Fatty acid profile and health lipid indicies of goose meat in relation to various types of heat treatment

The Fatty Acid Content, Health Lipid Indices, and Instrumental, Histological, and Sensory Quality of Hare Meat (Lepus europaeus Pallas)

The aim of this work was to characterize the quality of meat from hares (Lepus europaeus Pallas), namely, the fatty acid content, health lipid indices, and instrumental, histological, and sensory profiles by gender and muscle type (Longissimus dorsi/LD vs. Semimembranosus/SM). The ΣPUFA/Σ SFA was higher for males, with an average value of 1.62/1. The Σn6/n3 ratio was elevated for males, with a mean value of 5.34/1. The mean meat essential fatty acids were 41.94%, the desirable fatty acids were 77%, and the polyunsaturation index was 6.09. Moreover, the atherogenic index was 0.72, the thrombogenic index was 0.71, the hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic (h/H) fatty acids ratio was 3.30, and the nutritive value index was 1.35. After the sensory analysis, the LD muscles showed higher scores in males for overall appreciation (4.20 vs. 3.95) but higher scores in females for SM muscles (4.14 vs. 4.00). Shear force was influenced by the ratio between muscle and connective tissue, and the proportion of collagen and protein was related to the number of muscle fibers. Muscle and connective tissues are inversely proportional, and their ratio is an indicator of the textural and mechanical properties of the analyzed samples. Hare meat is an appreciated resource for consumers in terms of its sensory, instrumental, and nutritional values, and it has a higher value than that obtained from livestock species or other wild animals (more valuable proteins, lower fat content, and better health lipid indices).

Chlorella vulgaris as a Nutraceutical Source for Broilers: Improving Meat Quality and Storage Oxidative Status

This study aimed to assess the impact of Chlorella vulgaris supplementation in broilers' diet, alone or in combination with vitamin E, on meat quality parameters, nutritional value, and oxidative stability during storage time. An experiment was conducted on 180 COBB 500 broiler chickens (14 days old), assigned into six treatments, following a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. A corn-soybean meal diet was supplemented with three levels of C. vulgaris (0% in group C1, 1% in E1, 2% in E2), two levels of vitamin E (0% in C1, 250 ppm in C2), and a combination of them (1% C. vulgaris + 250 ppm vitamin (E3), 2% C. vulgaris + 250 ppm vitamin (E4)). Dietary incorporation of C. vulgaris, including those supplemented with vitamin E, resulted in a significant increase in meat protein content. DPA and DHA levels increased by 2.01-fold and 1.60-fold in the 2% C. vulgaris + vitamin E group. The PUFA/SFA ratio was increased across all dietary treatments (p < 0.0001). HPI and h/H registered the highest values as a result of 2% C. vulgaris supplementation, being linked with a positive effect in lowering cholesterol levels. Supplementation with 2% C. vulgaris and vitamin E exhibited a 1.45-fold increase in vitamin E concentration in thigh meat compared to the control group, being the highest level registered in thigh meat in this experiment. Metmyoglobin concentrations registered lower values in the thigh meat of the experimental groups, while deoxymyoglobin increased in the same groups when compared to the control group. The inclusion of C. vulgaris (1% and 2%) in combination with vitamin E (250 mg/kg) in broiler diets exhibited the best prevention of lipid oxidation after 7 days of refrigerated storage, defined by the highest efficiency factors assessed in terms of secondary oxidation products.

Growth performance, plasma metabolites, meat quality, and meat and lipid health indices of New Zealand White rabbits as affected by dietary dried tomato pomace powder supplementation during the summer season

