1
|
Zhang G, Zhang Y, Ba L, Liu L, Su T, Sun Y, Dian Z. Epidemiological changes in respiratory pathogen transmission among children with acute respiratory infections during the COVID-19 pandemic in Kunming, China. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:826. [PMID: 39143516 PMCID: PMC11323578 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09733-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute respiratory infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children. However, studies on the prevalence of respiratory viruses among children with acute respiratory infections in Kunming, China, are lacking. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of respiratory pathogens among children with acute respiratory infections in Kunming during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. METHODS Nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected from 4956 children with acute respiratory infections at Yunnan Provincial First People's Hospital between January 2020 and December 2022, patients with COVID-19 were excluded from the study. Multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to detect respiratory pathogens. RESULTS The frequency of respiratory pathogens among children was significantly lower in 2020 than in 2021 and 2022. The following pathogens had the highest prevalence rates (in descending order) from 2020 to 2022: HRV > RSV > PIV > ADV > MP; HRV > RSV > HADV > PIV > MP and HRV > Mp > HADV > H3N2 > HMPV. The overall frequency of respiratory pathogens exhibited an inverted U-shape with increasing age among the children. Human bocavirus, human parainfluenza virus, and human respiratory syncytial virus were the dominant respiratory viruses in children aged ≤ 3 years, whereas Mycoplasma pneumoniae was the dominant respiratory pathogen in children aged > 3 years. HRV has the highest prevalence and is the main pathogen of mixed infection. The prevalence of the influenza A virus has decreased significantly, whereas HRSV and Mp are found to be seasonal. CONCLUSIONS Our findings offer an objective evaluation of transmission dynamics and epidemiological shifts in respiratory pathogens during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in Kunming, serving as a basis for informed decision-making, prevention, and treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guiqian Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Virology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Limei Ba
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Luping Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Ting Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Ziqin Dian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Otálora-Otálora BA, López-Rivera JJ, Aristizábal-Guzmán C, Isaza-Ruget MA, Álvarez-Moreno CA. Host Transcriptional Regulatory Genes and Microbiome Networks Crosstalk through Immune Receptors Establishing Normal and Tumor Multiomics Metafirm of the Oral-Gut-Lung Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16638. [PMID: 38068961 PMCID: PMC10706695 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbiome has shown a correlation with the diet and lifestyle of each population in health and disease, the ability to communicate at the cellular level with the host through innate and adaptative immune receptors, and therefore an important role in modulating inflammatory process related to the establishment and progression of cancer. The oral cavity is one of the most important interaction windows between the human body and the environment, allowing the entry of an important number of microorganisms and their passage across the gastrointestinal tract and lungs. In this review, the contribution of the microbiome network to the establishment of systemic diseases like cancer is analyzed through their synergistic interactions and bidirectional crosstalk in the oral-gut-lung axis as well as its communication with the host cells. Moreover, the impact of the characteristic microbiota of each population in the formation of the multiomics molecular metafirm of the oral-gut-lung axis is also analyzed through state-of-the-art sequencing techniques, which allow a global study of the molecular processes involved of the flow of the microbiota environmental signals through cancer-related cells and its relationship with the establishment of the transcription factor network responsible for the control of regulatory processes involved with tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Javier López-Rivera
- Grupo de Investigación INPAC, Specialized Laboratory, Clinica Universitaria Colombia, Clínica Colsanitas S.A., Bogotá 111321, Colombia;
| | - Claudia Aristizábal-Guzmán
- Grupo de Investigación INPAC, Unidad de Investigación, Fundación Universitaria Sanitas, Bogotá 110131, Colombia;
| | - Mario Arturo Isaza-Ruget
- Keralty, Sanitas International Organization, Grupo de Investigación INPAC, Fundación Universitaria Sanitas, Bogotá 110131, Colombia;
| | - Carlos Arturo Álvarez-Moreno
- Infectious Diseases Department, Clinica Universitaria Colombia, Clínica Colsanitas S.A., Bogotá 111321, Colombia;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lepretre F, Gras D, Chanez P, Duez C. Natural killer cells in the lung: potential role in asthma and virus-induced exacerbation? Eur Respir Rev 2023; 32:230036. [PMID: 37437915 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0036-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disorder whose pathophysiological and immunological mechanisms are not completely understood. Asthma exacerbations are mostly driven by respiratory viral infections and characterised by worsening of symptoms. Despite current therapies, asthma exacerbations can still be life-threatening. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells well known for their antiviral activity and are present in the lung as circulating and resident cells. However, their functions in asthma and its exacerbations are still unclear. In this review, we will address NK cell activation and functions, which are particularly relevant for asthma and virus-induced asthma exacerbations. Then, the role of NK cells in the lungs at homeostasis in healthy individuals will be described, as well as their functions during pulmonary viral infections, with an emphasis on those associated with asthma exacerbations. Finally, we will discuss the involvement of NK cells in asthma and virus-induced exacerbations and examine the effect of asthma treatments on NK cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lepretre
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | - Delphine Gras
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Chanez
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France
- APHM, Hôpital Nord, Clinique des Bronches, de l'allergie et du sommeil, Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Duez
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, INRAE, C2VN, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Petrone-García VM, Castellanos-Huerta I, Tellez-Isaias G. Editorial: High-impact respiratory RNA virus diseases. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1273650. [PMID: 37675076 PMCID: PMC10478262 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1273650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
|
5
|
Nicolae M, Mihai CM, Chisnoiu T, Balasa AL, Frecus CE, Mihai L, Lupu VV, Ion I, Pantazi AC, Nelson Twakor A, Andrusca A, Cambrea CS, Arghir IA, Lupu A, Arghir OC. Immunomodulatory Effects of Vitamin D in Respiratory Tract Infections and COVID-19 in Children. Nutrients 2023; 15:3430. [PMID: 37571367 PMCID: PMC10421518 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are one of the main reasons that the pediatric population goes to the doctor. The connection between ARTI and vitamin D (VD) is currently debated by the medical community, and so far, there has been little agreement with regard to the ideal level of 25(OH)D concentration that would provide protection for the respiratory tract, or the effectiveness of its administration in the treatment of respiratory infections. The purpose of this literature review was to bring attention to the immunomodulatory and antiviral function of vitamin D and its relation to the respiratory system by examining the main ARTIs, including SARS-CoV-2. The latter has affected the pediatric population in different ways, from asymptomatic patients to severe forms with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). Although there are not much clinical data on the SARS-CoV-2 disease in the pediatric population worldwide, we tried to find out whether there is a connection between the severity of this disease, other ARTIs, and vitamin D supplementation. We also aimed to find out if 25OHD deficiency had an adverse effect on the evolution of the disease and the recovery period in the case of younger patients affected by COVID-19. For this literature review, the PICO framework was selected as the methodological approach. Our results demonstrated many methods by which this vitamin may lower the risk of ARTI with regard to the COVID-19 infection. Despite these significant advancements, more research is needed to support the idea that 25(OH)D concentration can influence the evolution of respiratory tract infections in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nicolae
- Department of Pediatrics, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Constanta, 900591 Constanta, Romania (I.I.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of General Medicine, “Ovidius” University, 900470 Constanta, Romania
