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Mulatu T, Yimer NB, Alemnew B, Linger M, Liben ML. Exclusive breastfeeding lowers the odds of childhood diarrhea and other medical conditions: evidence from the 2016 Ethiopian demographic and health survey. Ital J Pediatr 2021; 47:166. [PMID: 34344434 PMCID: PMC8335997 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-021-01115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lack of exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months of infant life contributes to childhood morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to investigate the association of exclusive breastfeeding and childhood illnesses in Ethiopia. METHODS A secondary data analysis was conducted using data from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS). Descriptive and multivariable logistic regression analyses were carried out. RESULTS A total of 1034 mother-infant pairs were included in the analysis. The overall magnitude of exclusive breastfeeding among infants aged under 6 months was 87.6% (95% CI: 84.3-90.3%). Compared to infants who were non-exclusively breastfed, the odds of having an illness with fever in the last 2 weeks among infants who were exclusively breastfed decreased by 66% (AOR: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.16, 0.75). Similarly, exclusively breastfed infants had lower odds of having an illness with a cough (AOR: 0.38; CI: 0.20, 0.72) and having diarrhea (AOR: 0.33; CI: 0.13, 0.83) compared to non-exclusively breastfed infants. CONCLUSION Exclusive breastfeeding lowers the odds of an illness with fever, illness with cough and diarrhea. The findings of this study implicate the need for promotion of exclusive breastfeeding in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfahun Mulatu
- School of Public Health, College of Health Science, Woldia University, P.o.box: 400, Woldia University, Weldiya, Amhara, Ethiopia
| | - Nigus Bililign Yimer
- School of Midwifery, College of Health Science, Woldia University, Weldiya, Amhara, Ethiopia
| | - Birhan Alemnew
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Woldia University, Weldiya, Amhara, Ethiopia
| | - Melese Linger
- School of Public Health, College of Health Science, Woldia University, P.o.box: 400, Woldia University, Weldiya, Amhara, Ethiopia
| | - Misgan Legesse Liben
- School of Public Health, College of Health Science, Woldia University, P.o.box: 400, Woldia University, Weldiya, Amhara, Ethiopia.
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Parisi GF, Carota G, Castruccio Castracani C, Spampinato M, Manti S, Papale M, Di Rosa M, Barbagallo I, Leonardi S. Nutraceuticals in the Prevention of Viral Infections, including COVID-19, among the Pediatric Population: A Review of the Literature. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2465. [PMID: 33671104 PMCID: PMC7957644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a growth in scientific interest in nutraceuticals, which are those nutrients in foods that have beneficial effects on health. Nutraceuticals can be extracted, used for food supplements, or added to foods. There has long been interest in the antiviral properties of nutraceuticals, which are especially topical in the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to evaluate the main nutraceuticals to which antiviral roles have been attributed (either by direct action on viruses or by modulating the immune system), with a focus on the pediatric population. Furthermore, the possible applications of these substances against SARS-CoV-2 will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Fabio Parisi
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.F.P.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Giuseppe Carota
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 87 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (M.S.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Carlo Castruccio Castracani
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology Leonard and Madlyn Abramson Pediatric Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Mariarita Spampinato
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 87 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (M.S.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Sara Manti
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.F.P.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Maria Papale
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.F.P.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (S.L.)
| | - Michelino Di Rosa
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia, 87 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.C.); (M.S.); (M.D.R.)
| | - Ignazio Barbagallo
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Leonardi
- Pediatric Pulmonology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (G.F.P.); (S.M.); (M.P.); (S.L.)
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3
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Junaid K, Ejaz H, Abdalla AE, Abosalif KOA, Ullah MI, Yasmeen H, Younas S, Hamam SSM, Rehman A. Effective Immune Functions of Micronutrients against SARS-CoV-2. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2992. [PMID: 33003648 PMCID: PMC7599934 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The third coronavirus outbreak in the last two decades has caused significant damage to the world's economy and community health. The highly contagious COVID-19 infection has affected millions of people to date and has led to hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide. Aside from the highly infectious nature of SARS-CoV-2, the lack of a treatment or vaccine has been the main reason for its spread. Thus, it has become necessary to find alternative methods for controlling SARS-CoV-2. For the present review, we conducted an online search for different available nutrition-based therapies for previously known coronavirus infections and RNA-based virus infections as well as general antiviral therapies. These treatments have promise for combating COVID-19, as various nutrients and minerals play direct and indirect roles in the control and prevention of this newly emerged viral infection. The patients' nutritional status with COVID-19 must be analyzed before administering any treatment, and nutritional supplements should be given to the affected individuals along with routine treatment. We suggest a potential interventional role of nutrients to strengthen the immune system against the emerging infection caused by COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashaf Junaid
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia; (H.E.); (A.E.A.); (K.O.A.A.); (M.I.U.)