One hundred and twenty New Zealand White rabbits (NZW) (5-week-old; 735.27 ± 27.23 g) were kept in an open-sided house during the summer season. The experiment aims to evaluate the impacts of dried tomato pomace powder (DTPP) supplementation on rabbits' performance, blood metabolites, carcass traits, meat quality, and lipid and health indices of NZW rabbits during 5-13 weeks of age. The four treatments were a standard rabbit feed (control) and the control diet supplemented with 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% DTPP, respectively. Rabbits fed a diet containing 1.5% DTPP showed the highest growth rate through weeks 9-13 of age despite having the lowest feed intake spanning 5-13 weeks. The best feed conversion ratio (FCR) was recorded in rabbits fed with 1.5% DTPP-supplemented diet for 5-13 weeks. Diets supplemented with 0.5 or 1.0% DTPP enhanced markedly dressing %, total edible flesh, saturated (SFAs), monounsaturated (MUFAs), and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs) contents, as well as the ∑n - 6/∑n - 3 ratio and the total n - 6 of meat. Dietary supplementation with DTPP decreased kidney, abdominal, and back fat. Diets supplemented with DTTP decreased total cholesterol, triglycerides, and very low-density lipoprotein (vLDL) concentrations. The greatest levels of linoleic acid, arachidonic and water-holding capacity in meat were observed in rabbits fed 1.5% DTPP-supplemented diets. Diets containing 1 and 1.5% DTPP improved meats' atherogenic and thrombogenic indices, meat lipid quality desired fatty acids/undesired fatty acids ratio, and meat health index. Conclusively, DTPP up to 1.5% maintained the growth performance of rabbits, boosted meat quality through increasing vitamin E, reduced fat deposition, modified fatty acid composition, and improved atherogenic, thrombogenic, and hypocholesterolemic indices of rabbit meat.

Antioxidant Status, Lipid Metabolism, Egg Fatty Acids, and Nutritional Index of White-Egg Laying Hens Fed Flaxseed Cake

Flaxseed cake contains high levels of phenolic compounds, which have numerous biological activities, as well as a considerable amount of omega-3 fatty acids, such as α-linolenic acid, which remains after oil extraction. In this study, we examined the effects of flaxseed cake meal (FSCM) on the antioxidative status, lipid metabolism, egg fatty acid profile, and egg health index of white-egg laying hens. A total of 63 Hisex White laying hens were divided into three experimental treatment groups and fed diets containing 0, 5, or 10% FSCM from 48 to 58 weeks of age. Feeding with 5 and 10% FSCM did not significantly (p>0.05) influence total lipid, triglyceride, total cholesterol, very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, or low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations, or the high-/low-density lipoprotein ratio in the serum and egg yolk; however, 10% FSCM significantly (P<0.05) increased serum high-density lipoprotein. Dietary FSCM also did not affect (P>0.05) antioxidant markers in the eggs and blood plasma. Notably, dietary inclusion of FSCM significantly increased (P<0.05) total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), α-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid levels in egg yolk, whereas the n-6:n-3 PUFAs ratio was markedly (P<0.05) decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, including 5-10% FSCM improved (P<0.05) egg health indices, with 10% being the most beneficial. Together, these findings indicated that the inclusion of up to 10% FSCM in laying hen diets improved egg yolk lipid and fatty acid profiles, as well as egg quality and nutritional and metabolic indices.

Effects of Dietary Hempseed or Camelina Cakes on Fatty Acid Composition of Quail Meat

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of dietary hempseed or camelina cakes on the fatty acid profiles of intramuscular fat in quail. A total of 189 one-day-old quail were allocated to three dietary treatment groups. The diet of the control (C) group was supplemented with 10% rapeseed cake, whereas the rapeseed in experimental 1 (HE) and experimental 2 (CA) groups was replaced by, respectively, hempseed cake and camelina cake in the same proportions. The length of the study was 42 days. Dietary enrichment with camelina cake increased the α-linolenic fatty acid (ALA) content in the meat of CA group 2.5 times (p < 0.01). The muscle tissues of CA contained 3.4-3 times more eicosapentaenoic acid (p < 0.01), 1.2 times more docosapentaenoic acid (p < 0.05-p < 0.01) and 1.3 times more docosahexaenoic acid (p < 0.01) and, thus, demonstrated the increase in total long chain (LC) n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (p < 0.01) and total n-3 PUFA (p < 0.01) compared with the C group. The ALA and total n-3 PUFA content in the breast and leg meat of HE-treated quail were, respectively, 1.3 and 1.1 times higher (p < 0.01) than in the C group but the accumulation was lower compared to the CA group. The content of γ-linolenic acid was found to be 1.21-1.31 times higher in HE quail meat (p < 0.01). However, hempseed cake supplementation had a negative effect on growth performance. The supplementation of quail feed with camelina or hempseed cakes resulted in the production of healthy meat with an increased n-3 PUFA content.