| | - Cristina Maria Mihai
- Department of Pediatrics, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Constanta, 900591 Constanta, Romania (I.I.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of General Medicine, “Ovidius” University, 900470 Constanta, Romania
| | - Tatiana Chisnoiu
- Department of Pediatrics, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Constanta, 900591 Constanta, Romania (I.I.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of General Medicine, “Ovidius” University, 900470 Constanta, Romania
| | - Adriana Luminita Balasa
- Department of Pediatrics, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Constanta, 900591 Constanta, Romania (I.I.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of General Medicine, “Ovidius” University, 900470 Constanta, Romania
| | - Corina Elena Frecus
- Department of Pediatrics, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Constanta, 900591 Constanta, Romania (I.I.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of General Medicine, “Ovidius” University, 900470 Constanta, Romania
| | - Larisia Mihai
- Department of Pediatrics, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Constanta, 900591 Constanta, Romania (I.I.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of General Medicine, “Ovidius” University, 900470 Constanta, Romania
| | - Vasile Valeriu Lupu
- Department of Pediatrics, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Irina Ion
- Department of Pediatrics, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Constanta, 900591 Constanta, Romania (I.I.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of General Medicine, “Ovidius” University, 900470 Constanta, Romania
| | - Alexandru Cosmin Pantazi
- Department of Pediatrics, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Constanta, 900591 Constanta, Romania (I.I.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of General Medicine, “Ovidius” University, 900470 Constanta, Romania
| | | | - Antonio Andrusca
- Department of Pediatrics, County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Constanta, 900591 Constanta, Romania (I.I.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of General Medicine, “Ovidius” University, 900470 Constanta, Romania
| | - Claudia Simona Cambrea
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of General Medicine, “Ovidius” University, 900470 Constanta, Romania
| | - Ioan Anton Arghir
- Department of Pneumophtisiology, Faculty of General Medicine, “Ovidius” University, 900470 Constanta, Romania
| | - Ancuta Lupu
- Department of Pediatrics, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Oana Cristina Arghir
- Department of Pneumophtisiology, Faculty of General Medicine, “Ovidius” University, 900470 Constanta, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Shokry S, Hegazy A, Abbas AM, Mostafa I, Eissa IH, Metwaly AM, Yahya G, El-Shazly AM, Aboshanab KM, Mostafa A. Phytoestrogen β-Sitosterol Exhibits Potent In Vitro Antiviral Activity against Influenza A Viruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:228. [PMID: 36851106 PMCID: PMC9964242 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a contagious infection in humans that is caused frequently by low pathogenic seasonal influenza viruses and occasionally by pathogenic avian influenza viruses (AIV) of H5, H7, and H9 subtypes. Recently, the clinical sector in poultry and humans has been confronted with many challenges, including the limited number of antiviral drugs and the rapid evolution of drug-resistant variants. Herein, the anti-influenza activities of various plant-derived phytochemicals were investigated against highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 virus (HPAIV H5N1) and seasonal low pathogenic human influenza A/H1N1 virus (LPHIV H1N1). Out of the 22 tested phytochemicals, the steroid compounds β-sitosterol and β-sitosterol-O-glucoside have very potent activity against the predefined influenza A viruses (IAV). Both steroids could induce such activity by affecting multiple stages during IAV replication cycles, including viral adsorption and replication with a major and significant impact on the virus directly in a cell-free status "viricidal effect". On a molecular level, several molecular docking studies suggested that β-sitosterol and β-sitosterol-O-glucoside exhibited viricidal effects through blocking active binding sites of the hemagglutinin surface protein, as well as showing inhibitory effects against replication through the binding with influenza neuraminidase activity and blocking the active sites of the M2 proton channel activity. The phytoestrogen β-sitosterol has structural similarity with the active form of the female sex hormone estradiol, and this similarity is likely one of the molecular determinants that enables the phytoestrogen β-sitosterol and its derivative to control IAV infection in vitro. This promising anti-influenza activity of β-sitosterol and its O-glycoside derivative, according to both in vitro and cheminformatics studies, recommend both phytochemicals for further studies going through preclinical and clinical phases as efficient anti-influenza drug candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Shokry
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Akram Hegazy
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza District, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Ahmad M. Abbas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Salman International University (KSIU), Sinai 46612, Egypt
| | - Islam Mostafa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim H. Eissa
- Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry & Drug Design Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Metwaly
- Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Boys), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
- Biopharmaceutical Products Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - Galal Yahya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Assem M. El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
- Faculty of Pharmacy, El Saleheya El Gadida University, El Saleheya El Gadida 44813, Sharkia, Egypt
| | - Khaled M. Aboshanab
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li P, Zhang Y, Shen W, Shi S, Zhao Z. dbGSRV: A manually curated database of genetic susceptibility to respiratory virus. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262373. [PMID: 35298480 PMCID: PMC8929643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human genetics has been proposed to play an essential role in inter-individual differences in respiratory virus infection occurrence and outcomes. To systematically understand human genetic contributions to respiratory virus infection, we developed the database dbGSRV, a manually curated database that integrated the host genetic susceptibility and severity studies of respiratory viruses scattered over literatures in PubMed. At present, dbGSRV contains 1932 records of genetic association studies relating 1010 unique variants and seven respiratory viruses, manually curated from 168 published articles. Users can access the records by quick searching, batch searching, advanced searching and browsing. Reference information, infection status, population information, mutation information and disease relationship are provided for each record, as well as hyperlinks to public databases in convenient of users accessing more information. In addition, a visual overview of the topological network relationship between respiratory viruses and associated genes is provided. Therefore, dbGSRV offers a convenient resource for researchers to browse and retrieve genetic associations with respiratory viruses, which may inspire future studies and provide new insights in our understanding and treatment of respiratory virus infection. Database URL: http://www.ehbio.com/dbGSRV/front/
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Wenlong Shen
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Shi
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihu Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Thermosensitive Poly(DHSe/PEG/PPG Urethane)-Based Hydrogel Extended Remdesivir Application in Ophthalmic Medication. Pharmaceutics 2021; 14:pharmaceutics14010050. [PMID: 35056947 PMCID: PMC8778792 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The spread of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak beginning in March 2020. Currently, there is a lack of suitable dose formulations that interrupt novel coronavirus transmission via corneal and conjunctival routes. In the present study, we developed and evaluated a thermosensitive gelling system based on a selenium-containing polymer for topical ocular continuous drug release. In detail, di-(1-hydroxylundecyl) selenide (DHSe), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), and poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) were polymerized to form poly(DHSe/PEG/PPG urethane). The polymer was used to carry poorly water-soluble remdesivir (RDV) at room temperature to form the final thermosensitive in situ gel, which exhibited a typical sol-gel transition at 35 °C. The formed polymer was further characterized by rheology, thermology, and scanning electron microscopy. In vitro release studies and in vivo retention and penetration tests indicated that the thermogel provided the prolonged release of RDV. The RDV-loaded in situ gel was proven to be non-biotoxic against human corneal epithelial cells, with good ocular tolerance and biocompatibility in rabbit eyes.
