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Lucherini Angeletti L, Scalabrini A, Ricca V, Northoff G. Topography of the Anxious Self: Abnormal Rest-Task Modulation in Social Anxiety Disorder. Neuroscientist 2023; 29:221-244. [PMID: 34282680 DOI: 10.1177/10738584211030497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterized by social anxiety/fear, self-attention, and interoception. Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies demonstrate increased activity during symptom-sensitive tasks in regions of the default-mode network (DMN), amygdala (AMG), and salience network (SN). What is the source of this task-unspecific symptom-sensitive hyperactivity in DMN? We address this question by probing SAD resting state (rs) changes in DMN including their relation to other regions as possible source of task-unspecific hyperactivity in the same regions. Our findings show the following: (1) rs-hypoconnectivity within-DMN regions; (2) rs-hyperconnectivity between DMN and AMG/SN; (3) task-evoked hyperactivity in the abnormal rs-regions of DMN and AMG/SN during different symptom-sensitive tasks; (4) negative relationship of rest and task changes in especially anterior DMN regions as their rs-hypoconnectivity is accompanied by task-unspecific hyperactivity; (5) abnormal top-down/bottom-up modulation between anterior DMN regions and AMG during rest and task. Findings demonstrate that rs-hypoconnectivity among DMN regions is negatively related to task-unspecific hyperactivity in DMN and AMG/SN. We propose a model of "Topography of the Anxious Self" in SAD (TAS-SAD). Abnormal DMN-AMG/SN topography during rest, as trait feature of an "unstable social self", is abnormally aggravated during SAD-sensitive situations resulting in task-related hyperactivity in the same regions with an "anxious self" as state feature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Scalabrini
- Department of Psychological Health and Territorial Sciences (DiSPuTer), G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Valdo Ricca
- Psychiatry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Georg Northoff
- Mental Health Centre, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research & University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Neural Dynamics, Faculty of Medicine, Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Felsch CL, Kuypers KPC. Don't be afraid, try to meditate- potential effects on neural activity and connectivity of psilocybin-assisted mindfulness-based intervention for social anxiety disorder: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 139:104724. [PMID: 35679988 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current first-line treatment for social anxiety disorder (SAD), one of the most prevalent anxiety disorders, is limited in its efficacy. Hence, novel treatment approaches are urgently needed. The current review suggests a combination of meditation-based interventions and the administration of a psychedelic as a future alternative treatment approach. While both separate treatments show promise in the treatment of (other) clinical conditions, their combination has not yet been investigated in the treatment of psychopathologies. AIM With a systematic literature review, we aim to identify the potential mechanisms by which combined psilocybin and mindfulness treatment could adjust anomalous neural activity underlying SAD and exert therapeutic effects. RESULTS Thirty experimental studies investigating the neural effects of meditation or psilocybin treatment in healthy and patient samples were included. Findings suggest that psilocybin-assisted meditation interventions might change cognitive processes like biased attention to threat linked to SAD by modulating connectivity of the salience network, balancing the activity and connectivity of cortical-midline structures, and increasing frontoparietal control over amygdala reactivity. CONCLUSIONS Future studies should investigate whether psilocybin-assisted mindfulness-based intervention can provide therapeutic benefits to SAD patients who are do not remit following conventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna L Felsch
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kim P C Kuypers
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Baumel WT, Lu L, Huang X, Drysdale AT, Sweeny JA, Gong Q, Sylvester CM, Strawn JR. Neurocircuitry of Treatment in Anxiety Disorders. Biomark Neuropsychiatry 2022; 6. [PMID: 35756886 PMCID: PMC9222661 DOI: 10.1016/j.bionps.2022.100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Methods: Results: Conclusions:
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Tommy Baumel
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Correspondence to: University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA. (W.T. Baumel)
| | - Lu Lu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Psychoradiology Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoqi Huang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Psychoradiology Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Andrew T. Drysdale
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - John A. Sweeny
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Psychoradiology Research Unit of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chad M. Sylvester
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Strawn
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Günther V, Kropidlowski A, Schmidt FM, Koelkebeck K, Kersting A, Suslow T. Attentional processes during emotional face perception in social anxiety disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of eye-tracking findings. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 111:110353. [PMID: 34000291 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background In recent years, a growing body of eye-tracking research has investigated gaze behavior in individuals with social anxiety during the visual perception of emotional stimuli. The aim of this article was to review and synthesize studies examining attention orientation in patients with clinical social anxiety by means of eye-tracking methodology. Methods Through a systematic search, 30 articles were identified, including 11 studies in which single emotional faces were used as stimuli and seven eligible studies in which threatening faces were paired with neutral stimuli. Meta-analyses were conducted to compare prolonged eye-contact behavior and early attentional biases to threats in individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD) and healthy controls. Results Moderate group differences were revealed for single face viewing studies, with SAD patients showing significantly reduced eye contact with negative (Hedges' g = -0.67) and positive emotional faces (g = -0.49) compared to that of healthy participants. Type of task and duration of stimulus presentation were (marginally) significant moderators of between-study variance in effect size. Small but significant group differences were found for early attentional biases toward angry faces versus neutral stimuli (g = 0.21) but not toward happy faces versus neutral stimuli (g = 0.05). Preliminary evidence for a hyperscanning strategy in SAD patients relative to healthy controls emerged (g = 0.42). Limitations The number of included studies with face pairings was low, and two studies were excluded due to unavailable data. Conclusions Our results suggest that eye contact avoidance with emotional faces is a prominent feature in SAD patients. Patients might benefit from guidance to learn to make adequate eye contact during therapeutic interventions, such as exposure therapy. SAD patients demonstrated slightly heightened attention allocation toward angry faces relative to that of healthy participants during early processing stages. Threat biases can be potential targets for attention modification training as an adjuvant to other treatments. Future research on early attentional processes may benefit from improved arrangements of paired stimuli to increase the psychometric properties of initial attention indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Günther
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Adam Kropidlowski
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank Martin Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katja Koelkebeck
- LVR-Hospital Essen, Institute and Hospital of the University of Duisburg-Essen, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Essen, Germany
| | - Anette Kersting
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Suslow
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.
