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Shi Y, Lai D, Liu D, Du L, Li Y, Fu X, Deng P, Tang L, He S, Liu X, Li Y, Liu Q. Morphological and molecular characteristics of a Trypanosoma sp. from triatomines (Triatoma rubrofasciata) in China. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:214. [PMID: 38730303 PMCID: PMC11088070 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06274-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triatomines (kissing bugs) are natural vectors of trypanosomes, which are single-celled parasitic protozoans, such as Trypanosoma cruzi, T. conorhini and T. rangeli. The understanding of the transmission cycle of T. conorhini and Triatoma rubrofasciata in China is not fully known. METHODS The parasites in the faeces and intestinal contents of the Tr. rubrofasciata were collected, and morphology indices were measured under a microscope to determine the species. DNA was extracted from the samples, and fragments of 18S rRNA, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and glycosomal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gGAPDH) were amplified and sequenced. The obtained sequences were then identified using the BLAST search engine, followed by several phylogenetic analyses. Finally, laboratory infections were conducted to test whether Tr. rubrofasciata transmit the parasite to rats (or mice) through bites. Moreover, 135 Tr. rubrofasciata samples were collected from the Guangxi region and were used in assays to investigate the prevalence of trypanosome infection. RESULTS Trypanosoma sp. were found in the faeces and intestinal contents of Tr. rubrofasciata, which were collected in the Guangxi region of southern China and mostly exhibited characteristics typical of epimastigotes, such as the presence of a nucleus, a free flagellum and a kinetoplast. The body length ranged from 6.3 to 33.9 µm, the flagellum length ranged from 8.7 to 29.8 µm, the nucleus index was 0.6 and the kinetoplast length was -4.6. BLAST analysis revealed that the 18S rRNA, HSP70 and gGAPDH sequences of Trypanosoma sp. exhibited the highest degree of similarity with those of T. conorhini (99.7%, 99.0% and 99.0%, respectively) and formed a well-supported clade close to T. conorhini and T. vespertilionis but were distinct from those of T. rangeli and T. cruzi. Laboratory experiments revealed that both rats and mice developed low parasitaemia after inoculation with Trypanosoma sp. and laboratory-fed Tr. rubrofasciata became infected after feeding on trypanosome-positive rats and mice. However, the infected Tr. rubrofasciata did not transmit Trypanosoma sp. to their offspring. Moreover, our investigation revealed a high prevalence of Trypanosoma sp. infection in Tr. rubrofasciata, with up to 36.3% of specimens tested in the field being infected. CONCLUSIONS Our study is the first to provide a solid record of T. conorhini from Tr. rubrofasciata in China with morphological and molecular evidence. This Chinese T. conorhini is unlikely to have spread through transovarial transmission in Tr. rubrofasciata, but instead, it is more likely that the parasite is transmitted between Tr. rubrofasciata and mice (or rats). However, there was a high prevalence of T. conorhini in the Tr. rubrofasciata from our collection sites and numerous human cases of Tr. rubrofasciata bites were recorded. Moreover, whether these T. conorhini strains are pathogenic to humans has not been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunliang Shi
- Parasitology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Regional Diseases (Guangxi Medical University), Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - DeHua Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Dengyu Liu
- Parasitology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyan Du
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Economic Animals, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases; Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyin Fu
- Parasitology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Peichao Deng
- Parasitology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Tang
- Parasitology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan He
- Parasitology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoquan Liu
- Parasitology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanwen Li
- Parasitology Department, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Regional Diseases (Guangxi Medical University), Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qin Liu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases; Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
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Pardinilla LM, Aljaberi S, Procter M, Hamdan L, Pasha SK, Al Aiyan A, Qablan MA. The prevalence of selected vector-borne diseases in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) in the United Arab Emirates. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 50:101006. [PMID: 38644035 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.101006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) affecting dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) have considerable importance in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) because of the consequences associated with production decline and economic losses. Our study aimed to determine the prevalence of selected VBDs in camels in the UAE and identify risk factors. This research is currently affected by the low number of epidemiological molecular surveys addressing this issue. Blood samples were obtained from 425 dromedary camels from different locations across the UAE. Whole genomic DNA was isolated, and PCR screening was done to detect piroplasmids (Babesia/Theileria spp.), Trypanosoma spp., and Anaplasmataceae spp. (Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Neorickettsia and Wolbachia spp.). Amplicons were sequenced, and phylogenetic trees were constructed. Trypanosoma sequences were identified as T. brucei evansi, whereas Anaplasmataceae sequences were identified as A. platys-like. All camels were negative for Babesia/Theileria spp. (0%); however, 18 camels were positive for T. b. evansi (4%) and 52 were positive for A. platys-like (12%). Mixed infection with T. b. evansi and A. platys-like was found in one camel. Statistical analyses revealed that camels with a brown coat colour were significantly more prone to acquire the A. platys-like strain compared with those having a clearer coat. A similar finding was observed when comparing urban moving camels with desert indoor and urban indoor camels. Continuous disease surveillance is required to ensure and maintain the good health status of the camels in the UAE. Nonetheless, the risk of disease outbreak remains if the misuse of drugs continues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia-M Pardinilla
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; ASPIRE Research Institute for Food Security in the Drylands (ARIFSID), United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saeed Aljaberi
- Veterinary Services Section, Public Health Services Department, Dubai Municipality, P.O. Box 67, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Miranda Procter
- Biology Department, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Layaly Hamdan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Syed Kamaal Pasha
- Emirates Camel Center, P.O. Box 7660, Umm Al Quwain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmad Al Aiyan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Moneeb A Qablan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; ASPIRE Research Institute for Food Security in the Drylands (ARIFSID), United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Votýpka J, Zeman Š, Stříbrná E, Pajer P, Bartoš O, Kment P, Lukeš J, Lukeš J. Multiple and frequent trypanosomatid co-infections of insects: the Cuban case study. Parasitology 2024; 151:567-578. [PMID: 38616408 PMCID: PMC11428007 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182024000453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Trypanosomatids are obligate parasites of animals, predominantly insects and vertebrates, and flowering plants. Monoxenous species, representing the vast majority of trypanosomatid diversity, develop in a single host, whereas dixenous species cycle between two hosts, of which primarily insect serves as a vector. To explore in-depth the diversity of insect trypanosomatids including their co-infections, sequence profiling of their 18S rRNA gene was used for true bugs (Hemiptera; 18% infection rate) and flies (Diptera; 10%) in Cuba. Out of 48 species (molecular operational taxonomic units) belonging to the genera Vickermania (16 spp.), Blastocrithidia (7), Obscuromonas (4), Phytomonas (5), Leptomonas/Crithidia (5), Herpetomonas (5), Wallacemonas (2), Kentomonas (1), Angomonas (1) and two unnamed genera (1 + 1), 38 species have been encountered for the first time. The detected Wallacemonas and Angomonas species constitute the most basal lineages of their respective genera, while Vickermania emerged as the most diverse group. The finding of Leptomonas seymouri, which is known to rarely infect humans, confirms that Dysdercus bugs are its natural hosts. A clear association of Phytomonas with the heteropteran family Pentatomidae hints at its narrow host association with the insect rather than plant hosts. With a focus on multiple infections of a single fly host, using deep Nanopore sequencing of 18S rRNA, we have identified co-infections with up to 8 trypanosomatid species. The fly midgut was usually occupied by several Vickermania species, while Herpetomonas and/or Kentomonas species prevailed in the hindgut. Metabarcoding was instrumental for analysing extensive co-infections and also allowed the identification of trypanosomatid lineages and genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Votýpka
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czechia
| | - Šimon Zeman
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Eva Stříbrná
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czechia
| | - Petr Pajer
- Military Health Institute, Military Medical Agency, Prague, Czechia
| | - Oldřich Bartoš
- Military Health Institute, Military Medical Agency, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petr Kment
- Department of Entomology, National Museum, Prague, Czechia
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Department of Ophthalmology, Thomayer University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czechia
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czechia
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Juárez-Gabriel J, Alegría-Sánchez D, Yáñez-Aguirre D, Grostieta E, Álvarez-Castillo L, Torres-Castro M, Aréchiga-Ceballos N, Moo-Llanes DA, Alves FM, Pérez-Brígido CD, Aguilar-Tipacamú G, López González CA, Becker I, Pech-Canché JM, Colunga-Salas P, Sánchez-Montes S. Unraveling the diversity of Trypanosoma species from Central Mexico: Molecular confirmation on the presence of Trypanosoma dionisii and novel Neobat linages. Acta Trop 2024; 251:107113. [PMID: 38157924 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Bats are one of the groups of mammals with the highest number of associated Trypanosoma taxa. There are 50 Trypanosoma species and genotypes infecting more than 75 species of bats across five continents. However, in Mexico, the inventory of species of the genus Trypanosoma associated with bats is limited to only two species (Trypanosoma vespertilionis and Trypanosoma cruzi) even though 140 species of bats inhabit this country. Specifically, 91 bat species have been recorded in the state of Veracruz, but records of trypanosomatids associated with this mammalian group are absent. Due to the complex Trypanosoma-bat relationship, the high diversity of bat species in Veracruz, as well as the lack of records of trypanosomatids associated with bats for this state, the aim of this work was to analyze the diversity of species of the genus Trypanosoma and their presence from a bat community in the central area of the state of Veracruz, Mexico. During the period of January to August 2022 in the Tequecholapa Environmental Management Unit where bats were collected using mist nets and blood samples were obtained from their thumbs. We extracted genetic material and amplified a fragment of 800 bp of the 18S ribosomal gene of the genus Trypanosoma by conventional PCR. The positive amplicons were sequenced, and phylogenetic reconstruction was performed to identify the parasite species. A total of 285 bats (149♀, 136♂) belonging to 13 species from 10 genera and a single family (Phyllostomidae) were collected. Twenty-three specimens from six species tested positive for the presence of Trypanosoma dionisii, Trypanosoma sp. Neobat 4, and a potential novelty species provisionally named as Trypanosoma sp. Neobat 6. The results of the present work increase the number of species of the genus Trypanosoma infecting bats in Mexico and in the Neotropical region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Juárez-Gabriel
- Maestría en Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias región Tuxpan, Universidad Veracruzana, Tuxpan de Rodriguez Cano, Veracruz, México; Centro de Medicina Tropical, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México
| | - Daniela Alegría-Sánchez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias región Peñuela, Universidad Veracruzana, Amatlán de los Reyes, Veracruz, México
| | - Damaris Yáñez-Aguirre
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias región Peñuela, Universidad Veracruzana, Amatlán de los Reyes, Veracruz, México
| | - Estefania Grostieta
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México
| | - Lucía Álvarez-Castillo
- Posgrado en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, C.P. 04510, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Marco Torres-Castro
- Laboratorio de Zoonosis y Otras Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vector, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Nidia Aréchiga-Ceballos
- Dirección de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos Dr. Manuel Martínez Báez, Mexico City, México
| | - David A Moo-Llanes
- Grupo de Arbovirosis y Zoonosis, Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Tapachula, Chiapas, México
| | - Fernanda Moreira Alves
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos D Pérez-Brígido
- Hospital Veterinario, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, región Tuxpan, Universidad Veracruzana, Tuxpan de Rodríguez Cano, Veracruz, México
| | - Gabriela Aguilar-Tipacamú
- CA. Ecología y Diversidad Faunística, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | - Carlos A López González
- CA. Ecología y Diversidad Faunística, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México
| | - Juan M Pech-Canché
- Laboratorio de Vertebrados Terrestres, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias región Tuxpan, Universidad Veracruzana, Tuxpan de Rodríguez Cano, Veracruz, México.
| | - Pablo Colunga-Salas
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México; Instituto de Biotecnología y Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa de Enríquez, Veracruz, México.
| | - Sokani Sánchez-Montes
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, División de Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, México; Laboratorio de Diagnóstico, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias región Tuxpan, Universidad Veracruzana, Tuxpan de Rodríguez Cano, Veracruz, México.
