through CO2 electroreduction, however, lags far behind that for C1 products. Reaction routes are complicated and kinetics are slow with scale up to the high levels required for commercialization, posing significant problems. In this review, we identify and summarize state-of-art progress in multicarbon synthesis with a multiscale perspective and discuss current hurdles to be resolved for multicarbon generation from CO2 reduction including atomistic mechanisms, nanoscale electrocatalysts, microscale electrodes, and macroscale electrolyzers with guidelines for future research. The review ends with a cross-scale perspective that links discrepancies between different approaches with extensions to performance and stability issues that arise from extensions to an industrial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxiang Yan
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaoyi Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lata Kumari
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jianlong Lin
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Minglu Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Qun Fan
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Haoyuan Chi
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Thomas J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Xinbin Ma
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
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3
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Bai Y, Cao L, Li S, Zhang G, Liu Y, Zhao F, Wu J. Dual Photoredox/Nickel-Catalyzed Dehydrative Difluoroalkylation of Benzyl Alcohols for the Synthesis of Allylic gem-Difluorides. Org Lett 2023; 25:6511-6516. [PMID: 37638841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
A photoredox/Lewis acid cooperative catalytic system has been developed for the construction of Cvinyl-CRf bonds through the dehydrative difluoroalkylation of benzyl alcohols. A variety of allylic gem-difluorides could be obtained in moderate yields with good to excellent E/Z selectivity. In addition, several control experiments have been explored, and a possible mechanism was proposed for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Bai
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Liping Cao
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Siyuan Li
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Guang'an Zhang
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yingguo Liu
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Fengqian Zhao
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Junliang Wu
- Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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4
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Prozorova GF, Pozdnyakov AS. Proton-Conducting Polymeric Membranes Based on 1,2,4-Triazole. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:169. [PMID: 36837672 PMCID: PMC9964653 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this review, a comparative analysis of the literature and our own results obtained in the study of the physicochemical, dielectric, and proton-conducting properties of composite polymer materials based on 1H-1,2,4-triazole has been carried out. It has been established that 1H-1,2,4-triazole and homopolymers and copolymers of 1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole are promising for the development of proton-conducting fuel cell membranes. They significantly improve the basic characteristics of electrolyte membranes, increase their film-forming ability, increase thermal stability up to 300-330 °C, increase the electrochemical stability region up to 3-4 V, promote high mechanical strength and morphological stability of membranes, and provide high ionic conductivity (up to 10-3-10-1 S/cm) under anhydrous conditions at temperatures above 100 °C. There is also an improvement in the solubility and a decrease in the glass transition temperature of polymers based on 1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole, which facilitates the processing and formation of membrane films. The results obtained demonstrate the uniqueness of 1H-1,2,4-triazole and (co)polymers based on 1-vinyl-1,2,4-triazole and the promise of their use for the creation of heat-resistant plastic and electrochemically stable, mechanically strong proton-conducting membranes with high ionic conductivity under anhydrous conditions and at high temperatures.
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5
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Prediction of equilibrium water uptake and ions diffusivities in ion-exchange membranes combining molecular dynamics and analytical models. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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6
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Polymer Electrolyte Membranes Containing Functionalized Organic/Inorganic Composite for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214252. [PMID: 36430726 PMCID: PMC9694323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To mitigate the dependence on fossil fuels and the associated global warming issues, numerous studies have focused on the development of eco-friendly energy conversion devices such as polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) that directly convert chemical energy into electrical energy. As one of the key components in PEMFCs, polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) should have high proton conductivity and outstanding physicochemical stability during operation. Although the perfluorinated sulfonic acid (PFSA)-based PEMs and some of the hydrocarbon-based PEMs composed of rationally designed polymer structures are found to meet these criteria, there is an ongoing and pressing need to improve and fine-tune these further, to be useful in practical PEMFC operation. Incorporation of organic/inorganic fillers into the polymer matrix is one of the methods shown to be effective for controlling target PEM properties including thermal stability, mechanical properties, and physical stability, as well as proton conductivity. Functionalization of organic/inorganic fillers is critical to optimize the filler efficiency and dispersion, thus resulting in significant improvements to PEM properties. This review focused on the structural engineering of functionalized carbon and silica-based fillers and comparisons of the resulting PEM properties. Newly constructed composite membranes were compared to composite membrane containing non-functionalized fillers or pure polymer matrix membrane without fillers.
