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Liu X, Tang Y, Luo Y, Gao Y, He L. Role and mechanism of specialized pro-resolving mediators in obesity-associated insulin resistance. Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23:234. [PMID: 39080624 PMCID: PMC11290132 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02207-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
With the changing times, obesity has become a characteristic epidemic in the context of the current era. Insulin resistance (IR) is most commonly caused by obesity, and IR is a common basis of the pathogenesis of many diseases such as cardiovascular disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and type 2 diabetes, which seriously threaten human life, as well as health. A major pathogenetic mechanism of obesity-associated IR has been found to be chronic low-grade inflammation in adipose tissue. Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) are novel lipid mediators that both function as "stop signals" for inflammatory reaction and promote inflammation to subside. In this article, we summarize the pathogenesis of obesity-associated IR and its treatments and outline the classification and biosynthesis of SPMs and their mechanisms and roles in the treatment of obesity-associated IR in order to explore the potential of SPMs for treating metabolic diseases linked with obesity-associated IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Liu
- College of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Tang
- College of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanyuan Luo
- College of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongxiang Gao
- College of International Education, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
| | - Lisha He
- College of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
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Laupsa-Borge J, Grytten E, Bohov P, Bjørndal B, Strand E, Skorve J, Nordrehaug JE, Berge RK, Rostrup E, Mellgren G, Dankel SN, Nygård OK. Sex-specific responses in glucose-insulin homeostasis and lipoprotein-lipid components after high-dose supplementation with marine n-3 PUFAs in abdominal obesity: a randomized double-blind crossover study. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1020678. [PMID: 37404855 PMCID: PMC10315503 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1020678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical studies on effects of marine-derived omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and the plant-derived omega-6 (n-6) PUFA linoleic acid (LA) on lipoprotein-lipid components and glucose-insulin homeostasis have shown conflicting results, which may partly be explained by differential responses in females and males. However, we have lacked data on sexual dimorphism in the response of cardiometabolic risk markers following increased consumption of n-3 or n-6 PUFAs. Objective To explore sex-specific responses after n-3 (EPA + DHA) or n-6 (LA) PUFA supplementation on circulating lipoprotein subfractions, standard lipids, apolipoproteins, fatty acids in red blood cell membranes, and markers of glycemic control/insulin sensitivity among people with abdominal obesity. Methods This was a randomized double-blind crossover study with two 7-week intervention periods separated by a 9-week washout phase. Females (n = 16) were supplemented with 3 g/d of EPA + DHA (fish oil) or 15 g/d of LA (safflower oil), while males (n = 23) received a dose of 4 g/d of EPA + DHA or 20 g/d of LA. In fasting blood samples, we measured lipoprotein particle subclasses, standard lipids, apolipoproteins, fatty acid profiles, and markers of glycemic control/insulin sensitivity. Results The between-sex difference in relative change scores was significant after n-3 for total high-density lipoproteins (females/males: -11%*/-3.3%, p = 0.036; *: significant within-sex change), high-density lipoprotein particle size (+2.1%*/-0.1%, p = 0.045), and arachidonic acid (-8.3%*/-12%*, p = 0.012), and after n-6 for total (+37%*/+2.1%, p = 0.041) and small very-low-density lipoproteins (+97%*/+14%, p = 0.021), and lipoprotein (a) (-16%*/+0.1%, p = 0.028). Circulating markers of glucose-insulin homeostasis differed significantly after n-3 for glucose (females/males: -2.1%/+3.9%*, p = 0.029), insulin (-31%*/+16%, p < 0.001), insulin C-peptide (-12%*/+13%*, p = 0.001), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index 2 (-12%*/+14%*, p = 0.001) and insulin sensitivity index 2 (+14%*/-12%*, p = 0.001), and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (+4.9%*/-3.4%*, p < 0.001). Conclusion We found sex-specific responses after high-dose n-3 (but not n-6) supplementation in circulating markers of glycemic control/insulin sensitivity, which improved in females but worsened in males. This may partly be related to the sex differences we observed in several components of the lipoprotein-lipid profile following the n-3 intervention. Clinical trial registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier [NCT02647333].