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Tannières M, Breugnot D, Bon MC, Grodowitz MJ. Cultivation of monoxenous trypanosomatids: A minireview. J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 203:108047. [PMID: 38142929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.108047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosomatids are obligatory parasites, some of which are responsible for important human and animal diseases, but the vast majority of trypanosomatids are restricted to invertebrate hosts. Isolation and in vitro cultivation of trypanosomatids from insect hosts enable their description, characterization, and subsequently genetic and genomic studies. However, exact nutritional requirements are still unknown for most trypanosomatids and thus very few defined media are available. This mini review provides information about the role of different ingredients, recommendations and advice on essential supplements and important physicochemical parameters of culture media with the aim of facilitating first attempts to cultivate insect-infesting trypanosomatids, with a focus on monoxenous trypanosomatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tannières
- USDA-ARS European Biological Control Laboratory, 810 avenue du campus Agropolis, 34980 Montferrier sur Lez, France.
| | - D Breugnot
- USDA-ARS European Biological Control Laboratory, 810 avenue du campus Agropolis, 34980 Montferrier sur Lez, France
| | - M C Bon
- USDA-ARS European Biological Control Laboratory, 810 avenue du campus Agropolis, 34980 Montferrier sur Lez, France
| | - M J Grodowitz
- USDA-ARS European Biological Control Laboratory, 810 avenue du campus Agropolis, 34980 Montferrier sur Lez, France; USDA-ARS National Biological Control Laboratory, 59 Lee Road, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA
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Pessanha TS, Herrera HM, Jansen AM, Iñiguez AM. "Mi Casa, Tu Casa": the coati nest as a hub of Trypanosoma cruzi transmission in the southern Pantanal biome revealed by molecular blood meal source identification in triatomines. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:26. [PMID: 36691054 PMCID: PMC9872340 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05616-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study of the ecology of Trypanosoma cruzi is challenging due to its extreme adaptive plasticity, resulting in the parasitism of hundreds of mammal species and dozens of triatomine species. The genetic analysis of blood meal sources (BMS) from the triatomine vector is an accurate and practical approach for gathering information on which wild mammal species participate in a local transmission network. South American coatis, Nasua nasua, act as important reservoir host species of T. cruzi in the Pantanal biome because of their high rate of infection and elevated parasitemia, with the main discrete typing unit (DTU) lineages (TcI and TcII). Moreover, the carnivore coati is the only mammal species to build high arboreal nests for breeding and resting that can be shared by various vertebrate and invertebrate species. Herein, we applied the sensitive and specific methodology of DNA barcoding and molecular cloning to study triatomines found in a coati nest to access the diversity of mammal species that explore this structure, and therefore, may be involved in the parasite transmission network. METHODS Twenty-three Triatoma sordida were collected in one coati's nest in the subregion of Nhecolândia, Pantanal. The DNA isolated from the gut of insects was subjected to BMS detection by PCR using universal primers that flank variable regions of the cytochrome b (cytb) and 12S rDNA mitochondrial genes from vertebrates. The Trypanosoma spp. diagnosis and DTU genotyping were based on an 18S rDNA molecular marker and also using new cytb gene primers designed in this study. Phylogenetic analyses and chord diagrams were constructed to visualize BMS haplotypes, DTU lineages detected on vectors, and their interconnections. RESULTS Twenty of 23 triatomines analyzed were PCR-positive (86.95%) showing lineages T. cruzi DTU TcI (n = 2), TcII (n = 6), and a predominance of TcI/TcII (n = 12) mixed infection. Intra-DTU diversity was observed mainly from different TcI haplotypes. Genetic analyses revealed that the southern anteater, Tamandua tetradactyla, was the unique species detected as the BMS of triatomines collected from the coati's nest. At least three different individuals of T. tetradactyla served as BMS of 21/23 bugs studied, as indicated by the cytb and 12S rDNA haplotypes identified. CONCLUSIONS The identification of multiple BMS, and importantly, different individuals of the same species, was achieved by the methodology applied. The study demonstrated that the southern anteaters can occupy the South American coati's nest, serving as the BMS of T. sordida specimens. Since anteaters have an individualist nonsocial behavior, the three individuals detected as BMS stayed at the coati's nest at different times, which added a temporal character to BMS detection. The TcI and TcII infection, and significantly, a predominance of TcI/TcII mixed infection profile with different TcI and TcII haplotypes was observed, due to the discriminatory capacity of the methodology applied. Tamandua tetradactyla, a host which has been little studied, may have an important role in the T. cruzi transmission in that Pantanal subregion. The data from the present study indicate the sharing of coatis' nests by other mammal species, expanding the possibilities for T. cruzi transmission in the canopy strata. We propose that coatis' nests can act as the true hubs of the T. cruzi transmission web in Pantanal, instead of the coatis themselves, as previously suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaíla Santos Pessanha
- grid.418068.30000 0001 0723 0931Laboratório de Biologia em Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Brasil
| | - Heitor Miraglia Herrera
- grid.442132.20000 0001 2111 5825Laboratório de Biologia Parasitária, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso Do Sul Brasil
| | - Ana Maria Jansen
- grid.418068.30000 0001 0723 0931Laboratório de Biologia em Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Brasil
| | - Alena Mayo Iñiguez
- grid.418068.30000 0001 0723 0931Laboratório de Biologia em Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Brasil
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Alves FM, Lisboa CV, Dario MA, Novaes RLM, Tiepolo LM, Moratelli R, Jansen AM. Old Methods, New Insights: Reviewing Concepts on the Ecology of Trypanosomatids and Bodo sp. by Improving Conventional Diagnostic Tools. Pathogens 2023; 12:71. [PMID: 36678419 PMCID: PMC9864408 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mixed infections by different Trypanosoma species or genotypes are a common and puzzling phenomenon. Therefore, it is critical to refine the diagnostic techniques and to understand to what extent these methods detect trypanosomes. We aimed to develop an accessible strategy to enhance the sensitivity of the hemoculture, as well as to understand the limitations of the hemoculture and the blood clot as a source of parasitic DNA. We investigated trypanosomatid infections in 472 bats by molecular characterization (18S rDNA gene) of the DNA obtained from the blood clot and, innovatively, from three hemoculture sample types: the amplified flagellates ("isolate"), the pellet of the culture harvested in its very initial growth stage ("first aliquot"), and the pellet of non-grown cultures with failure of amplification ("sediment"). We compared (a) the characterization of the flagellates obtained by first aliquots and isolates; and (b) the performance of the hemoculture and blood clot for trypanosomatid detection. We observed: (i) a putative new species of Bodo in Artibeus lituratus; (ii) the potential of Trypanosoma cruzi selection in the hemoculture; (iii) that the first aliquots and sediments overcome the selective pressure of the hemoculture; and (iv) that the blood clot technique performs better than the hemoculture. However, combining these methods enhances the detection of single and mixed infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Moreira Alves
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Varella Lisboa
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Augusta Dario
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | | | - Liliani Marilia Tiepolo
- Laboratory for Analysis and Monitoring of the Atlantic Forest, Coastal Campus, Federal University of Paraná, Matinhos 83260-000, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Moratelli
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Fiocruz Atlantic Forest, Rio de Janeiro 22713-375, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Jansen
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
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San Francisco J, Astudillo C, Vega JL, Catalán A, Gutiérrez B, Araya JE, Zailberger A, Marina A, García C, Sanchez N, Osuna A, Vilchez S, Ramírez MI, Macedo J, Feijoli VS, Palmisano G, González J. Trypanosoma cruzi pathogenicity involves virulence factor expression and upregulation of bioenergetic and biosynthetic pathways. Virulence 2022; 13:1827-1848. [PMID: 36284085 PMCID: PMC9601562 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2132776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular repertoire of Trypanosoma cruzi effects its virulence and impacts the clinical course of the resulting Chagas disease. This study aimed to determine the mechanism underlying the pathogenicity of T. cruzi. Two T. cruzi cell lines (C8C3hvir and C8C3lvir), obtained from the clone H510 C8C3 and exhibiting different virulence phenotypes, were used to evaluate the parasite's infectivity in mice. The organ parasite load was analysed by qPCR. The proteomes of both T. cruzi cell lines were compared using nLC-MS/MS. Cruzipain (Czp), complement regulatory protein (CRP), trans-sialidase (TS), Tc-85, and sialylated epitope expression levels were evaluated by immunoblotting. High-virulence C8C3hvir was highly infectious in mice and demonstrated three to five times higher infectivity in mouse myocardial cells than low-virulence C8C3lvir. qPCR revealed higher parasite loads in organs of acute as well as chronically C8C3hvir-infected mice than in those of C8C3lvir-infected mice. Comparative quantitative proteomics revealed that 390 of 1547 identified proteins were differentially regulated in C8C3hvir with respect to C8C3lvir. Amongst these, 174 proteins were upregulated in C8C3hvir and 216 were downregulated in C8C3lvir. The upregulated proteins in C8C3hvir were associated with the tricarboxylic acid cycle, ribosomal proteins, and redoxins. Higher levels of Czp, CRP, TS, Tc-85, and sialylated epitopes were expressed in C8C3hvir than in C8C3lvir. Thus, T. cruzi virulence may be related to virulence factor expression as well as upregulation of bioenergetic and biosynthetic pathways proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan San Francisco
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Medical Technology Department, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Constanza Astudillo
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Medical Technology Department, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - José Luis Vega
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Medical Technology Department, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile,Laboratory of Gap Junction Proteins and Parasitic Disease, Instituto Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile,Research Center in Immunology and Biomedical Biotechnology of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Alejandro Catalán
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Medical Technology Department, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Bessy Gutiérrez
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Medical Technology Department, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Jorge E Araya
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Medical Technology Department, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | | | - Anabel Marina
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos García
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria Sanchez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Osuna
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Susana Vilchez
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Marcel I Ramírez
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Sistemática de Trypanosomatides, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Fiocruz, Parana, Brazil
| | - Janaina Macedo
- Department of Parasitology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jorge González
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Medical Technology Department, University of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile,Research Center in Immunology and Biomedical Biotechnology of Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile,Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Sistemática de Trypanosomatides, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Antofagasta, Chile,CONTACT Jorge González
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Oliveira CVB, Neves DH, de Souza Morais EE, de Oliveira TJS, da Silva MM, Barros LM, Duarte AE. Identification and Semi-quantification of Protozoa from the Digestive System Microbiota of the Lobster Cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea Oliver, 1789 (Insecta:Blattaria). Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:1186-1198. [PMID: 35587306 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-022-00570-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The lobster cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea (N. cinerea) is indicated as a promising non-mammalian model, because it presents behavioral and biochemical alterations also observed in conventional models. In this research, we identified and characterized the distribution of protozoa that inhabit the digestive system (DS) of N. cinerea cockroaches. METHODS The adult specimens of N. cinerea used in this study (n = 32) were obtained at the Federal University of Santa Maria, dissected and had their visceral contents observed in bright-field microscopy without staining and after application of lugol, Ziehl-Neelsen staining, EA36 trichrome and simulated dark-field microscopy with application of nankin ink. The presence of protozoa in different portions of the DS was semi-quantified by a system of crosses (+). RESULTS The main taxa observed were: amoebas (Archaemebae:Entamoebida), gregarins (Apicomplexa:Eugregarinide), coccidia (Apicomplexa:Eucoccidiorida), kinetoplastids (Kinetoplastea:Kinetoplastida) and oxymonads (Preaxostyla:Oxymonadida). The highest prevalence of amoebas and gregarines was observed in the medial portion of the DS, while for the other groups, this was seen in the final portion, and in the case of coccidia, such prevalence was specially evidenced by the alcohol-acid coloration. In the present work, the great biological diversity that exists in the microbiota of the digestive system of Nauphoeta cinerea was demonstrated, being possible to find several pathogenic species for humans such as Entamoeba histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii, Cryptosporidium sp. and Cyclospora cayetanensis. There is still a lot to know about the interactions between endocommensal protozoa and their respective invertebrate hosts, so the best way to clarify such relationships is through molecular and genetic test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Vinicius Barros Oliveira