| | - Hasan Ejaz
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia; (H.E.); (A.E.A.); (K.O.A.A.); (M.I.U.)
| | - Abualgasim Elgaili Abdalla
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia; (H.E.); (A.E.A.); (K.O.A.A.); (M.I.U.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman 14415, Sudan
| | - Khalid O. A. Abosalif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia; (H.E.); (A.E.A.); (K.O.A.A.); (M.I.U.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman 14415, Sudan
| | - Muhammad Ikram Ullah
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Al Jouf, Saudi Arabia; (H.E.); (A.E.A.); (K.O.A.A.); (M.I.U.)
| | - Humaira Yasmeen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Women University Multan, Multan 60000, Pakistan;
| | - Sonia Younas
- Department of Pathology, Tehsil Headquarter Hospital Kamoke, District Gujranwala, Kamoke 50661, Pakistan;
| | - Sanaa S. M. Hamam
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-koom 32511, Egypt;
- Department of Microbiology, King Abdulaziz Specialist Hospital, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Rehman
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan;
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Jovic TH, Ali SR, Ibrahim N, Jessop ZM, Tarassoli SP, Dobbs TD, Holford P, Thornton CA, Whitaker IS. Could Vitamins Help in the Fight Against COVID-19? Nutrients 2020; 12:E2550. [PMID: 32842513 PMCID: PMC7551685 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There are limited proven therapeutic options for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. The role of vitamin and mineral supplementation or "immunonutrition" has previously been explored in a number of clinical trials in intensive care settings, and there are several hypotheses to support their routine use. The aim of this narrative review was to investigate whether vitamin supplementation is beneficial in COVID-19. A systematic search strategy with a narrative literature summary was designed, using the Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Trials Register, WHO International Clinical Trial Registry, and Nexis media databases. The immune-mediating, antioxidant and antimicrobial roles of vitamins A to E were explored and their potential role in the fight against COVID-19 was evaluated. The major topics extracted for narrative synthesis were physiological and immunological roles of each vitamin, their role in respiratory infections, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and COVID-19. Vitamins A to E highlighted potentially beneficial roles in the fight against COVID-19 via antioxidant effects, immunomodulation, enhancing natural barriers, and local paracrine signaling. Level 1 and 2 evidence supports the use of thiamine, vitamin C, and vitamin D in COVID-like respiratory diseases, ARDS, and sepsis. Although there are currently no published clinical trials due to the novelty of SARS-CoV-2 infection, there is pathophysiologic rationale for exploring the use of vitamins in this global pandemic, supported by early anecdotal reports from international groups. The final outcomes of ongoing trials of vitamin supplementation are awaited with interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Jovic
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA28PY, UK; (N.I.); (Z.M.J.); (S.P.T.); (T.D.D.)
- Welsh Centre for Burns & Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA66NL, UK
| | - Stephen R Ali
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA28PY, UK; (N.I.); (Z.M.J.); (S.P.T.); (T.D.D.)
- Welsh Centre for Burns & Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA66NL, UK
| | - Nader Ibrahim
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA28PY, UK; (N.I.); (Z.M.J.); (S.P.T.); (T.D.D.)
- Welsh Centre for Burns & Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA66NL, UK
| | - Zita M Jessop
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA28PY, UK; (N.I.); (Z.M.J.); (S.P.T.); (T.D.D.)
- Welsh Centre for Burns & Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA66NL, UK
| | - Sam P Tarassoli
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA28PY, UK; (N.I.); (Z.M.J.); (S.P.T.); (T.D.D.)
| | - Thomas D Dobbs
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA28PY, UK; (N.I.); (Z.M.J.); (S.P.T.); (T.D.D.)
- Welsh Centre for Burns & Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA66NL, UK
| | - Patrick Holford
- Institute for Optimum Nutrition, Ambassador House, Paradise Road, Richmond TW9 1SQ, UK;
| | - Catherine A Thornton
- Institute of Life Sciences 1, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PY, UK;
| | - Iain S Whitaker
- Reconstructive Surgery & Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA28PY, UK; (N.I.); (Z.M.J.); (S.P.T.); (T.D.D.)