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Laupsa-Borge
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Elise Grytten
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pavol Bohov
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bodil Bjørndal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Elin Strand
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jon Skorve
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Erik Nordrehaug
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf K. Berge
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Espen Rostrup
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gunnar Mellgren
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Research Center for Diabetes Precision Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Simon N. Dankel
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Research Center for Diabetes Precision Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ottar K. Nygård
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Kraft JD, Blomgran R, Bergström I, Soták M, Clark M, Rani A, Rajan MR, Dalli J, Nyström S, Quiding‐Järbrink M, Bromberg J, Skoog P, Börgeson E. Lipoxins modulate neutrophil oxidative burst, integrin expression and lymphatic transmigration differentially in human health and atherosclerosis. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22173. [PMID: 35104001 PMCID: PMC9305188 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101219rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated chronic inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and may be a result of impaired resolution. Thus, restoring levels of specialized pro‐resolving mediators (SPMs) to promote the resolution of inflammation has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy for patients with atherosclerosis, in addition to standard clinical care. Herein, we evaluated the effects of the SPM lipids, lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and lipoxin B4 (LXB4), on neutrophils isolated from patients with atherosclerosis compared with healthy controls. Patients displayed altered endogenous SPM production, and we demonstrated that lipoxin treatment in whole blood from atherosclerosis patients attenuates neutrophil oxidative burst, a key contributor to atherosclerotic development. We found the opposite effect in neutrophils from healthy controls, indicating a potential mechanism whereby lipoxins aid the endogenous neutrophil function in health but reduce its excessive activation in disease. We also demonstrated that lipoxins attenuated upregulation of the high‐affinity conformation of the CD11b/CD18 integrin, which plays a central role in clot activation and atherosclerosis. Finally, LXB4 enhanced lymphatic transmigration of human neutrophils isolated from patients with atherosclerosis. This finding is noteworthy, as impaired lymphatic function is now recognized as an important contributor to atherosclerosis. Although both lipoxins modulated neutrophil function, LXB4 displayed more potent effects than LXA4 in humans. This study highlights the therapeutic potential of lipoxins in atherosclerotic disease and demonstrates that the effect of these SPMs may be specifically tailored to the need of the individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie D. Kraft
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine Wallenberg Laboratory Institute of Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Robert Blomgran
- Division of Inflammation and Infection Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Linköping University Linköping Sweden
| | - Ida Bergström
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine Linköping University Linköping Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Linköping University Linköping Sweden
| | - Matúš Soták
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine Wallenberg Laboratory Institute of Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Clinical Physiology Region Vaestra Goetaland Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Madison Clark
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine Wallenberg Laboratory Institute of Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Alankrita Rani
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine Wallenberg Laboratory Institute of Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Clinical Physiology Region Vaestra Goetaland Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Meenu Rohini Rajan
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine Wallenberg Laboratory Institute of Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Clinical Physiology Region Vaestra Goetaland Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Jesmond Dalli
- William Harvey Research Institute Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry Queen Mary University of London London UK
- Centre for Inflammation and Therapeutic Innovation Queen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Sofia Nyström
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine Linköping University Linköping Sweden
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Linköping University Linköping Sweden
| | - Marianne Quiding‐Järbrink
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Biomedicine Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Jonathan Bromberg
- Department of Surgery University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore Maryland USA
- Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center University of Maryland Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Per Skoog
- Department of Vascular Surgery and Institute of Medicine Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Academy Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Academy Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Emma Börgeson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine Wallenberg Laboratory Institute of Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Clinical Physiology Region Vaestra Goetaland Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
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Effect of Eicosapentaenoic Acid Supplementation on Murine Preadipocytes 3T3-L1 Cells Activated with Lipopolysaccharide and/or Tumor Necrosis Factor-α. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11090977. [PMID: 34575127 PMCID: PMC8472223 DOI: 10.3390/life11090977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The beneficial effect of n-3 fatty acids can be related to anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of the study was to analyzed the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on 3T3-L1 cells (murine embryonic fibroblasts‒preadipocytes) activated with inflammatory factors (IF). Cells were incubated with 50 µmol of EPA for 48 h, and then activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The level of cycloxygenase-2 (Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2, PTGS2, COX-2), cytosolic prostaglandin synthase E2 (cPGES), fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), glucose receptor type 4 (GLUT-4), and cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) was determined using Western blot analysis. The phospholipase A2 (Pla2g4a), and prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 (Ptgs2) gene expression was analyzed by real-time qPCR. After EPA and IF activation, a significant decrease in the COX-2, cPGES, and TRL4 protein levels was observed. Incubation of cells with EPA and IF resulted in a decrease in Ptgs2 and an increase in the Pla2g4a gene. A significant increase in the CB2 protein was observed in adipocytes co-treated with EPA and IF. The results indicated an anti-inflammatory properties of EPA. Interestingly, the activation of the GLUT4 receptor by EPA suggests an unique role of this FA in the regulation of the adipocyte metabolism and prevention of insulin resistance.