- Laboratory of Biology and Toxicology (BIOTOX), Department of Biology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, CNPJ-06.740.864/0001-26, CEL. Antônio Luiz Street, 1161-Pimenta, Crato, CE, CEP: 63105-000, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Honorato Neves
- Laboratory of Biology and Toxicology (BIOTOX), Department of Biology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, CNPJ-06.740.864/0001-26, CEL. Antônio Luiz Street, 1161-Pimenta, Crato, CE, CEP: 63105-000, Brazil
| | - Elayne Eally de Souza Morais
- Laboratory of Biology and Toxicology (BIOTOX), Department of Biology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, CNPJ-06.740.864/0001-26, CEL. Antônio Luiz Street, 1161-Pimenta, Crato, CE, CEP: 63105-000, Brazil
| | - Thalyta Julyanne Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology (LECOV), Department of Biology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, CNPJ-06.740.864/0001-26, CEL. Antônio Luiz Street, 1161-Pimenta, Crato, CE, CEP: 63105-000, Brazil
| | - Mayara Maria da Silva
- Semi-Arid Bioprospecting Laboratory and Alternative Methods (LABSEMA), Department of Biology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, CNPJ-06.740.864/0001-26, CEL. Antônio Luiz Street, 1161-Pimenta, Crato, CE, CEP: 63105-000, Brazil
| | - Luiz Marivando Barros
- Laboratory of Plant Ecophysiology (LECOV), Department of Biology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, CNPJ-06.740.864/0001-26, CEL. Antônio Luiz Street, 1161-Pimenta, Crato, CE, CEP: 63105-000, Brazil
| | - Antonia Eliene Duarte
- Laboratory of Biology and Toxicology (BIOTOX), Department of Biology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Regional University of Cariri-URCA, CNPJ-06.740.864/0001-26, CEL. Antônio Luiz Street, 1161-Pimenta, Crato, CE, CEP: 63105-000, Brazil
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10
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Boucinha C, Andrade-Neto VV, Ennes-Vidal V, Branquinha MH, dos Santos ALS, Torres-Santos EC, d’Avila-Levy CM. A Stroll Through the History of Monoxenous Trypanosomatids Infection in Vertebrate Hosts. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:804707. [PMID: 35242719 PMCID: PMC8886219 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.804707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Trypanosomatidae family encompasses unicellular flagellates and obligate parasites of invertebrates, vertebrates, and plants. Trypanosomatids are traditionally divided into heteroxenous, characterized by the alternation of the life cycle between an insect vector and a plant or a vertebrate host, including humans being responsible for severe diseases; and monoxenous, which are presumably unique parasites of invertebrate hosts. Interestingly, studies reporting the occurrence of these monoxenous trypanosomatids in humans have been gradually increasing, either associated with Leishmania co-infection, or supposedly alone either in immunocompromised or even more sporadically in immunocompetent hosts. This review summarizes the first reports that raised the hypothesis that monoxenous trypanosomatids could be found in vertebrate hosts till the most current reports on the occurrence of Crithidia spp. alone in immunocompetent human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Boucinha
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Vítor Ennes-Vidal
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marta Helena Branquinha
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Claudia Masini d’Avila-Levy
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Claudia Masini d’Avila-Levy,
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11
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Dario MA, Lisboa CV, Xavier SCDC, D’Andrea PS, Roque ALR, Jansen AM. Trypanosoma Species in Small Nonflying Mammals in an Area With a Single Previous Chagas Disease Case. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:812708. [PMID: 35223545 PMCID: PMC8873152 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.812708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomatids are hemoflagellate parasites that even though they have been increasingly studied, many aspects of their biology and taxonomy remain unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the Trypanosoma sp. transmission cycle in nonflying small mammals in an area where a case of acute Chagas disease occurred in Mangaratiba municipality, Rio de Janeiro state. Three expeditions were conducted in the area: the first in 2012, soon after the human case, and two others in 2015. Sylvatic mammals were captured and submitted to blood collection for trypanosomatid parasitological and serological exams. Dogs from the surrounding areas where the sylvatic mammals were captured were also tested for T. cruzi infection. DNA samples were extracted from blood clots and positive hemocultures, submitted to polymerase chain reaction targeting SSU rDNA and gGAPDH genes, sequenced and phylogenetic analysed. Twenty-one wild mammals were captured in 2012, mainly rodents, and 17 mammals, mainly marsupials, were captured in the two expeditions conducted in 2015. Only four rodents demonstrated borderline serological T. cruzi test (IFAT), two in 2012 and two in 2015. Trypanosoma janseni was the main Trypanosoma species identified, and isolates were obtained solely from Didelphis aurita. In addition to biological differences, molecular differences are suggestive of genetic diversity in this flagellate species. Trypanosoma sp. DID was identified in blood clots from D. aurita in single and mixed infections with T. janseni. Concerning dogs, 12 presented mostly borderline serological titers for T. cruzi and no positive hemoculture. In blood clots from 11 dogs, T. cruzi DNA was detected and characterized as TcI (n = 9) or TcII (n = 2). Infections by Trypanosoma rangeli lineage E (n = 2) and, for the first time, Trypanosoma caninum, Trypanosoma dionisii, and Crithidia mellificae (n = 1 each) were also detected in dogs. We concluded that despite the low mammalian species richness and degraded environment, a high Trypanosoma species richness species was being transmitted with the predominance of T. janseni and not T. cruzi, as would be expected in a locality of an acute case of Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Augusta Dario
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Maria Augusta Dario,
| | - Cristiane Varella Lisboa
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Sérgio D’Andrea
- Laboratory of Biology and Parasitology of Wild Reservoir Mammals, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Rodrigues Roque
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Jansen
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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12
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Ardila MM, Herrera L, Zabala-Monterroza W, Bedoya-Polo A, Lozano-Arias D, García-Alzate R, Pérez-Doria A. Molecular diagnosis of trypanosomatids in Didelphis marsupialis from Los Montes de María: a first report of Trypanosoma rangeli from Colombian Caribbean region. J Parasit Dis 2021; 46:323-327. [DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01459-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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13
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Dario MA, Pavan MG, Rodrigues MS, Lisboa CV, Kluyber D, Desbiez ALJ, Herrera HM, Roque ALR, Lima L, Teixeira MMG, Jansen AM. Trypanosoma rangeli Genetic, Mammalian Hosts, and Geographical Diversity from Five Brazilian Biomes. Pathogens 2021; 10:736. [PMID: 34207936 PMCID: PMC8230690 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma rangeli is a generalist hemoflagellate that infects mammals and is transmitted by triatomines around Latin America. Due to its high genetic diversity, it can be classified into two to five lineages. In Brazil, its distribution outside the Amazon region is virtually unknown, and knowledge on the ecology of its lineages and on host species diversity requires further investigation. Here, we analyzed 57 T. rangeli samples obtained from hemocultures and blood clots of 1392 mammals captured in different Brazilian biomes. The samples were subjected to small subunit (SSU) rDNA amplification and sequencing to confirm T. rangeli infection. Phylogenetic inferences and haplotype networks were reconstructed to classify T. rangeli lineages and to infer the genetic diversity of the samples. The results obtained in our study highlighted both the mammalian host range and distribution of T. rangeli in Brazil: infection was observed in five new species (Procyon cancrivorous, Priodontes maximum, Alouatta belzebul, Sapajus libidinosus, and Trinomys dimidiatus), and transmission was observed in the Caatinga biome. The coati (Nasua nasua) and capuchin monkey (S. libidinosus) are the key hosts of T. rangeli. We identified all four T. rangeli lineages previously reported in Brazil (A, B, D, and E) and possibly two new genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Augusta Dario
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (M.A.D.); (M.S.R.); (C.V.L.); (A.L.R.R.)
| | - Márcio Galvão Pavan
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-36, Brazil;
| | - Marina Silva Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (M.A.D.); (M.S.R.); (C.V.L.); (A.L.R.R.)
| | - Cristiane Varella Lisboa
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (M.A.D.); (M.S.R.); (C.V.L.); (A.L.R.R.)
| | - Danilo Kluyber
- Associate Researcher, Naples Zoo at Caribbeans Gardens, Naples, FL 34102, USA;
- Instituto de Conservação de Animais Silvestres (ICAS), Campo Grande 79037-100, Brazil;
| | - Arnaud L. J. Desbiez
- Instituto de Conservação de Animais Silvestres (ICAS), Campo Grande 79037-100, Brazil;
| | - Heitor Miraglia Herrera
- Pós-Graduação em Ciência Ambientais e Sustentabilidade Agropecuária, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil;
- Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79117-900, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Rodrigues Roque
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (M.A.D.); (M.S.R.); (C.V.L.); (A.L.R.R.)
| | - Luciana Lima
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (L.L.); (M.M.G.T.)
| | - Marta M. G. Teixeira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (L.L.); (M.M.G.T.)
| | - Ana Maria Jansen
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil; (M.A.D.); (M.S.R.); (C.V.L.); (A.L.R.R.)
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14
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Dario MA, Lisboa CV, Silva MV, Herrera HM, Rocha FL, Furtado MC, Moratelli R, Rodrigues Roque AL, Jansen AM. Crithidia mellificae infection in different mammalian species in Brazil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2021; 15:58-69. [PMID: 33981571 PMCID: PMC8085711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Crithidia mellificae, a monoxenous trypanosomatid considered restricted to insects, was recently reported to infect a bat. Herein, C. mellificae has been demonstrated to have a wider range of vertebrate hosts and distribution in Brazilian biomes than once thought. Parasites isolated from haemocultures were characterized using V7V8 SSU rDNA and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes. Coatis (Nasua nasua) in the Cerrado; marmosets (Callithrix sp.) and bats (Carollia perspicillata, Myotis lavali, M. izecksohni, Artibeus lituratus) in the Atlantic Forest; crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) and ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) in the Pantanal biomes were infected by trypanosomatids that displayed choanomastigote forms in haemoculture in Giemsa-stained slide smears. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic inference confirmed the infection of C. mellificae in these animals. Moreover, slight differences in C. mellificae sequences were observed. Crithidia mellificae growth curves were counted at 27°C, 36°C and 37°C, and the morphotypes were able to grow and survive for up to 16 days. Serological titers for C. mellificae were observed in nonhuman primates, demonstrating that this parasite is able to induce a humoral immune response in an infected mammal. These results showed that host specificity in trypanosomatids is complex and far from understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Augusta Dario
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Varella Lisboa
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marlon Vicente Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Heitor Miraglia Herrera
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais e Sustentabilidade Agropecuária, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Lopes Rocha
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Monitoramento Ambiental, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Rio Tinto, Paraíba, Brazil
- IUCN SSC Species Survival Center. Parque das Aves, Foz do Iguaçú, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Moratelli
- Fiocruz Mata Atlântica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Rodrigues Roque
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Jansen
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Corresponding author.
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15
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A new subspecies of Trypanosoma cyclops found in the Australian terrestrial leech Chtonobdella bilineata. Parasitology 2021; 148:1125-1136. [PMID: 33843511 PMCID: PMC8311967 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021000639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Previously, it was suggested that haemadipsid leeches represent an important vector of trypanosomes amongst native animals in Australia. Consequently, Chtonobdella bilineata leeches were investigated for the presence of trypanosome species by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing and in vitro isolation. Phylogenetic analysis ensued to further define the populations present. PCR targeting the 28S rDNA demonstrated that over 95% of C. bilineata contained trypanosomes; diversity profiling by deep amplicon sequencing of 18S rDNA indicated the presence of four different clusters related to the Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) theileri. Novy–MacNeal–Nicolle slopes with liquid overlay were used to isolate trypanosomes into culture that proved similar in morphology to Trypanosoma cyclops in that they contained a large numbers of acidocalcisomes. Phylogeny of 18S rDNA/GAPDH/ND5 DNA sequences from primary cultures and subclones showed the trypanosomes were monophyletic, with T. cyclops as a sister group. Blood-meal analysis of leeches showed that leeches primarily contained blood from swamp wallaby (Wallabia bicolour), human (Homo sapiens) or horse (Equus sp.). The leech C. bilineata is a host for at least five lineages of Trypanosoma sp. and these are monophyletic with T. cyclops; we propose Trypanosoma cyclops australiensis as a subspecies of T. cyclops based on genetic similarity and biogeography considerations.