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Burra N, Kerzel D. Meeting another's gaze shortens subjective time by capturing attention. Cognition 2021; 212:104734. [PMID: 33887652 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Gaze directed at the observer (direct gaze) is an important and highly salient social signal with multiple effects on cognitive processes and behavior. It is disputed whether the effect of direct gaze is caused by attentional capture or increased arousal. Time estimation may provide an answer because attentional capture predicts an underestimation of time whereas arousal predicts an overestimation. In a temporal bisection task, observers were required to classify the duration of a stimulus as short or long. Stimulus duration was selected randomly between 988 and 1479 ms. When gaze was directed at the observer, participants underestimated stimulus duration, suggesting that effects of direct gaze are caused by attentional capture, not increased arousal. Critically, this effect was limited to dynamic stimuli where gaze appeared to move toward the participant. The underestimation was present with stimuli showing a full face, but also with stimuli showing only the eye region, inverted faces and high-contrast eye-like stimuli. However, it was absent with static pictures of full faces and dynamic nonfigurative stimuli. Because the effect of direct gaze depended on motion, which is common in naturalistic scenes, more consideration needs to be given to the ecological validity of stimuli in the study of social attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Burra
- Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences de l'Education, Université de Genève, Switzerland.
| | - Dirk Kerzel
- Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences de l'Education, Université de Genève, Switzerland
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De Asis-Cruz J, Krishnamurthy D, Zhao L, Kapse K, Vezina G, Andescavage N, Quistorff J, Lopez C, Limperopoulos C. Association of Prenatal Maternal Anxiety With Fetal Regional Brain Connectivity. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e2022349. [PMID: 33284334 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.22349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Maternal psychological distress during pregnancy is associated with adverse obstetric outcomes and neuropsychiatric deficits in children. Currently unavailable in vivo interrogation of fetal brain function could provide critical insights into the onset and timing of altered neurodevelopmental trajectories. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between prenatal maternal stress, anxiety, and depression and in vivo fetal brain resting state functional connectivity. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study included pregnant women scanned between January 2016 and April 2019. A total of 50 pregnant women with healthy pregnancies were prospectively recruited from low-risk obstetric clinics in the Washington DC area and were scanned at Children's National in Washington DC. EXPOSURES Maternal stress, anxiety, and depression. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The association of prenatal maternal stress, anxiety, and depression with whole-brain connectivity was analyzed using multivariate distance matrix regression. Prenatal maternal stress, anxiety, and depression were assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale, Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory and Spielberger Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, respectively. Whole-brain connectivity was measured from 100 functionally defined regions of interest. RESULTS This study analyzed 59 resting-state functional connectivity magnetic resonance image data sets from the fetuses (mean [SD] gestational age, 33.52 [4 weeks]) of 50 healthy pregnant women (mean [SD] age, 33.77 [5.51]). Mean (SD) scores for the questionnaires were as follows: Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory, 26.66 (6.72) (range, 20-48); Spielberger Trait Anxiety Inventory, 28.09 (6.62) (range, 20-50); Perceived Stress Scale, 9.27 (5.13) (range, 1-25); and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale 3.24 (2.84) (range, 0-14). Prenatal maternal anxiety scores measured using the Spielberger Trait and State Anxiety Inventories were associated with differences in fetal connectivity (Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory: pseudo-R2 = 0.019, P = .04; Spielberger Trait Anxiety Inventory: pseudo-R2 = 0.021, P = .007). Interhemispheric connections, such as those involving the parietofrontal and occipital association cortices, were associated with reduced maternal prenatal anxiety, and those between the brainstem and sensorimotor areas were associated with higher anxiety scores. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this cohort study, an association was found between prenatal maternal anxiety and disturbances in fetal brain functional connectivity, suggesting altered fetal programming. Early onset of functional deviations suggests the need for more widespread screening of pregnant women for symptoms of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Li Zhao
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology, Children's National, Washington DC
| | - Kushal Kapse
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology, Children's National, Washington DC
| | - Gilbert Vezina
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology, Children's National, Washington DC
| | | | - Jessica Quistorff
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology, Children's National, Washington DC
| | - Catherine Lopez
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology, Children's National, Washington DC
| | - Catherine Limperopoulos
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology, Children's National, Washington DC
- Department of Pediatrics, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington DC
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Azriel O, Lazarov A, Segal A, Bar-Haim Y. Visual attention patterns during online video-mediated interaction in socially anxious individuals. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2020; 69:101595. [PMID: 32819540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2020.101595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES These days, a growing number of social interactions occur through video-mediated communication (VMC). However, little is known about how socially anxious individuals use this technology. Here, we examined the visual attention patterns of high and low socially anxious individuals during a live interaction with a study confederate using a typical online VMC setup. METHODS High (n = 30) and low (n = 30) socially anxious participants completed a VMC-based social interaction task comprised of two parts: A one-on-one acquaintance interview followed by a one-on-one short presentation assignment. State anxiety was measured before and after the task, and gaze data was collected throughout. RESULTS High socially anxious participants experienced elevated anxiety following the interaction task, whereas no elevation was observed for low socially anxious participants. Gaze data revealed that high socially anxious participants dwelled longer on the confederate's image during the acquaintance interview compared with the presentation task, and dwelled longer on non-face areas during the presentation relative to during the acquaintance interview. This task-related gaze pattern was not observed among low socially anxious participants. LIMITATIONS An analog sample was used in this study and future research should replicate its findings in a clinical sample. Future studies may also wish to counterbalance confederate's gender and task order across participants. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that during VMC, socially anxious individuals observe their environment differently than non-socially anxious individuals, depending on the context of the interaction. This context-dependency might help explain mixed findings in previous studies. Further theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Azriel