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7
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Agudelo NA, Echeverri-Cuartas CE, López BL. Composite Membranes Based on Functionalized Mesostructured Cellular Foam Particles and Sulfonated Poly(Ether Ether Sulfone) with Potential Application in Fuel Cells. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1075. [PMID: 36363630 PMCID: PMC9692639 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Composite polymeric membranes were designed based on sulfonated poly(ether ether sulfone) (sPEES) and mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica nanoparticles functionalized with organic compounds. Parameters such as molecular weight (MW) of the polymer, nature of the functional group of the MCF silica, and percentage of silica charge were evaluated on the final properties of the membranes. Composite membrane characterization was carried out on their water retention capacity (high MW polymer between 20-46% and for the low MW between 20-60%), ion exchange capacity (IEC) (high MW polymer between 0.02 mmol/g-0.07 mmol/g and low MW between 0.03-0.09 mmol/g) and proton conductivity (high MW polymer molecular between 15-70 mS/cm and low MW between 0.1-150 mS/cm). Finally, the membrane prepared with the low molecular weight polymer and 3% wt. of functionalized silica with sulfonic groups exhibited results similar to Nafion® 117.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A. Agudelo
- Grupo de Investigación e Innovación en Formulaciones Químicas/Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias Básicas, Universidad EIA, Calle 23 AA Sur Nro. 5-200, Kilómetro 2+200 Variante al Aeropuerto José María Córdova, Envigado 055428, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Claudia E. Echeverri-Cuartas
- Grupo de Investigación en Ingeniería Biomédica (GIBEC)/Escuela de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad EIA, Calle 23 AA Sur Nro. 5-200, Kilómetro 2+200 Variante al Aeropuerto José María Córdova, Envigado 055428, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Betty L. López
- Grupo de Ciencia de los Materiales/Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Dirección: calle 67 No. 53-108, Medellín 050004, Antioquia, Colombia
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8
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Investigating the performance of functionalized and pristine graphene oxide impregnated Nexar™ nanocomposite membranes for PEM fuel cell. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2022.100346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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9
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Hao LH, Hieu DTT, Luan LQ, Phuong HT, Dinh V, Tuyen LA, Hong PTT, Van Man T, Tap TD. Electron and gamma irradiation‐induced effects in poly(ethylene‐co‐tetrafluoroethylene) films. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lam Hoang Hao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Dinh Tran Trong Hieu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Physics Laboratory, Le Thanh Ton High School Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Le Quang Luan
- Biotechnology Center of Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Huynh Truc Phuong
- Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Faculty of Physics and Engineering Physics University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Van‐Phuc Dinh
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied Sciences Duy Tan University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Luu Anh Tuyen
- Center for Nuclear Techniques Viet Nam Atomic Energy Institute Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Pham Thi Thu Hong
- Research and Development Center for Radiation Technology (VINAGAMMA) Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Tran Van Man
- Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Applied Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Physical Chemistry University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Tran Duy Tap
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology University of Science Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Viet Nam National University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
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10
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Kianfar P, Bongiovanni R, Ameduri B, Vitale A. Electrospinning of Fluorinated Polymers: Current State of the Art on Processes and Applications. POLYM REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2022.2067868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Parnian Kianfar
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Roberta Bongiovanni
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Bruno Ameduri
- ICGM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Alessandra Vitale
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
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11
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Strategically Altered Fluorinated Polymer at Nanoscale for Enhancing Proton Conduction and Power Generation from Salinity Gradient. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12040395. [PMID: 35448365 PMCID: PMC9025533 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12040395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Reverse electrodialysis (RED) generates power directly by transforming salinity gradient into electrical energy. The ion transport properties of the ion-exchange membranes need to be investigated deeply to improve the limiting efficiencies of the RED. The interaction between “counterions” and “ionic species” in the membrane requires a fundamental understanding of the phase separation process. Here, we report on sulfonated poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene)/graphitic carbon nitride nanocomposites for RED application. We demonstrate that the rearrangement of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains in the semicrystalline polymer at a nanoscale level improves ion conduction. The rearrangement of the ionic species in polymer and “the functionalized nanosheet with ionic species” enhances the proton conduction in the hybrid membrane without a change in the structural integrity of the membrane. A detailed discussion has been provided on the membrane nanostructure, chemical configuration, structural robustness, surface morphology, and ion transport properties of the prepared hybrid membrane. Furthermore, the RED device was fabricated by combining synthesized cation exchange membrane with commercially available anion exchange membrane, NEOSEPTA, and a maximum power density of 0.2 W m−2 was successfully achieved under varying flow rates at the ambient condition.