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16
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Mule SN, Costa-Martins AG, Rosa-Fernandes L, de Oliveira GS, Rodrigues CMF, Quina D, Rosein GE, Teixeira MMG, Palmisano G. PhyloQuant approach provides insights into Trypanosoma cruzi evolution using a systems-wide mass spectrometry-based quantitative protein profile. Commun Biol 2021; 4:324. [PMID: 33707618 PMCID: PMC7952728 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01762-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiological agent of Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi, is a complex of seven genetic subdivisions termed discrete typing units (DTUs), TcI-TcVI and Tcbat. The relevance of T. cruzi genetic diversity to the variable clinical course of the disease, virulence, pathogenicity, drug resistance, transmission cycles and ecological distribution requires understanding the parasite origin and population structure. In this study, we introduce the PhyloQuant approach to infer the evolutionary relationships between organisms based on differential mass spectrometry-based quantitative features. In particular, large scale quantitative bottom-up proteomics features (MS1, iBAQ and LFQ) were analyzed using maximum parsimony, showing a correlation between T. cruzi DTUs and closely related trypanosomes' protein expression and sequence-based clustering. Character mapping enabled the identification of synapomorphies, herein the proteins and their respective expression profiles that differentiate T. cruzi DTUs and trypanosome species. The distance matrices based on phylogenetics and PhyloQuant clustering showed statistically significant correlation highlighting the complementarity between the two strategies. Moreover, PhyloQuant allows the identification of differentially regulated and strain/DTU/species-specific proteins, and has potential application in the identification of specific biomarkers and candidate therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ngao Mule
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Livia Rosa-Fernandes
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Carla Monadeli F Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Quina
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Graziella E Rosein
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Frolov AO, Kostygov AY, Yurchenko V. Development of Monoxenous Trypanosomatids and Phytomonads in Insects. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:538-551. [PMID: 33714646 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize the current data on development of monoxenous trypanosomatids and phytomonads in various insects. Of these, Diptera and Hemiptera are the main host groups, and, consequently, most available information concerns their parasites. Within the insect body, the midgut and hindgut are the predominant colonization sites; in addition, some trypanosomatids can invade the foregut, Malpighian tubules, hemolymph, and/or salivary glands. Differences in the intestinal structure and biology of the host determine the variety of parasites' developmental and transmission strategies. Meanwhile, similar mechanisms are used by unrelated trypanosomatids, reflecting the limited range of options to achieve the same goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Frolov
- Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Alexei Y Kostygov
- Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia; Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic; Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.
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18
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Kostygov AY, Karnkowska A, Votýpka J, Tashyreva D, Maciszewski K, Yurchenko V, Lukeš J. Euglenozoa: taxonomy, diversity and ecology, symbioses and viruses. Open Biol 2021; 11:200407. [PMID: 33715388 PMCID: PMC8061765 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Euglenozoa is a species-rich group of protists, which have extremely diverse lifestyles and a range of features that distinguish them from other eukaryotes. They are composed of free-living and parasitic kinetoplastids, mostly free-living diplonemids, heterotrophic and photosynthetic euglenids, as well as deep-sea symbiontids. Although they form a well-supported monophyletic group, these morphologically rather distinct groups are almost never treated together in a comparative manner, as attempted here. We present an updated taxonomy, complemented by photos of representative species, with notes on diversity, distribution and biology of euglenozoans. For kinetoplastids, we propose a significantly modified taxonomy that reflects the latest findings. Finally, we summarize what is known about viruses infecting euglenozoans, as well as their relationships with ecto- and endosymbiotic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Y. Kostygov
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Karnkowska
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Votýpka
- Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daria Tashyreva
- Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Kacper Maciszewski
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
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Maruyama SR, Rogerio LA, Freitas PD, Teixeira MMG, Ribeiro JMC. Total Ortholog Median Matrix as an alternative unsupervised approach for phylogenomics based on evolutionary distance between protein coding genes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3791. [PMID: 33589693 PMCID: PMC7884790 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81926-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing number of available genomic data allowed the development of phylogenomic analytical tools. Current methods compile information from single gene phylogenies, whether based on topologies or multiple sequence alignments. Generally, phylogenomic analyses elect gene families or genomic regions to construct phylogenomic trees. Here, we presented an alternative approach for Phylogenomics, named TOMM (Total Ortholog Median Matrix), to construct a representative phylogram composed by amino acid distance measures of all pairwise ortholog protein sequence pairs from desired species inside a group of organisms. The procedure is divided two main steps, (1) ortholog detection and (2) creation of a matrix with the median amino acid distance measures of all pairwise orthologous sequences. We tested this approach within three different group of organisms: Kinetoplastida protozoa, hematophagous Diptera vectors and Primates. Our approach was robust and efficacious to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships for the three groups. Moreover, novel branch topologies could be achieved, providing insights about some phylogenetic relationships between some taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Regina Maruyama
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Center for Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Luana Aparecida Rogerio
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Center for Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Patricia Domingues Freitas
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Center for Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil
| | | | - José Marcos Chaves Ribeiro
- Vector Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 12735 Twinbrook Parkway rm 2E32, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA.
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20
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Abstract
Monoxenous (one host) trypanosomatids from insects and other invertebrates can be introduced into axenic culture relatively easily and efficiently, allowing for their transfer from the field into the laboratory. Here we describe simple methods and alternative cultivation protocols, the wider application of which will allow substantial expansion of trypanosomatids available for research.
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Brandão EMV, Xavier SCC, Rocha FL, Lima CFM, Candeias ÍZ, Lemos FG, Azevedo FC, Jansen AM, Roque ALR. Wild and Domestic Canids and Their Interactions in the Transmission Cycles of Trypanosoma Cruzi and Leishmania spp. in an Area of the Brazilian Cerrado. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100818. [PMID: 33036238 PMCID: PMC7600672 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. are parasites that infect multiple hosts including canids, considered bioaccumulators of parasites. Deforestation in the Cerrado biome has resulted in the exposure of wild canids to anthropized areas, where they may establish ecological and epidemiological relationships with domestic dogs. We evaluated the infection by trypanosomatids in canids from a Cerrado agroecosystem between 2013 and 2017. Samples of wild canids (blood, bone marrow and skin) and dogs (blood) were collected for parasitological, serological and molecular diagnosis. A total of 414 samples from wild (n = 131) and domestic (n = 283) canids were collected, including recaptures. We obtained five positive hemocultures from Lycalopex vetulus (n = 2), Cerdocyon thous (n = 1) and dogs (n = 2), all characterized as T. cruzi TcIII/V (18S rDNA) and TcIII/V/VI (gGAPDH); one positive skin fragment for Leishmania sp. (C. thous), one positive skin culture (Chrysocyon brachyurus) and one positive fresh blood examination from a dog. Infection by T. cruzi and Leishmania spp. was serologically confirmed in 18% and 4% of the canids, respectively. Active transmission was attested by seroconversion events and occurred despite the low rate of positive parasitological assays. Wild and domestic canids infected by both parasites were detected sharing the same areas, pointing to a possible spillover of parasites among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elida M. V. Brandão
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil; (E.M.V.B.); (S.C.C.X.); (A.M.J.)
| | - Samanta C. C. Xavier
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil; (E.M.V.B.); (S.C.C.X.); (A.M.J.)
| | - Fabiana L. Rocha
- Centro de Ciências Aplicadas e Educação, Campus IV Litoral Norte, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Rio Tinto, PB 58297-000, Brazil;
- Programa de Conservação Mamíferos do Cerrado, Catalão, GO 75704-020, Brazil; (C.F.M.L.); (Í.Z.C.); (F.G.L.); (F.C.A.)
| | - Caio F. M. Lima
- Programa de Conservação Mamíferos do Cerrado, Catalão, GO 75704-020, Brazil; (C.F.M.L.); (Í.Z.C.); (F.G.L.); (F.C.A.)
- Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04301-905, Brazil
| | - Ísis Z. Candeias
- Programa de Conservação Mamíferos do Cerrado, Catalão, GO 75704-020, Brazil; (C.F.M.L.); (Í.Z.C.); (F.G.L.); (F.C.A.)
- Departamento de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Frederico G. Lemos
- Programa de Conservação Mamíferos do Cerrado, Catalão, GO 75704-020, Brazil; (C.F.M.L.); (Í.Z.C.); (F.G.L.); (F.C.A.)
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Catalão, Catalão, GO 75704-020, Brazil
| | - Fernanda C. Azevedo
- Programa de Conservação Mamíferos do Cerrado, Catalão, GO 75704-020, Brazil; (C.F.M.L.); (Í.Z.C.); (F.G.L.); (F.C.A.)
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Catalão, Catalão, GO 75704-020, Brazil
| | - Ana M. Jansen
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil; (E.M.V.B.); (S.C.C.X.); (A.M.J.)
| | - André L. R. Roque
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil; (E.M.V.B.); (S.C.C.X.); (A.M.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-21-2562-1416
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Jaimes-Dueñez J, Cantillo-Barraza O, Triana-Chávez O, Mejia-Jaramillo AM. Molecular surveillance reveals bats from eastern Colombia infected with Trypanosoma theileri and Trypanosoma wauwau-like parasites. Prev Vet Med 2020; 184:105159. [PMID: 33038611 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Several species of trypanosomes can infect bats (Chiroptera), but current information about bat trypanosomes in Colombia is scarce. The objectives of this study were to estimate the infection rate and to characterize the trypanosome species infecting bats from three rural regions near the municipality of Cumaribo in Vichada, Colombia. Blood samples were collected from 39 bats. DNA was extracted from the blood samples and analyzed using nuclear genetic markers (SSU rDNA, ITS rDNA, and cathepsin genes) to discriminate among trypanosome species. Trypanosomes were detected in 66.7 % (26/39) of blood samples using PCR; 61.5 % (24/39) of infections were identified as Trypanosoma theileri and 5.1 % (2/39) as T. wauwau-like parasites. The phylogeographic analysis revealed that our T. theileri sequences were associated with the TthIIB genotype from cattle in Brazil and Venezuela. The T. wauwau-like parasites represent a new genotype of the species and were found in Molossus molossus and Platyrrhinus helleri bats. These data represent the first evidence of this trypanosome in both Colombia, and in these species of bats. Bat infections with T. theileri suggest an important role of these hosts in maintaining this genotype, probably acquired by ingesting insect vectors. The T. wauwau-like genotype in new mammalian host species supports the 'bat seeding' hypothesis of the T. cruzi clade. The epidemiological and evolutionary implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeiczon Jaimes-Dueñez
- Grupo BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia; Grupo GRICA, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia UCC, Calle 30 No. 33-51, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
| | | | - Omar Triana-Chávez
- Grupo BCEI, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
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Thakur L, Kushwaha HR, Negi A, Jain A, Jain M. Leptomonas seymouri Co-infection in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Cases Caused by Leishmania donovani From Himachal Pradesh, India. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:345. [PMID: 32760679 PMCID: PMC7373763 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Himachal Pradesh in India is a newer endemic state with co-existence of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. The cutaneous leishmaniasis cases are on an increase in the region and reported to be unusually caused by Leishmania donovani with limited molecular validation. In order to molecularly characterize the causative parasite of the cutaneous disease, parasite specific Internal-Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS1) PCR RFLP and sequence analysis was performed on skin lesional biopsies from cutaneous leishmaniasis patients. Interestingly, we found the presence of Leptomonas seymouri in 38.5% (22/57) of the patients along with L. donovani detected in all the samples. L. seymouri is a monoxenous insect trypanosomatid, generally incapable of infecting humans. In recent years, the parasite is also reported to co-infect humans with L. donovani in visceral and post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) cases prevalent in northeastern India. The finding of L. seymouri-L. donovani co-infection in unusual cutaneous cases from Himachal Pradesh is the first ever to our knowledge and imply a newer disease paradigm. There is an urgent need to understand the biology of Leptomonas co-infection with L. donovani and its possible role in visceral and/or dermotropic disease outcome. Importantly, L. seymouri co-infection in cutaneous cases and previously reported visceral and PKDL cases needs to be recognized as a newer phenomenon by the leishmaniasis surveillance program in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovlesh Thakur
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | | | - Ajeet Negi
- Department of Dermatology, Indira Gandhi Medical College, Shimla, India
| | - Aklank Jain
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Manju Jain
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
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Boucinha C, Caetano AR, Santos HLC, Helaers R, Vikkula M, Branquinha MH, dos Santos ALS, Grellier P, Morelli KA, d‘Avila-Levy CM. Analysing ambiguities in trypanosomatids taxonomy by barcoding. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2020; 115:e200504. [PMID: 32578684 PMCID: PMC7304411 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biodiversity screens and phylogenetic studies are dependent on reliable DNA sequences in public databases. Biological collections possess vouchered specimens with a traceable history. Therefore, DNA sequencing of samples available at institutional collections can greatly contribute to taxonomy, and studies on evolution and biodiversity. METHODS We sequenced part of the glycosomal glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (gGAPDH) and the SSU rRNA (V7/V8) genes from 102 trypanosomatid cultures, which are available on request at www.colprot.fiocruz.br. OBJECTIVE The main objective of this work was to use phylogenetic inferences, using the obtained DNA sequences and those from representatives of all Trypanosomatidae genera, to generate phylogenetic trees that can simplify new isolates screenings. FINDINGS A DNA sequence is provided for the first time for several isolates, the phylogenetic analysis allowed the classification or reclassification of several specimens, identification of candidates for new genera and species, as well as the taxonomic validation of several deposits. MAIN CONCLUSIONS This survey aimed at presenting a list of validated species and their associated DNA sequences combined with a short historical overview of each isolate, which can support taxonomic and biodiversity research and promote culture collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Boucinha
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Protozoologia, Coleção de Protozoários da Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Amanda R Caetano
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Protozoologia, Coleção de Protozoários da Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Helena LC Santos
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Protozoologia, Coleção de Protozoários da Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Raphael Helaers
- University of Louvain, de Duve Institute, Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Miikka Vikkula
- University of Louvain, de Duve Institute, Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marta Helena Branquinha
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | - Philippe Grellier
- Muséum National d‘Histoire Naturelle, Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganisme, Paris, France
| | - Karina Alessandra Morelli
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Protozoologia, Coleção de Protozoários da Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Departamento de Ecologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Claudia Masini d‘Avila-Levy
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Protozoologia, Coleção de Protozoários da Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- University of Louvain, de Duve Institute, Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Brussels, Belgium
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Lysophosphatidylcholine triggers cell differentiation in the protozoan parasite Herpetomonas samuelpessoai through the CK2 pathway. Acta Parasitol 2020; 65:108-117. [PMID: 31755068 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-019-00135-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protozoa are distantly related to vertebrates but present some features of higher eukaryotes, making them good model systems for studying the evolution of basic processes such as the cell cycle. Herpetomonas samuelpessoai is a trypanosomatid parasite isolated from the hemipteran insect Zelus leucogrammus. Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is implicated in the transmission and establishment of Chagas disease, whose etiological agent is Trypanosoma cruzi. LPC is synthesized by T. cruzi and its vectors, the hemipteran Rhodnius prolixus and Triatoma infestans. Platelet-activating factor (PAF), a phospholipid with potent and diverse physiological and pathophysiological actions, is a powerful inducer of cell differentiation in Herpetomonas muscarum muscarum and T. cruzi. The enzyme phospholipase A2 (PLA2) catalyzes the hydrolysis of the 2-ester bond of 3-sn-phosphoglyceride, transforming phosphatidylcholine (PC) into LPC. METHODS In this study, we evaluated cellular differentiation, PLA2 activity and protein kinase CK2 activity of H. samuelpessoai in the absence and in the presence of LPC and PAF. RESULTS We demonstrate that both PC and LPC promoted a twofold increase in the cellular differentiation of H. samuelpessoai, through CK2, with a concomitant inhibition of its cell growth. Intrinsic PLA2 most likely directs this process by converting PC into LPC. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the actions of LPC on H. samuelpessoai occur upon binding to a putative PAF receptor and that the protein kinase CK2 plays a major role in this process. Cartoon depicting a model for the synthesis and functions of LPC in Herpetomonas samuelpessoai, based upon our results regarding the role of LPC on the cell biology of Trypanosoma cruzi [28-32]. N nucleus, k kinetoplast, PC phosphatidylcholine, LPC lysophosphatidylcholine, PLA2 phospholipase A2, PAFR putative PAF receptor in trypanosomatids [65], CK2 protein kinase CK2 [16].