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Amit Lazarov
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Adva Segal
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Yair Bar-Haim
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Wang TC, Sit CHP, Tang TW, Tsai CL. Psychological and Physiological Responses in Patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The Use of Acute Exercise and Virtual Reality Environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E4855. [PMID: 32640554 PMCID: PMC7370051 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Virtual exercise therapy is considered a useful method by which to encourage patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) to engage in aerobic exercise in order to reduce stress. This study was intended to explore the psychological and physiological responses of patients with GAD after cycling in a virtual environment containing natural images. Seventy-seven participants with GAD were recruited in the present study and randomly assigned to a virtual nature (VN) or a virtual abstract painting (VAP) group. Their electroencephalogram alpha activity, perceived stress, and levels of restorative quality and satisfaction were assessed at baseline and after an acute bout of 20 min of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. The results showed that both the VN and VAP groups showed significantly higher alpha activity post-exercise as compared to pre-exercise. The VN group relative to the VAP group exhibited higher levels of stress-relief, restorative quality, and personal satisfaction. These findings imply that a virtual exercise environment is an effective way to induce a relaxing effect in patients with GAD. However, they exhibited more positive psychological responses when exercising in such an environment with natural landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Chiao Wang
- Institute of Physical Education, Health & Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Cindy Hui-Ping Sit
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong;
| | - Ta-Wei Tang
- Department of Leisure and Recreation Management, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 413, Taiwan
- Institute of Innovation and Circular Economy, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Liang Tsai
- Institute of Physical Education, Health & Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
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Chen X, Cai Z, Ji F, Lin X, Jiang D, Lin C, Ma X, Xu Y, Wang W, Zheng L, Chen C, Zhuo C. Paroxetine can improve primary visual cortex activity in a high-risk mouse model of schizophrenia. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2020.1837009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Chen
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimging-Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Ziyao Cai
- Department of Psychiatry and Micro-imaging Centre, Wenzhou Seventh People’s Hospital, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Feng Ji
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Lin
- Department of Psychiatry and Micro-imaging Centre, Wenzhou Seventh People’s Hospital, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Deguo Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry and Micro-imaging Centre, Wenzhou Seventh People’s Hospital, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Chongguang Lin
- Department of Psychiatry and Micro-imaging Centre, Wenzhou Seventh People’s Hospital, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimging-Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, PR China
- MDT Center for Cognitive Impairment and Sleep Disorders, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Wenqiang Wang
- Canada and China Joint Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Xiamen Xianye Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Lidan Zheng
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimging-Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Ce Chen
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimging-Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Chuanjun Zhuo
- Department of Psychiatric-Neuroimging-Genetics and Comorbidity Laboratory (PNGC_Lab), Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
- Department of Psychiatry and Micro-imaging Centre, Wenzhou Seventh People’s Hospital, Wenzhou, PR China
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Real Time Brain Circuits Tracing Of Neurology and Psychiatry (RTBNB_Lab), Tianjin fourth center Hospital, Tianjin Medical affiliated Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital, Nankai University affiliated Tianjin Fourth Center Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
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Task MRI-Based Functional Brain Network of Anxiety. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1191:3-20. [PMID: 32002919 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a good tool for researchers to understand the biological mechanisms and pathophysiology of the brain due to the translational characteristics of MRI methods. For the psychiatric illness, this kind of mental disorders usually have minor alterations when compared to traditional neurological disorders. Therefore the functional study, such as functional connectivity, would play a significant role for understanding the pathophysiology of mental disorders. This chapter would focus on the discussion of task MRI-based functional network studies in anxiety. For social anxiety disorder, the limbic system, such as the temporal lobe, amygdala, and hippocampus, would show alterations in the functional connectivity with frontal regions, such as anterior cingulate, prefrontal, and orbitofrontal cortices. PD has anterior cingulate cortex-amygdala alterations in fear conditioning, frontoparietal alterations in attention network task, and limbic-prefrontal alterations in emotional task. A similar amygdala-based aberrant functional connectivity in specific phobia is observed. The mesocorticolimbic and limbic-prefrontal functional alterations are found in generalized anxiety disorder. The major components of task MRI-based functional connectivity in anxiety include limbic and frontal regions which might play a vital role for the origination of anxiety under different scenarios and tasks.