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12
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Zeng Y, Zhou Y, Quan Q, Chen M. Facile Access to gem-Trifluoromethyl/Boron-Functionalized Polymers via Free-Radical Copolymerization and Cotelomerization. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qinzhi Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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13
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Zhang X, Huang YM, Qin HL, Baoguo Z, Rakesh KP, Tang H. Copper-Promoted Conjugate Addition of Carboxylic Acids to Ethenesulfonyl Fluoride (ESF) for Constructing Aliphatic Sulfonyl Fluorides. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:25972-25981. [PMID: 34660959 PMCID: PMC8515394 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A CuO-promoted direct hydrocarboxylation of ethenesulfonyl fluoride (ESF) was developed using carboxylic acid as a nucleophile under mild conditions. A variety of molecules containing both ester group and aliphatic sulfonyl fluoride moiety exhibit great potential in medicinal chemistry and chemical biology. Furthermore, the modification of the known drugs Ibuprofen and Aspirin was also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- School
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science and State Key
Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yu-Mei Huang
- School
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science and State Key
Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hua-Li Qin
- School
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science and State Key
Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhang Baoguo
- Lab
of Biorefinery, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 99 Haike Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - K. P. Rakesh
- School
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science and State Key
Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Haolin Tang
- School
of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science and State Key
Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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14
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15
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Primachenko ON, Odinokov AS, Marinenko EA, Kulvelis YV, Barabanov VG, Kononova SV. Influence of sulfonyl fluoride monomers on the mechanism of emulsion copolymerization with the preparation of proton-conducting membrane precursors. J Fluor Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2021.109736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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17
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Yuan D, Qin Y, Li S, Du S, Xu Y, Weng Q, Chen P, Chen X, An Z. Enhanced performance of proton-conducting poly(arylene ether sulfone)s via multiple alkylsulfonated side-chains and block copolymer structures. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Saleeby B, Shimizu MS, Sanchez Garcia RI, Avery GB, Kieber RJ, Mead RN, Skrabal SA. Isomers of emerging per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and sediment from the Cape Fear River, North Carolina, USA. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:128359. [PMID: 33182107 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have become ubiquitous environmental contaminants found in many parts of the globe and in all environmental compartments. The phase out of legacy C8 PFAS has led to an increase in functionality of the carbon backbone chain to include ether linkages and branching points. With the increased production of functionalized PFAS, there remains a paucity of information regarding the occurrence of constitutional isomers in the environment. In this study, a series of novel PFAS constitutional isomers were detected by high resolution mass spectrometry and characterized by MS/MS in river water collected weekly over 40 weeks. Constitutional isomers of C4H2F8O4S1 (-1.8 ± 2.5 ppm) were detected for the first time in 83% of the samples analyzed and the MS/MS fragmentation patterns clearly indicated there were two coeluting isomers present. Two chromatographically resolved peaks with deprotonated molecular formula C7H1F14O5S1 (1.9 ± 2.7 and 2.2 ± 3.1 ppm) were detected in 85% of the samples measured. MS/MS fragmentation patterns and a standard provided by a fluorochemical manufacturer confirmed the two isomers. A series of novel chlorinated PFAS were detected (M-1: C11H1Cl1F20O5 0.9 ± 2.7 ppm and C14H1Cl1F26O6 2.1 ± 2.6 ppm) in 34% of the water samples analyzed. The exact structure is not confirmed. River sediment collected below the water sample location contained several of the compounds detected in the water column illustrating the connectivity between the environmental compartments. Results highlight the need for further studies on the occurrence of isomers and authentic standards to confirm structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Saleeby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, 28403, USA; Agricultural & Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616-8588, USA
| | - Megumi S Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, 28403, USA
| | - Rosa Idalia Sanchez Garcia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, 28403, USA
| | - G Brooks Avery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, 28403, USA
| | - Robert J Kieber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, 28403, USA
| | - Ralph N Mead
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, 28403, USA.