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26
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Insect trypanosomatids in Papua New Guinea: high endemism and diversity. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:1075-1086. [PMID: 31734337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The extreme biological diversity of Oceanian archipelagos has long stimulated research in ecology and evolution. However, parasitic protists in this geographic area remained neglected and no molecular analyses have been carried out to understand the evolutionary patterns and relationships with their hosts. Papua New Guinea (PNG) is a biodiversity hotspot containing over 5% of the world's biodiversity in less than 0.5% of the total land area. In the current work, we examined insect heteropteran hosts collected in PNG for the presence of trypanosomatid parasites. The diversity of insect flagellates was analysed, to our knowledge for the first time, east of Wallace's Line, one of the most distinct biogeographic boundaries of the world. Out of 907 investigated specimens from 138 species and 23 families of the true bugs collected in eight localities, 135 (15%) were infected by at least one trypanosomatid species. High species diversity of captured hosts correlated with high diversity of detected trypanosomatids. Of 46 trypanosomatid Typing Units documented in PNG, only eight were known from other geographic locations, while 38 TUs (~83%) have not been previously encountered. The widespread trypanosomatid TUs were found in both widely distributed and endemic/sub-endemic insects. Approximately one-third of the endemic trypanosomatid TUs were found in widely distributed hosts, while the remaining species were confined to endemic and sub-endemic insects. The TUs from PNG form clades with conspicuous host-parasite coevolutionary patterns, as well as those with a remarkable lack of this trait. In addition, our analysis revealed new members of the subfamilies Leishmaniinae and Strigomonadinae, potentially representing new genera of trypanosomatids.
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27
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Sloan MA, Brooks K, Otto TD, Sanders MJ, Cotton JA, Ligoxygakis P. Transcriptional and genomic parallels between the monoxenous parasite Herpetomonas muscarum and Leishmania. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008452. [PMID: 31710597 PMCID: PMC6872171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomatid parasites are causative agents of important human and animal diseases such as sleeping sickness and leishmaniasis. Most trypanosomatids are transmitted to their mammalian hosts by insects, often belonging to Diptera (or true flies). These are called dixenous trypanosomatids since they infect two different hosts, in contrast to those that infect just insects (monoxenous). However, it is still unclear whether dixenous and monoxenous trypanosomatids interact similarly with their insect host, as fly-monoxenous trypanosomatid interaction systems are rarely reported and under-studied-despite being common in nature. Here we present the genome of monoxenous trypanosomatid Herpetomonas muscarum and discuss its transcriptome during in vitro culture and during infection of its natural insect host Drosophila melanogaster. The H. muscarum genome is broadly syntenic with that of human parasite Leishmania major. We also found strong similarities between the H. muscarum transcriptome during fruit fly infection, and those of Leishmania during sand fly infections. Overall this suggests Drosophila-Herpetomonas is a suitable model for less accessible insect-trypanosomatid host-parasite systems such as sand fly-Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A. Sloan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Brooks
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hixton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas D. Otto
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hixton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Mandy J. Sanders
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hixton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - James A. Cotton
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hixton, Cambridgeshire, United Kingdom
| | - Petros Ligoxygakis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Rangel DA, Lisboa CV, Novaes RLM, Silva BA, Souza RDF, Jansen AM, Moratelli R, Roque ALR. Isolation and characterization of trypanosomatids, including Crithidia mellificae, in bats from the Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007527. [PMID: 31291252 PMCID: PMC6619607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied infection by Trypanosomatidae in bats captured in two areas with different degradation levels in the Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro state: Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu (REGUA) and Estação Fiocruz Mata Atlântica (EFMA). Furthermore, we evaluated whether the diversity of trypanosomatids changes according to bat diversity and the different levels of preservation in the region. The results showed no influence of the level of preservation on bat species richness (15 and 14 species, respectively), with similar chiropterofauna and higher abundance of two common fruit-eating bat species in the tropics: Carollia perspicillata and Artibeus lituratus. Of the 181 bat specimens analyzed by LIT/Schneider hemoculture, we detected 24 infected individuals (13%), including one positive Sturnira lilium individual that was also positive by fresh blood examination. Molecular characterization using nested PCR targeting the 18 SSU rRNA-encoding gene fragment showed similar trypanosomatid infection rates in bats from the two areas: 15% in REGUA and 11% in EFMA (p = 0.46). Trypanosoma dionisii was the most frequently detected parasite (54%), followed by T. cruzi DTUs TcI and TcIV and Trypanosoma sp., in Neotropical phyllostomid bats (RNMO63 and RNMO56); mixed infections by T. dionisii/T. cruzi TcIII and T. dionisii/T. cruzi TcI were also observed. The T. cruzi DTUs TcI and TcIV are the genotypes currently involved in cases of acute Chagas disease in Brazil, and T. dionisii was recently found in the heart tissue of an infected child. Surprisingly, we also describe for the first time Crithidia mellificae, a putative monoxenous parasite from insects, infecting a vertebrate host in the Americas. Bats from the Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro state harbor a great diversity of trypanosomatids, maintaining trypanosomatid diversity in this sylvatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Azeredo Rangel
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Varella Lisboa
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Roberto Leonan Morim Novaes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
- Fiocruz Mata Atlântica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Bruno Alves Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Renan de França Souza
- Fiocruz Mata Atlântica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Jansen
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Moratelli
- Fiocruz Mata Atlântica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Rodrigues Roque
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Wang L, Sloan MA, Ligoxygakis P. Intestinal NF-κB and STAT signalling is important for uptake and clearance in a Drosophila-Herpetomonas interaction model. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007931. [PMID: 30822306 PMCID: PMC6415867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipteran insects transmit serious diseases to humans, often in the form of trypanosomatid parasites. To accelerate research in more difficult contexts of dipteran-parasite relationships, we studied the interaction of the model dipteran Drosophila melanogaster and its natural trypanosomatid Herpetomonas muscarum. Parasite infection reduced fecundity but not lifespan in NF-κB/Relish-deficient flies. Gene expression analysis implicated the two NF-κB pathways Toll and Imd as well as STAT signalling. Tissue specific knock-down of key components of these pathways in enterocytes (ECs) and intestinal stem cells (ISCs) influenced initial numbers, infection dynamics and time of clearance. Herpetomonas triggered STAT activation and proliferation of ISCs. Loss of Relish suppressed ISCs, resulting in increased parasite numbers and delayed clearance. Conversely, overexpression of Relish increased ISCs and reduced uptake. Finally, loss of Toll signalling decreased EC numbers and enabled parasite persistence. This network of signalling may represent a general mechanism with which dipteran respond to trypanosomatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Wang
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Development and Genetics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Megan A. Sloan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Development and Genetics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Petros Ligoxygakis
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Development and Genetics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Barros JHS, Lima L, Schubach AO, Teixeira MMG. Trypanosoma madeirae sp. n.: A species of the clade T. cruzi associated with the neotropical common vampire bat Desmodus rotundus. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2018; 8:71-81. [PMID: 30671342 PMCID: PMC6328357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Molecular phylogenetic studies have revealed the growing diversity of bat trypanosomes. Here, 14 isolates from blood samples of the vampire bat Desmodus rotundus (Phyllostomidae) from Rio de Janeiro, Southeast Brazil, were cultivated, and morphologically and molecularly characterized. All isolates represent a novel species named Trypanosoma madeirae n. sp. positioned in the Neobat lineage of the clade T. cruzi. The Neobat lineage also comprises closely related trypanosomes of clades Neotropic 1, 2 and 3 from diverse phyllostomid species. Trypanosomes of Neotropic 1, found in Trachops cirrhosus and Artibeus jamaicensis (phyllostomids), likely represent a different species or genotype closely related to T. madeirae. Consistent with its phylogenetic positioning, T. madeirae differs from Trypanosoma cruzi in morphology of both epimastigote and trypomastigote culture forms and does not infect Triatoma infestans. Similar to its closest relatives of Neobat lineage, T. madeirae was unable to develop within mammalian cells. To date, PCR-surveys on archived blood/liver samples unveiled T. madeirae exclusively in D. rotundus from Southern to Northern Brazil. The description of a new species of bat trypanosome associated with vampire bats increases the repertoire of trypanosomes infecting D. rotundus, currently comprised of Trypanosoma cruzi, T. cruzi marinkellei, Trypanosoma dionisii, Trypanosoma rangeli, Trypanosoma pessoai, and Trypanosoma madeirae. Trypanosoma madeirae n. sp. was so far only detected in the vampire bat Desmodus rotundus. T. madeirae clustered with other Neotropical trypanosomes in the Neobat lineage of the clade T. cruzi. Several species of trypanosomes are hosted by Desmodus rotundus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana H S Barros
- Trypanosomatid Biology Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana Lima
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Armando O Schubach
- Surveillance and Clinical Research in Leishmaniasis Laboratory, National of Infectology Evandro Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marta M G Teixeira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Votýpka J, Kment P, Kriegová E, Vermeij MJ, Keeling PJ, Yurchenko V, Lukeš J. High Prevalence and Endemism of Trypanosomatids on a Small Caribbean Island. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2018; 66:600-607. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Votýpka
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre; Czech Academy of Sciences; 370 05 České Budějovice (Budweis) Czech Republic
- Department of Parasitology; Faculty of Science; Charles University; 128 44 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kment
- Department of Entomology; National Museum; 148 00 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kriegová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre; Czech Academy of Sciences; 370 05 České Budějovice (Budweis) Czech Republic
| | - Mark J.A. Vermeij
- Carmabi Foundation; Willemstad Curaçao
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Patrick J. Keeling
- Department of Botany; University of British Columbia; Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre; Czech Academy of Sciences; 370 05 České Budějovice (Budweis) Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science; University of Ostrava; 710 00 Ostrava Czech Republic
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases; Sechenov University; Moscow Russia