Exploring the Antioxidant Potential of Blackberry and Raspberry Leaves: Phytochemical Analysis, Scavenging Activity, and In Vitro Polyphenol Bioaccessibility

The goal of this research was nutritional evaluation through the phytochemical analysis of blackberry and raspberry leaves, the screening of their biological activity (antioxidant capacity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation), and the investigation of the effect of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion (GID) of blackberry and raspberry leaves on the bioaccessibility of polyphenol subclasses. The concentrations of the analyzed liposoluble antioxidants were higher (p < 0.05) in blackberry leaves compared to raspberry leaves, while a significant (p < 0.05) higher content of water-soluble antioxidants was registered in raspberry leaves (with a total polyphenol content of 26.2 mg GAE/g DW of which flavonoids accounted for 10.6 mg/g DW). Blackberry leaves had the highest antioxidant capacity inhibition of the superoxide radicals (O2•-), while raspberry leaves registered the highest inhibition of hydroxyl radicals (•OH), suggesting a high biological potency in scavenging-free radicals under in vitro systems. The maximum inhibition percentage of lipid peroxidation was obtained for blackberry leaves (24.86% compared to 4.37% in raspberry leaves), suggesting its potential to limit oxidative reactions. Simulated in vitro digestion showed that hydroxybenzoic acids registered the highest bioaccessibility index in the intestinal phase of both types of leaves, with gallic acid being one of the most bioaccessible phenolics. The outcomes of this investigation reveal that the most significant release of phenolic compounds from blackberry and raspberry leaves occurs either during or after the gastric phase. Knowledge about the bioaccessibility and stability of polyphenol compounds during digestion can provide significant insights into the bioavailability of these molecules and the possible effectiveness of plant metabolites for human health.

Comparison of nutritional quality of fourteen wild Linum species based on fatty acid composition, lipid health indices, and chemometric approaches unravelling their nutraceutical potential

Fatty acid profiles of 14 Linum species was determined by GC-MS analysis to study the nutritional quality of Linum species based on fatty acid composition, lipid health indices, and chemometric approaches. L. lewisii and L. marginale found to have the highest content of ALA i.e., 65.38 % and 62.79 %, respectively, L. tenuifolium recorded the highest linoleic acid content (69.69 %), while, L. catharticum recorded highest oleic acid (27.03 %). Health indices viz. polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids ratio, n-6/n-3 fatty acids ratio, atherogenicity, thrombogenicity, oxidability, oxidative stability, hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic fatty acids, and peroxidisability calculated based on the fatty acid composition revealed that all the linseed species except L. aristatum, L. tenuifolium and L. hudsoniodes have healthy fatty acid composition. L. lewisii clearly emerges as a promising species followed by L. bienne with great values across multiple indices, making them as a potential candidate for dietary or nutritional interests. The lipid profile of Linum species could be well distinguished by two principal components by Principal Component Analysis (PCA).

Comparative study on the effects of sous-vide, microwave cooking, and stewing on functional properties and sensory quality of goose meat

The effect of sous-vide (SV), microwave (M) cooking, and stewing (S) on selected functional properties of goose meat were investigated in this study. It was measured cooking loss (CL), texture and color parameters, and sensory evaluation was carried out. The material were 96 breast muscles (BM, n = 48 with skin and subcutaneous fat and n = 48 without skin) from 17-wk-old "Polish oat geese." The kind of heat treatment and the type of goose meat and interaction the type of meat × heat treatment affected the amount of CL. The lowest value of CL was stated for SV samples. The meat with skin was characterized by a lower shear force value (SF), hardness, gumminess, and chewiness than samples without skin for all cooking methods. There were no differences in SF value for M and S samples with skin. The S samples characterized by the highest value of SF, hardness and the SV meat by the lowest for both kind of meat. The M samples characterized by the higher value of cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness compare to SV and S meat. All instrumental color parameters were significantly affected by cooking technology (P = 0.001). There were differences in color lightness (L*) of investigated cooked samples. The SV meat had the highest value of L* parameter and was characterized by a lighter color among others. The highest decrease in a* value was stated for S and lowest for SV meat. The SV showed more intense red color than remaining samples. The a* value decreased and b* parameter increases with an increase the heat treatment temperature. The value of b* was higher in S (about 100°C) samples than in raw meat and processed by SV (70°C). From consumer point of view the best color had goose breast muscles subjected to SV process. Considering all tested sensory features, the overall palatability of SV goose samples was rated as excellent, S as very good and M as good.