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Yoon HJ, Seo EH, Kim JJ, Choo IH. Neural Correlates of Self-referential Processing and Their Clinical Implications in Social Anxiety Disorder. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 17:12-24. [PMID: 30690936 PMCID: PMC6361035 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2019.17.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is associated with aberrant self-referential processing (SRP) such as increased self-focused attention. Aberrant SRP is one of the core features of SAD and is also related to therapeutic interventions. Understanding of the underlying neural correlates of SRP in SAD is important for identifying specific brain regions as treatment targets. We reviewed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies to clarify the neural correlates of SRP and their clinical implications for SAD. Task-based and resting fMRI studies have reported the cortical midline structures including the default mode network, theory of mind-related regions of the temporo-parietal junction and temporal pole, and the insula as significant neural correlates of aberrant SRP in SAD patients. Also, these neural correlates are related to clinical improvement on pharmacological and cognitive-behavioral treatments. Furthermore, these could be candidates for the development of novel SAD treatments. This review supports that neural correlates of SAD may be significant biomarkers for future pathophysiology based treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Jun Yoon
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Chosun University Hospital, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Eun Hyun Seo
- Premedical Science, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jae-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Il Han Choo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Chosun University Hospital, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
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Michałowski JM, Matuszewski J, Droździel D, Koziejowski W, Rynkiewicz A, Jednoróg K, Marchewka A. Neural response patterns in spider, blood-injection-injury and social fearful individuals: new insights from a simultaneous EEG/ECG-fMRI study. Brain Imaging Behav 2018; 11:829-845. [PMID: 27194564 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-016-9557-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present simultaneous EEG/ECG-fMRI study we compared the temporal and spatial characteristics of the brain responses and the cardiac activity during fear picture processing between spider, blood-injection-injury (BII) and social fearful as well as healthy (non-fearful) volunteers. All participants were presented with two neutral and six fear-related blocks of pictures: two social, two spider and two blood/injection fear blocks. In a social fear block neutral images were occasionally interspersed with photographs of angry faces and social exposure scenes. In spider and blood/injection fear blocks neutral pictures were interspersed with spider fear-relevant and blood/injection pictures, respectively. When compared to healthy controls the social fear group responded with increased activations in the anterior orbital, middle/anterior cingulate and middle/superior temporal areas for pictures depicting angry faces and with a few elevated superior frontal activations for social exposure scenes. In the blood/injection fear group, heart rate was decreased and the activity in the middle/inferior frontal and visual processing regions was increased for blood/injection pictures. The HR decrease for blood/injection pictures correlated with increased frontal responses. In the spider fear group, spider fear-relevant pictures triggered increased activations within a broad subcortical and cortical neural fear network. The HR response for spider fear-relevant stimuli was increased and correlated with an increased insula and hippocampus activity. When compared to healthy controls, all fear groups showed higher LPP amplitudes for their feared cues and an overall greater P1 hypervigilance effect. Contrasts against the fear control groups showed that the increased responses for fear-specific stimuli are mostly related to specific fears and not to general anxiety proneness. The results suggest different engagement of cognitive evaluation and down-regulation strategies and an overall increased sensitization of the fear system in the three fear groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław M Michałowski
- Department of Differential Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Stawki 5/7, 00-183, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jacek Matuszewski
- Department of Differential Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Stawki 5/7, 00-183, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Neurobiology Centre, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dawid Droździel
- Department of Differential Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Stawki 5/7, 00-183, Warsaw, Poland
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Neurobiology Centre, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Koziejowski
- Department of Differential Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Stawki 5/7, 00-183, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Rynkiewicz
- Department of Differential Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Stawki 5/7, 00-183, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Jednoróg
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Marchewka
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Neurobiology Centre, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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13
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Yuan M, Zhu H, Qiu C, Meng Y, Zhang Y, Ren Z, Li Y, Yuan C, Gao M, Lui S, Gong Q, Zhang W. Altered regional and integrated resting-state brain activity in general social anxiety disorder patients before and after group cognitive behavior therapy. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2018; 272:30-37. [PMID: 29275125 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the recovery neuromechanism underlying the treatment efficacy in generalized social anxiety disorder (GSAD). We recruited fifteen patients with GSAD and nineteen healthy control (HC) participants, all of whom underwent a baseline resting-state fMRI scan. The GSAD patients underwent an additional fMRI scan after group cognitive behavior therapy (GCBT). Amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and degree centrality (DC) measures were used to examine altered regional and integrated spontaneous brain activity in group comparisons. After GCBT, ALFF of the right precuneus decreased. At baseline, the GSAD group showed higher ALFF in the left precuneus and the left middle temporal gyrus (MTG) and lower ALFF in the lingual gyrus compared with the HC group. The DC of the left precuneus and the MTG were attenuated and the right putamen increased in the post-treatment group. The changes in DC in the precuneus were positively correlated with changes in clinical symptom. The abnormal ALFF of the precuneus, MTG and lingual gyrus may be the neural underpinning of GSAD, whereas the neural response to symptom remission after GCBT was achieved by a rebalance within the default mode network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minlan Yuan
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongru Zhu
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Changjian Qiu
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yajing Meng
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengjia Ren
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuchen Li
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cui Yuan
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng Gao
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Su Lui
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Radiology Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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14
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Hirsch J, Zhang X, Noah JA, Ono Y. Frontal temporal and parietal systems synchronize within and across brains during live eye-to-eye contact. Neuroimage 2017; 157:314-330. [PMID: 28619652 PMCID: PMC5863547 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human eye-to-eye contact is a primary source of social cues and communication. In spite of the biological significance of this interpersonal interaction, the underlying neural processes are not well-understood. This knowledge gap, in part, reflects limitations of conventional neuroimaging methods, including solitary confinement in the bore of a scanner and minimal tolerance of head movement that constrain investigations of natural, two-person interactions. However, these limitations are substantially resolved by recent technical developments in functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), a non-invasive spectral absorbance technique that detects changes in blood oxygen levels in the brain by using surface-mounted optical sensors. Functional NIRS is tolerant of limited head motion and enables simultaneous acquisitions of neural signals from two interacting partners in natural conditions. We employ fNIRS to advance a data-driven theoretical framework for two-person neuroscience motivated by the Interactive Brain Hypothesis which proposes that interpersonal interaction between individuals evokes neural mechanisms not engaged during solo, non-interactive, behaviors. Within this context, two specific hypotheses related to eye-to-eye contact, functional specificity and functional synchrony, were tested. The functional specificity hypothesis proposes that eye-to-eye contact engages specialized, within-brain, neural systems; and the functional synchrony hypothesis proposes that eye-to-eye contact engages specialized, across-brain, neural processors that are synchronized between dyads. Signals acquired during eye-to-eye contact between partners (interactive condition) were compared to signals acquired during mutual gaze at the eyes of a picture-face (non-interactive condition). In accordance with the specificity hypothesis, responses during eye-to-eye contact were greater than eye-to-picture gaze for a left frontal cluster that included pars opercularis (associated with canonical language production functions known as Broca's region), pre- and supplementary motor cortices (associated with articulatory systems), as well as the subcentral area. This frontal cluster was also functionally connected to a cluster located in the left superior temporal gyrus (associated with canonical language receptive functions known as Wernicke's region), primary somatosensory cortex, and the subcentral area. In accordance with the functional synchrony hypothesis, cross-brain coherence during eye-to-eye contact relative to eye-to-picture gaze increased for signals originating within left superior temporal, middle temporal, and supramarginal gyri as well as the pre- and supplementary motor cortices of both interacting brains. These synchronous cross-brain regions are also associated with known language functions, and were partner-specific (i.e., disappeared with randomly assigned partners). Together, both within and across-brain neural correlates of eye-to-eye contact included components of previously established productive and receptive language systems. These findings reveal a left frontal, temporal, and parietal long-range network that mediates neural responses during eye-to-eye contact between dyads, and advance insight into elemental mechanisms of social and interpersonal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Hirsch
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, UK.