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Turner L, Santosa S. Putting ATM to BED: How Adipose Tissue Macrophages Are Affected by Bariatric Surgery, Exercise, and Dietary Fatty Acids. Adv Nutr 2021; 12:1893-1910. [PMID: 33979430 PMCID: PMC8483961 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing adiposity in obesity, adipose tissue macrophages contribute to adipose tissue malfunction and increased circulating proinflammatory cytokines. The chronic low-grade inflammation that occurs in obesity ultimately gives rise to a state of metainflammation that increases the risk of metabolic disease. To date, only lifestyle and surgical interventions have been shown to be somewhat effective at reversing the negative consequences of obesity and restoring adipose tissue homeostasis. Exercise, dietary interventions, and bariatric surgery result in immunomodulation, and for some individuals their effects are significant with or without weight loss. Robust evidence suggests that these interventions reduce chronic inflammation, in part, by affecting macrophage infiltration and promoting a phenotypic switch from the M1- to M2-like macrophages. The purpose of this review is to discuss the impact of dietary fatty acids, exercise, and bariatric surgery on cellular characteristics affecting adipose tissue macrophage presence and phenotypes in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Turner
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada,Metabolism, Obesity, and Nutrition Lab, PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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6
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Jarc E, Petan T. A twist of FATe: Lipid droplets and inflammatory lipid mediators. Biochimie 2020; 169:69-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Fernández-Galilea M, Félix-Soriano E, Colón-Mesa I, Escoté X, Moreno-Aliaga MJ. Omega-3 fatty acids as regulators of brown/beige adipose tissue: from mechanisms to therapeutic potential. J Physiol Biochem 2019; 76:251-267. [PMID: 31853728 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-019-00720-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue dysfunction represents the hallmark of obesity. Brown/beige adipose tissues play a crucial role in maintaining energy homeostasis through non-shivering thermogenesis. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity has been inversely related to body fatness, suggesting that BAT activation is protective against obesity. BAT plays also a key role in the control of triglyceride clearance, glucose homeostasis, and insulin sensitivity. Therefore, BAT/beige activation has been proposed as a strategy to prevent or ameliorate obesity development and associated commorbidities. In the last few years, a variety of preclinical studies have proposed n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) as novel inducers of BAT activity and white adipose tissue browning. Here, we review the in vitro and in vivo available evidences of the thermogenic properties of n-3 PUFAs, especially focusing on the molecular and cellular physiological mechanisms involved. Finally, we also discuss the challenges and future perspectives to better characterize the therapeutic potential of n-3 PUFAs as browning agents, especially in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fernández-Galilea
- University of Navarra, Centre for Nutrition Research and Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Pamplona, Spain.,IDISNA, Navarra's Health Research Institute, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elisa Félix-Soriano
- University of Navarra, Centre for Nutrition Research and Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Colón-Mesa
- University of Navarra, Centre for Nutrition Research and Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Xavier Escoté
- University of Navarra, Centre for Nutrition Research and Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Pamplona, Spain.,Unitat de Nutrició i Salut, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Eurecat, Reus, Spain
| | - Maria J Moreno-Aliaga
- University of Navarra, Centre for Nutrition Research and Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Pamplona, Spain. .,IDISNA, Navarra's Health Research Institute, Pamplona, Spain. .,CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Centre of Biomedical Research Network, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
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Colson C, Ghandour RA, Dufies O, Rekima S, Loubat A, Munro P, Boyer L, Pisani DF. Diet Supplementation in ω3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Favors an Anti-Inflammatory Basal Environment in Mouse Adipose Tissue. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020438. [PMID: 30791540 PMCID: PMC6412622 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxylipins are metabolized from dietary ω3 and ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and are involved in an inflammatory response. Adipose tissue inflammatory background is a key factor of metabolic disorders and it is accepted that dietary fatty acids, in terms of quality and quantity, modulate oxylipin synthesis in this tissue. Moreover, it has been reported that diet supplementation in ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids resolves some inflammatory situations. Thus, it is crucial to assess the influence of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids on oxylipin synthesis and their impact on adipose tissue inflammation. To this end, mice fed an ω6- or ω3-enriched standard diet (ω6/ω3 ratio of 30 and 3.75, respectively) were analyzed for inflammatory phenotype and adipose tissue oxylipin content. Diet enrichment with an ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acid induced an increase in the oxylipins derived from ω6 linoleic acid, ω3 eicosapentaenoic, and ω3 docosahexaenoic acids in brown and white adipose tissues. Among these, the level of pro-resolving mediator intermediates, as well as anti-inflammatory metabolites, were augmented. Concomitantly, expressions of M2 macrophage markers were increased without affecting inflammatory cytokine contents. In vitro, these metabolites did not activate macrophages but participated in macrophage polarization by inflammatory stimuli. In conclusion, we demonstrated that an ω3-enriched diet, in non-obesogenic non-inflammatory conditions, induced synthesis of oxylipins which were involved in an anti-inflammatory response as well as enhancement of the M2 macrophage molecular signature, without affecting inflammatory cytokine secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Colson
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06107 Nice, France.
| | | | - Océane Dufies
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inserm, C3M, 06107 Nice, France.
| | - Samah Rekima
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06107 Nice, France.
| | - Agnès Loubat
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06107 Nice, France.
| | - Patrick Munro
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inserm, C3M, 06107 Nice, France.
| | - Laurent Boyer
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inserm, C3M, 06107 Nice, France.
| | - Didier F Pisani
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, 06107 Nice, France.
- Didier Pisani, Laboratoire de PhysioMédecine Moléculaire-LP2M, Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, 28 Avenue de Valombrose, 06107 Nice CEDEX 2, France.
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Abstract
The brain is both the orchestrator as well as the target of the innate immune system's response to the aseptic trauma of surgery. When trauma-induced inflammation is not appropriately regulated persistent neuro-inflammation interferes with the synaptic plasticity that underlies the learning and memory aspects of cognition. The complications that ensue, include postoperative delirium (POD) and postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) at two poles of a constellation that is now termed perioperative neurocognitive disorders. While the relationship of acute POD to the more indolent POCD is not completely understood both can be further complicated by earlier-onset of dementia and higher mortality. How and why these disorders occur is the focus of this report. The innate immune system response to peripheral trauma signals to the brain through a regulated cascade of cellular and molecular actors producing a teleological defense mechanism, "sickness behavior," to curtail further injury and initiate repair. Sickness behavior, including disordered cognition, is terminated by neural and humoral pathways that restore homeostasis and launch the organism on a path to good health. With so many "moving parts" the innate immune system is vulnerable in clinical settings that include advanced age and lifestyle-induced diseases such as "unhealthy" obesity and the inevitable insulin resistance. Under these conditions, inflammation may become exaggerated and long-lived. Consideration is provided how to identify the high-risk surgical patient and both pharmacological (including biological compounds) and non-pharmacological strategies to customize care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Saxena
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, UCSF; Department of anesthesia, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Mervyn Maze
- Center for Cerebrovascular Research, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, UCSF.