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre; Czech Academy of Sciences; 370 05 České Budějovice (Budweis) Czech Republic
- Faculty of Sciences; University of South Bohemia; 370 05 České Budějovice (Budweis) Czech Republic
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Borges AR, Toledo DA, Fermino BR, de Oliveira JC, Silber AM, Elias MC, D'Avila H, Scopel KKG. In Vitro Cellular Division of Trypanosoma abeli Reveals Two Pathways for Organelle Replication. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2018; 66:385-392. [PMID: 30076737 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Since the observation of the great pleomorphism of fish trypanosomes, in vitro culture has become an important tool to support taxonomic studies investigating the biology of cultured parasites, such as their structure, growth dynamics, and cellular cycle. Relative to their biology, ex vivo and in vitro studies have shown that these parasites, during the multiplication process, duplicate and segregate the kinetoplast before nucleus replication and division. However, the inverse sequence (the nucleus divides before the kinetoplast) has only been documented for a species of marine fish trypanosomes on a single occasion. Now, this previously rare event was observed in Trypanosoma abeli, a freshwater fish trypanosome. Specifically, from 376 cultured parasites in the multiplication process, we determined the sequence of organelle division for 111 forms; 39% exhibited nucleus duplication prior to kinetoplast replication. Thus, our results suggest that nucleus division before the kinetoplast may not represent an accidental or erroneous event occurring in the main pathway of parasite reproduction, but instead could be a species-specific process of cell biology in trypanosomes, such as previously noticed for Leishmania. This "alternative" pathway for organelle replication is a new field to be explored concerning the biology of marine and freshwater fish trypanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa R Borges
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer s/n - Campus Universitário, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Daniel A Toledo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer s/n - Campus Universitário, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Bruno R Fermino
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, São Paulo University, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374 - Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - José Carlos de Oliveira
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer s/n - Campus Universitário, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Ariel Mariano Silber
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps - LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374 - Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Maria Carolina Elias
- Laboratório Especial de Ciclo Celular, Center of Toxins, Immune Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500 - Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05503-900, Brazil
| | - Heloisa D'Avila
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer s/n - Campus Universitário, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Kézia K G Scopel
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer s/n - Campus Universitário, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36036-900, Brazil
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Recent advances in trypanosomatid research: genome organization, expression, metabolism, taxonomy and evolution. Parasitology 2018; 146:1-27. [PMID: 29898792 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018000951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Unicellular flagellates of the family Trypanosomatidae are obligatory parasites of invertebrates, vertebrates and plants. Dixenous species are aetiological agents of a number of diseases in humans, domestic animals and plants. Their monoxenous relatives are restricted to insects. Because of the high biological diversity, adaptability to dramatically different environmental conditions, and omnipresence, these protists have major impact on all biotic communities that still needs to be fully elucidated. In addition, as these organisms represent a highly divergent evolutionary lineage, they are strikingly different from the common 'model system' eukaryotes, such as some mammals, plants or fungi. A number of excellent reviews, published over the past decade, were dedicated to specialized topics from the areas of trypanosomatid molecular and cell biology, biochemistry, host-parasite relationships or other aspects of these fascinating organisms. However, there is a need for a more comprehensive review that summarizing recent advances in the studies of trypanosomatids in the last 30 years, a task, which we tried to accomplish with the current paper.
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Trypanosoma rangeli is phylogenetically closer to Old World trypanosomes than to Trypanosoma cruzi. Int J Parasitol 2018; 48:569-584. [PMID: 29544703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma rangeli and Trypanosoma cruzi are generalist trypanosomes sharing a wide range of mammalian hosts; they are transmitted by triatomine bugs, and are the only trypanosomes infecting humans in the Neotropics. Their origins, phylogenetic relationships, and emergence as human parasites have long been subjects of interest. In the present study, taxon-rich analyses (20 trypanosome species from bats and terrestrial mammals) using ssrRNA, glycosomal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gGAPDH), heat shock protein-70 (HSP70) and Spliced Leader RNA sequences, and multilocus phylogenetic analyses using 11 single copy genes from 15 selected trypanosomes, provide increased resolution of relationships between species and clades, strongly supporting two main sister lineages: lineage Schizotrypanum, comprising T. cruzi and bat-restricted trypanosomes, and Tra[Tve-Tco] formed by T. rangeli, Trypanosoma vespertilionis and Trypanosoma conorhini clades. Tve comprises European T. vespertilionis and African T. vespertilionis-like of bats and bat cimicids characterised in the present study and Trypanosoma sp. Hoch reported in monkeys and herein detected in bats. Tco included the triatomine-transmitted tropicopolitan T. conorhini from rats and the African NanDoum1 trypanosome of civet (carnivore). Consistent with their very close relationships, Tra[Tve-Tco] species shared highly similar Spliced Leader RNA structures that were highly divergent from those of Schizotrypanum. In a plausible evolutionary scenario, a bat trypanosome transmitted by cimicids gave origin to the deeply rooted Tra[Tve-Tco] and Schizotrypanum lineages, and bat trypanosomes of diverse genetic backgrounds jumped to new hosts. A long and independent evolutionary history of T. rangeli more related to Old World trypanosomes from bats, rats, monkeys and civets than to Schizotrypanum spp., and the adaptation of these distantly related trypanosomes to different niches of shared mammals and vectors, is consistent with the marked differences in transmission routes, life-cycles and host-parasite interactions, resulting in T. cruzi (but not T. rangeli) being pathogenic to humans.
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Borghesan TC, Campaner M, Matsumoto TE, Espinosa OA, Razafindranaivo V, Paiva F, Carranza JC, Añez N, Neves L, Teixeira MMG, Camargo EP. Genetic Diversity and Phylogenetic Relationships of Coevolving Symbiont-Harboring Insect Trypanosomatids, and Their Neotropical Dispersal by Invader African Blowflies (Calliphoridae). Front Microbiol 2018; 9:131. [PMID: 29467742 PMCID: PMC5808337 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is about the inter- and intra-specific genetic diversity of trypanosomatids of the genus Angomonas, and their association with Calliphoridae (blowflies) in Neotropical and Afrotropical regions. Microscopic examination of 3,900 flies of various families, mostly Calliphoridae, revealed that 31% of them harbored trypanosomatids. Small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) barcoding showed that Angomonas predominated (46%) over the other common trypanosomatids of blowflies of genera Herpetomonas and Wallacemonas. Among Angomonas spp., A. deanei was much more common than the two-other species, A. desouzai and A. ambiguus. Phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rRNA, glycosomal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gGAPDH) and internal transcribed spacer rDNA (ITS rDNA) sequences revealed a marked genetic diversity within A. deanei, which comprised four infraspecific genotypes (Dea1–Dea4), and four corresponding symbiont genotypes (Kcr1–Kcr4). Host and symbiont phylogenies were highly congruent corroborating their co-divergence, consistent with host-symbiont interdependent metabolism and symbiont reduced genomes shaped by a long coevolutionary history. We compared the diversity of Angomonas/symbionts from three genera of blowflies, Lucilia, Chrysomya and Cochliomyia. A. deanei, A. desouzai, and A. ambiguus were found in the three genera of blowflies in South America. In Africa, A. deanei and A. ambiguus were identified in Chrysomya. The absence of A. desouzai in Africa and its presence in Neotropical Cochliomyia and Lucilia suggests parasite spillback of A. desouzai into Chrysomya, which was most likely introduced four decades ago from Africa into the Neotropic. The absence of correlation between parasite diversity and geographic and genetic distances, with identical genotypes of A. deanei found in the Neotropic and Afrotropic, is consistent with disjunct distribution due to the recent human-mediated transoceanic dispersal of Angomonas by Chrysomya. This study provides the most comprehensive data gathered so far on the genetic repertoires of a genus of trypanosomatids found in flies from a wide geographical range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarcilla C Borghesan
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marta Campaner
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tania E Matsumoto
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Omar A Espinosa
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Paiva
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Julio C Carranza
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical (LIPT), University of Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Nestor Añez
- Department of Parasitology, University of Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - Luis Neves
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique.,Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Marta M G Teixeira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erney P Camargo
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Lopes CMT, Menna-Barreto RFS, Pavan MG, Pereira MCDS, Roque ALR. Trypanosoma janseni n. sp. (Trypanosomatida: Trypanosomatidae) isolated from Didelphis aurita (Mammalia: Didelphidae) in the Atlantic Rainforest of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: integrative taxonomy and phylogeography within the Trypanosoma cruzi clade. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:45-55. [PMID: 29211107 PMCID: PMC5719541 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Didelphis spp. are a South American marsupial species that
are among the most ancient hosts for the Trypanosoma
spp. OBJECTIVES We characterise a new species (Trypanosoma janseni n. sp.)
isolated from the spleen and liver tissues of Didelphis
aurita in the Atlantic Rainforest of Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil. METHODS The parasites were isolated and a growth curve was performed in NNN and
Schneider's media containing 10% foetal bovine serum. Parasite morphology
was evaluated via light microscopy on Giemsa-stained culture smears, as well
as scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Molecular taxonomy was
based on a partial region (737-bp) of the small subunit (18S) ribosomal RNA
gene and 708 bp of the nuclear marker, glycosomal glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
dehydrogenase (gGAPDH) genes. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference
methods were used to perform a species coalescent analysis and to generate
individual and concatenated gene trees. Divergence times among species that
belong to the T. cruzi clade were also inferred. FINDINGS In vitro growth curves demonstrated a very short log phase,
achieving a maximum growth rate at day 3 followed by a sharp decline. Only
epimastigote forms were observed under light and scanning microscopy.
Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed structures typical to
Trypanosoma spp., except one structure that presented
as single-membraned, usually grouped in stacks of three or four.
Phylogeography analyses confirmed the distinct species status of T.
janseni n. sp. within the T. cruzi clade.