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - J Adam Noah
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Yumie Ono
- Department of Electronics and Bioinformatics, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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15
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Hadjikhani N, Zurcher NR, Lassalle A, Hippolyte L, Ward N, Johnels JÅ. The effect of constraining eye-contact during dynamic emotional face perception-an fMRI study. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2017; 12:1197-1207. [PMID: 28402536 PMCID: PMC5490673 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsx046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Eye-contact modifies how we perceive emotions and modulates activity in the social brain network. Here, using fMRI, we demonstrate that adding a fixation cross in the eye region of dynamic facial emotional stimuli significantly increases activation in the social brain of healthy, neurotypical participants when compared with activation for the exact same stimuli observed in a free-viewing mode. In addition, using PPI analysis, we show that the degree of amygdala connectivity with the rest of the brain is enhanced for the constrained view for all emotions tested except for fear, and that anxiety and alexithymia modulate the strength of amygdala connectivity for each emotion differently. Finally, we show that autistic traits have opposite effects on amygdala connectivity for fearful and angry emotional expressions, suggesting that these emotions should be treated separately in studies investigating facial emotion processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouchine Hadjikhani
- MGH/HMS/HST A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41119, Sweden
| | - Nicole R. Zurcher
- MGH/HMS/HST A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Amandine Lassalle
- MGH/HMS/HST A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- ARC, Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge University, Cambridge CB2 8AH, UK
| | - Loyse Hippolyte
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne 1010, Switzerland
| | - Noreen Ward
- MGH/HMS/HST A. A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jakob Åsberg Johnels
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 41119, Sweden
- Section for Speech and Language Pathology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 455 405 30, Sweden
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16
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Minkova L, Sladky R, Kranz GS, Woletz M, Geissberger N, Kraus C, Lanzenberger R, Windischberger C. Task-dependent modulation of amygdala connectivity in social anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2017; 262:39-46. [PMID: 28226306 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Increased amygdala activation is consistently found in patients suffering from social anxiety disorder (SAD), a psychiatric condition characterized by an intense fear of social situations and scrutiny. Disruptions in the amygdalar-frontal network in SAD may explain the inability of frontal regions to appropriately down-regulate amygdalar hyper-activation. In this study, we measured 15 SAD patients and 15 healthy controls during an affective counting Stroop task with emotional faces to assess the interaction of affective stimuli with a cognitive task in SAD, as well as to investigate the causal interactions between the amygdala and the medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) using dynamic causal modeling (DCM). Here we show for the first time that differences in OFC-amygdala effective connectivity between SAD patients and healthy controls are influenced by cognitive load during task processing. In SAD patients relative to controls dysfunctional amygdala regulation was observed during passive viewing of harsh faces This could be linked to ongoing self-initiated cognitive processes (such as rumination and anticipation of negative events) that hinder successful amygdala regulation. However, between-group differences diminished during cognitive processing, suggesting that attentional load interfered with emotional processing in both patients and controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lora Minkova
- MR Center of Excellence, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany; Freiburg Brain Imaging Center, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ronald Sladky
- MR Center of Excellence, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg S Kranz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Woletz
- MR Center of Excellence, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Geissberger
- MR Center of Excellence, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Kraus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Rupert Lanzenberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Windischberger
- MR Center of Excellence, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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17
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Doruyter A, Lochner C, Jordaan GP, Stein DJ, Dupont P, Warwick JM. Resting functional connectivity in social anxiety disorder and the effect of pharmacotherapy. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2016; 251:34-44. [PMID: 27111811 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging research has reported differences in resting-state functional connectivity (RFC) between social anxiety disorder (SAD) patients and healthy controls (HCs). Limited research has examined the effect of treatment on RFC in SAD. We performed a study to identify differences in RFC between SAD and HC groups, and to investigate the effect of pharmacotherapy on RFC in SAD. Seed-based RFC analysis was performed on technetium-99m hexamethylpropylene amine oxime (Tc-99m HMPAO) SPECT scans using a cross-subject approach in SPM-12. Seeds were chosen to represent regions in a recently published network model of SAD. A second-level regression analysis was performed to further characterize the underlying relationships identified in the group contrasts. Twenty-three SAD participants were included, of which 18 underwent follow-up measures after an 8-week course of citalopram or moclobemide. Fifteen healthy control (HC) scans were included. SAD participants at baseline demonstrated several significant connectivity disturbances consistent with the existing network model as well as one previously unreported finding (increased connectivity between cerebellum and posterior cingulate cortex). After therapy, the SAD group demonstrated significant increases in connectivity with dorsal anterior cingulate cortex which may explain therapy-induced modifications in how SAD sufferers interpret emotions in others and improvements in self-related and emotional processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Doruyter
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Christine Lochner
- US/UCT MRC Unit for Stress and Anxiety Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gerhard P Jordaan
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dan J Stein
- US/UCT MRC Unit for Stress and Anxiety Disorders, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Patrick Dupont
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology and Medical Imaging Centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - James M Warwick
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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18
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Looking at the self in front of others: Neural correlates of attentional bias in social anxiety. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 75:31-40. [PMID: 26802808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In social anxiety disorder (SAD), anxiety reactions are triggered by attentional bias to social threats that automatically appear in social situations. The present study aimed to investigate the neural basis and underlying resting-state pathology of attentional bias toward internal and external social threats as a core element of SAD. Twenty-two patients with SAD and 20 control subjects scanned functional magnetic resonance imaging during resting-state and while performing the visual search task. During the task, participants were exposed to internal threat (hearing participants' own pulse-sounds) and external threat (crowds in facial matrices). Patients showed activations in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex, rostral anterior cingulate cortex and insula in response to internal threat and activations in the posterior cingulate cortex and middle temporal gyrus in response to external threat. In patients, neural activity related to combined internal and external threats in the posterior cingulate cortex was inversely correlated with the functional connectivity strengths with the default mode network during resting-state. These findings suggest that attentional bias may stem from limbic and paralimbic pathology, and the interactive process of internally- and externally-focused attentional bias in SAD is associated with the self-referential function of resting-state.