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Eibl G, Cruz-Monserrate Z, Korc M, Petrov MS, Goodarzi MO, Fisher WE, Habtezion A, Lugea A, Pandol SJ, Hart PA, Andersen DK. Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity as Risk Factors for Pancreatic Cancer. J Acad Nutr Diet 2018; 118:555-567. [PMID: 28919082 PMCID: PMC5845842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is among the deadliest types of cancer. The worldwide estimates of its incidence and mortality in the general population are eight cases per 100,000 person-years and seven deaths per 100,000 person-years, and they are significantly higher in the United States than in the rest of the world. The incidence of this disease in the United States is more than 50,000 new cases in 2017. Indeed, total deaths due to PDAC are projected to increase dramatically to become the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths before 2030. Considering the failure to date to efficiently treat existing PDAC, increased effort should be undertaken to prevent this disease. A better understanding of the risk factors leading to PDAC development is of utmost importance to identify and formulate preventive strategies. Large epidemiologic and cohort studies have identified risk factors for the development of PDAC, including obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. This review highlights the current knowledge of obesity and type 2 diabetes as risk factors for PDAC development and progression, their interplay and underlying mechanisms, and the relation to diet. Research gaps and opportunities to address this deadly disease are also outlined.
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Mendonça AM, Cayer LGJ, Pauls SD, Winter T, Leng S, Taylor CG, Zahradka P, Aukema HM. Distinct effects of dietary ALA, EPA and DHA on rat adipose oxylipins vary by depot location and sex. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 129:13-24. [PMID: 29482766 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dietary EPA and DHA given together alter oxylipins in adipose tissue. To compare the separate effects of individual dietary n-3 PUFA on oxylipins in different adipose depots (gonadal, mesenteric, perirenal, subcutaneous) in males and females, rats were provided diets containing higher levels of α-linolenic acid (ALA), EPA or DHA. Each n-3 PUFA enhanced its respective oxylipins the most, while effects on other n-3 oxylipins varied. For example: in perirenal and subcutaneous depots, more DHA oxylipins were higher with dietary ALA than with EPA; dietary EPA uniquely decreased 14-hydroxy-docosahexaenoic acid, in contrast to increasing many other DHA oxylipins. The n-3 PUFAs also reduced oxylipins from n-6 PUFAs in order of effectiveness: DHA > EPA > ALA. Diet by sex interactions in all depots except the perirenal depot resulted in higher oxylipins in males given DHA, and higher oxylipins in females given the other diets. Diet and sex effects on oxylipins did not necessarily reflect effects on either their tissue phospholipid or neutral lipid PUFA precursors. These varying diet and sex effects on oxylipins in the different adipose sites indicate that they may have distinct effects on adipose function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Mendonça
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Brazil; Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Lucien G J Cayer
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Samantha D Pauls
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Tanja Winter
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Shan Leng
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Carla G Taylor
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada; Canadian Centre for Research in Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Peter Zahradka
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada; Canadian Centre for Research in Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Harold M Aukema
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada; Canadian Centre for Research in Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, Winnipeg, Canada.