Impact of frozen storage on some functional properties and sensory evaluation of goose meat

The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in the functional properties (pH, water holding capacity [WHC], water binding capacity [WBC], cooking losses [CL], defrosting losses [DL]), color parameters (L*, a*, b*, C, h°, ΔE), and sensory evaluation of breast (BM) and leg (LM) muscles from 17-wk-old female White Kołuda geese packaged in a vacuum and stored in frozen conditions at -20°C. During 17 wk, the geese were fed ad libitum on the same complete feed. The samples (18 BM and 18 LM) from the right part of the carcasses were stored for 30, 90, 80, 270, and 365 d. The changes in functional properties were established using a standard method used in the meat industry, according to Wierbicki et al. (1962), Grau and Hamm (1953), and CIE, (1986). Sensory evaluation was established according to defined parameters in PN-ISO 8586-2:2008. The time of frozen storage affected the decrease in WHC and WBC of BM and LM. Moreover, the LM can be characterized by a higher WHC and WBC compared to the values in the BM. It was established that CL and DL, which are the critical quality indicators, negatively increased in BM and LM during frozen storage. Considering the sensory evaluation and L*, a*, b*, C, it was established that changes in BM and LM during frozen storage were unfavorable. The scores given for smell, taste, consistency, and general appearance, as also L*, a*, and b* parameters decreased significantly during frozen storage. In addition, BM received lower scores for general appearance (at 180th and 270th day), and L* (in all frozen storage), than LM. BM and LM characterized the parameter ΔE in the range of 0.44 to 1.45, which allowed us to conclude that slight color differences were visible in these muscles (<2). Based on the study, it can be suggested that the optimal frozen storage time for BM and LM should not be longer than 180 d.

Fatty Acid Profile, Health Lipid Indices, and Sensory Properties of Meat from Pekin Ducks of Different Origins

Conservation duck flocks are of significant importance to science. Over a number of years, many experiments have been carried out to gain a better understanding of individual duck populations. However, the knowledge obtained is still incomplete. The aim of the present study was to compare three duck strains maintained in Poland and included in the Genetic Resources Protection Programme in terms of the fatty acid profile, health lipid indices, and sensory traits of breast and leg meat. The experimental material consisted of 180 sexed Pekin ducks, 60 ducks each (including 30 males and 30 females) from strain P33 (Pekin of Polish origin), P8 (Pekin of Danish origin), and P9 (Pekin of French origin). During 49 days of rearing, the ducks were kept in an enclosed building with six pens on straw. The duck genotype had a significant effect on the myristic (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), oleic (C18:1n9), linolenic (C18:2n6), arachidonic (C20:4n6), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), PUFAn6 content, and Peroxidisability Index (PI) values of breast muscle. Ducks from the compared strains differed significantly in C16:0 content and the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), including MUFAs, Nutritive Value Index, and Health-Promoting Index in leg muscles. Ducks from the compared strains also differed significantly in the aroma and juiciness of the heat-treated breast muscles and the tenderness of the leg muscles. The sex of the birds had a significant effect on the C18:1, C22:6n3, MUFA, PUFAn6, PUFAn3, PI, and aroma and taste desirability of the breast muscles, as well as the aroma intensity of the leg muscles.

