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Sperling JD, Frikke-Schmidt R, Scheike T, Kessing LV, Miskowiak K, Vinberg M. APOE Genotype, ApoE Plasma Levels, Lipid Metabolism, and Cognition in Monozygotic Twins with, at Risk of, and without Affective Disorders. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2361. [PMID: 38673634 PMCID: PMC11051543 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13082361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Lipids influence brain function and mental health. Understanding the role of apolipoproteins in affective disorders could provide valuable insights and potentially pave the way for novel therapeutic approaches. Methods: We examined the apolipoprotein E genotype and ApoE-levels, lipid profiles, and the correlation with cognition in 204 monozygotic (MZ) twins with unipolar or bipolar disorder in remission or partial remission (affected, AT), their unaffected co-twins (high-risk, HR), and twins with no personal or family history of affective disorder (low-risk, LR). Results: The APOE genotype was not associated with affective disorders. No significant group differences in ApoE levels were found between the three risk groups. Post hoc analysis group-wise comparisons showed higher ApoE levels in the AT than HR twins and in the concordant AT twin pairs relative to the discordant twin pairs. Within the discordant twin pairs, higher ApoE levels were observed in the affected twins (AT = 39.4 mg/L vs. HR = 36.8 mg/L, p = 0.037). Limitations: The present study could benefit from a larger sample size. We did not assess dietary habits. Conclusions: The results did not support our main hypothesis. However, exploratory post hoc analysis suggests a role for plasma ApoE and triglycerides in affective disorders. Future research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Dyg Sperling
- The Early Multimodular Prevention and Intervention Research Institution (EMPIRI), Mental Health Centre, Northern Zealand, Copenhagen University Hospital—Mental Health Services CPH, 3400 North Zealand, Denmark;
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark (L.V.K.)
| | - Ruth Frikke-Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark (L.V.K.)
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Scheike
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Vedel Kessing
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark (L.V.K.)
- Copenhagen Affective Disorders Research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Kamilla Miskowiak
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark (L.V.K.)
- Copenhagen Affective Disorders Research Centre (CADIC), Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Neurocognition and Emotion in Affective Disorders (NEAD) Centre, Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, and Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Maj Vinberg
- The Early Multimodular Prevention and Intervention Research Institution (EMPIRI), Mental Health Centre, Northern Zealand, Copenhagen University Hospital—Mental Health Services CPH, 3400 North Zealand, Denmark;
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark (L.V.K.)
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2
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del Valle E, Rubio-Sardón N, Menéndez-Pérez C, Martínez-Pinilla E, Navarro A. Apolipoprotein D as a Potential Biomarker in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15631. [PMID: 37958618 PMCID: PMC10650001 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders (NDs) are a diverse group of pathologies, including schizophrenia or bipolar disorders, that directly affect the mental and physical health of those who suffer from them, with an incidence that is increasing worldwide. Most NDs result from a complex interaction of multiple genes and environmental factors such as stress or traumatic events, including the recent Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic. In addition to diverse clinical presentations, these diseases are heterogeneous in their pathogenesis, brain regions affected, and clinical symptoms, making diagnosis difficult. Therefore, finding new biomarkers is essential for the detection, prognosis, response prediction, and development of new treatments for NDs. Among the most promising candidates is the apolipoprotein D (Apo D), a component of lipoproteins implicated in lipid metabolism. Evidence suggests an increase in Apo D expression in association with aging and in the presence of neuropathological processes. As a part of the cellular neuroprotective defense machinery against oxidative stress and inflammation, changes in Apo D levels have been demonstrated in neuropsychiatric conditions like schizophrenia (SZ) or bipolar disorders (BPD), not only in some brain areas but in corporal fluids, i.e., blood or serum of patients. What is not clear is whether variation in Apo D quantity could be used as an indicator to detect NDs and their progression. This review aims to provide an updated view of the clinical potential of Apo D as a possible biomarker for NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva del Valle
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (E.d.V.); (N.R.-S.); (C.M.-P.); (A.N.)
- Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Nuria Rubio-Sardón
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (E.d.V.); (N.R.-S.); (C.M.-P.); (A.N.)
- Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carlota Menéndez-Pérez
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (E.d.V.); (N.R.-S.); (C.M.-P.); (A.N.)
- Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Eva Martínez-Pinilla
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (E.d.V.); (N.R.-S.); (C.M.-P.); (A.N.)
- Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana Navarro
- Department of Morphology and Cell Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (E.d.V.); (N.R.-S.); (C.M.-P.); (A.N.)
- Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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3
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Rodrigues JE, Martinho A, Santa C, Madeira N, Coroa M, Santos V, Martins MJ, Pato CN, Macedo A, Manadas B. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Mass Spectrometry Proteomics Applied to Human Peripheral Fluids to Assess Potential Biomarkers of Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094917. [PMID: 35563307 PMCID: PMC9105255 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques can be a powerful tool to identify neuropsychiatric disorder biomarkers, improving prediction and diagnosis ability. Here, we evaluate the efficacy of MS proteomics applied to human peripheral fluids of schizophrenia (SCZ) patients to identify disease biomarkers and relevant networks of biological pathways. Following PRISMA guidelines, a search was performed for studies that used MS proteomics approaches to identify proteomic differences between SCZ patients and healthy control groups (PROSPERO database: CRD42021274183). Nineteen articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria, allowing the identification of 217 differentially expressed proteins. Gene ontology analysis identified lipid metabolism, complement and coagulation cascades, and immune response as the main enriched biological pathways. Meta-analysis results suggest the upregulation of FCN3 and downregulation of APO1, APOA2, APOC1, and APOC3 in SCZ patients. Despite the proven ability of MS proteomics to characterize SCZ, several confounding factors contribute to the heterogeneity of the findings. In the future, we encourage the scientific community to perform studies with more extensive sampling and validation cohorts, integrating omics with bioinformatics tools to provide additional comprehension of differentially expressed proteins. The produced information could harbor potential proteomic biomarkers of SCZ, contributing to individualized prognosis and stratification strategies, besides aiding in the differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- João E. Rodrigues
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.E.R.); (A.M.); (C.S.); (M.J.M.)
- CIBB—Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.C.); (V.S.)
| | - Ana Martinho
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.E.R.); (A.M.); (C.S.); (M.J.M.)
- CIBB—Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.C.); (V.S.)
| | - Catia Santa
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.E.R.); (A.M.); (C.S.); (M.J.M.)
- CIBB—Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.C.); (V.S.)
| | - Nuno Madeira
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Psychiatry Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBIT—Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Manuel Coroa
- CIBB—Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.C.); (V.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Psychiatry Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Vítor Santos
- CIBB—Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.C.); (V.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Psychiatry Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Martins
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.E.R.); (A.M.); (C.S.); (M.J.M.)
- CIBB—Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.C.); (V.S.)
- Medical Services, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos N. Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA;
| | - Antonio Macedo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Psychiatry Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBIT—Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (B.M.)
| | - Bruno Manadas
- CNC—Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (J.E.R.); (A.M.); (C.S.); (M.J.M.)
- CIBB—Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (M.C.); (V.S.)
- III Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra (IIIUC), 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (B.M.)
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Sanchez D, Ganfornina MD. The Lipocalin Apolipoprotein D Functional Portrait: A Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:738991. [PMID: 34690812 PMCID: PMC8530192 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.738991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein D is a chordate gene early originated in the Lipocalin protein family. Among other features, regulation of its expression in a wide variety of disease conditions in humans, as apparently unrelated as neurodegeneration or breast cancer, have called for attention on this gene. Also, its presence in different tissues, from blood to brain, and different subcellular locations, from HDL lipoparticles to the interior of lysosomes or the surface of extracellular vesicles, poses an interesting challenge in deciphering its physiological function: Is ApoD a moonlighting protein, serving different roles in different cellular compartments, tissues, or organisms? Or does it have a unique biochemical mechanism of action that accounts for such apparently diverse roles in different physiological situations? To answer these questions, we have performed a systematic review of all primary publications where ApoD properties have been investigated in chordates. We conclude that ApoD ligand binding in the Lipocalin pocket, combined with an antioxidant activity performed at the rim of the pocket are properties sufficient to explain ApoD association with different lipid-based structures, where its physiological function is better described as lipid-management than by long-range lipid-transport. Controlling the redox state of these lipid structures in particular subcellular locations or extracellular structures, ApoD is able to modulate an enormous array of apparently diverse processes in the organism, both in health and disease. The new picture emerging from these data should help to put the physiological role of ApoD in new contexts and to inspire well-focused future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sanchez