| | - Stephen A Skrabal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, 28403, USA
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19
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Peng B, Wang J, Li M, Wang M, Tan S, Zhang Z. Activation of different C–F bonds in fluoropolymers for Cu(0)-mediated single electron transfer radical polymerization. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00376c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The graft polymerization of MMA initiated from PVDF-based fluoropolymers via single electron transfer controlled radical polymerization (SET-CRP) is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyun Peng
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- P. R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- P. R. China
| | - Meng Li
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering
- Xi'an Technological University
- Xi'an 710032
- P. R. China
| | - Miao Wang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- P. R. China
| | - Shaobo Tan
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- P. R. China
| | - Zhicheng Zhang
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- P. R. China
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20
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Wang S, Zhang S, Feng C, Lu G, Theato P, Huang X. Modification of polybutadiene with trifluoromethyl and clickable azide groups in one shot. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01016f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report copper-catalyzed intermolecular azide-trifluoromethylation of the alkenyls of PB without any chain degradation and crosslinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Sen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Feng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Guolin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Patrick Theato
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesser Str. 18, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory, Institute for Biological Interfaces III, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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21
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Chen HR, Hu ZY, Qin HL, Tang H. A novel three-component reaction for constructing indolizine-containing aliphatic sulfonyl fluorides. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01430c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A copper-catalyzed three-component reaction for transforming quinolines, isoquinolines and pyridines to a class of indolizine-containing alkyl sulfonyl fluorides was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ru Chen
- School of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Life Science; and State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan 430070
- China
| | - Zhen-Yu Hu
- School of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Life Science; and State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan 430070
- China
| | - Hua-Li Qin
- School of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Life Science; and State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan 430070
- China
| | - Haolin Tang
- School of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Life Science; and State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing
- Wuhan University of Technology
- Wuhan 430070
- China
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22
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Primachenko ON, Marinenko EA, Odinokov AS, Kononova SV, Kulvelis YV, Lebedev VT. State of the art and prospects in the development of proton‐conducting perfluorinated membranes with short side chains: A review. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg N. Primachenko
- Laboratory of synthesis of high temperature resistant polymers Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences Saint Petersburg Russia
| | - Elena A. Marinenko
- Laboratory of synthesis of high temperature resistant polymers Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences Saint Petersburg Russia
| | - Alexey S. Odinokov
- Laboratory of synthesis of high temperature resistant polymers Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences Saint Petersburg Russia
- Russian Research Center of Applied Chemistry Saint Petersburg Russia
| | - Svetlana V. Kononova
- Laboratory of synthesis of high temperature resistant polymers Institute of Macromolecular Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences Saint Petersburg Russia
| | - Yuri V. Kulvelis
- Neutron research department Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, NRC “Kurchatov Institute” Gatchina Russia
| | - Vasily T. Lebedev
- Neutron research department Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, NRC “Kurchatov Institute” Gatchina Russia
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23
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Kikushima K, Etou Y, Kamura R, Takeda I, Ito H, Ohashi M, Ogoshi S. Direct Transformation of Tetrafluoroethylene to Trifluorovinylzinc via sp 2 C-F Bond Activation. Org Lett 2020; 22:8167-8172. [PMID: 32991191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Trifluorovinylzinc is a common synthetic intermediate for trifluorovinyl derivatives, including α,β,β-trifluorostyrenes and hexafluorobutadiene. Here, we report a novel synthetic approach for the formation of trifluorovinylzinc chloride via a C-F bond activation of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), which is an industrially cost-effective bulk feedstock with a negligible GWP. The present system provides a practical synthetic route to various trifluorovinyl derivatives with very low energy consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Kikushima
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Yuusuke Etou
- Product R&D Department Chemicals Division, Daikin Industries, Ltd., Settu, Osaka 566-8585, Japan
| | - Ryohei Kamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ippei Takeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideki Ito
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masato Ohashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sensuke Ogoshi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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24
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Facile preparation of persistently hydrophilic poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluorochloroethylene) membrane based on in-situ substitution reaction. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Fukushima A, Sakai H, Tokumasu T. Ab initio studies of the effect of the fluorination on deprotonation reaction of the benzene sulfonic acid. J Mol Model 2020; 26:127. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-04402-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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26