Collapse
|
9
|
Çelebi Ö, Çelebi D. Viral Respiratory Tract Pathogens During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Eurasian J Med 2021; 53:123-126. [PMID: 34177295 DOI: 10.5152/eurasianjmed.2021.20459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to report viral respiratory pathogens during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Materials and Methods Other viral pathogens were identified. COVID-19 immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G were detected. Results Of the 56 samples collected from women, 2 (3.5%) were positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), whereas 8 (10%) of the 80 samples from men were positive for SARS-CoV-2. The number of respiratory syncytial virus-A-positive cases was 6 (10.7%) in women and 14 (17.5%) in men. Two (3.5%) of the women were positive for parainfluenza-3, and 6 of the men were positive for influenza-B. The number of human metapneumovirus (HMPV)-positive women and men was 6 (10.7%) and 6 (7.5%), respectively. Rhinovirus caused 14.2% and 10% of the cases in men and women, respectively. With a ratio of 10.7% in women and 7.5% in men; SARS-CoV-2, with a ratio of 10% in men and 3.5% in women; influenza-B, with a ratio of 7.5% in men; and parainfluenza-3 and 4, with a ratio of 3.5% in women. SARS-CoV-2 had a mean incidence rate of 7% in men and women. The antibody screening results reveal that antibody formation did not occur in 3 women among the 10 patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, and antibody formation occurred in 2 of 7 men. Antibody formation occurred in 5 women (16.6%) and 7 men (20.5%) among the 58 patients who were positive for other respiratory tract pathogens. However, 23 (29.5%) of the blood samples collected from 78 individuals who were negative for the COVID-19 agent and other respiratory tract viral pathogens were positive for the COVID-19 antibody. Conclusion Because the climate is colder than normal in areas settled at higher altitudes, more than one pathogens act together. In addition, respiratory infections are seen in all seasons. This causes the diseases to be fewer and milder than in other regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Özgür Çelebi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Atatürk University Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum Turkey
| | - Demet Çelebi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Atatürk University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Singh DP, Sahu MC, Pagdhune A, Viramgami A, Perumal S, Balachandar R, Sarkar K. Viral load could be an important determinant for fomites based transmission of viral infections. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 10:929-932. [PMID: 34041100 PMCID: PMC8138384 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1314_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Fomites are common sources of transmission of certain infections. Infectious pathogens, such as viruses known to cause respiratory tract infections, are common examples of being transmitted by fomites. However, the load of the particular pathogen on these inanimate surfaces is a crucial factor for the transmission. The current study aims at investigating the load of one such viral pathogen on the surfaces of commonly used materials. METHODS Based on the cycle threshold (Ct) values in the diagnostic system using gene amplification for the considered viral pathogen, we categorized the positive samples for high (17 to < 24), moderate (24 to < 31), or mild (31 to < 38) viral load. Five randomly selected samples from each of these category were smeared on commonly used cardboard surface (absorbent surface) and stainless steel (non-absorbent surface). After an observation duration of 90 min, samples from the surfaces were analyzed again for gene amplification using RT-PCR. RESULTS Viral load/titter positively correlated with the viral material on either of these investigated surfaces post-observation duration. Higher viral load (low Ct) samples exhibited higher probability of being detected on the surfaces than those samples with lower/moderate (high Ct) viral load. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSION Common inanimate surfaces are potential source of the viral transmission, however the viral load on these surfaces are key determinant of such transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhirendra P. Singh
- Division of Toxicology, ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Mahesh C. Sahu
- Microbiology, ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Avinash Pagdhune
- Poison Information Centre, ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Ankit Viramgami
- Clinical Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Sivaperumal Perumal
- Pesticide Toxicology Division, ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Rakesh Balachandar
- Clinical Epidemiology, ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Kamalesh Sarkar
- The Director, ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mirzaei R, Attar A, Papizadeh S, Jeda AS, Hosseini-Fard SR, Jamasbi E, Kazemi S, Amerkani S, Talei GR, Moradi P, Jalalifar S, Yousefimashouf R, Hossain MA, Keyvani H, Karampoor S. The emerging role of probiotics as a mitigation strategy against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Arch Virol 2021; 166:1819-1840. [PMID: 33745067 PMCID: PMC7980799 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is an acute respiratory infection accompanied by pneumonia caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has affected millions of people globally. To date, there are no highly efficient therapies for this infection. Probiotic bacteria can interact with the gut microbiome to strengthen the immune system, enhance immune responses, and induce appropriate immune signaling pathways. Several probiotics have been confirmed to reduce the duration of bacterial or viral infections. Immune fitness may be one of the approaches by which protection against viral infections can be reinforced. In general, prevention is more efficient than therapy in fighting viral infections. Thus, probiotics have emerged as suitable candidates for controlling these infections. During the COVID-19 pandemic, any approach with the capacity to induce mucosal and systemic reactions could potentially be useful. Here, we summarize findings regarding the effectiveness of various probiotics for preventing virus-induced respiratory infectious diseases, especially those that could be employed for COVID-19 patients. However, the benefits of probiotics are strain-specific, and it is necessary to identify the bacterial strains that are scientifically established to be beneficial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Mirzaei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Adeleh Attar
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Saher Papizadeh
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Salimi Jeda
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Reza Hosseini-Fard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elaheh Jamasbi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sima Kazemi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Saman Amerkani
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Gholam Reza Talei
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Lorestan, Iran
| | - Pouya Moradi
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Jalalifar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasoul Yousefimashouf
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Akhter Hossain
- The Florey University of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Hossein Keyvani
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lehtoranta L, Latvala S, Lehtinen MJ. Role of Probiotics in Stimulating the Immune System in Viral Respiratory Tract Infections: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103163. [PMID: 33081138 PMCID: PMC7602805 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral respiratory tract infection (RTI) is the most frequent cause of infectious illnesses including the common cold. Pharmacological solutions for treating or preventing viral RTIs are so far limited and thus several self-care products are available in the market. Some dietary supplements such as probiotics have been shown to modulate immune system function and their role in reducing the risk and the course of RTIs has been investigated extensively within the past decade. However, the mechanism of action and the efficacy of probiotics against viral RTIs remains unclear. We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Knowledge for pre-clinical and clinical studies investigating the effect of probiotics on respiratory virus infections, immune response, and the course of upper and lower respiratory tract illness. The literature summarized in this narrative review points out that specific probiotic strains seem effective in pre-clinical models, through stimulating the immune system and inhibiting viral replication. Clinical studies indicate variable efficacy on upper respiratory illnesses and lack proof of diagnosed viral infections. However, meta-analyses of clinical studies indicate that probiotics could be beneficial in upper respiratory illnesses without specific etiology. Further studies aiming at discovering the mechanisms of action of probiotics and clinical efficacy are warranted.
Collapse
|
13
|
Bekhof J, Wessels M, Ten Velde E, Hoekstra M, Langenhorst V, Bruijnesteijn L, Brand PLP, Ruijs GJHM. Room Sharing in Hospitalized Children With Bronchiolitis and the Occurrence of Hospital-Acquired Infections: A Prospective Cohort Study. Hosp Pediatr 2020; 9:415-422. [PMID: 31138604 DOI: 10.1542/hpeds.2018-0222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence and severity of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) in children hospitalized for bronchiolitis when patients share a room, irrespective of the causative virus. METHODS A prospective cohort study during 4 winter seasons (2012-2016) was conducted in a Dutch general pediatric ward including otherwise healthy children <2 years of age hospitalized for bronchiolitis. Patients shared a 1-to-4-bed hospital room irrespective of virological diagnosis. The main outcome measures were HAIs assessed through multiplex polymerase chain reaction and disease severity. RESULTS HAIs occurred in 28 of 218 included patients (12.8%), most frequently with rhinovirus (17 of 28; 60.7%). In 3 (10.7%) of 28 HAIs, the same virus was identified in roommates. Only 1 patient became cross-infected with respiratory syncytial virus, although this patient never shared a room with a patient infected with respiratory syncytial virus. HAI was not associated with more severe disease. The median length of hospitalization was 3.5 days (interquartile range [IQR] 1-6) compared with 3 days (IQR 2-6; P = .86); the number of PICU admissions was 0% versus 5.3% (P = .21); the median days of oxygen supplementation was 2.5 (IQR 1-4) versus 2 (IQR 1-4; P = .58); the median days of tube feeding was 2 (IQR 0-5) versus 2 (interquartile range: 0-5; P = .77); and the readmission rate was 0% versus 5.8% (P = .19) in patients with and without HAI, respectively. CONCLUSIONS HAIs among patients with bronchiolitis are common but not associated with more severe disease. Room sharing with appropriate hygiene does not play a relevant role in the transmission of viruses between patients with bronchiolitis, regardless of the viruses involved. On the basis of these findings, we suggest that room sharing of patients with bronchiolitis is safe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lesla Bruijnesteijn
- Laboratory for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Isala Clinics, Zwolle, Netherlands; and
| | - Paul L P Brand
- Isala Women and Children's Hospital and.,Graduate School of Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Gijs J H M Ruijs
- Laboratory for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Isala Clinics, Zwolle, Netherlands; and