Trypanosoma janseni n. sp. clusters with T.
wauwau in a well-supported clade, which is exclusive and
monophyletic. The separation of the South American T.
wauwau + T. janseni coincides with the
separation of the Southern Super Continent. CONCLUSIONS This clade is a sister group of the trypanosomes found in Australian
marsupials and its discovery sheds light on the initial diversification
process based on what we currently know about the T. cruzi
clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Madeira Tavares Lopes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Márcio Galvão Pavan
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - André Luiz R Roque
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Dario MA, Lisboa CV, Costa LM, Moratelli R, Nascimento MP, Costa LP, Leite YLR, Llewellyn MS, Xavier SCDC, Roque ALR, Jansen AM. High Trypanosoma spp. diversity is maintained by bats and triatomines in Espírito Santo state, Brazil. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188412. [PMID: 29176770 PMCID: PMC5703495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to reevaluate the ecology of an area in the Atlantic Forest, southeast Brazil, where Chagas disease (CD) has been found to occur. In a previous study, immediately after the occurrence of a CD case, we did not observe any sylvatic small mammals or dogs with Trypanosoma cruzi cruzi infections, but Triatoma vitticeps presented high T. c. cruzi infection rates. In this study, we investigated bats together with non-volant mammals, dogs, and triatomines to explore other possible T. c. cruzi reservoirs/hosts in the area. Seventy-three non-volant mammals and 186 bats were captured at three sites within the Guarapari municipality, Espírito Santo state. Rio da Prata and Amarelos sites exhibited greater richness in terms of non-volant mammals and bats species, respectively. The marsupial Metachirus nudicaudatus, the rodent Trinomys paratus, and the bats Artibeus lituratus and Carollia perspicillata were the most frequently captured species. As determined by positive hemocultures, only two non-volant mammals were found to be infected by Trypanosoma species: Monodelphis americana, which was infected by T. cascavelli, T. dionisii and Trypanosoma sp., and Callithrix geoffroyi, which was infected by T. minasense. Bats presented T. c. cruzi TcI and TcIII/V, T. c. marinkellei, T. dionisii, T. rangeli B and D, and Trypanosoma sp. infections. Seven dogs were infected with T. cruzi based only on serological exams. The triatomines T. vitticeps and Panstrongylus geniculatus were found to be infected by trypanosomes via microscopy. According to molecular characterization, T. vitticeps specimens were infected with T. c. cruzi TcI, TcII, TcIII/V, and TcIV, T. c. marinkellei and T. dionisii. We observed high trypanosome diversity in a small and fragmented region of the Atlantic Forest. This diversity was primarily maintained by bats and T. vitticeps. Our findings show that the host specificity of the Trypanosoma genus should be thoroughly reviewed. In addition, our data show that CD cases can occur without an enzootic cycle near residential areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Augusta Dario
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Varella Lisboa
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana M. Costa
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Mamíferos, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Moratelli
- Fiocruz Mata Atlântica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Monique Pereira Nascimento
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória/ES, Brazil
| | - Leonora Pires Costa
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória/ES, Brazil
| | - Yuri Luiz Reis Leite
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória/ES, Brazil
| | - Martin S. Llewellyn
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - André Luiz Rodrigues Roque
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Jansen
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
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Abstract
Bats are ancient hosts of Trypanosoma species and their flying ability, longevity and adaptability to distinct environments indicate that they are efficient dispersers of parasites. Bats from Acre state (Amazon Biome) were collected in four expeditions conducted in an urban forest (Parque Zoobotânico) and one relatively more preserved area (Seringal Cahoeira) in Rio Branco and Xapuri municipalities. Trypanosoma sp. infection was detected by hemoculture and fresh blood examination. Isolated parasite species were identified by the similarity of the obtained DNA sequence from 18S rDNA polymerase chain reaction and reference strains. Overall, 367 bats from 23 genera and 32 species were examined. Chiropterofauna composition was specific to each municipality, although Artibeus sp. and Carollia sp. prevailed throughout. Trypanosoma sp. infection was detected in 85 bats (23·2%). The most widely distributed and prevalent genotypes were (in order) Trypanosoma cruzi TcI, T. cruzi marinkellei, Trypanosoma dionisii, T. cruzi TcIV and Trypanosoma rangeli. At least one still-undescribed Trypanosoma species was also detected in this study. The detection of T. cruzi TcI and TcIV (the ones associated with Chagas disease in Amazon biome) demonstrates the putative importance of these mammal hosts in the epidemiology of the disease in the Acre State.
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Kaufer A, Ellis J, Stark D, Barratt J. The evolution of trypanosomatid taxonomy. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:287. [PMID: 28595622 PMCID: PMC5463341 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2204-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomatids are protozoan parasites of the class Kinetoplastida predominately restricted to invertebrate hosts (i.e. possess a monoxenous life-cycle). However, several genera are pathogenic to humans, animals and plants, and have an invertebrate vector that facilitates their transmission (i.e. possess a dixenous life-cycle). Phytomonas is one dixenous genus that includes several plant pathogens transmitted by phytophagous insects. Trypanosoma and Leishmania are dixenous genera that infect vertebrates, including humans, and are transmitted by hematophagous invertebrates. Traditionally, monoxenous trypanosomatids such as Leptomonas were distinguished from morphologically similar dixenous species based on their restriction to an invertebrate host. Nonetheless, this criterion is somewhat flawed as exemplified by Leptomonas seymouri which reportedly infects vertebrates opportunistically. Similarly, Novymonas and Zelonia are presumably monoxenous genera yet sit comfortably in the dixenous clade occupied by Leishmania. The isolation of Leishmania macropodum from a biting midge (Forcipomyia spp.) rather than a phlebotomine sand fly calls into question the exclusivity of the Leishmania-sand fly relationship, and its suitability for defining the Leishmania genus. It is now accepted that classic genus-defining characteristics based on parasite morphology and host range are insufficient to form the sole basis of trypanosomatid taxonomy as this has led to several instances of paraphyly. While improvements have been made, resolution of evolutionary relationships within the Trypanosomatidae is confounded by our incomplete knowledge of its true diversity. The known trypanosomatids probably represent a fraction of those that exist and isolation of new species will help resolve relationships in this group with greater accuracy. This review incites a dialogue on how our understanding of the relationships between certain trypanosomatids has shifted, and discusses new knowledge that informs the present taxonomy of these important parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Kaufer
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - John Ellis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Damien Stark
- Department of Microbiology, St Vincent’s Hospital Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010 Australia
| | - Joel Barratt
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007 Australia
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da Silva-Júnior R, Paiva TDS. Evaluating the role of morphological characters in the phylogeny of some trypanosomatid genera (Excavata, Kinetoplastea, Trypanosomatida). Cladistics 2017; 34:167-180. [DOI: 10.1111/cla.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Renato da Silva-Júnior
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Vigilância Entomológica em Diptera e Hemiptera; FIOCRUZ; Instituto Oswaldo Cruz; 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências e Biotecnologia; Universidade Federal Fluminense; Niterói RJ Brazil
| | - Thiago da Silva Paiva
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Protistology; Instituto de Biociências; Universidade de São Paulo; 05508-090 São Paulo SP Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular “Francisco Mauro Salzano”; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal do Pará; 66075-110 Belém PA Brazil
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The Evolutionary Loss of RNAi Key Determinants in Kinetoplastids as a Multiple Sporadic Phenomenon. J Mol Evol 2017; 84:104-115. [PMID: 28210761 DOI: 10.1007/s00239-017-9780-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We screened the genomes of a broad panel of kinetoplastid protists for genes encoding proteins associated with the RNA interference (RNAi) system using probes from the Argonaute (AGO1), Dicer1 (DCL1), and Dicer2 (DCL2) genes of Leishmania brasiliensis and Crithidia fasciculata. We identified homologs for all the three of these genes in the genomes of a subset of these organisms. However, several of these organisms lacked evidence for any of these genes, while others lacked only DCL2. The open reading frames encoding these putative proteins were structurally analyzed in silico. The alignments indicated that the genes are homologous with a high degree of confidence, and three-dimensional structural models strongly supported a functional relationship to previously characterized AGO1, DCL1, and DCL2 proteins. Phylogenetic analysis of these putative proteins showed that these genes, when present, evolved in parallel with other nuclear genes, arguing that the RNAi system genes share a common progenitor, likely across all Kinetoplastea. In addition, the genome segments bearing these genes are highly conserved and syntenic, even among those taxa in which they are absent. However, taxa in which these genes are apparently absent represent several widely divergent branches of kinetoplastids, arguing that these genes were independently lost at least six times in the evolutionary history of these organisms. The mechanisms responsible for the apparent coordinate loss of these RNAi system genes independently in several lineages of kinetoplastids, while being maintained in other related lineages, are currently unknown.
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Zanetti A, Ferreira RC, Serrano MG, Takata CSA, Campaner M, Attias M, de Souza W, Teixeira MMG, Camargo EP. Phytomonas (Euglenozoa: Trypanosomatidae): Phylogenetic analyses support infrageneric lineages and a new species transmitted to Solanaceae fruits by a pentatomid hemipteran. Eur J Protistol 2016; 56:232-249. [PMID: 27771468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The genus Phytomonas includes trypanosomatids transmitted to the fruits, latex, and phloem of vascular plants by hemipterans. We inferred the phylogenetic relationships of plant and insect isolates assigned to the previously defined genetic groups A-F and H of Phytomonas, particularly those from groups A, C and E comprising flagellates of Solanaceae fruits. Phylogenetic analyses using glycosomal Glyceraldehyde Phosphate Dehydrogenase (gGAPDH) and Small Subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) genes strongly supported the monophyly of the genus Phytomonas and its division into seven main infrageneric phylogenetic lineages (Phy clades). Isolates from fruit or latex do not constitute monophyletic assemblages but disperse through more than one lineages. In this study, fruit flagellates were distributed in three clades: PhyA, formed by isolates from Solanaceae and phytophagous hemipterans; PhyC comprising flagellates from four plant families; and PhyE, which contains 15 fruit isolates from seven species of Solanaceae. The flagellates of PhyE are described as Phytomonas dolleti n. sp. according to their positioning in phylogenetic trees, complemented by data about their life cycle, and developmental and morphological characteristics in cultures, fruits of Solanum spp., and salivary glands of the vector, the phytophagous hemipteran Arvelius albopunctatus (Pentatomidae).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andernice Zanetti
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Robson C Ferreira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Myrna G Serrano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Carmen S A Takata
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marta Campaner
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcia Attias
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marta M G Teixeira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Erney P Camargo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Dario MA, Rodrigues MS, Barros JHDS, Xavier SCDC, D’Andrea PS, Roque ALR, Jansen AM. Ecological scenario and Trypanosoma cruzi DTU characterization of a fatal acute Chagas disease case transmitted orally (Espírito Santo state, Brazil). Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:477. [PMID: 27580853 PMCID: PMC5006519 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1754-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma cruzi infection via oral route results in outbreaks or cases of acute Chagas disease (ACD) in different Brazilian regions and poses a novel epidemiological scenario. In the Espírito Santo state (southeastern Brazil), a fatal case of a patient with ACD led us to investigate the enzootic scenario to avoid the development of new cases. At the studied locality, Triatoma vitticeps exhibited high T. cruzi infection rates and frequently invaded residences. METHODS Sylvatic and domestic mammals in the Rio da Prata locality, where the ACD case occurred, and in four surrounding areas (Baia Nova, Buenos Aires, Santa Rita and Todos os Santos) were examined and underwent parasitological and serological tests. Triatomines were collected for a fecal material exam, culturing and mini-exon gene molecular characterization, followed by RFLP-PCR of H3/Alul. Paraffin-embedded cardiac tissue of a patient was washed with xylene to remove paraffin and DNA was extracted using the phenol-chloroform method. For genotype characterization, PCR was performed to amplify the 1f8, GPI and 18S rRNA genes. In the case of V7V8 SSU rRNA, the PCR products were molecularly cloned. PCR products were sequenced and compared to sequences in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis using maximum likelihood method with 1000 bootstrap replicates was performed. RESULTS None of the animals showed positive hemocultures. Three rodents and two dogs showed signs of infection, as inferred from borderline serological titers. T. vitticeps was the only triatomine species identified and showed T. cruzi infection by DTUs TcI and TcIV. The analysis of cardiac tissue DNA showed mixed infection by T. cruzi (DTUs I, II, III and IV) and Trypanosoma dionisii. CONCLUSIONS Each case or outbreak of ACD should be analyzed as a particular epidemiological occurrence. The results indicated that mixed infections in humans may play a role in pathogenicity and may be more common than is currently recognized. Direct molecular characterization from biological samples is essential because this procedure avoids parasite selection. T. dionisii may under certain and unknown circumstances infect humans. The distribution of T. cruzi DTUS TcIII and TcIV in Brazilian biomes is broader than has been assumed to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Augusta Dario
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Marina Silva Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | | | | | - Paulo Sérgio D’Andrea
- Laboratory of Biology and Parasitology of Wild Reservoir Mammals, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - André Luiz Rodrigues Roque
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Jansen
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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Barbosa AD, Mackie JT, Stenner R, Gillett A, Irwin P, Ryan U. Trypanosoma teixeirae: A new species belonging to the T. cruzi clade causing trypanosomosis in an Australian little red flying fox (Pteropus scapulatus). Vet Parasitol 2016; 223:214-21. [PMID: 27198803 PMCID: PMC7116988 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of Trypanosoma teixeirae sp. n. from a little red flying fox. First trypanosome species associated with clinical disease in an Australian bat. Morphological and molecular analyses. T. teixeirae sp. n. clustered within the T. cruzi clade. Evolutionary implications discussed.