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Kuda O, Rossmeisl M, Kopecky J. Omega-3 fatty acids and adipose tissue biology. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 64:147-160. [PMID: 29329795 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review provides evidence for the importance of white and brown adipose tissue (i.e. WAT and BAT) function for the maintenance of healthy metabolic phenotype and its preservation in response to omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFA), namely in the context of diseased states linked to aberrant accumulation of body fat, systemic low-grade inflammation, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance. More specifically, the review deals with (i) the concept of immunometabolism, i.e. how adipose-resident immune cells and adipocytes affect each other and define the immune-metabolic interface; and (ii) the characteristic features of "healthy adipocytes" in WAT, which are relatively small fat cells endowed with a high capacity for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, triacylglycerol/fatty acid (TAG/FA) cycling and de novo lipogenesis (DNL). The intrinsic metabolic features of WAT and their flexible regulations, reflecting the presence of "healthy adipocytes", provide beneficial local and systemic effects, including (i) protection against in situ endoplasmic reticulum stress and related inflammatory response during activation of adipocyte lipolysis; (ii) prevention of ectopic fat accumulation and dyslipidemia caused by increased hepatic VLDL synthesis, as well as prevention of lipotoxic damage of insulin signaling in extra-adipose tissues; and also (iii) increased synthesis of anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing lipid mediators with pro-resolving properties, including the branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), also depending on the activity of DNL in WAT. The "healthy adipocytes" phenotype can be induced in WAT of obese mice in response to various stimuli including dietary omega-3 PUFA, especially when combined with moderate calorie restriction, and possibly also with other life style (e.g. physical activity) or pharmacological (e.g. thiazolidinediones) interventions. While omega-3 PUFA could exert beneficial systemic effects by improving immunometabolism of WAT without a concomitant induction of BAT, it is currently not clear whether the metabolic effects of the combined intervention using omega-3 PUFA and calorie restriction or thiazolidinediones depend also on the activation of BAT function and/or the induction of brite/beige adipocytes in WAT. It remains to be established why omega-3 PUFA intervention in type 2 diabetic subjects does not improve insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis despite inducing various anti-inflammatory mediators in WAT, including the recently discovered docosahexaenoyl esters of hydroxy linoleic acid, the lipokines from the FAHFA family, as well as several endocannabinoid-related anti-inflammatory lipids. To answer the question whether and to which extent omega-3 PUFA supplementation could promote the formation of "healthy adipocytes" in WAT of human subjects, namely in the obese insulin-resistant patients, represents a challenging task that is of great importance for the treatment of some serious non-communicable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Kuda
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska, 1083 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Rossmeisl
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska, 1083 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska, 1083 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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14
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Obrosov A, Coppey LJ, Shevalye H, Yorek MA. Effect of Fish Oil vs. Resolvin D1, E1, Methyl Esters of Resolvins D1 or D2 on Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 8. [PMID: 29423332 PMCID: PMC5800519 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9562.1000453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective Fish oil is enriched in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids primarily eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic fatty acids. Metabolites of these two polyunsaturated fatty acids include the E and D series resolvins. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and resolvins have been reported to have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of menhaden oil, a fish oil derived from the menhaden, resolvins D1 and E1 and the methyl esters of resolvins D1 and D2 on diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Hypothesis being examined was that the methyl esters of resolvins D1 and D2 would be move efficacious than resolvins D1 or E1 due to an extended half-life. Methods A model of type 2 diabetes in C57BL/6J mice was created through a combination of a high fat diet followed 8 weeks later with treatment of low dosage of streptozotocin. After 8 weeks of untreated hyperglycemia type 2 diabetic mice were treated for 8 weeks with menhaden oil in the diet or daily injections of 1 ng/g body weight resolvins D1, E1 or methyl esters of resolvins D1 or D2. Afterwards, multiple neurological endpoints were examined. Results Menhaden oil or resolvins did not improve hyperglycemia. Untreated diabetic mice were thermal hypoalgesic, had mechanical allodynia, reduced motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities and decreased innervation of the cornea and skin. These endpoints were significantly improved with menhaden oil or resolvin treatment. However, the methyl esters of resolvins D1 or D2, contrary to our hypothesis, were generally less potent than menhaden oil or resolvins D1 or E1. Conclusion These studies further support omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from fish oil via in part due to their metabolites could be an effective treatment for diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hanna Shevalye
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - Mark A Yorek
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Iowa City Health Care System, Iowa City, USA.,Veterans Affairs Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, USA.,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
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15
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Laiglesia LM, Lorente-Cebrián S, López-Yoldi M, Lanas R, Sáinz N, Martínez JA, Moreno-Aliaga MJ. Maresin 1 inhibits TNF-alpha-induced lipolysis and autophagy in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2238-2246. [PMID: 28703289 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), which promotes inflammation in adipose tissue. The omega-3 PUFAs, and their derived lipid mediators, such as Maresin 1 (MaR1) have anti-inflammatory effects on adipose tissue. This study aimed to analyze if MaR1 may counteract alterations induced by TNF-α on lipolysis and autophagy in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Our data revealed that MaR1 (1-100 nM) inhibited the TNF-α-induced glycerol release after 48 hr, which may be related to MaR1 ability of preventing the decrease in lipid droplet-coating protein perilipin and G0/G1 Switch 2 protein expression. MaR1 also reversed the decrease in total hormone sensitive lipase (total HSL), and the ratio of phosphoHSL at Ser-565/total HSL, while preventing the increased ratio of phosphoHSL at Ser-660/total HSL and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 induced by TNF-α. Moreover, MaR1 counteracted the cytokine-induced decrease of p62 protein, a key autophagy indicator, and also prevented the induction of LC3II/LC3I, an important autophagosome formation marker. Current data suggest that MaR1 may ameliorate TNF-α-induced alterations on lipolysis and autophagy in adipocytes. This may also contribute to the beneficial actions of MaR1 on adipose tissue and insulin sensitivity in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Laiglesia
- Department Nutrition Food Science Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Silvia Lorente-Cebrián
- Department Nutrition Food Science Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miguel López-Yoldi
- Department Nutrition Food Science Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Raquel Lanas
- Department Nutrition Food Science Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Neira Sáinz
- Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose Alfredo Martínez
- Department Nutrition Food Science Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERobn, Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J Moreno-Aliaga
- Department Nutrition Food Science Physiology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Centre for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERobn, Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