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pham HT, Nguyen PTT, Tran ST, Phung TTB. Clinical and Pathogenic Characteristics of Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Treated at the Vietnam National Children's Hospital. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2020; 2020:7931950. [PMID: 32256905 PMCID: PMC7086417 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7931950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Lower respiratory tract infections are commonly caused by viruses and cause significant morbidity and mortality among children. Early identification of the pathological agent causing these infections is essential to avoid unnecessary antibiotic use and improve patient management. Multiplex PCR techniques were recently developed to detect multiple viral pathogens using a single PCR reaction. In this study, we identify viral pathogens in children with respiratory infections. We collected 194 nasopharyngeal aspirates from infants (2-24 months old) with lower respiratory tract infections treated at the Vietnam National Children's Hospital between November 2014 and June 2015 and assessed the presence of 16 virus types and subtypes by multiplex PCR using the xTAG Respiratory Viral Panel (RVP) assay. Overall, 73.7% of the samples were positive for at least one virus, and 24.2% corresponded to infections with multiple viruses. The most common viruses were respiratory syncytial virus and enterovirus/rhinovirus. These viruses were more frequent among younger patients (2-5 months old) and caused symptoms similar to those of bronchiolitis and pneumonia. The most common clinical manifestation caused by respiratory tract infection was bronchiolitis. Elevated neutrophils levels were associated with adenovirus infection. Our results showed that the xTAG Respiratory Viral Panel (RVP) can effectively detect multiple viruses causing respiratory infections in children and that the nasopharyngeal aspirates are a good sample choice to detect respiratory viruses in children. Applying this approach in the clinical setting would improve patient management and allow early diagnosis, thus avoiding the unnecessary use of antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hien T. Pham
- International Outpatient Department of Vietnam National Children's Hospital (VNCH), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Phuc T. T. Nguyen
- International Outpatient Department of Vietnam National Children's Hospital (VNCH), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Sinh T. Tran
- Research Biomolecular for Infectious Disease Department of Vietnam National Children's Hospital (VNCH), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Thuy T. B. Phung
- Research Biomolecular for Infectious Disease Department of Vietnam National Children's Hospital (VNCH), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kumar S, Chakravarti A, Kumar S, Kapoor S. Detection of respiratory syncytial virus & Mycoplasma pneumoniae in paediatric lower respiratory tract infections. Indian J Med Res 2019; 150:306-309. [PMID: 31719302 PMCID: PMC6886145 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_983_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae are considered common cause of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in children. The present study was conducted to detect M. pneumoniae and RSV in paediatric LRTIs employing serology, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) analysis. Methods Seventy five children aged one month to five years with acute LRTIs were investigated for M. pneumoniae antibodies and RSV antigen using immunochromatographic test, RT-PCR for RSV and M. pneumoniae by PCR on nasopharyngeal aspirates. Results RSV infection was observed in 33 (44%) and M. pneumoniae was positive in 26 (35%) children. No significant difference in infection was noted between male and female children. Clinical and radiological features among RSV and M. pneumoniae positive and negative cases were similar. Considering RT-PCR for RSV as gold standard, RSV antigen immunochromatography was 90.90 per cent sensitive and 100 per cent specific. Interpretation & conclusions Our study showed the presence of RSV and M. pneumoniae infection in 44 and 35 per cent children, respectively with community-acquired LRTIs and aged less than five years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anita Chakravarti
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Surinder Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Seema Kapoor
- Department of Pediatrics, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Crenshaw BJ, Jones LB, Bell CR, Kumar S, Matthews QL. Perspective on Adenoviruses: Epidemiology, Pathogenicity, and Gene Therapy. Biomedicines 2019; 7:E61. [PMID: 31430920 PMCID: PMC6784011 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines7030061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adenoviruses are large (150 MDa) doubled-stranded DNA viruses that cause respiratory infections. These viruses are particularly pathogenic in healthy and immune-compromised individuals, and currently, no adenovirus vaccine is available for the general public. The purpose of this review is to describe (i) the epidemiology and pathogenicity of human adenoviruses, (ii) the biological role of adenovirus vectors in gene therapy applications, and (iii) the potential role of exosomes in adenoviral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brennetta J Crenshaw
- Microbiology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
| | - Leandra B Jones
- Microbiology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
| | - Courtnee' R Bell
- Microbiology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, Division of Neonatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Qiana L Matthews
- Microbiology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Etemadi MR, Jalilian FA, Othman N, Lye MS, Ansari S, Yubbu P, Sekawi Z. Diversity of respiratory viruses detected among hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory tract infections at Hospital Serdang, Malaysia. J Virol Methods 2019; 269:1-6. [PMID: 30910688 PMCID: PMC7172173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Discovery of new viruses have created a renewed interest in the epidemiology of respiratory viruses. Respiratory viruses are the major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs) in children. Assessment of the morbidity of specific etiological agents of ALRTIs is important to determine agent-specific interventions. Sensitive and rapid diagnosis of respiratory infections in hospitalized children is cost-effective.
Background The role of respiratory viruses as the major cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections (ALRTIs) in children is becoming increasingly evident due to the use of sensitive molecular detection methods. The aim of this study was to use conventional and molecular detection methods to assess the epidemiology of respiratory viral infections in children less than five years of age that were hospitalized with ALRTIs. Methods The cross-sectional study was designed to investigate the occurrence of respiratory viruses including respiratory syncytisl virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), influenza virus A and B (IFV-A and B), parainfluenzavirus 1, 2, 3 and 4 (PIV 1, 2, 3 and 4), human rhinoviruses (HRV), human enterovirus (HEV), human coronaviruses (HCoV) 229E and OC43, human bocavirus (HBoV) and human adenovirus (HAdV) in hospitalized children with ALRTIs, at Hospital Serdang, Malaysia, from June 16 to December 21, 2009. The study was also designed in part to assess the performance of the conventional methods against molecular methods. Results Viral pathogens were detected in 158 (95.8%) of the patients. Single virus infections were detected in 114 (67.9%) patients; 46 (27.9%) were co-infected with different viruses including double-virus infections in 37 (22.4%) and triple-virus infections in 9 (5.5%) cases. Approximately 70% of samples were found to be positive using conventional methods compared with 96% using molecular methods. A wide range of respiratory viruses were detected in the study. There was a high prevalence of RSV (50.3%) infections, particularly group B viruses. Other etiological agents including HAdV, HMPV, IFV-A, PIV 1–3, HBoV, HCoV-OC43 and HEV were detected in 14.5, 9.6, 9.1, 4.8, 3.6, 2.4 and 1.8 percent of the samples, respectively. Conclusion Our results demonstrated the increased sensitivity of molecular detection methods compared with conventional methods for the diagnosis of ARTIs in hospitalized children. This is the first report of HMPV infections in Malaysia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Etemadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Arak, Arak, Iran; Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Farid Azizi Jalilian
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Norlijah Othman
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Munn-Sann Lye
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Sara Ansari
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Putri Yubbu
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Zamberi Sekawi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Choi E, Ha KS, Song DJ, Lee JH, Lee KC. Clinical and laboratory profiles of hospitalized children with acute respiratory virus infection. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2018; 61:180-186. [PMID: 29963101 PMCID: PMC6021362 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2018.61.6.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Despite the availability of molecular methods, identification of the causative virus in children with acute respiratory infections (ARIs) has proven difficult as the same viruses are often detected in asymptomatic children. Methods Multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays were performed to detect 15 common respiratory viruses in children under 15 years of age who were hospitalized with ARI between January 2013 and December 2015. Viral epidemiology and clinical profiles of single virus infections were evaluated. Results Of 3,505 patients, viruses were identified in 2,424 (69.1%), with the assay revealing a single virus in 1,747 cases (49.8%). While major pathogens in single virus-positive cases differed according to age, human rhinovirus (hRV) was common in patients of all ages. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus (IF), and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) were found to be seasonal pathogens, appearing from fall through winter and spring, whereas hRV and adenovirus (AdV) were detected in every season. Patients with ARIs caused by RSV and hRV were frequently afebrile and more commonly had wheezing compared with patients with other viral ARIs. Neutrophil-dominant inflammation was observed in ARIs caused by IF, AdV, and hRV, whereas lymphocyte-dominant inflammation was observed with RSV A, parainfluenza virus, and hMPV. Monocytosis was common with RSV and AdV, whereas eosinophilia was observed with hRV. Conclusion In combination with viral identification, recognition of virus-specific clinical and laboratory patterns will expand our understanding of the epidemiology of viral ARIs and help us to establish more efficient therapeutic and preventive strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunjin Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kee-Soo Ha
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Jin Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Hwa Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang Chul Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gregianini TS, Seadi CF, Menegolla I, Martins LG, Ikuta N, Wolf JM, Lunge VR. Human metapneumovirus in Southern Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0435-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
20
|
Patterns of Human Respiratory Viruses and Lack of MERS-Coronavirus in Patients with Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Southwestern Province of Saudi Arabia. Adv Virol 2017; 2017:4247853. [PMID: 28348590 PMCID: PMC5350310 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4247853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We undertook enhanced surveillance of those presenting with respiratory symptoms at five healthcare centers by testing all symptomatic outpatients between November 2013 and January 2014 (winter time). Nasal swabs were collected from 182 patients and screened for MERS-CoV as well as other respiratory viruses using RT-PCR and multiplex microarray. A total of 75 (41.2%) of these patients had positive viral infection. MERS-CoV was not detected in any of the samples. Human rhinovirus (hRV) was the most detected pathogen (40.9%) followed by non-MERS-CoV human coronaviruses (19.3%), influenza (Flu) viruses (15.9%), and human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) (13.6%). Viruses differed markedly depending on age in which hRV, Flu A, and hCoV-OC43 were more prevalent in adults and RSV, hCoV-HKU1, and hCoV-NL63 were mostly restricted to children under the age of 15. Moreover, coinfection was not uncommon in this study, in which 17.3% of the infected patients had dual infections due to several combinations of viruses. Dual infections decreased with age and completely disappeared in people older than 45 years. Our study confirms that MERS-CoV is not common in the southwestern region of Saudi Arabia and shows high diversity and prevalence of other common respiratory viruses. This study also highlights the importance and contribution of enhanced surveillance systems for better infection control.