Legacy and novel perfluoroalkyl substances in raw and cooked squids: Perspective from health risks and nutrient benefits

Perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) existed ubiquitously in the environment and could be ingested unconsciously with food which posed a disease risk to human health. Swordtip squid (Uroteuthis edulis) is one of the most popular and highly consumed seafood worldwide, with wide distribution and abundant biomass. Therefore, it is of great importance to the health of the public by reducing the health risks of squid consumption while preserving the benefits of squid to humans. In this study, the PFAS and fatty acids in squids were tested from the southeast coastal regions of China, a major habitat for squids. Relative higher concentrations of PFAS in squid were found in the subtropical zone of southern China (mean: 15.90 ng/g·dw) compared to those of the temperate zone of northern China (mean: 11.77 ng/g·dw). The digestive system had high tissue/muscle ratio (TMR) values, and the pattern of TMR among the same carbon-chain PFAS was similar. Cooking methods have a significant contribution to eliminating PFAS (in squids). PFAS were transferred from squids to other mediums after cooking, so juice and oil should be poured out to minimize PFAS exposure into body. The result showed that squids can be regarded as a healthy food by health benefits associated with fatty acids. Estimated daily intake (EDI) had the highest level in Korea via consuming squids through cooking processes compared with other countries. Based on the assessment of the hazard ratios (HRs), there was a high exposure risk of perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) via taking squids for human health. This research provided the theoretical guidance of aquatic product processing in improving nutrition and reducing harmful substances.

Cooking methods effectively alter perfluoroalkyl substances and nutrients in cultured and wild bullfrogs

The ubiquitous distribution of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) poses a threat to the health of aquatic organisms and humans. Bullfrogs are considered a popular aquatic food product in South China, providing high protein and tasty cuisine; however bullfrogs have been shown to contain significant concentrations of PFASs. However, the risk-benefit ratios of PFASs and nutrient contents in cooked bullfrogs are not well understood. PFASs and nutrients were investigated in raw and cooked specimens of cultured and wild bullfrogs in this study. Novel PFASs showed higher detection levels and accumulation in wild bullfrogs than in cultured bullfrogs. Potential factors such as fat and fatty acid ratio affected PFASs accumulation in different tissues and by different cooking methods of bullfrogs. All cooking methods can reduce PFASs in edible tissues while significantly enhancing the nutritive value index (NVI) compared to raw bullfrogs. Steaming was the most effective way to reduce PFASs (rate of reduction was over 66%) and resulted in a lower risk of contributing to arteriosclerosis than other cooking methods assessed by atherogenicity index (AI) values. Cultured bullfrogs instead of wild bullfrogs were recommended for human consumption, and steaming was regarded as a better cooking method in terms of risk-benefit concerns. Overall, this work provides quantitative analysis of cooking methods that alter PFASs and nutrients in bullfrogs.

The effects of sous-vide, microwave cooking and stewing of goose meat on fatty acid profile and lipid indices

The effect of sous-vide (S-V), microwave cooking (M) and stewing (S) on the fatty acid profile and lipid indices of goose meat was investigated. The research material involved breast muscles (24 with skin and 24 without skin) cut from carcasses of 17-week-old females "Polish oat geese." Gas chromatography was used to establish the fatty acid profile and lipid indices were calculated. The kind of heat treatment and the type of goose meat (muscles with- and without skin) affected the fatty acid profile and lipid indices. The sum of SFA was higher in S-V, M, and S samples for both kinds of meat than in raw ones. The cooked samples with skin had a lower percentage of Ʃ SFA than the skinless meat. S-V and M cooking (for meat with skin) caused an increase, while in the case of S heating (for both kinds of meat) there were no significant differences in Ʃ MUFA compared to raw samples. The S-V, M, and S meat with skin was characterized by a higher value of Ʃ MUFA than skinless ones. The Ʃ PUFA was lower in S-V and M than in raw meat, wherein this decline was higher for M ones (for both kinds of meat). The M meat with skin had the lowest and S without skin the highest share of Σ PUFA. Heat treatment caused an increase in Σ PUFA n-6/n-3 ratio, the lowest value was shown by the S-V muscles. Sous-vide cooking was more beneficial for consumers than the remaining methods in terms of Σ DFA/Σ OFA, Σ UFA/Σ SFA, NVI, health-promoting index (HPI), inflammatory biomarker indexes, and Σ SFA, Σ OFA, Σ UFA, Σ DFA values for meat with skin (but not all of these were significant). In turn, stewing of meat without skin was more favorable than S-V and microwave cooking in relation to indexes such as: Σ DFA/Σ OFA, Σ UFA/Σ SFA, Σ PUFA/Σ SFA, PI, UI, AI, TI, HPI.