- Welsh Centre for Burns & Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA66NL, UK
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Jahan I, Karim T, Das MC, Muhit M, Mcintyre S, Smithers-Sheedy H, Badawi N, Khandaker G. Mortality in children with cerebral palsy in rural Bangladesh: a population-based surveillance study. Dev Med Child Neurol 2019; 61:1336-1343. [PMID: 31081134 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.14256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM To determine the mortality rate, immediate cause of death (CoD), and predictors of death in children with cerebral palsy (CP) in rural Bangladesh. METHOD We carried out a prospective population-based surveillance study of children with CP aged 0 to 18 years registered with the Bangladesh Cerebral Palsy Register (BCPR) between January 2015 and December 2016, with subsequent follow-up until December 2017. Verbal autopsy was applied to assign immediate CoD. Crude mortality rates, hazard ratios of death, and survival probabilities were estimated. RESULTS Twenty-nine of the 678 children in the BCPR died during the study period, resulting in a crude mortality rate of 19.5 per 1000 person-years of observation (total follow-up duration 1486.8 person-years; mean 2y [standard deviation 6mo]). The leading immediate CoD was meningitis (n=9) and pneumonia (n=8). Survival probability and hazard ratio of death was significantly associated with age, Gross Motor Functional Classification System level, and associated impairments. Severe underweight and/or severe stunting was significantly overrepresented among deceased children than others in the cohort (p<0.05) when compared with the World Health Organization reference population. INTERPRETATION The majority of deaths were due to potentially preventable causes. The life expectancy of these children could have been extended by ensuring primary healthcare and nutritional supplementation. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS Mortality rate in children with cerebral palsy (CP) in rural Bangladesh is 19.5 per 1000 person-years. The majority of children with CP died from potentially preventable and treatable conditions. Motor severity, associated impairments, and malnutrition make children with CP vulnerable to premature death in rural Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israt Jahan
- CSF Global, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Asian Institute of Disability and Development (AIDD), University of South Asia, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tasneem Karim
- CSF Global, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Asian Institute of Disability and Development (AIDD), University of South Asia, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Manik Chandra Das
- CSF Global, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Asian Institute of Disability and Development (AIDD), University of South Asia, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Muhit
- CSF Global, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Asian Institute of Disability and Development (AIDD), University of South Asia, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sarah Mcintyre
- Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hayley Smithers-Sheedy
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nadia Badawi
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Cerebral Palsy Alliance Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gulam Khandaker
- CSF Global, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Asian Institute of Disability and Development (AIDD), University of South Asia, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Central Queensland Public Health Unit, Central Queensland Hospital and Health Service, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
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Nutritional Status of Children with Cerebral Palsy-Findings from Prospective Hospital-Based Surveillance in Vietnam Indicate a Need for Action. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092132. [PMID: 31500109 PMCID: PMC6769778 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Lack of evidence on the burden and risk factors for malnutrition among children with cerebral palsy (CP) in Vietnam limits evidence-based interventions. We aimed to define the nutritional status of children with CP in Vietnam. Materials and Methods: The study utilized data from active prospective hospital-based surveillance modelled on the Pediatric Active Enhanced Disease Surveillance system. Children (0–18 years) with CP attending the National Children’s Hospital Hanoi, Vietnam between June–November 2017 were included. Data on demographic, clinical and rehabilitation status were collected following detailed neurodevelopmental assessment. Anthropometric measurements were taken. Nutritional status was determined using the World Health Organization guideline. Results: Of 765 children (the mean (SD) age was 2.6 (2.5) years; 35.8% were female), 28.9% (n = 213) were underweight and 29.0% (n = 214) stunted. The odds of underweight were significantly higher among children aged >5 years and/or having a monthly family income of <50 USD. Underweight and/or stunting was high among children with quadriplegia (81%, n = 60 and 84.5%, n = 87) and/or Gross Motor Functional Classification System (GMFCS) level IV–V (62.5%, n = 45 and 67.0%, n = 67). Nearly one-third of intellectually impaired and more than half of hearing-impaired children were underweight and/or stunted. Conclusions: Poor economic status and increased motor severity increased vulnerability to malnutrition. Our findings will inform nutritional rehabilitation programs among these vulnerable children.