Collapse
|
21
|
Cohen HA, Hoshen M, Gur S, Bahir A, Laks Y, Blau H. Efficacy and tolerability of a polysaccharide-resin-honey based cough syrup as compared to carbocysteine syrup for children with colds: a randomized, single-blinded, multicenter study. World J Pediatr 2017; 13:27-33. [PMID: 27457790 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-016-0048-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Available pediatric treatments for acute cough are limited by lack of demonstrated efficacy. The objective of this trial is to compare the effects of a polysaccharide-resin-honey based cough syrup, and carbocysteine syrups on nocturnal and daytime cough associated with childhood upper respiratory tract infections (URIs). METHODS Using a single-blind randomization design, the study recruited children from 4 general pediatric community clinics. Participants included 150 children aged 2 to 5 years with an URI, nocturnal and daytime cough and illness duration of ≤7 days. To be eligible, children had to be free of medication on the day before presentation. A survey was administered to parents on 4 consecutive days beginning from the day of presentation in clinic. Children received the study preparation on the first evening and then 3 times per day for 3 further days. Main outcome measures were cough frequency, cough severity, bothersome nature of cough, and quality of sleep for both child and parent. RESULTS Both preparations were well tolerated and cough improved over the study period. After one night and on all survey days, there was a significantly better result for polysaccharide-resin-honey (P<0.05) for all the main outcome measures. The trend of improvement over the 4 days was steeper for polysaccharide-resin-honey (P<0.05) with regards to all cough parameters. CONCLUSIONS Both polysaccharide-resin-honey and carbocysteine cough syrups were well tolerated in children over 2 years of age. The polysaccharide-resin-honey syrup was associated with a more rapid and greater improvement in all clinical cough symptoms measured, beginning from the first night of therapy. Both nocturnal and daytime cough improved, as did sleep quality for both children and parents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Herman Avner Cohen
- , P.O.Box 187, 56000, Yehud, Israel. .,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel. .,Pediatric Ambulatory Community Clinic, Petah-Tikva, Israel.
| | - Moshe Hoshen
- Clalit Research Institute, Chief Physician's Office, Clalit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shmuel Gur
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Pediatric Ambulatory Community Clinic, Kefar Saba, Israel
| | - Arie Bahir
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Pediatric Ambulatory Community Clinic, Bat Yam, Israel
| | - Yoseph Laks
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Pediatric Ambulatory Community Clinic, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Hannah Blau
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Pulmonary Institute, Schneider Children Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Accurate diagnosis of viral infections enhances the ability of the clinician to make decisions on appropriate treatment of patients, evaluate disease progression and prevent misuse of antibiotics. Knowledge of the pathogen involved also allow implementation of infection control and monitoring of success of antiviral treatments that may affect the prognosis of patients. Epidemiological data collected through accurate diagnostics play an important role in public health through identification and control of outbreaks, implementation of appropriate diagnostic tests, vaccination programs and treatment but also to recognize common and emerging pathogens in a community. It is key that the clinician have an understanding of appropriate specimens to send to the laboratory and the value of specific nucleic acid and serological testing for different viral pathogens. Molecular techniques have revolutionized viral diagnoses over the past decade and enhanced both the sensitivity and specificity of tests and the speed by which a diagnosis can be made and new tests be developed. The continued use of serology for viruses with a short viremia, or for chronic infections should however complement these tests. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the available tests, the principles of testing and appropriate tests to select for different viruses and syndromes. Also provided is a glimpse of new developments in diagnostics that may further enhance the capacity to make a conclusive diagnosis in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robin J. Green
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Pretoria, School of Medicine, Pretoria, ZA, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Numerical Investigation of Flow Characteristics in the Obstructed Realistic Human Upper Airway. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2016; 2016:3181654. [PMID: 27725841 PMCID: PMC5048098 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3181654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The flow characteristics in the realistic human upper airway (HUA) with obstruction that resulted from pharyngeal collapse were numerically investigated. The 3D anatomically accurate HUA model was reconstructed from CT-scan images of a Chinese male patient (38 years, BMI 25.7). The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with the large eddy simulation (LES) method was applied to simulate the airflow dynamics within the HUA model in both inspiration and expiration processes. The laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) technique was simultaneously adopted to measure the airflow fields in the HUA model for the purpose of testifying the reliability of LES approach. In the simulations, the representative respiration intensities of 16.8 L/min (slight breathing), 30 L/min (moderate breathing), and 60 L/min (severe breathing) were conducted under continuous inspiration and expiration conditions. The airflow velocity field and static pressure field were obtained and discussed in detail. The results indicated the airflow experiences unsteady transitional/turbulent flow in the HUA model under low Reynolds number. The airflow fields cause occurrence of forceful injection phenomenon due to the narrowing of pharynx caused by the respiratory illness in inspiration and expiration. There also exist strong flow separation and back flow inside obstructed HUA owing to the vigorous jet flow effect in the pharynx. The present results would provide theoretical guidance for the treatment of obstructive respiratory disease.
Collapse
|
24
|
Richter J, Panayiotou C, Tryfonos C, Koptides D, Koliou M, Kalogirou N, Georgiou E, Christodoulou C. Aetiology of Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Hospitalised Children in Cyprus. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147041. [PMID: 26761647 PMCID: PMC4720120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to improve clinical management and prevention of viral infections in hospitalised children improved etiological insight is needed. The aim of the present study was to assess the spectrum of respiratory viral pathogens in children admitted to hospital with acute respiratory tract infections in Cyprus. For this purpose nasopharyngeal swab samples from 424 children less than 12 years of age with acute respiratory tract infections were collected over three epidemic seasons and were analysed for the presence of the most common 15 respiratory viruses. A viral pathogen was identified in 86% of the samples, with multiple infections being observed in almost 20% of the samples. The most frequently detected viruses were RSV (30.4%) and Rhinovirus (27.4%). RSV exhibited a clear seasonality with marked peaks in January/February, while rhinovirus infections did not exhibit a pronounced seasonality being detected almost throughout the year. While RSV and PIV3 incidence decreased significantly with age, the opposite was observed for influenza A and B as well as adenovirus infections. The data presented expand our understanding of the epidemiology of viral respiratory tract infections in Cypriot children and will be helpful to the clinicians and researchers interested in the treatment and control of viral respiratory tract infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Richter
- Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Virology, Nicosia, Cyprus
- * E-mail:
| | - Christakis Panayiotou
- Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Virology, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Christina Tryfonos
- Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Virology, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Dana Koptides
- Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Virology, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Maria Koliou
- Archbishop Makarios III Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Nikolas Kalogirou
- Archbishop Makarios III Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Eleni Georgiou
- Archbishop Makarios III Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Christina Christodoulou
- Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Department of Molecular Virology, Nicosia, Cyprus
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rahman MM, Wong KK, Alfizah H, Hussin S, Isahak I. Influenza and respiratory syncytial viruses: Efficacy of different diagnostic assays. Pak J Med Sci 2015; 31:791-4. [PMID: 26430404 PMCID: PMC4590406 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.314.7003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To determine the efficacy of cell culture, immunoflourescence Assay (IFA) and real time polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) in relation to diagnosis of influenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). Methods: Total 2781 specimens of throat swabs and nasopharyngeal aspirates were obtained from patients suspected of respiratory viruses’ infections from January 2009 to December 2011 at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre(UKMMC). The specimens were processed by cell culture and immunoflurescence assay (IFA) and (rRT-PCR). Results: Thirty three (1.19%) specimens were positive for influenza virus A and 42 (1.51%) were positive for RSV by cell culture and IFA. On the other hand, rRT-PCR was able to identify 189 of 505 (37.43%) specimens in which 65 were influenza A virus and 124 were RSV. Sensitivity of rRT-PCR was 100% for both influenza A virus and RSV and specificity was 88% and 77% for influenza A virus and RSV, respectively. Conclusion: rRT-PCR diagnosed respiratory viruses in shorter time with a high level of sensitivity in comparison to conventional assays - cell culture and IFA. These advantages help in managing patients by saving cost and hospitalization stay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Rahman
- M. M. Rahman, Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - K K Wong
- K.K. Wong, Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - H Alfizah
- H. Alfizah, Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S Hussin
- S. Hussin, Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, The National University of Malaysia, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - I Isahak