Fatty Acid Profiles and Nutritional Evaluation of Fresh Sweet-Waxy Corn from Three Regions of China

Fresh corn is a kind of herbaceous plant with rich nutritive value and a reasonable composition of fatty acids; however, there is little research on methods for the systemic nutritional evaluation of fatty acids in fresh corn. The aim of the present study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the fatty acid profiles of Chinese Huangnuo 9 sweet-waxy corn from the provinces of Inner Mongolia, Jilin, and Heilongjiang by gas chromatography; to establish a nutritional evaluation system according to the impacts of nutrients from fatty acids on human health; and finally, to evaluate, compare and rank fresh sweet-waxy corn grown in different regions. Tocopherols were detected by liquid chromatography in order to demonstrate the anti-oxidation activity of fresh corn’s fatty acids. The fatty acid contents and compositions of the 12 samples from the three regions are significantly different from each other. The nutrient value of the fatty acids in fresh corn was analyzed by factor analysis and a linear structural relation model, followed by the fitting and appraising of the model. The studied fresh sweet-waxy corn 1-4 from Inner Mongolia had the highest γ-tocopherol content and the closest saturated fatty acid:monounsaturated fatty acid:polyunsaturated fatty acid rate to the recommended value. The fatty acid profiles of sweet-waxy corns 2-1, 2-2, and 2-3 were the most diverse, and the comprehensive evaluation result of fresh corn 2-4 was the best; its total fatty acid content was the highest. Fresh corn 3-1 in Heilongjiang had the highest unsaturated fatty acids and lower values in its atherosclerosis index and thrombosis index, which suggested the strongest anti-atherosclerosis and anti-thrombotic ability. This work will give a reference to guide dietary choices and provide data support for dietary recommendations for residents.

Fatty Acids Profile and Healthy Lipids Indices of Native Mexican Guajolote Meat Treated to Two Heat Treatments

Meat is a complex food with a structured nutritional composition that makes it an essential component of the human diet. In particular, the meat of native guajolote that is traditionally raised in natural conditions is an important dietary source of proteins of high biological value for the rural population of Mexico. The study aimed to evaluate fatty acids (FAs) profile and nutritional indices of breast and leg meat of native guajolote subjected to two heat treatments. For the study, a total of sixty muscle samples (30 breast meat and 30 leg meat) from adult male native guajolotes were used. The FA profile and nutritional indices were evaluated in raw meat (control) and meat subjected to two heat treatments (boiled and baked). The heat treatments, independently of the type of muscle, increased (p ≤ 0.05) the concentration of saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated FA (MUFA); in contrast, polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) decreased. Likewise, the dietary FA index, which has a negative hypercholesterolemic effect, and the atherogenic index increased in guajolote meat from the effect of the heat treatments, while the essential and undesirable hypercholesterolemic FA indices decreased. In conclusion, heat treatments increase the content of SFA and MUFAs in breast and leg meat of native guajolote. Boiling or baking the meat deteriorates PUFAs but increases the nutritional indices. The present investigation would provide valuable information for the guajolote meat product processing.

Fatty acid profiles and flavour-related compounds of the retorted Korean ginseng chicken soup (Samgyetang) affected by pre-treated black garlic extract

Objective

This study aimed to characterize the effect of pre-treated black garlic (BG) extracts addition into retorted Korean ginseng chicken soup (Samgyetang) on the fatty acid composition and flavour-related indexes.

Methods

Four different treatments; Samgyetang made with a 5% (w/w) addition of garlic (G), fresh BG (FBG), oven-dried BG (DBG), or encapsulated BG (EBG) extracts were developed and compared to negative control (NC) without any extract addition. Prepared samples were cooked via retorting at 121.1°C, 1.5 kgf/cm² for 1 h.