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Lee JY, Sim TB, Lee JE, Na HK. Chemopreventive and Chemotherapeutic Effects of Fish Oil derived Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Colon Carcinogenesis. Clin Nutr Res 2017; 6:147-160. [PMID: 28770178 PMCID: PMC5539209 DOI: 10.7762/cnr.2017.6.3.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cause of cancer related death in the world. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that there is an association between consumption of dietary fat and colon cancer risk. Not only the amount but also the type and the ratio of fatty acids comprising dietary fats consumed have been implicated in the etiology and pathogenesis of colon cancer. Omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), have been known to inhibit development of colon cancer by downregulating the expression of genes involved in colon carcinogenesis and also by altering the membrane lipid composition. Data from laboratory, epidemiological, and clinical studies substantiate the beneficial role of n-3 PUFAs in preventing colitis and subsequent development of colon cancer. In addition, recent studies suggest that some n-3 PUFAs can be effective as an adjuvant with chemotherapeutic agents and other natural anticancer compounds in the management of colon cancer. In this review, we discuss chemopreventive and therapeutic effects of fish oil derived long chain n-3 PUFAs, particularly EPA and DHA, with focus on synergetic effects of which they exert when combined with chemotherapeutic agents and other natural compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Young Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Health and Wellness, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul 01133, Korea
| | - Tae-Bu Sim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Health and Wellness, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul 01133, Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Health and Wellness, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul 01133, Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Na
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Health and Wellness, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul 01133, Korea.,Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Knowledge-Based Services Engineering, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul 01133, Korea
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Barquissau V, Ghandour RA, Ailhaud G, Klingenspor M, Langin D, Amri EZ, Pisani DF. Control of adipogenesis by oxylipins, GPCRs and PPARs. Biochimie 2016; 136:3-11. [PMID: 28034718 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Oxylipins are bioactive metabolites derived from the oxygenation of ω3 and ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, triggered essentially by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase activities. Oxylipins are involved in the development and function of adipose tissue and their productions are strictly related to diet quality and quantity. Oxylipins signal via cell surface membrane (G Protein-coupled receptors) and nuclear receptors (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors), two pathways playing a pivotal role in adipocyte biology. In this review, we made an attempt to cover the available knowledge about synthesis and molecular function of oxylipins known to modulate adipogenesis, adipocyte function and phenotype conversion, with a focus on their interaction with peroxisome proliferator-activated nuclear receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Barquissau
- Inserm, UMR1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, 31432, France; University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, 31432, France
| | | | | | - Martin Klingenspor
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius Center, 85350, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Dominique Langin
- Inserm, UMR1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, 31432, France; University of Toulouse, UMR1048, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, 31432, France; Toulouse University Hospitals, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Toulouse, 31059, France
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Abbott KA, Burrows TL, Thota RN, Acharya S, Garg ML. Do ω-3 PUFAs affect insulin resistance in a sex-specific manner? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 104:1470-1484. [PMID: 27680989 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.138172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence has suggested that omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) improve obesity-induced insulin resistance (IR); however, results from human intervention trials have been equivocal. Recently it has been reported that n-3 PUFA status is inversely associated with type 2 diabetes in women but not in men, suggesting a sex-dependent effect. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine whether n-3 PUFA interventions affect IR in a sex-dependent manner. DESIGN Five databases were searched (Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, and Pre-Medline) for randomized controlled trials. Searches were limited to the English language and to studies with adults aged >18 y. When possible, studies were pooled for a meta-analysis. The principle summary measure was the standardized mean difference (SMD) between groups. RESULTS Thirty-one eligible trials were identified with a total of 1848 participants [men: 45.1%; weighted mean ± SD age: 52.5 ± 8.2 y; weighted body mass index (in kg/m2): 28.8 ± 3.0]. Seven studies were conducted in women, 4 studies were conducted in men, and the remaining studies pooled men and women together. Twenty-six trials were pooled for the meta-analysis (men: n = 2; women: n = 6). With all studies (n = 26) pooled, there was no effect of n-3 PUFA on IR at the group level (SMD: 0.089; 95% CI: -0.105, 0.283; P = 0.367). In trials of ≥6 wk, a significant improvement in IR was seen in women (SMD: -0.266; 95% CI: -0.524, -0.007; P = 0.045) but not in men (SMD: 0.619; 95% CI: -0.583, 1.820; P = 0.313). CONCLUSIONS With this analysis, we provide preliminary evidence of a sex-dependent response of IR to an n-3 PUFA intervention. Additional studies are needed to confirm sex-dependent associations and to elucidate the potential mechanisms that are involved. This trial was registered at www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/ as CRD42015017940.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tracy L Burrows
- Health Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia; and
| | | | - Shamasunder Acharya
- Department of Endocrinology, John Hunter Hospital, Hunter New England Local Health District, Newcastle, Australia
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Fish Oil and Microalga Omega-3 as Dietary Supplements: A Comparative Study on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in High-Fat Fed Rats. Lipids 2016; 51:1037-49. [PMID: 27503614 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4177-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Dietary supplementation with marine omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) can have beneficial effects on a number of risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). We compared the effects of two n-3 PUFA rich food supplements (freeze-dried Odontella aurita and fish oil) on risk factors for CVD. Male rats were randomly divided into four groups of six animals each and fed with the following diets: control group (C) received a standard diet containing 7 % lipids; second group (HF high fat) was fed with a high-fat diet containing 40 % lipids; third group (HFFO high fat+fish oil) was fed with the high-fat diet supplemented with 0.5 % fish oil; and fourth group (HFOA high fat+O. aurita) received the high-fat diet supplemented with 12 % of freeze-dried O. aurita. After 8 weeks rats fed with the high-fat diet supplemented with O. aurita displayed a significantly lower bodyweight than those in the other groups. Both the microalga and the fish oil significantly reduced insulinemia and serum lipid levels. O. aurita was more effective than the fish oil in reducing hepatic triacyglycerol levels and in preventing high-fat diet-induced steatosis. O. aurita and fish oil also reduced platelet aggregation and oxidative status induced by high fat intake. After an OA supplementation, the adipocytes in the HFOA group were smaller than those in the HF group. Freeze-dried O. aurita showed similar or even greater biological effects than the fish oil. This could be explained by a potential effect of the n-3 PUFA but also other bioactive compounds of the microalgae.