- I. Isahak, Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), 55100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ghietto LM, Majul D, Ferreyra Soaje P, Baumeister E, Avaro M, Insfrán C, Mosca L, Cámara A, Moreno LB, Adamo MP. Comorbidity and high viral load linked to clinical presentation of respiratory human bocavirus infection. Arch Virol 2014; 160:117-27. [PMID: 25269520 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a new parvovirus associated with acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI). In order to evaluate HBoV significance as an agent of acute respiratory disease, we screened 1,135 respiratory samples from children and adults with and without symptoms during two complete calendar years. HBoV1 prevalence in patients with ARTI was 6.33 % in 2011 and 11.64 % in 2012, including neonatal and adult patients. HBoV1 was also detected in 3.77 % of asymptomatic individuals. The co-detection rate was 78.1 %. Among children, 87 % were clinically diagnosed with lower respiratory infection (no significant differences between patients with and without coinfection), and 31 % exhibited comorbidities. Pediatric patients with comorbidities were significantly older than patients without comorbidities. Patients with ARTI had either high or low viral load, while controls had only low viral load, but there were no clinical differences between patients with high or low viral load. In conclusion, we present evidence of the pathogenic potential of HBoV1 in young children with ARTI. Since patients with HBoV1-single infection are not significantly different from those with coinfection with respect to clinical features, the virus can be as pathogenic by itself as other respiratory agents are. Furthermore, an association between high HBoV1 load and disease could not be demonstrated in this study, but all asymptomatic individuals had low viral loads. Also, children with comorbidities are susceptible to HBoV1 infection at older ages than previously healthy children. Thus, the clinical presentation of infection may occur depending on both viral load and the particular interaction between the HBoV1 and the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía María Ghietto
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Virología "Dr. J. M. Vanella", Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Calle Enf. Grodillo Gómez S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 5016, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Paixão P, Piedade C, Papoila A, Caires I, Pedro C, Santos M, Silvestre MJ, Brum L, Nunes B, Guiomar R, Curran MD, Carvalho A, Marques T, Neuparth N. Improving influenza surveillance in Portuguese preschool children by parents' report. Eur J Pediatr 2014; 173:1059-65. [PMID: 24599798 PMCID: PMC7087149 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-014-2285-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Influenza surveillance is usually based on nationally organized sentinel networks of physicians and on hospital reports. This study aimed to test a different report system, based on parents' phone contact to the research team and in home collection of samples by a dedicated team. The identification of influenza and other respiratory viruses in children who attended a Hospital Emergency Department was also recorded. Real-time PCR and reverse transcription PCR were performed for influenza A and B, parainfluenza 1-4, adenovirus, human metapneumovirus, respiratory syncytial virus A and B, rhinovirus, enterovirus, group 1 coronaviruses, group 2 coronaviruses, and human bocavirus. One hundred children were included, 64 from the day care centers and 36 from the Hospital. Overall, 79 samples were positive for at least one respiratory virus. Influenza A (H3) was the virus most frequently detected: 25 cases, 20 of these in children under 5 years of age (ten from day care centers and ten who went to the hospital) which was higher than those reported by the National Influenza Surveillance Programme for this age. CONCLUSION The results obtained in this study suggest that a surveillance system based on parents' reports could complement the implanted system of the National Influenza Surveillance Programme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Paixão
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório de Patologia Clínica (Labco), Hospital da Luz, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cátia Piedade
- Laboratório de Patologia Clínica (Labco), Hospital da Luz, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Papoila
- CEAUL, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Iolanda Caires
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Pedro
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Madalena Santos
- Hospital Curry Cabral—Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Laura Brum
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratório de Patologia Clínica (Labco), Hospital da Luz, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Baltazar Nunes
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Raquel Guiomar
- Laboratório Nacional de Referência para o Vírus da Gripe, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Martin D Curran
- Clinical Microbiology and Public Health Laboratory, Public Health England, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ana Carvalho
- Unidade de Pediatria, Hospital da Luz, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Teresa Marques
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Neuparth
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Rahman MM, Wong KK, Hanafiah A, Isahak I. Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial viral infections in Malaysia: Demographic and Clinical perspective. Pak J Med Sci 2014; 30:161-5. [PMID: 24639853 PMCID: PMC3955564 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.301.4272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Respiratory infections represent a major public health problem worldwide. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of respiratory syncytial and influenza virus infections and analyzed in respect to demography and clinical perspective. Methods: The specimens were processed by cell culture and immunofluorescent assay (IFA) and real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR (rRT-PCR) for detection of respiratory viruses. Results: Out of 505 specimens 189 (37.8%) were positive, in which RSV was positive in 124(24.8%) cases and influenza A was positive in 65(13%) cases. Positive cases for influenza virus A and RSV were analyzed based on demography: age, gender, ethnicity and clinical symptoms. There were no significant differences among gender, ethnicity and clinical symptoms in both RSV and influenza A virus infections. It was observed that children below 3 years of ages were more prone to RSV infections. On the contrary, influenza virus A infected all age groups of humans. Conclusion: RSV infects mostly child below 3 years of age and influenza virus infects all age group. No specificity of RSV and influenza infection in relation to demography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Rahman
- M.M. Rahman, Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - K K Wong
- K.K. Wong, Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - A Hanafiah
- A. Hanafiah, Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - I Isahak
- I. Isahak, Department of Medical Sciences,Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, University Sains Islam, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gülen F, Yıldız B, Çiçek C, Demir E, Tanaç R. Ten year retrospective evaluation of the seasonal distribution of agent viruses in childhood respiratory tract infections. Turk Arch Pediatr 2014; 49:42-6. [PMID: 26078631 DOI: 10.5152/tpa.2014.1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM Infections caused by respiratory viruses sometimes occur as epidemias or pandemias and are an important public health problem in the whole world. These viral agents may lead to severe respiratory diseases especially in young children and in the elderly. The aim of this study was to determine the seasonal distribution of agent viruses in childhood respiratory infections in our region. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this study, nasopharyngeal swab sample was obtained from 1 326 patients who presented to Ege University, Medical Faculty Children's Hospital between 2002 and 2012 and who were thought to have respiratory tract infection. Influenza virus type A and B, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus and parainfluenza virus type 1-3 were investigated using shell-vial cell culture method and direct fluorescent antibody test and/or multiplex PCR test. Parainfluenza virus type 4, human metapneumovirus, rhinovirus, coronavirus, human bocavirus were investigated using multiplex PCR test. The seasonal distributions of the viruses were determined according to the results obtained from Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Microbiology Clinical Virology Laboratory. Approval was obtained from the ethics committee (Ege University Clinical Researches Ethics Committee, 12.02.2013, number: 13-1/46). RESULTS The majority of the patients who presented were outpatients (n:888, 67%) and the remainder were hospitalized patients (33%, n:438). Respiratory viruses were found in 503 of the nasopharyngeal swab samples (38%). Parainfluenza and respiratory syncytial virus were found most frequently in December-february (58% and 59%, respectively, influenza viruses were found most frequently in November-december (72%) and adenoviruses were found most frequently in may-september (56%). CONCLUSION Although only supportive therapies are administered generally in viral infections, viral investigations are important in terms of determining the measures to be taken by determining the causes as well as in terms of establishing a general database. Another benefit of this study would be strengthening clinical approach to patients and decreasing unnecessary antibiotic use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Figen Gülen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Chest Diseases, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Başak Yıldız
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Candan Çiçek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Esen Demir
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Chest Diseases, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Remziye Tanaç
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Chest Diseases, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Emergency department surveillance as a proxy for the prediction of circulating respiratory viral disease in Eastern Ontario. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2014; 24:150-4. [PMID: 24421826 DOI: 10.1155/2013/386018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seasonal outbreaks of winter respiratory viruses are responsible for increases in morbidity and mortality in the community. Previous studies have used hospitalizations, intensive care unit and emergency department (ED) visits as indicators of seasonal influenza incidence. OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether ED visits can be used as a proxy to detect respiratory viral disease outbreaks, as measured by laboratory confirmation. METHODS An Emergency Department Syndromic Surveillance system was used to collect ED chief complaints in Eastern Ontario from 2006 to 2010. Comparable laboratory-confirmed cases of respiratory viral infections were collected from the Public Health Ontario Laboratory in Kingston, Ontario. Correlations between ED visits and laboratory-confirmed cases were calculated. RESULTS Laboratory-confirmed cases of selected respiratory viruses were significantly correlated with ED visits for respiratory and fever/influenza-like illness. In particular, respiratory syncytial virus (Spearman's rho = 0.593), rhinovirus (Spearman's rho = 0.280), influenza A (Spearman's rho = 0.528), influenza B (Spearman's rho = 0.426) and pH1N1 (Spearman's rho = 0.470) increased laboratory test levels were correlated with increased volume of ED visits across a number of age demographics. For the entire study population and all studied viruses, the Spearman's rho was 0.702, suggesting a strong correlation with ED visits. Laboratory-confirmed cases lagged in reporting by between one and two weeks for influenza A and pH1N1 compared with ED visit volume. CONCLUSION These findings support the use of an Emergency Department Syndromic Surveillance system to track the incidence of respiratory viral disease in the community. These methods are efficient and can be performed using automated electronic data entry versus the inherent delays in the primary care sentinel surveillance system, and can aid the timely implementation of preventive and preparatory health interventions.