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Agou T, Yoshinari K, Shirai T, Yamada S, Konno T, Mizuhata Y, Tokitoh N, Yasuda S, Yamazaki T, Fukumoto H, Kubota T. Visible-Transparent Aromatic Polymers Obtained by the Polycondensation of a Bis(trifluorovinyl)benzene with Bisphenols. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Agou
- Department of Quantum Beam Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa, Hitachi, Ibaraki 316-8511, Japan
| | - Kazuto Yoshinari
- Department of Quantum Beam Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa, Hitachi, Ibaraki 316-8511, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Shirai
- Department of Quantum Beam Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa, Hitachi, Ibaraki 316-8511, Japan
- Functional Materials Group, Research and Development Department, Tosoh Finechem Corporation, 4988 Kaisei-cho, Shunan, Yamaguchi 746-0006, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Yamada
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Konno
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Mizuhata
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Norihiro Tokitoh
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Sana Yasuda
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamazaki
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Hiroki Fukumoto
- Department of Quantum Beam Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa, Hitachi, Ibaraki 316-8511, Japan
| | - Toshio Kubota
- Department of Quantum Beam Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ibaraki University, 4-12-1 Nakanarusawa, Hitachi, Ibaraki 316-8511, Japan
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27
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On the sulfonation of fluorinated aromatic polymers: Synthesis, characterization and effect of fluorinated side groups on sulfonation degree. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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Yampolskii Y, Belov N, Alentiev A. Perfluorinated polymers as materials of membranes for gas and vapor separation. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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29
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Yaroslavtsev AB, Stenina IA, Golubenko DV. Membrane materials for energy production and storage. PURE APPL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2019-1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Ion exchange membranes are widely used in chemical power sources, including fuel cells, redox batteries, reverse electrodialysis devices and lithium-ion batteries. The general requirements for them are high ionic conductivity and selectivity of transport processes. Heterogeneous membranes are much cheaper but less selective due to the secondary porosity with large pore size. The composition of grafted membranes is almost identical to heterogeneous ones. But they are more selective due to the lack of secondary porosity. The conductivity of ion exchange membranes can be improved by their modification via nanoparticle incorporation. Hybrid membranes exhibit suppressed transport of co-ions and fuel gases. Highly selective composite membranes can be synthesized by incorporating nanoparticles with modified surface. Furthermore, the increase in the conductivity of hybrid membranes at low humidity is a significant advantage for fuel cell application. Proton-conducting membranes in the lithium form intercalated with aprotic solvents can be used in lithium-ion batteries and make them more safe. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the synthesis, and modification and transport properties of ion exchange membranes, their transport properties, methods of preparation and modification. Their application in fuel cells, reverse electrodialysis devices and lithium-ion batteries is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. B. Yaroslavtsev
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of RAS , Leninsky Prospekt 31 , 119991 Moscow , Russian Federation
- National Research University “Higher School of Economics” , Myasnitskaya Street 20 , 101000 Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - I. A. Stenina
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of RAS , Leninsky Prospekt 31 , 119991 Moscow , Russian Federation
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics of RAS , Academician Semenov Avenue 1 , 142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow Region , Russian Federation
| | - D. V. Golubenko
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of RAS , Leninsky Prospekt 31 , 119991 Moscow , Russian Federation
- National Research University “Higher School of Economics” , Myasnitskaya Street 20 , 101000 Moscow , Russian Federation
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30
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Wehbi M, Mehdi A, Negrell C, David G, Alaaeddine A, Améduri B. Phosphorus-Containing Fluoropolymers: State of the Art and Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:38-59. [PMID: 31801016 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Several strategies to synthesize fluorinated (co)polymers containing phosphorus groups and their applications are reviewed. First, original fluoromonomers bearing phosphorus atoms are supplied from relevant routes. They may possess fluorinated atoms linked to the ethylenic carbon atoms with different structures, such as F2C═CF- or H2C═C(CF3)- and a phosphonated ω-function adjacent to an aliphatic or aromatic linker, while other monomers display a difluoromethylene dialkylphosphonate end group such as -CF2-P(O)(OR)2. Then, fluorinated copolymers were obtained according to various pathways: (i) by radical homopolymerization of monomers containing both fluorine and phosphorus atoms, (ii) by direct radical copolymerization of fluoromonomers and phosphorus-based monomers, or (iii) by chemical modification of fluorinated copolymers with phosphorus-based reactants. Conventional radical and controlled (or reversible deactivation radical polymerization, RDRP) copolymerization have also been explored. As for the chemical change of halogenated polymers, either conventional organic reactions (e.g., Arbuzov reaction from a chlorine, iodine, or bromine atom) or radiation grafting with specific monomers led to graft copolymers composed of a fluorinated backbone and phosphonated grafts. This second part also details aliphatic and aromatic fluorophosphorous copolymers in which dialkylphosphonates or phosphonic acids are reported. Finally, since fluorine and phosphorus atoms bring complementary relevant properties (low refractive index and dielectric constants, chemical inertness, high electrochemical, soils, and heat resistances, electroattractivity from fluorine atoms and high acidity, complexation, anticorrosion, flame retardant, and biomedical properties from phosphorus ones), synergetic characteristics have been targeted. These properties allow such fluoro-phosphorus (co)polymers to be used as novel materials involved in various applications such as polymer exchange membranes for fuel cells, self-etching adhesives for dental materials, adhesion promoters, flame retardants, polymer blends, and anticorrosive coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Wehbi