Little is known about the genetic diversity and pathogenicity of trypanosomes in Australian bats. Recently a novel trypanosome species was identified in an adult female little red flying fox (Pteropus scapulatus) with clinical and pathological evidence of trypanosomosis. The present study used morphology and molecular methods to demonstrate that this trypanosome is a distinct species and we propose the name Trypanosoma teixeirae sp. n. Morphological comparison showed that its circulating trypomastigotes were significantly different from those of Trypanosoma pteropi and Trypanosoma hipposideri, two species previously described from Australian bats. Genetic information was not available for T. pteropi and T. hipposideri but phylogenetic analyses at the 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and glycosomal glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (gGAPDH) loci indicated that T. teixeirae sp. n. was genetically distinct and clustered with other bat-derived trypanosome species within the Trypanosoma cruzi clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda D Barbosa
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, DF, 70040-020, Brazil,.
| | - John T Mackie
- Vepalabs, 36 Balaclava Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Robyn Stenner
- Australia Zoo Wildlife Hospital, Beerwah, Queensland, 4519, Australia
| | - Amber Gillett
- Australia Zoo Wildlife Hospital, Beerwah, Queensland, 4519, Australia
| | - Peter Irwin
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Una Ryan
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
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Attias M, Sato LH, Ferreira RC, Takata CSA, Campaner M, Camargo EP, Teixeira MMG, de Souza W. Developmental and Ultrastructural Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Trypanosoma herthameyeri
n. sp. of Brazilian Leptodactilydae Frogs. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2016; 63:610-22. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Attias
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer; Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Lyslaine H. Sato
- Departamento de Parasitologia; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Robson C. Ferreira
- Departamento de Parasitologia; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Carmen S. A. Takata
- Departamento de Parasitologia; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Marta Campaner
- Departamento de Parasitologia; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Erney P. Camargo
- Departamento de Parasitologia; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Marta M. G. Teixeira
- Departamento de Parasitologia; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer; Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia; Qualidade e Tecnologia-Inmetro; Duque de Caxias Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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Bellavia D, Dimarco E, Caradonna F. Characterization of three different clusters of 18S-26S ribosomal DNA genes in the sea urchin P. lividus: Genetic and epigenetic regulation synchronous to 5S rDNA. Gene 2016; 580:118-124. [PMID: 26789074 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported the characterization 5S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) clusters in the common sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus and demonstrated the presence of DNA methylation-dependent silencing of embryo specific 5S rDNA cluster in adult tissue. In this work, we show genetic and epigenetic characterization of 18S-26S rDNA clusters in this specie. The results indicate the presence of three different 18S-26S rDNA clusters with different Non-Transcribed Spacer (NTS) regions that have different chromosomal localizations. Moreover, we show that the two largest clusters are hyper-methylated in the promoter-containing NTS regions in adult tissues, as in the 5S rDNA. These findings demonstrate an analogous epigenetic regulation in small and large rDNA clusters and support the logical synchronism in building ribosomes. In fact, all the ribosomal RNA genes must be synchronously and equally transcribed to perform their unique final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Bellavia
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Sezione di Biologia Cellulare, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy; Laboratorio di Ingegneria Tissutale, Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, c/o Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche e Forensi (DIBIMEF), Università di Palermo, Via Divisi, 81, 90133 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Eufrosina Dimarco
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Sezione di Biologia Cellulare, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Caradonna
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Sezione di Biologia Cellulare, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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New Approaches to Systematics of Trypanosomatidae: Criteria for Taxonomic (Re)description. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:460-469. [PMID: 26433249 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
While dixenous trypanosomatids represent one of the most dangerous pathogens for humans and domestic animals, their monoxenous relatives have frequently become model organisms for studies of diversity of parasitic protists and host-parasite associations. Yet, the classification of the family Trypanosomatidae is not finalized and often confusing. Here we attempt to make a blueprint for future studies in this field. We would like to elicit a discussion about an updated procedure, as traditional taxonomy was not primarily designed to be used for protists, nor can molecular phylogenetics solve all the problems alone. The current status, specific cases, and examples of generalized solutions are presented under conditions where practicality is openly favored over rigid taxonomic codes or blind phylogenetic approach.
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Lima L, Espinosa-Álvarez O, Pinto CM, Cavazzana M, Pavan AC, Carranza JC, Lim BK, Campaner M, Takata CSA, Camargo EP, Hamilton PB, Teixeira MMG. New insights into the evolution of the Trypanosoma cruzi clade provided by a new trypanosome species tightly linked to Neotropical Pteronotus bats and related to an Australian lineage of trypanosomes. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:657. [PMID: 26701154 PMCID: PMC4690318 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1255-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bat trypanosomes are implicated in the evolution of the T. cruzi clade, which harbours most African, European and American trypanosomes from bats and other trypanosomes from African, Australian and American terrestrial mammals, including T. cruzi and T. rangeli, the agents of the American human trypanosomiasis. The diversity of bat trypanosomes globally is still poorly understood, and the common ancestor, geographical origin, and evolution of species within the T. cruzi clade remain largely unresolved. Methods Trypanosome sequences were obtained from cultured parasites and from museum archived liver/blood samples of bats captured from Guatemala (Central America) to the Brazilian Atlantic Coast. Phylogenies were inferred using Small Subunit (SSU) rRNA, glycosomal glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (gGAPDH), and Spliced Leader (SL) RNA genes. Results Here, we described Trypanosoma wauwau n. sp. from Pteronotus bats (Mormoopidae) placed in the T. cruzi clade, then supporting the bat-seeding hypothesis whereby the common ancestor of this clade likely was a bat trypanosome. T. wauwau was sister to the clade T. spp-Neobats from phyllostomid bats forming an assemblage of trypanosome species exclusively of Noctilionoidea Neotropical bats, which was sister to an Australian clade of trypanosomes from indigenous marsupials and rodents, which possibly evolved from a bat trypanosome. T. wauwau was found in 26.5 % of the Pteronotus bats examined, and phylogeographical analysis evidenced the wide geographical range of this species. To date, this species was not detected in other bats, including those that were sympatric or shared shelters with Pteronotus. T. wauwau did not develop within mammalian cells, and was not infective to Balb/c mice or to triatomine vectors of T. cruzi and T. rangeli. Conclusions Trypanosoma wauwau n. sp. was linked to Pteronotus bats. The positioning of the clade T. wauwau/T.spp-Neobats as the most basal Neotropical bat trypanosomes and closely related to an Australian lineage of trypanosomes provides additional evidence that the T. cruzi clade trypanosomes likely evolved from bats, and were dispersed in bats within and between continents from ancient to unexpectedly recent times. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-1255-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Lima
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes, 1374, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Oneida Espinosa-Álvarez
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes, 1374, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - C Miguel Pinto
- Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA. .,Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Crónicas, Escuela de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Manzelio Cavazzana
- Faculdades Integradas Padre Albino (FIPA) e Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde de Barretos (FACISB), Barretos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Carolina Pavan
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Julio C Carranza
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia.
| | - Burton K Lim
- Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Marta Campaner
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes, 1374, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Carmen S A Takata
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes, 1374, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Erney P Camargo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes, 1374, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Patrick B Hamilton
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
| | - Marta M G Teixeira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes, 1374, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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d’Avila-Levy CM, Boucinha C, Kostygov A, Santos HLC, Morelli KA, Grybchuk-Ieremenko A, Duval L, Votýpka J, Yurchenko V, Grellier P, Lukeš J. Exploring the environmental diversity of kinetoplastid flagellates in the high-throughput DNA sequencing era. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:956-65. [PMID: 26602872 PMCID: PMC4708014 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The class Kinetoplastea encompasses both free-living and parasitic species from a wide range of hosts. Several representatives of this group are responsible for severe human diseases and for economic losses in agriculture and livestock. While this group encompasses over 30 genera, most of the available information has been derived from the vertebrate pathogenic genera Leishmaniaand Trypanosoma. Recent studies of the previously neglected groups of Kinetoplastea indicated that the actual diversity is much higher than previously thought. This article discusses the known segment of kinetoplastid diversity and how gene-directed Sanger sequencing and next-generation sequencing methods can help to deepen our knowledge of these interesting protists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Masini d’Avila-Levy
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Estudos
Integrados em Protozoologia, Coleção de Protozoários, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Carolina Boucinha
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Estudos
Integrados em Protozoologia, Coleção de Protozoários, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Alexei Kostygov
- University of Ostrava, Life Science Research Centre, Ostrava, Czech
Republic
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Zoological Institute, Laboratory of
Molecular Systematics, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Helena Lúcia Carneiro Santos
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Estudos
Integrados em Protozoologia, Coleção de Protozoários, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Karina Alessandra Morelli
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Estudos
Integrados em Protozoologia, Coleção de Protozoários, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto
Alcântara Gomes, Departamento de Ecologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Linda Duval
- Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre
National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation
des Microorganisme, Unités Mixte de Recherche 7245, Paris, France
| | - Jan Votýpka
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre,
České Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Charles University, Faculty of Science, Department of Parasitology,
Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- University of Ostrava, Life Science Research Centre, Ostrava, Czech
Republic
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre,
České Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Philippe Grellier
- Sorbonne Universités, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre
National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation
des Microorganisme, Unités Mixte de Recherche 7245, Paris, France
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre,
České Budejovice, Czech Republic
- University of South Bohemia, Faculty of Sciences, České Budejovice,
Czech Republic
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Canada
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50
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Lemos M, Fermino BR, Simas-Rodrigues C, Hoffmann L, Silva R, Camargo EP, Teixeira MMG, Souto-Padrón T. Phylogenetic and morphological characterization of trypanosomes from Brazilian armoured catfishes and leeches reveal high species diversity, mixed infections and a new fish trypanosome species. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:573. [PMID: 26546294 PMCID: PMC4636803 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several Trypanosoma species transmitted by leeches infect marine and freshwater fish worldwide. To date, all South American fish trypanosome species identified have been based on unreliable morphological parameters. We recently isolated and cultured trypanosomes from the Brazilian armoured catfishes Hypostomus luetkeni and H. affinis. Here, we report the first phylogenetic analyses of South American (Brazilian) trypanosomes isolated from fish, and from leeches removed from these fish. We also analysed morphologically and morphometrically the different forms of fish, leech and cultured trypanosomes. Methods V7V8 SSU rRNA and gGAPDH sequences were used for phylogenetic analysis of Brazilian fish and leech trypanosomes. Trypanosomes from cultures, fish blood and leech samples were also characterized morphologically and morphometrically by light and electron microscopy. Results In blood smears from fish high trypanosome prevalence (90–100 %) and parasitemia (0.9-1.0x102) were observed. Phylogenetic relationships using SSU rRNA and gGAPDH showed that, despite relevant sequence divergence, all Brazilian fish (and derived cultures) and leech trypanosomes clustered together into a single clade. The Brazilian clade clustered with European, North American and African fish trypanosomes. Based on sequence analysis, we uncovered a new species of Brazilian fish trypanosome, Trypanosoma abeli n. sp. Trypanosoma abeli cultures contained pleomorphic epimastigotes, small trypomastigotes and rare sphaeromastigotes. Ultrastructural features of T. abeli included a cytostome-cytopharynx complex in epi- and trypomastigotes, a compact rod-like kinetoplast, lysosome-related organelles (LROs) and multivesicular bodies. Trypanosomes found in fish blood smears and leech samples were highly pleomorphic, in agreement with sequence data suggesting that catfishes and leeches often have mixed trypanosome infections. Conclusions Trypanosoma abeli n. sp. is the first trypanosome from South American fishes isolated in culture, positioned in phylogenetic trees and characterized at the ultrastructural level. Trypanosoma abeli n. sp. is highly prevalent in H. luetkeni and H. affinis armoured catfish from the Atlantic Forest biome, and in other catfish species from the Amazon and the Pantanal. Sequencing data suggested that Brazilian catfish often have mixed trypanosome infections, highlighting the importance of molecular characterization to identify trypanosome species in fishes and leeches. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-015-1193-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moara Lemos
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco I, sala 019. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil. .,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, bloco I, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Bruno R Fermino
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Cíntia Simas-Rodrigues
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Luísa Hoffmann
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Instituto Nacional para Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/MCT, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Rosane Silva
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Instituto Nacional para Pesquisa Translacional em Saúde e Ambiente na Região Amazônica, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/MCT, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Erney P Camargo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marta M G Teixeira
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Thaïs Souto-Padrón
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Bloco I, sala 019. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil. .,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagens, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, bloco I, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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