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19
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Johnson SB, Anderson PL. Don't ask, don't tell: a systematic review of the extent to which participant characteristics are reported in social anxiety treatment studies. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2016; 29:589-605. [DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2016.1138289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Kajimura S, Kochiyama T, Nakai R, Abe N, Nomura M. Fear of negative evaluation is associated with altered brain function in nonclinical subjects. Psychiatry Res 2015; 234:362-8. [PMID: 26472293 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Social anxiety disorder (SAD), which involves excessive anxiety and fear of negative evaluation, is accompanied by abnormalities in brain function. While social anxiety appears to be represented on a spectrum ranging from nonclinical behavior to clinical manifestation, neural alteration in nonclinical populations remains unclear. This study examined the relationship between psychological measures of social anxiety, mainly using the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (FNES), and brain function (functional connectivity, degree centrality, and regional betweenness centrality). Results showed that FNES scores and functional connectivity of the parahippocampal gyrus and orbitofrontal cortex and the betweenness centrality of the right parietal cortex were negatively correlated. These regions are altered in SAD patients, and each is associated with social cognition and emotional processing. The results supported the perspective that social anxiety occurs on a spectrum and indicated that the FNES is a useful means of detecting neural alterations that may relate to the social anxiety spectrum. In addition, the findings indicated that graph analysis was useful in investigating the neural underpinnings of SAD in addition to other psychiatric symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Kajimura
- Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Takanori Kochiyama
- ATR Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Nakai
- Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Abe
- Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Michio Nomura
- Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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21
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Tükel R, Aydın K, Yüksel Ç, Ertekin E, Koyuncu A, Taş C. Gray matter abnormalities in patients with social anxiety disorder: A voxel-based morphometry study. Psychiatry Res 2015; 234:106-12. [PMID: 26371455 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to investigate the gray matter volume (GMV) differences between the patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD) and healthy controls, using VBM analysis. A total of 27 consecutive patients (15 women and 12 men) with SAD and 27 age and sex-matched healthy control subjects were included in this study. With magnetic resonance imaging, we examined GMV differences between SAD and healthy control groups. We found that GMV in the right middle and inferior temporal, left superior parietal, left precuneus and right fusiform areas were significantly greater in patients with SAD than in healthy controls. In addition, GMV in the right inferior and middle temporal regions were positively correlated with the social avoidance and total social anxiety scores of the participants in the SAD group. Lastly, greater GMV in the left superior parietal and precuneal regions were correlated with the higher disability in the social life of the patients with SAD. Our results suggest that the regions that showed significant GMV differences between the two groups play an important role in the pathophysiology of SAD and increased GMV in these regions might reflect a pathological process of neural abnormalities in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raşit Tükel
- Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Kubilay Aydın
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Division, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Çağrı Yüksel
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA, USA.
| | - Erhan Ertekin
- Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey.
| | | | - Cumhur Taş
- Department of Psychology, Uskudar University, İstanbul, Turkey; Division of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry and Psychiatric Preventative Medicine, Ruhr University, Bochum, NRW, Germany.