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires Team, ICGM , Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM , F-34296 Montpellier , France
- Chimie Moléculaire et Organisation du Solide Team, ICGM , Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM , F-34296 Montpellier , France
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Faculty of Sciences (1) and PRASE-EDST , Lebanese University , Hadath , Lebanon
| | - Ahmad Mehdi
- Chimie Moléculaire et Organisation du Solide Team, ICGM , Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM , F-34296 Montpellier , France
| | - Claire Negrell
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires Team, ICGM , Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM , F-34296 Montpellier , France
| | - Ghislain David
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires Team, ICGM , Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM , F-34296 Montpellier , France
| | - Ali Alaaeddine
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Faculty of Sciences (1) and PRASE-EDST , Lebanese University , Hadath , Lebanon
| | - Bruno Améduri
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires Team, ICGM , Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM , F-34296 Montpellier , France
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31
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Wang S, He F, Weng Q, Yuan D, Chen P, Chen X, An Z. Synthesis and characterization of a novel crosslinkable side-chain sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) copolymer proton exchange membranes. RSC Adv 2020; 10:24772-24783. [PMID: 35517481 PMCID: PMC9055182 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02987d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel crosslinkable side-chain sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) copolymers (S-SPAES(x/y)) was prepared from 4,4′-biphenol, 4,4′-difluorodiphenyl sulfone, and a new difluoro aromatic monomer 1-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-2-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1,2-ethanedione (DFDMED) via co-polycondensation, demethylation, and further nucleophilic substitution of 1,4-butane sultone. Meanwhile, quinoxaline-based crosslinked copolymers (CS-SPAES(x/y)) were obtained via cyclo-condensation between S-SPAES(x/y) and 3,3′-diaminobenzidine. Both the crosslinkable and crosslinked copolymer membranes exhibit good mechanical properties and high anisotropic membrane swelling. Crosslinkable S-SPAES(1/2) with an ion exchange capacity (IEC) of 2.01 mequiv. g−1 displays a relatively high proton conductivity of 180 mS cm−1 and acceptable single-cell performance, which is attributed to its good microphase separation resulting from the side-chain sulfonated copolymer structures. Compared with S-SPAES(1/1) (IEC of 1.68 mequiv. g−1), crosslinked CS-SPAES(1/2) with a comparable IEC exhibits a larger conductivity of 157 mS cm−1, and significantly higher oxidative stability and lower membrane swelling, suggesting a distinct performance improvement due to the quinoxaline-based crosslinking. A series of novel crosslinkable and crosslinked side-chain SPAES has been prepared. The S-SPAES(1/2) has high proton conductivity and acceptable single-cell performance.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (MOE)
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
| | - Fugang He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (MOE)
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
| | - Qiang Weng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (MOE)
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
| | - Diao Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (MOE)
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
| | - Pei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (MOE)
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
| | - Xinbing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (MOE)
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
| | - Zhongwei An
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry (MOE)
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Shaanxi Normal University
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32
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Liu H, Zhang S, Huang X, Ding A, Lu G. Construction of well-defined difluoromethylthio-containing amphiphilic homopolymers by RAFT polymerization. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01234c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A well-defined difluoromethylthio-containing amphiphilic homopolymer with a lower Tg was obtained by RAFT polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Sen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Aishun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Guolin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
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33
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Herrera FZF, Vieira RP. Multivariate Parametric Analysis for the Determination of Kinetic Rate Constants in 2‐(difluoromethoxy)ethyl Acrylate Atom‐Transfer Radical Polymerization. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roniérik Pioli Vieira
- Department of Bioprocesses and Materials EngineeringSchool of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas Albert Einstein Campinas Av. Campinas 13083–852 São Paulo Brazil
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34
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Sanginov EA, Novikova KS, Dremova NN, Dobrovolskii YA. Formation of Proton-Conducting Polymer Additives Based on Sulfonated Crosslinked Polystyrene in Nafion Membranes. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090419010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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Colpaert M, Zaton M, Ladmiral V, Jones D, Rozière J, Ameduri B. Crosslinked terpolymers of vinylidene fluoride, perfluoro-3,6-dioxa-4-methyl-7-octene sulfonyl fluoride, and cure site monomers for membranes in PEMFC applications. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00188c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Radical terpolymerisations of perfluorintaed ω-cyano monomers, vinylidene fluoride and perfluoro(4-methyl-3,6-dioxaoct7-ene) sulfonyl fluoride are presented.