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20
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Impact of anti-inflammatory nutrients on obesity-associated metabolic-inflammation from childhood through to adulthood. Proc Nutr Soc 2016; 75:115-24. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665116000070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-related metabolic conditions such as insulin resistance (IR), type 2 diabetes and CVD share a number of pathological features, one of which is metabolic-inflammation. Metabolic-inflammation results from the infiltration of immune cells into the adipose tissue, driving a pro-inflammatory environment, which can induce IR. Furthermore, resolution of inflammation, an active process wherein the immune system counteracts pro-inflammatory states, may be dysregulated in obesity. Anti-inflammatory nutritional interventions have focused on attenuating this pro-inflammatory environment. Furthermore, with inherent variability among individuals, establishing at-risk populations who respond favourably to nutritional intervention strategies is important. This review will focus on chronic low-grade metabolic-inflammation, resolution of inflammation and the putative role anti-inflammatory nutrients have as a potential therapy. Finally, in the context of personalised nutrition, the approaches used in defining individuals who respond favourably to nutritional interventions will be highlighted. With increasing prevalence of obesity in younger people, age-dependent biological processes, preventative strategies and therapeutic options are important to help protect against development of obesity-associated co-morbidities.
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22
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Martínez-Fernández L, Laiglesia LM, Huerta AE, Martínez JA, Moreno-Aliaga MJ. Omega-3 fatty acids and adipose tissue function in obesity and metabolic syndrome. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2015. [PMID: 26219838 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) such as eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) have been reported to improve obesity-associated metabolic disorders including chronic inflammation, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia. Growing evidence exits about adipose tissue as a target in mediating the beneficial effects of these marine n-3 PUFAs in adverse metabolic syndrome manifestations. Therefore, in this manuscript we focus in reviewing the current knowledge about effects of marine n-3 PUFAs on adipose tissue metabolism and secretory functions. This scope includes n-3 PUFAs actions on adipogenesis, lipogenesis and lipolysis as well as on fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial biogenesis. The effects of n-3 PUFAs on adipose tissue glucose uptake and insulin signaling are also summarized. Moreover, the roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and AMPK activation in mediating n-3 PUFAs actions on adipose tissue functions are discussed. Finally, the mechanisms underlying the ability of n-3 PUFAs to prevent and/or ameliorate adipose tissue inflammation are also revised, focusing on the role of n-3 PUFAs-derived specialized proresolving lipid mediators such as resolvins, protectins and maresins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyre Martínez-Fernández
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Spain; Centre for Nutrition Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Spain
| | - Laura M Laiglesia
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Spain; Centre for Nutrition Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Spain
| | - Ana E Huerta
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Spain; Centre for Nutrition Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Spain
| | - J Alfredo Martínez
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Spain; Centre for Nutrition Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María J Moreno-Aliaga
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Spain; Centre for Nutrition Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.