Results

The BG treated samples were higher in C18:3n3 and C18:2n6 fatty acids, with thrombogenic index was 18% to 20% lower than the NC. EBG yielded the highest umami-related nucleotides (5′-guanosine monophosphate and 5′-inosine monophosphate) and modified some free amino acid (alyne, phenylalanine and leucine) thus possessed the highest equivalent umami concentration among samples. Some individual aldehydes (pentanal, hexanal, and heptanal) were lower, while furans and volatile sulfur compounds were higher than the NC and G treatment group, indicating a potential suppression of unpleasant flavour alongwith the intensificiation of favourable flavour from the addition of BG extracts into retorted Samgyetang.

Conclusion

Taken together, the synergistic results of this study indicate that incorportating suitable pre-treatment of BG extract could be of critical importance for the development of the retorted Samgyetang with improved flavour and functionalities.

Fish Oil Replacement by a Blend of Vegetable Oils in Diets for Juvenile Tench (Tinca tinca Linnaeus, 1758): Effects on Growth Performance and Whole-Body Composition

Simple Summary

Fish oil (FO) can be totally replaced by a blend of vegetable oils (30% linseed oil, 20% corn oil, and 50% olive oil) in diets for juvenile tench (Tinca tinca Linnaeus, 1758) without negative effects on survival rate and growth performance. Diets affected the composition of juveniles so that lipid content was significantly lower in animals fed diets without FO. Moreover, the content of linolenic acid (18:3n-3) increased as FO substitution did, being significantly higher with respect to control diet (without vegetable oils) from 40% or higher FO replacement diets. No differences in saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were found in the fish whole-body. Nutritional indices can be considered within optimal values for healthy foods.

Abstract

Among freshwater species, tench (Tinca tinca Linnaeus, 1758) is considered as a promising species for the diversification of aquaculture, but the intensification of techniques is necessary to promote and consolidate its culture. Adequate feeding in early growth phases is essential to face further grow-out. Fish oil (FO) is the main source of lipids in fish diets, but its production is unsustainable, and thus, alternative oils should be considered. A 90-day experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of partial and total replacement of cod liver oil (FO) by a blend of vegetable oils (VO) in juvenile tench. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets with different levels of a VO blend containing 30% linseed oil, 20% corn oil, and 50% olive oil were tested: 0% (control), 20%VO, 40%VO, 60%VO, 80%VO, and 100%VO. With all diets, survival was 100%, and there were not differences in growth performance (total length (TL); weight (W); specific growth rate (SGR); feed conversion ratio (FCR); and biomass gain (BG)). Compared to the control group, whole-body lipid content decreased significantly in the 100%VO group. No differences in total saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids were found in the whole-body. The content of linolenic acid (ALA) in the whole-body increased as FO substitution did, being significantly higher with respect to control diet from 40% FO replacement diets. Nutritional indices, such as ΣPUFA/ΣSFA and Σn-6/Σn-3 ratios, tended to increase with increasing VO content, whereas the EPA + DHA showed an opposite trend. A total replacement of FO by the blend of VO did not affect the growth performance and fatty acid profile of juvenile tench. Further research on the effects of VO diet on nutritional quality in tench reared to commercial size should be performed.

Effect of Lentinan on Lipid Oxidation and Quality Change in Goose Meatballs during Cold Storage

The effects of different concentrations of lentinan (LNT) (0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4%) on the oxidation characteristics and physicochemical properties of goose meatballs were investigated during different cold storage (4 °C) stages (3, 7 and 12 days). After adding LNT, the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) of goose meatballs significantly decreased compared to the LNT-free sample during cold storage, which indicated that LNT can inhibit the fat oxidation and the release of nitrogenous substances. Meanwhile, the presence of LNT makes microstructure of the goose meatball samples become denser during the whole storage time. The headspace solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MC) results showed that the proportion of aldehydes in the 4% LNT group reached 0 during storage, suggesting that high LNT concentration inhibits the formation of oxidized products in meat products. The sensory evaluation showed that the addition of LNT improved the color, appearance, flavor, and overall acceptance of goose meatballs, and the 2% LNT group had the highest score in overall acceptance. In summary, the addition of LNT could delay lipid oxidation and improve the quality of goose meatballs during cold storage.