Collapse
|
31
|
[Upper airway infections]. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2014; 162:137-145. [PMID: 32214491 PMCID: PMC7080139 DOI: 10.1007/s00112-013-2965-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Upper airway infections contribute significantly to paediatric morbidity and hospitalization especially of young children, are often treated polypragmatically, and are one of the main reasons for antibiotic prescriptions. The severity varies between mild, self-limiting and potentially life-threatening airway obstructions. Diagnosis The physician involved can normally make the right diagnosis based on the patient's history and physical findings; additional diagnostic procedures (blood tests, imaging) should be restricted to unclear cases. Therapy Antibiotic stewardship should be applied. Imminent airway obstruction will require early and competent paediatric intensive care interventions. Since viral and bacterial upper airway infections can present with similar features, it is useful to approach them under topographical aspects. Prevention Following immunization recommendations can prevent an enormous amount of severe potentially life threatening airway infections.
Collapse
|
32
|
Moreira LP, Watanabe ASA, Carraro E, da Silva ERM, Guatura SB, Granato C, Bellei NJ. A survey strategy for human respiratory syncytial virus detection among haematopoietic stem cell transplant patients: epidemiological and methodological analysis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2013; 108:119-22. [PMID: 23440127 PMCID: PMC3974330 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762013000100021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) causes severe infections among children and immunocompromised patients. We compared HRSV infections among Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant program (HSCT) patients and children using direct immunofluorescence (DFA), point-of-care RSV Bio Easy(r) and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Overall, 102 samples from HSCT patients and 128 from children obtained positivity rate of 18.6% and 14.1% respectively. PCR sensitivity was highest mainly on samples collected after five days of symptoms onset. A combination of both DFA and reverse transcriptase-PCR methods for HSCT high-risk patients is the best diagnostic flow for HRSV diagnosis among these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Peniche Moreira
- Disciplina de Infectologia, Laboratório de Virologia Clínica, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Detection of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Hospitalized Children With Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infections, Using RT PCR in Ahvaz, Iran. ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2013. [DOI: 10.5812/pedinfect.9987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
34
|
Özdemir M, Yavru S, Baysal B. Comparison of the detection of influenza A and B viruses by different methods. J Int Med Res 2013; 40:2401-8. [PMID: 23321198 DOI: 10.1177/030006051204000639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the detection of influenza viruses by three different methods. METHODS Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from patients with influenza symptoms and examined for influenza A and B viruses using a rapid antigen test, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test and a shell vial cell culture test. RESULTS Using the shell vial cell culture test, the rapid antigen test and the multiplex PCR test in 130 patients, 31 (23.8%), 24 (18.5%) and 24 (18.5%) samples, respectively, were positive for influenza A and 10 (7.7%), nine (6.9%) and four (3.1%) samples, respectively, were positive for influenza B. Compared with the shell vial test, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the rapid antigen test were 77.4%, 93.3%, 80.0% and 93.1%, respectively, for influenza A, and 90.0%, 95.8%, 64.2% and 99.1%, respectively, for influenza B. The corresponding values for the multiplex PCR test were 77.4%, 95.9%, 85.7% and 93.1%, respectively, for influenza A, and 40.0%, 97.5%, 57.1% and 95.1%, respectively, for influenza B. CONCLUSIONS The multiplex PCR test and the rapid antigen test are both effective in the detection of influenza A and B viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Özdemir
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kamban SW, Svavarsdottir EK. Does a therapeutic conversation intervention in an acute paediatric setting make a difference for families of children with bronchiolitis caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)? J Clin Nurs 2013; 22:2723-33. [PMID: 23763441 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2012.04330.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To measure the benefit of a short-family therapeutic conversation (STC) intervention in an acute paediatric unit. BACKGROUND Studies of children with bronchiolitis caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) have shown that this virus may have an impact on their respiratory system in the form of a wheezing disorder, asthma and even allergy during their childhood. Studies of the parents of these children indicate that they experience distress, vulnerability and anxiety through the illness period and therefore need support from healthcare professionals. However, little is known about what intervention is of most benefit for these parents. DESIGN Quasi-experimental. METHOD Data were collected from a convenience sample from February throughout April 2009 at an acute unit at a children's hospital in Iceland. Parents of infants diagnosed with bronchiolitis caused by RSV were invited to attend. In total, there are 41 participants: 21 in the intervention group (n = 21) and 20 in the control group (n = 20). Parents in both groups answered questionnaires about perceived support and family expressive functioning both before the intervention and on an average of 11 days after the intervention. RESULTS The main findings showed that mothers in the intervention group perceive significantly higher support after the intervention compared with the control group. The findings also showed a significant difference between the genders (mothers and fathers) in the intervention group. The mothers perceived higher cognitive support than the fathers. CONCLUSIONS Despite the often chaotic environment in an acute care setting, the research findings give paediatric nurses reason to conclude that a STC intervention benefits mothers of infants with bronchiolitis caused by RSV. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE A STC intervention offered by a nurse within an acute paediatric unit can support families in handling the illness experience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sólrún W Kamban
- Children's Hospital at Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
|
37
|
Polkinghorne BG, Mellis CM, Kesson AM. Bug breakfast in the bulletin: respiratory syncytial virus. NEW SOUTH WALES PUBLIC HEALTH BULLETIN 2011; 22:159. [PMID: 21982261 DOI: 10.1071/nb11022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
|
38
|
Guido M, Quattrocchi M, Campa A, Zizza A, Grima P, Romano A, De Donno A. Human metapneumovirus and human bocavirus associated with respiratory infection in Apulian population. Virology 2011; 417:64-70. [PMID: 21636105 PMCID: PMC7173056 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the occurrence of hBoV, hMPV and InfA-B in an Apulian population with respiratory tract infections. During influenza season 2008-2009, 116 oropharingeal swabs were collected from patients affected by Influenza-Like Illness (ILI). The PCR products of hMPV M and HBoV NP-1 genes were sequenced. 78 out of 116 samples were positive for at least one respiratory virus; hBoV was detected in 53, hMPV in 22 and InfA-B in 41 out of 116 swabs. A high rate of hBoV infection in adult (18.9%) and elderly (26.4%) subjects was found. The co-infection rate was higher for hMPV (18/22 cases, 81.8%) compared to hBoV (26/53 cases, 49.1%), and InfA-B (25/41 cases, 61.0%). Co-infections were common in children. hBoV positive samples shared a high level of genetic similarity with the hBoV1 genotype, and hMPV positive samples clustered with A2 subgroup. Our results suggest that hBoV and hMPV play a role in ILI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Guido
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Sciences, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy,Corresponding author. Fax: + 39 832 298626
| | - M. Quattrocchi
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Sciences, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - A. Campa
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Sciences, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - A. Zizza
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Lecce, Italy
| | - P. Grima
- Division of Infectious Diseases, HIV Center, S. Caterina Novella Hospital, Galatina, Lecce, Italy
| | - A. Romano
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Sciences, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - A. De Donno
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Sciences, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Okada SF, Zhang L, Kreda SM, Abdullah LH, Davis CW, Pickles RJ, Lazarowski ER, Boucher RC. Coupled nucleotide and mucin hypersecretion from goblet-cell metaplastic human airway epithelium. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 45:253-60. [PMID: 20935191 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0253oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and its metabolite adenosine regulate airway mucociliary clearance via activation of purinoceptors. In this study, we investigated the contribution of goblet cells to airway epithelial ATP release. Primary human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cultures, typically dominated by ciliated cells, were induced to develop goblet cell metaplasia by infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or treatment with IL-13. Under resting conditions, goblet-cell metaplastic cultures displayed enhanced mucin secretion accompanied by increased rates of ATP release and mucosal surface adenosine accumulation as compared with nonmetaplastic control HBE cultures. Intracellular calcium chelation [1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid tetraacetoxymethyl ester] or disruption of the secretory pathways (nocodazole, brefeldin A, and N-ethylmaleimide) decreased mucin secretion and ATP release in goblet-cell metaplastic HBE cultures. Conversely, stimuli that triggered calcium-regulated mucin secretion (e.g., ionomycin or UTP) increased luminal ATP release and adenyl purine accumulation in control and goblet-cell metaplastic HBE cultures. Goblet cell-associated ATP release was not blocked by the connexin/pannexin hemichannel inhibitor carbenoxolone, suggesting direct nucleotide release from goblet cell vesicles rather than the hemichannel insertion. Collectively, our data demonstrate that nucleotide release is increased by goblet cell metaplasia, reflecting, at least in part, a mechanism tightly associated with goblet cell mucin secretion. Increased goblet cell nucleotide release and resultant adenosine accumulation provide compensatory mechanisms to hydrate mucins by paracrine stimulation of ciliated cell ion and water secretion and maintain mucociliary clearance, and to modulate inflammatory responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seiko F Okada
- Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Vasickova P, Pavlik I, Verani M, Carducci A. Issues Concerning Survival of Viruses on Surfaces. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2010; 2:24-34. [PMCID: PMC7091010 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-010-9025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are the causative agents of an estimated 60% of human infections worldwide. The most common viral illnesses are produced by enteric and respiratory viruses. Transmission of these viruses from an infected person or animal to a new host can occur via several routes. Existing studies strongly suggest that contaminated fomites or surfaces play an important role in the spreading of viral diseases. The potential of viral spreading via contaminated surfaces depends particularly on the ability of the virus to maintain infectivity whilst it is in the environment. This is affected by a combination of biological, physical and chemical factors. This review summarises current knowledge about the influence of environmental factors on the survival and spread of viruses via contaminated surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P. Vasickova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - I. Pavlik
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - M. Verani
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno, 35-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - A. Carducci
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno, 35-56127 Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zeng M, Zhu QR, Wang XH, Yu H, Shen J. Human bocavirus in children with respiratory tract infection in Shanghai: a retrospective study. World J Pediatr 2010; 6:65-70. [PMID: 20143214 PMCID: PMC7091469 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-010-0009-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human bocavirus (HBoV) was first reported in 2005. The worldwide presence of HBoV in children with acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) has been confirmed. This study aimed to understand the prevalence and clinical features of HBoV in children with ARTI in Shanghai and explore the causative implication of HBoV in ARTI. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 349 hospitalized children with ARTI between November 2006 and January 2007. From these children, 351 nasopharyngeal aspirate samples were collected; 325 of the samples were obtained from those with community-acquired ARTI and 26 from those with hospital-acquired ARTI. All samples were routinely screened for seven common respiratory viruses by immunofluorescence and further tested for HBoV by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS HBoV was detected in 16 (4.6%) of the 351 samples, and it was the second most commonly detected virus after respiratory syncytial virus. Three (19%) HBoV-positive samples were dual infection with respiratory syncytial virus or parainfluenza virus type 3. Of the 325 children with community-acquired ARTI, HBoV was identified to be positive in 11 (3.4%), of whom 6 were diagnosed with pneumonia with patchy or interstitial infiltrates in the lung indicated by chest radiography, 3 with bronchitis, and 2 with bronchial asthma exacerbation with attendant lung infection. Out of the 26 children with nosocomial ARTI, 5 (19.2%) had bronchitis which was found to be HBoV positive without co-detection of other viruses. The HBoV-positive children were aged 1.7 months to 43 months and their mean age was 13.7 months. Sixteen (100%) children had cough, 11 (68.8%) had wheezing, and 10 (62.5%) had fever. CONCLUSIONS HBoV was circulating in Shanghai during the study period, and which was detected frequently in children with ARTI. HBoV was found to be associated with community-acquired ARTI and may play a pathogenic role in nosocomial ARTI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zeng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China.
| | - Qi-Rong Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102 China
| | - Xiao-Hong Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102 China
| | - Hui Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102 China
| | - Jun Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102 China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Funk CJ, Manzer R, Miura TA, Groshong SD, Ito Y, Travanty EA, Leete J, Holmes KV, Mason RJ. Rat respiratory coronavirus infection: replication in airway and alveolar epithelial cells and the innate immune response. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:2956-2964. [PMID: 19741068 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.014282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The rat coronavirus sialodacryoadenitis virus (SDAV) causes respiratory infection and provides a system for investigating respiratory coronaviruses in a natural host. A viral suspension in the form of a microspray aerosol was delivered by intratracheal instillation into the distal lung of 6-8-week-old Fischer 344 rats. SDAV inoculation produced a 7 % body weight loss over a 5 day period that was followed by recovery over the next 7 days. SDAV caused focal lesions in the lung, which were most severe on day 4 post-inoculation (p.i.). Immunofluorescent staining showed that four cell types supported SDAV virus replication in the lower respiratory tract, namely Clara cells, ciliated cells in the bronchial airway and alveolar type I and type II cells in the lung parenchyma. In bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) a neutrophil influx increased the population of neutrophils to 45 % compared with 6 % of the cells in control samples on day 2 after mock inoculation. Virus infection induced an increase in surfactant protein SP-D levels in BALF of infected rats on days 4 and 8 p.i. that subsided by day 12. The concentrations of chemokines MCP-1, LIX and CINC-1 in BALF increased on day 4 p.i., but returned to control levels by day 8. Intratracheal instillation of rats with SDAV coronavirus caused an acute, self-limited infection that is a useful model for studying the early events of the innate immune response to respiratory coronavirus infections in lungs of the natural virus host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Joel Funk
- National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Rizwan Manzer
- National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Tanya A Miura
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Steve D Groshong
- National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Yoko Ito
- National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Emily A Travanty
- National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Jennifer Leete
- National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Kathryn V Holmes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80110, USA
| | - Robert J Mason
- National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Paranhos-Baccalà G, Komurian-Pradel F, Richard N, Vernet G, Lina B, Floret D. Mixed respiratory virus infections. J Clin Virol 2008; 43:407-10. [PMID: 18829380 PMCID: PMC7185548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Mixed respiratory viral infections are double negative common and evidence that they are associated with severe disease is supported by some groups. This controversial observation can be explained by the lack of sensitivity of the assessed methods used for viral identification and by the small number of patients included in the randomized cohorts studied. Most studies showed that respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is identified in about 70% of hospitalized infants with bronchiolitis during seasonal winter epidemics, followed by human metapneumovirus (hMPV, about 3-19%) or rhinoviruses (about 20%). Other respiratory viruses have also been reported, indicating significant causes of bronchiolitis and hospitalization during seasonal epidemics. The presence of more than one pathogen, and moreover, the association of RSV with rhinoviruses and also RSV with hMPV, may influence the natural course of bronchiolitis. A better understanding of these various interactions would help future decision-making, such as the extent to which searches for co-pathogens should be conducted in severe bronchiolitis patients already infected by RSV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gláucia Paranhos-Baccalà
- Fondation Mérieux, Emerging Pathogens Laboratory, IFR128 BioSciences Lyon Gerland, Lyon, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Clinical and epidemiological aspects of human bocavirus infection. J Clin Virol 2008; 43:391-5. [PMID: 18823816 PMCID: PMC7172253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Human bocavirus was recently described as a novel member of the Parvoviridae to infect humans. Based on accumulating clinical and epidemiological data the virus is currently being associated with respiratory infections in young children and infants and is furthermore discussed as causative agent of gastrointestinal illness.
Collapse
|
45
|
Viral upper respiratory tract infection and otitis media complication in young children. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46:824. [PMID: 18279041 PMCID: PMC7107831 DOI: 10.1086/528686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|