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23
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Crean D, Godson C. Specialised lipid mediators and their targets. Semin Immunol 2015; 27:169-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Shevalye H, Yorek MS, Coppey LJ, Holmes A, Harper MM, Kardon RH, Yorek MA. Effect of enriching the diet with menhaden oil or daily treatment with resolvin D1 on neuropathy in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:199-208. [PMID: 25925322 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00224.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of supplementing the diet of a mouse model of type 2 diabetes with menhaden (fish) oil or daily treatment with resolvin D1 on diabetic neuropathy. The end points evaluated included motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity, thermal sensitivity, innervation of sensory nerves in the cornea and skin, and the retinal ganglion cell complex thickness. Menhaden oil is a natural source for n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which have been shown to have beneficial effects in other diseases. Resolvin D1 is a metabolite of docosahexaenoic acid and is known to have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties. To model type 2 diabetes, mice were fed a high-fat diet for 8 wk followed by a low dosage of streptozotocin. After 8 wk of hyperglycemia, mice in experimental groups were treated for 6 wk with menhaden oil in the diet or daily injections of 1 ng/g body wt resolvin D1. Our findings show that menhaden oil or resolvin D1 did not improve elevated blood glucose, HbA1C, or glucose utilization. Untreated diabetic mice were thermal hypoalgesic, had reduced motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities, had decreased innervation of the cornea and skin, and had thinner retinal ganglion cell complex. These end points were significantly improved with menhaden oil or resolvin D1 treatment. Exogenously, resolvin D1 stimulated neurite outgrowth from primary cultures of dorsal root ganglion neurons from normal mice. These studies suggest that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from fish oil could be an effective treatment for diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Shevalye
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Matthew S Yorek
- Department of Veterans Affairs Iowa City Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa; Veterans Affairs Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa; and
| | - Lawrence J Coppey
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Amey Holmes
- Department of Veterans Affairs Iowa City Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Matthew M Harper
- Department of Veterans Affairs Iowa City Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Veterans Affairs Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa; and
| | - Randy H Kardon
- Department of Veterans Affairs Iowa City Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Veterans Affairs Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa; and
| | - Mark A Yorek
- Department of Veterans Affairs Iowa City Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Veterans Affairs Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City, Iowa; and Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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Loftus JP, Wakshlag JJ. Canine and feline obesity: a review of pathophysiology, epidemiology, and clinical management. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2014; 6:49-60. [PMID: 30101096 PMCID: PMC6067794 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s40868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Canine and feline obesity rates have reached pandemic proportions and are similar to those in humans, with approximately 30%-40% of dogs and cats being overweight to obese. Obesity has been associated with other health problems, including osteoarthritis, renal disease, skin disease, insulin resistance, and neoplasia in dogs, while in cats obesity is associated with dermatological issues, diabetes mellitus, neoplasia, and urolithiasis. The health issues appear to be slightly different across the two species, which may be due to some inherent differences in the hormonal milieu involved in obesity that differs between the dog and the cat. In this review, we discuss the complicated nature of the pathogenesis of obesity, the hormonal stimulus for orexigenic and anorexigenic behavior, adipose tissue as an endocrine organ, and most importantly, clinical management of the number one disease in canine and feline medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Loftus
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center, Ithaca, NY, USA,
| | - Joseph J Wakshlag
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Center, Ithaca, NY, USA,
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26
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Masoodi M, Kuda O, Rossmeisl M, Flachs P, Kopecky J. Lipid signaling in adipose tissue: Connecting inflammation & metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:503-18. [PMID: 25311170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity-associated low-grade inflammation of white adipose tissue (WAT) contributes to development of insulin resistance and other disorders. Accumulation of immune cells, especially macrophages, and macrophage polarization from M2 to M1 state, affect intrinsic WAT signaling, namely anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory cytokines, fatty acids (FA), and lipid mediators derived from both n-6 and n-3 long-chain PUFA such as (i) arachidonic acid (AA)-derived eicosanoids and endocannabinoids, and (ii) specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators including resolvins derived from both eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), lipoxins (AA metabolites), protectins and maresins (DHA metabolites). In this respect, potential differences in modulating adipocyte metabolism by various lipid mediators formed by inflammatory M1 macrophages typical of obese state, and non-inflammatory M2 macrophages typical of lean state remain to be established. Studies in mice suggest that (i) transient accumulation of M2 macrophages could be essential for the control of tissue FA levels during activation of lipolysis, (ii) currently unidentified M2 macrophage-borne signaling molecule(s) could inhibit lipolysis and re-esterification of lipolyzed FA back to triacylglycerols (TAG/FA cycle), and (iii) the egress of M2 macrophages from rebuilt WAT and removal of the negative feedback regulation could allow for a full unmasking of metabolic activities of adipocytes. Thus, M2 macrophages could support remodeling of WAT to a tissue containing metabolically flexible adipocytes endowed with a high capacity of both TAG/FA cycling and oxidative phosphorylation. This situation could be exemplified by a combined intervention using mild calorie restriction and dietary supplementation with EPA/DHA, which enhances the formation of "healthy" adipocytes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Oxygenated metabolism of PUFA: analysis and biological relevance."
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Masoodi
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences SA, EPFL Innovation Park, bâtiment H, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Rossmeisl
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Flachs
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Department of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic.
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Unraveling the complex relationship triad between lipids, obesity, and inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:502749. [PMID: 25258478 PMCID: PMC4166426 DOI: 10.1155/2014/502749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity today stands at the intersection between inflammation and metabolic disorders causing an aberration of immune activity, and resulting in increased risk for diabetes, atherosclerosis, fatty liver, and pulmonary inflammation to name a few. Increases in mortality and morbidity in obesity related inflammation have initiated studies to explore different lipid mediated molecular pathways of attempting resolution that uncover newer therapeutic opportunities of anti-inflammatory components. Majorly the thromboxanes, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, lipoxins, and so forth form the group of lipid mediators influencing inflammation. Of special mention are the omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids that regulate inflammatory mediators of interest in hepatocytes and adipocytes via the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. They also exhibit profound effects on eicosanoid production. The inflammatory cyclooxygenase pathway arising from arachidonic acid is a critical step in the progression of inflammatory responses. New oxygenated products of omega-3 metabolism, namely, resolvins and protectins, behave as endogenous mediators exhibiting powerful anti-inflammatory and immune-regulatory actions via the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). In this review we attempt to discuss the complex pathways and links between obesity and inflammation particularly in relation to different lipid mediators.
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