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22
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Gentili C, Cristea IA, Angstadt M, Klumpp H, Tozzi L, Phan KL, Pietrini P. Beyond emotions: A meta-analysis of neural response within face processing system in social anxiety. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 241:225-37. [PMID: 26341469 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215603514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD) experience anxiety and avoidance in face-to-face interactions. We performed a meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies in SAD to provide a comprehensive understanding of the neural underpinnings of face perception in this disorder. To this purpose, we adopted an innovative approach, asking authors for unpublished data. This is a common procedure for behavioral meta-analyses, which, however has never been used in neuroimaging studies. We searched Pubmed with the key words "Social Anxiety AND faces" and "Social Phobia AND faces." Then, we selected those fMRI studies for which we were able to obtain data for the comparison between SAD and healthy controls (HC) in a face perception task, either from the published papers or from the authors themselves. In this way, we obtained 23 studies (totaling 449 SAD and 424 HC individuals). We identified significant clusters in which faces evoked a higher response in SAD in bilateral amygdala, globus pallidus, superior temporal sulcus, visual cortex, and prefrontal cortex. We also found a higher activity for HC in the lingual gyrus and in the posterior cingulate. Our findings show that altered neural response to face in SAD is not limited to emotional structures but involves a complex network. These results may have implications for the understanding of SAD pathophysiology, as they suggest that a dysfunctional face perception process may bias patient person-to-person interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Gentili
- Clinical Psychology Branch - Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy Department of General Psychology - University of Padua, Padua 35131, Italy
| | - Ioana Alina Cristea
- Clinical Psychology Branch - Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University Babes-Bolyai, Cluj-Napoca, RO 400015, Romania
| | - Mike Angstadt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Heide Klumpp
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | - K Luan Phan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA Department Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Chicago, IL 60612, USA Mental Health Service Line, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Pietro Pietrini
- Clinical Psychology Branch - Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
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23
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Talati A, Pantazatos SP, Hirsch J, Schneier F. A pilot study of gray matter volume changes associated with paroxetine treatment and response in social anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Res 2015; 231:279-85. [PMID: 25659476 PMCID: PMC4363180 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) has received relatively little attention in neurobiological studies. We sought to identify neuro-anatomical changes associated with successful treatment for the disorder. Fourteen patients (31 years; 57% female) with DSM-IV generalized SAD were imaged before and after 8-weeks of paroxetine treatment on a 1.5 T GE Signa MRI scanner. Symptoms were assessed by a clinician using the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS). Longitudinal changes in voxel based morphometry (VBM) were determined using the VBM8 Toolbox for SPM8. Symptom severity decreased by 46% following treatment (p<0.001). At week 8, significant gray matter reductions were detected in bilateral caudate and putamen, and right thalamus, and increases in the cerebellum. Gray matter decreases in left thalamus were correlated with clinical response. This is the first study to our knowledge to identify treatment related correlates of symptom improvement for SAD. Replication in larger samples with control groups is needed to confirm these findings, as well as to test their specificity and temporal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardesheer Talati
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Spiro P. Pantazatos
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA,Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joy Hirsch
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
| | - Franklin Schneier
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA,Division of Clinical Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
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24
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Neuroimaging in social anxiety disorder—A meta-analytic review resulting in a new neurofunctional model. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 47:260-80. [PMID: 25124509 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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25
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Giménez M, Ortiz H, Soriano-Mas C, López-Solà M, Farré M, Deus J, Martín-Santos R, Fernandes S, Fina P, Bani M, Zancan S, Pujol J, Merlo-Pich E. Functional effects of chronic paroxetine versus placebo on the fear, stress and anxiety brain circuit in Social Anxiety Disorder: initial validation of an imaging protocol for drug discovery. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:105-16. [PMID: 24332890 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that pharmacologic effects of anxiolytic agents can be mapped as functional changes in the fear, stress and anxiety brain circuit. In this work we investigated the effects of a standard treatment, paroxetine (20mg/day), in subjects with Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) versus placebo using different fMRI paradigms. The fMRI sessions, performed before and after the treatment, consisted of a public exposition of recorded performance task (PERPT), an emotional face processing task (EFPT) and a 6-min resting state followed by an off-scanner public speaking test. Paroxetine significantly improved the clinical conditions of SAD patients (n=17) vs. placebo (n=16) as measured with Clinical Global Inventory - Improvement (CGI-I) while no change was seen when using Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, as expected given the small size of the study population. Paroxetine reduced the activation of insula, thalamus and subgenual/anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in PERPT. Resting-state fMRI assessment using Independent Component Analysis indicated that paroxetine reduced functional connectivity in insula, thalamus and ACC when compared with placebo. Both paradigms showed significant correlation with CGI-I in rostral prefrontal cortex. Conversely, paroxetine compared to placebo produced activation of right amygdala and bilateral insula and no effects in ACC when tested with EFPT. No treatment effects on distress scores were observed in the off-scanner Public Speaking Test. Overall this study supports the use of fMRI as sensitive approach to explore the neurobiological substrate of the effects of pharmacologic treatments and, in particular, of resting state fMRI given its simplicity and task independence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Giménez
- MRI Research Unit, CRC-Mar, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hector Ortiz
- MRI Research Unit, CRC-Mar, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Soriano-Mas
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Psychiatry Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina López-Solà
- MRI Research Unit, CRC-Mar, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Psychiatry Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magí Farré
- Human Pharmacology and Neurosciences, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Red RTA, Barcelona, Spain; Clinical Pharmacology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Deus
- MRI Research Unit, CRC-Mar, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rocio Martín-Santos
- Human Pharmacology and Neurosciences, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Red RTA, Barcelona, Spain; Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic-IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona and Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sofia Fernandes
- Neurosciences Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Verona, Italy
| | - Paolo Fina
- Neurosciences Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Bani
- Neurosciences Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Zancan
- Neurosciences Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Verona, Italy
| | - Jesús Pujol
- MRI Research Unit, CRC-Mar, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilio Merlo-Pich
- Neurosciences Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Verona, Italy.
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Reduced anterior temporal and hippocampal functional connectivity during face processing discriminates individuals with social anxiety disorder from healthy controls and panic disorder, and increases following treatment. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:425-34. [PMID: 24084831 PMCID: PMC3870777 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Group functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies suggest that anxiety disorders are associated with anomalous brain activation and functional connectivity (FC). However, brain-based features sensitive enough to discriminate individual subjects with a specific anxiety disorder and that track symptom severity longitudinally, desirable qualities for putative disorder-specific biomarkers, remain to be identified. Blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI during emotional face perceptual tasks and a new, large-scale and condition-dependent FC and machine learning approach were used to identify features (pair-wise correlations) that discriminated patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD, N=16) from controls (N=19). We assessed whether these features discriminated SAD from panic disorder (PD, N=16), and SAD from controls in an independent replication sample that performed a similar task at baseline (N: SAD=15, controls=17) and following 8-weeks paroxetine treatment (N: SAD=12, untreated controls=7). High SAD vs HCs discrimination (area under the ROC curve, AUC, arithmetic mean of sensitivity and specificity) was achieved with two FC features during unattended neutral face perception (AUC=0.88, P<0.05 corrected). These features also discriminated SAD vs PD (AUC=0.82, P=0.0001) and SAD vs HCs in the independent replication sample (FC during unattended angry face perception, AUC=0.71, P=0.01). The most informative FC was left hippocampus-left temporal pole, which was reduced in both SAD samples (replication sample P=0.027), and this FC increased following the treatment (post>pre, t(11)=2.9, P=0.007). In conclusion, SAD is associated with reduced FC between left temporal pole and left hippocampus during face perception, and results suggest promise for emerging FC-based biomarkers for SAD diagnosis and treatment effects.