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Chen H, Chen X, Chen J, Zhao H, Wang B, Zheng W, Lü J, Du J. [Protective effect of vitamin D against hyperoxia-induced bronchopulmonary dysplasia in newborn mice]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2019; 39:816-822. [PMID: 31340915 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2019.07.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the protective effect of vitamin D (VD) against hyperoxia-induced bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in newborn mice and explore the mechanism. METHODS Thirty-six newborn mice were randomly divided into air + VD group, air + saline group, hyperoxia + VD group, and hyperoxia + saline group. In all the groups, saline or VD was administered on a daily basis via intramuscular injection. After 3 weeks of treatment, the mice were weighed and cardiac blood was collected for measurement of serum VD level using ELISA, and histological examination of the lungs was performed. Radial alveolar counting (RAC) and alveolar secondary interval volume density were measured using image analysis software. The expression levels of vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) in the lung tissues were detected using Western blotting. RESULTS The weight gain rate of the mice and the weight of the lungs were significantly higher in air + saline group and air + VD group than in the hyperoxia + saline group. The RAC was significantly lower in hyperoxic+saline group than that in hyperoxia+VD group (P < 0.001), and was significantly higher in hyperoxic+VD (125 times) than in hyperoxia + VD (1250 times) group (P < 0.01). The alveolar secondary protrusion count was significantly higher in hyperoxic+VD (1250 times) group than in hyperoxic+saline group (P < 0.001), and was significantly higher in hyperoxia+VD (125 times) group than in hyperoxia + VD (1250 times) group (P < 0.01). Compared with that in air + saline group, VEGFR2 expression was significantly lowered in hyperoxia+saline group (P < 0.05) and in air+VD group (P < 0.05); VEGFR2 expression was significantly higher in hyperoxia+VD (1250 times) group than in hyperoxia+saline group (P < 0.001) and hyperoxia+VD (125 times) group (P < 0.001); VEGFR2 expression was significantly higher in hyperoxia+VD (125 times) group than in hyperoxia+ saline group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In newborn mice with BPD, VD supplement can increase the weight of the lungs and promote lung maturation, and a higher concentration of VD can better protect the lungs and promote the growth of pulmonary blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Pediatrics Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Pediatrics Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- Pediatrics Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Pediatrics Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Pediatrics Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Pediatrics Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Juanjuan Lü
- Pediatrics Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Jiang Du
- Pediatrics Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
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8
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Vitamin A Deficiency and the Lung. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10091132. [PMID: 30134568 PMCID: PMC6164133 DOI: 10.3390/nu10091132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A (all-trans-retinol) is a fat-soluble micronutrient which together with its natural derivatives and synthetic analogues constitutes the group of retinoids. They are involved in a wide range of physiological processes such as embryonic development, vision, immunity and cellular differentiation and proliferation. Retinoic acid (RA) is the main active form of vitamin A and multiple genes respond to RA signalling through transcriptional and non-transcriptional mechanisms. Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a remarkable public health problem. An adequate vitamin A intake is required in early lung development, alveolar formation, tissue maintenance and regeneration. In fact, chronic VAD has been associated with histopathological changes in the pulmonary epithelial lining that disrupt the normal lung physiology predisposing to severe tissue dysfunction and respiratory diseases. In addition, there are important alterations of the structure and composition of extracellular matrix with thickening of the alveolar basement membrane and ectopic deposition of collagen I. In this review, we show our recent findings on the modification of cell-junction proteins in VAD lungs, summarize up-to-date information related to the effects of chronic VAD in the impairment of lung physiology and pulmonary disease which represent a major global health problem and provide an overview of possible pathways involved.
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Korten I, Usemann J, Latzin P. "Lung sparing growth": is the lung not affected by malnutrition? Eur Respir J 2017; 49:49/4/1700295. [PMID: 28381436 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00295-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Insa Korten
- Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Dept of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,University Children's Hospital Basel (UKBB), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jakob Usemann
- Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Dept of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,University Children's Hospital Basel (UKBB), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Latzin
- Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Dept of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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O’Grady KAF, Grimwood K. The Likelihood of Preventing Respiratory Exacerbations in Children and Adolescents with either Chronic Suppurative Lung Disease or Bronchiectasis. Front Pediatr 2017; 5:58. [PMID: 28393062 PMCID: PMC5364147 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic suppurative lung disease (CSLD) and bronchiectasis in children and adolescents are important causes of respiratory morbidity and reduced quality of life (QoL), also leading to subsequent premature death during adulthood. Acute respiratory exacerbations in pediatric CSLD and bronchiectasis are important markers of disease control clinically, given that they impact upon QoL and increase health-care-associated costs and can adversely affect future lung functioning. Preventing exacerbations in this population is, therefore, likely to have significant individual, familial, societal, and health-sector benefits. In this review, we focus on therapeutic interventions, such as drugs (antibiotics, mucolytics, hyperosmolar agents, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents), vaccines and physiotherapy, and care-planning, such as post-hospitalization management and health promotion strategies, including exercise, diet, and reducing exposure to environmental toxicants. The review identified a conspicuous lack of moderate or high-quality evidence for preventing respiratory exacerbations in children and adolescents with CSLD or bronchiectasis. Given the short- and long-term impact of exacerbations upon individuals, their families, and society as a whole, large studies addressing interventions at the primary and tertiary prevention phases are required. This research must include children and adolescents in both developing and developed countries and address long-term health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry-Ann F O’Grady
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Keith Grimwood
- Menzies Health Research Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Health, Southport, QLD, Australia
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