Temperature effects on the nutritional quality in Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) during ultraviolet depuration

BACKGROUND

Oysters are mainly consumed in the raw form, so it is important to get rid of bacteria and other harmful substances. Ultraviolet (UV) sterilization depuration is a commonly used method and does not produce chemical residues or act directly on shellfish, resulting in minimal adverse effects on flavor. This study simulated the industrial depuration process using UV sterilization to depurate Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas). The effects of different temperatures (15, 20, and 25 °C) on the quality and taste components of C. gigas were investigated by measuring changes in physiological and biochemical indexes in C. gigas tissue samples.

RESULTS

At the end of depuration, no oyster mortality occurred, but it was up to 55% at 25 °C at 84 h. Glycogen content decreased the most at 25 °C at 48 h. The fatty acid content was higher at 20 and 25 °C. Succinic acid content decreased significantly and was higher at 20 and 25 °C at 48 h with no significant difference. Total free amino acid (FAA) content was significantly higher at 20 °C, however, there were no significant differences in nucleotide content at any temperature at 48 h. Adenylate energy charge (AEC) values decreased, with higher values at 15 and 25 °C, and equivalent umami concentration (EUC) values increased, with higher values at 20 and 25 °C.

CONCLUSION

Considering the changes in flavor substances and mortality rate, 20 °C is the appropriate temperature for UV sterilization depuration of C. gigas to produce better edible quality. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Novel Insights into the Differences in Nutrition Value, Gene Regulation and Network Organization between Muscles from Pasture-Fed and Barn-Fed Goats

The physiological and biochemical characters of muscles derived from pasture-fed or barn-fed black goats were detected, and RNA-seq was performed to reveal the underlying molecular mechanisms to identify how the pasture feeding affected the nutrition and flavor of the meat. We found that the branched chain amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and zinc in the muscle of pasture-fed goats were significantly higher than those in the barn-fed group, while the heavy metal elements, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly lower. RNA-seq results showed that 1761 genes and 147 lncRNA transcripts were significantly differentially expressed between the pasture-fed and barn-fed group. Further analysis found that the differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in the myogenesis and Glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway. A functional analysis of the lncRNA transcripts further highlighted the difference in fatty acid metabolism between the two feeding models. Our study provides novel insights into the gene regulation and network organization of muscles and could be potentially used for improving the quality of mutton.

Combined effects of processing method and black garlic extract on quality characteristics, antioxidative and fatty acid profile of chicken breast

The combined effects of pretreated black garlic (BG) extract and various cooking methods were investigated. The chicken breast was prepared at a uniform size of 5 × 5 × 1.5 cm and randomly allocated into 12 treatment groups that were placed in solutions containing fresh BG extract (1:4, w/v) (positive control), distilled water (negative control), oven-dried BG, and encapsulated BG extract. They were subjected to cooking via sous-vide (SV), boiling, and retorting, for 1 h. Both the BG extract and the different cooking methods modified the physicochemical, antioxidative, and fatty acid profiles of the chicken breast. The antioxidative value was 1.83 to 11.59 times higher than the negative control, with extensive protection from lipid oxidation observed in the oven-dried BG extract, compared the fresh BG treatment. The maltodextrin-encapsulated extract prolonged the protection of the antioxidant BG compounds under high-temperature cooking, and thus, produced the highest antioxidative values. The increase in SFA percentage is a consequence of high-temperature cooking, mainly from the increased proportion of palmitic and stearic acids. A higher percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids was observed under the SV cooking treatments that had BG extract prepared at any pretreatments. The BG lightly protected the linoleic acid during the retorting process. The BG extract treatment improved meat quality by lowering cooking loss (CL), improving water holding capacity (WHC), and provided better visual attributes. This study suggests that an appropriate cooking method, together with the addition of oven-dried BG extract in an either raw or encapsulated form, can improve the functional quality of chicken breast.