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Schulze L, Renneberg B, Lobmaier JS. Gaze perception in social anxiety and social anxiety disorder. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:872. [PMID: 24379776 PMCID: PMC3863960 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical observations suggest abnormal gaze perception to be an important indicator of social anxiety disorder (SAD). Experimental research has yet paid relatively little attention to the study of gaze perception in SAD. In this article we first discuss gaze perception in healthy human beings before reviewing self-referential and threat-related biases of gaze perception in clinical and non-clinical socially anxious samples. Relative to controls, socially anxious individuals exhibit an enhanced self-directed perception of gaze directions and demonstrate a pronounced fear of direct eye contact, though findings are less consistent regarding the avoidance of mutual gaze in SAD. Prospects for future research and clinical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Schulze
- Department of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Babette Renneberg
- Department of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Janek S Lobmaier
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland ; Center for Cognition, Learning and Memory, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
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28
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Schulz C, Mothes-Lasch M, Straube T. Automatic neural processing of disorder-related stimuli in social anxiety disorder: faces and more. Front Psychol 2013; 4:282. [PMID: 23745116 PMCID: PMC3662886 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that social anxiety disorder (SAD) is associated with automatic information processing biases resulting in hypersensitivity to signals of social threat such as negative facial expressions. However, the nature and extent of automatic processes in SAD on the behavioral and neural level is not entirely clear yet. The present review summarizes neuroscientific findings on automatic processing of facial threat but also other disorder-related stimuli such as emotional prosody or negative words in SAD. We review initial evidence for automatic activation of the amygdala, insula, and sensory cortices as well as for automatic early electrophysiological components. However, findings vary depending on tasks, stimuli, and neuroscientific methods. Only few studies set out to examine automatic neural processes directly and systematic attempts are as yet lacking. We suggest that future studies should: (1) use different stimulus modalities, (2) examine different emotional expressions, (3) compare findings in SAD with other anxiety disorders, (4) use more sophisticated experimental designs to investigate features of automaticity systematically, and (5) combine different neuroscientific methods (such as functional neuroimaging and electrophysiology). Finally, the understanding of neural automatic processes could also provide hints for therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Schulz
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster Muenster, Germany
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29
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Honma M. Hyper-volume of eye-contact perception and social anxiety traits. Conscious Cogn 2013; 22:167-73. [PMID: 23305629 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Eye-contact facilitates effective interpersonal exchange during social interactions, but can be a considerable source of anxiety for individuals with social phobia. However, the relationship between the fundamental spatial range of eye-contact perception and psychiatric traits is, to date, unknown. In this study, I analyzed the eye-contact spatial response bias and the associated pupil response, and how they relate to traits of social interaction disorders. In a face-to-face situation, 21 pairs of subjects were randomly assigned to be either viewers or perceivers. The viewer was instructed to gaze either at the perceiver's eyes, or at a predetermined point, and the perceiver was asked to indicate whether eye-contact had been established or not. I found that the perceptual volume is much larger than the actual volume of eye-contact, and that the subjective judgment of eye-contact elicited greater pupil dilation in the perceiver. Furthermore, the relationship between behavioral performance and social anxiety traits was identified. These findings provide new indications that internal traits related to lower social anxiety are potentially related to a restriction of spatial response bias for eye-contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoyasu Honma
- Department of Psychology, Rikkyo University, 1-2-26 Kitano, Niiza Saitama 352-8558, Japan.
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30
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Talati A, Pantazatos SP, Schneier FR, Weissman MM, Hirsch J. Gray matter abnormalities in social anxiety disorder: primary, replication, and specificity studies. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73:75-84. [PMID: 22748614 PMCID: PMC3465490 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite increasing evidence that neuroanatomical abnormalities underlie pathological anxiety, social anxiety disorder (SAD)-although among the most common of anxiety disorders-has received little attention. With magnetic resonance imaging, we: 1) examined gray matter (GM) differences between generalized SAD and healthy control groups; 2) retested the findings in an independent clinical sample; and 3) tested for specificity by contrasting the SAD group to a separate group of panic disorder (PD) subjects. METHODS The primary SAD group (n = 16) was required to meet DSM-IV criteria for SAD, with onset by age 30 years; control subjects (n = 20) had no lifetime history of anxiety. The replication sample included 17 generalized SAD and 17 control subjects. The PD comparison group (n = 16) was required to have no lifetime SAD. Images were acquired on a 1.5-Tesla GE Signa magnetic resonance imaging scanner with a three-dimensional T1-weighted spoiled gradient recalled pulse sequence. Morphological differences were determined with voxel-based morphometry, in SPM8. RESULTS After adjusting for age, gender, and total intracranial volume, SAD (as compared with control) subjects had greater GM in the left parahippocampal and middle occipital, and bilateral supramarginal and angular cortices, and left cerebellum; and lower GM in bilateral temporal poles and left lateral orbitofrontal cortex. Cerebellar, parahippocampal, and temporal pole differences were observed in both samples, survived whole brain corrections, and were not observed in the PD group, pointing to relative specificity to SAD. CONCLUSIONS These findings parallel the functional literature on SAD and suggest structural abnormalities underlying the functional disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardesheer Talati
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State PsychiatricInstitute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Spiro P. Pantazatos
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY,Program for Imaging and Cognitive Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Franklin R. Schneier
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY,Division of Clinical Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - Myrna M Weissman
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY,Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY,Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - Joy Hirsch
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY,Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY,Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY,Program for Imaging and Cognitive Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY
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