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36
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Guo WH, Zhao HY, Luo ZJ, Zhang S, Zhang X. Fluoroalkylation–Borylation of Alkynes: An Efficient Method To Obtain (Z)-Tri- and Tetrasubstituted Fluoroalkylated Alkenylboronates. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Ji Luo
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu Zhang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2006 Xiyuan Avenue, West High-Tech Zone, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
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37
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Lv A, Li ZL, Wu YH, Du FS, Li ZC. Synthesis of precision polymers with regularly placed perfluoroalkyl segments and sulfonic acid groups via ADMET polymerization and internal alkene modification. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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38
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The structure–property–performance relationship of disulfonated naphthyl pendants bearing poly(aryl ether)s for polymer electrolyte membrane applications. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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39
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Arslanova AA, Sanginov EA, Dobrovol’skii YA. New Composite Proton-Conducting Membranes Based on Nafion and Cross-Linked Sulfonated Polystyrene. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193518030035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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40
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Qian W, Texter J, Yan F. Frontiers in poly(ionic liquid)s: syntheses and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:1124-1159. [PMID: 28180218 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00620e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 503] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We review recent works on the synthesis and application of poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs). Novel chemical structures, different synthetic strategies and controllable morphologies are introduced as a supplement to PIL systems already reported. The primary properties determining applications, such as ionic conductivity, aqueous solubility, thermodynamic stability and electrochemical/chemical durability, are discussed. Furthermore, the near-term applications of PILs in multiple fields, such as their use in electrochemical energy materials, stimuli-responsive materials, carbon materials, and antimicrobial materials, in catalysis, in sensors, in absorption and in separation materials, as well as several special-interest applications, are described in detail. We also discuss the limitations of PIL applications, efforts to improve PIL physics, and likely future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China.
| | - John Texter
- School of Engineering Technology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA
| | - Feng Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China.
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41
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Ogura Y, Takenaka M, Sawamoto M, Terashima T. Fluorous Gradient Copolymers via in-Situ Transesterification of a Perfluoromethacrylate in Tandem Living Radical Polymerization: Precision Synthesis and Physical Properties. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Ogura
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Mikihito Takenaka
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8
Center, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Sawamoto
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Institute
of Science and Technology Research, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Takaya Terashima
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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42
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Chavan SN, Padhan AK, Mandal D. Self-assembly of fluorous amphiphilic copolymers with ionogels and surface switchable wettability. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00273h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorous amphiphilic ionic copolymers of 1H,1H,2H-Perfluoro-1-octene and vinyl imidazole self-assembled in different solvents to form ionogels and exhibits tunable substrate switching wettability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh N. Chavan
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Ropar
- Punjab 140001
- India
| | - Anil K. Padhan
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Ropar
- Punjab 140001
- India
| | - Debaprasad Mandal
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Ropar
- Punjab 140001
- India
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43
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Liu H, Lu G, Feng C, Huang X. A new difluoromethoxyl-containing acrylate monomer for PEG-b-PDFMOEA amphiphilic diblock copolymers. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00942b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This article reports the first synthesis of a well-defined difluoromethoxyl-containing polyacrylate via ATRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Guolin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Chun Feng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules
- Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
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44
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Shin DW, Guiver MD, Lee YM. Hydrocarbon-Based Polymer Electrolyte Membranes: Importance of Morphology on Ion Transport and Membrane Stability. Chem Rev 2017; 117:4759-4805. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 582] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Won Shin
- Department
of Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Fuel
Cell Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael D. Guiver
- Department
of Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- State
Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Young Moo Lee
- Department
of Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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45
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Lee SH, Lee WJ, Kim TK, Bayazit MK, Kim SO, Choi YS. UV-crosslinked poly(arylene ether sulfone) – LAPONITE® nanocomposites for proton exchange membranes. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04419d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UV-crosslinked sulfonated poly(arylene sulfone)/clay nanocomposites are fabricated by incorporating UV-crosslinkable monomers, bridge molecules, and clay nanofillers for high performance proton exchange membrane fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hwa Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- KAIST
- Daejeon 34141
- Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- KAIST
- Daejeon 34141
- Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Tae Kyoung Kim
- Research Institute of Chemical and Electronic Materials
- Samsung Cheil Industries Inc
- Uiwang-si
- Republic of Korea
- A123 Systems
| | | | - Sang Ouk Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- KAIST
- Daejeon 34141
- Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Suk Choi
- Organic Materials Lab
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology
- Suwon-si
- Republic of Korea
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46
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Walkowiak-Kulikowska J, Szwajca A, Gouverneur V, Ameduri B. Synthesis, characterization, and thermal and surface properties of co- and terpolymers based on fluorinated α-methylstyrenes and styrene. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01529a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Conventional bulk radical co- and terpolymerizations of α-fluoromethylstyrene (FMST) or/and α-trifluoromethylstyrene (TFMST) with styrene (ST) initiated by α,α′-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Szwajca
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Adam Mickiewicz University
- 61-614 Poznań
- Poland
| | | | - Bruno Ameduri
- Institut Charles Gerhardt
- Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires
- UMR CNS 5253
- UM, ENSCM, CNRS de Montpellier
- 34296 Montpellier
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47
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Zhang Y, Wu D, Weng Z. Synthesis of 1,2,2-trifluorovinyl sulphides and selenides from trifluorovinylation of organic thiocyanates and selenocyanates. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00595d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A nucleophilic trifluorovinylation of organothiocyanates with trifluorovinyl trimethylsilane for the synthesis of trifluorovinyl sulphides has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
- China
| | - Dongping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
- China
| | - Zhiqiang Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment
- College of Chemistry
- Fuzhou University
- Fuzhou
- China
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48
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Hao J, Wei Y, Chen B, Mu J. Polymerization of polyhedral oligomeric silsequioxane (POSS) with perfluoro-monomers and a kinetic study. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra26183c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The polymerization of diphenol polyhedral oligomeric silsequioxane (2OH-DDSQ) with a series of perfluoro-monomers was studied to obtain the optimized reaction for the preparation of POSS-containing fluorinated poly(arylene ether)s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmeng Hao
- College of Chemistry
- The Key Lab of High Performance Plastics
- Ministry of Education
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
| | - Yanfeng Wei
- College of Chemistry
- The Key Lab of High Performance Plastics
- Ministry of Education
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
| | - Bo Chen
- College of Chemistry
- The Key Lab of High Performance Plastics
- Ministry of Education
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
| | - Jianxin Mu
- College of Chemistry
- The Key Lab of High Performance Plastics
- Ministry of Education
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130012
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49
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On the reactivity of α-trifluoromethylstyrene in radical copolymerizations with various fluoroalkenes. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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50
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Karamane M, Raihane M, Tasdelen MA, Uyar T, Lahcini M, Ilsouk M, Yagci Y. Preparation of fluorinated methacrylate/clay nanocomposite viain-situpolymerization: Characterization, structure, and properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Karamane
- Laboratory of Organometallic and Macromolecular Chemistry-Composites Materials Faculty of Sciences and Technologies; Cadi-Ayyad University; Marrakech 40000 Morocco
| | - Mustapha Raihane
- Laboratory of Organometallic and Macromolecular Chemistry-Composites Materials Faculty of Sciences and Technologies; Cadi-Ayyad University; Marrakech 40000 Morocco
| | - Mehmet Atilla Tasdelen
- Department of Polymer Engineering Faculty of Engineering; Yalova University; Yalova TR-77100 Turkey
| | - Tamer Uyar
- UNAM-Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Bilkent University; Ankara TR-06800 Turkey
| | - Mohamed Lahcini
- Laboratory of Organometallic and Macromolecular Chemistry-Composites Materials Faculty of Sciences and Technologies; Cadi-Ayyad University; Marrakech 40000 Morocco
| | - Mohamed Ilsouk
- Laboratory of Organometallic and Macromolecular Chemistry-Composites Materials Faculty of Sciences and Technologies; Cadi-Ayyad University; Marrakech 40000 Morocco
| | - Yusuf Yagci
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science and Letters; Istanbul Technical University; Maslak Istanbul TR-34469 Turkey
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR) and Chemistry Department Faculty of Science; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
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