- Instituto de Biologia y Genetica Molecular, Unidad de Excelencia, Universidad de Valladolid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Maria D Ganfornina
- Instituto de Biologia y Genetica Molecular, Unidad de Excelencia, Universidad de Valladolid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Valladolid, Spain
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5
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Notaras M, Lodhi A, Fang H, Greening D, Colak D. The proteomic architecture of schizophrenia iPSC-derived cerebral organoids reveals alterations in GWAS and neuronal development factors. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:541. [PMID: 34667143 PMCID: PMC8526592 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01664-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (Scz) is a brain disorder that has a typical onset in early adulthood but otherwise maintains unknown disease origins. Unfortunately, little progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying neurodevelopment of Scz due to ethical and technical limitations in accessing developing human brain tissue. To overcome this challenge, we have previously utilized patient-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) to generate self-developing, self-maturating, and self-organizing 3D brain-like tissue known as cerebral organoids. As a continuation of this prior work, here we provide an architectural map of the developing Scz organoid proteome. Utilizing iPSCs from n = 25 human donors (n = 8 healthy Ctrl donors, and n = 17 Scz patients), we generated 3D cerebral organoids, employed 16-plex isobaric sample-barcoding chemistry, and simultaneously subjected samples to comprehensive high-throughput liquid-chromatography/mass-spectrometry (LC/MS) quantitative proteomics. Of 3,705 proteins identified by high-throughput proteomic profiling, we identified that just ~2.62% of the organoid global proteomic landscape was differentially regulated in Scz organoids. In sum, just 43 proteins were up-regulated and 54 were down-regulated in Scz patient-derived organoids. Notably, a range of neuronal factors were depleted in Scz organoids (e.g., MAP2, TUBB3, SV2A, GAP43, CRABP1, NCAM1 etc.). Based on global enrichment analysis, alterations in key pathways that regulate nervous system development (e.g., axonogenesis, axon development, axon guidance, morphogenesis pathways regulating neuronal differentiation, as well as substantia nigra development) were perturbed in Scz patient-derived organoids. We also identified prominent alterations in two novel GWAS factors, Pleiotrophin (PTN) and Podocalyxin (PODXL), in Scz organoids. In sum, this work serves as both a report and a resource that researchers can leverage to compare, contrast, or orthogonally validate Scz factors and pathways identified in observational clinical studies and other model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Notaras
- Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aiman Lodhi
- Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Haoyun Fang
- Baker Institute for Heart and Diabetes, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David Greening
- Baker Institute for Heart and Diabetes, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Dilek Colak
- Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
- Gale and Ira Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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6
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Cavalcante DA, Coutinho LS, Ortiz BB, Noto MN, Cordeiro Q, Ota VK, Belangeiro SI, Bressan RA, Gadelha A, Noto C. Impact of duration of untreated psychosis in short-term response to treatment and outcome in antipsychotic naïve first-episode psychosis. Early Interv Psychiatry 2020; 14:677-683. [PMID: 31637865 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIM Duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) is one of the few potentially modifiable outcome predictors in psychosis. Previous studies have associated a longer DUP with a poor prognosis, but few of them were performed in countries with low and middle level of income. This study aimed to investigate the DUP in a Brazilian sample of antipsychotic-naïve first-episode psychosis (AN-FEP) patients and its association with clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes in a short-term follow-up. METHODS One hundred forty-five AN-FEP patients between 16 and 40 years were enrolled and were reassessed 10 weeks after risperidone treatment. We investigated the association between DUP and symptom severity, functionality and response to treatment, using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Clinical Global Impression-Severity Scale (CGI) and the Global Assessment of Functionality (GAF) scale. DUP was defined as the period between the onset of the first psychotic symptoms and the first effective antipsychotic treatment. For the analysis, we performed multivariate linear regressions. RESULTS The DUP's median was 61 days. At baseline, we did not find any significant association between DUP and clinical characteristics. After treatment, the longer DUP predicted worse positive and negative symptom dimensions, worse total PANSS, GAF and CGI scores and poorer response to treatment. CONCLUSION Our results showed that DUP is associated with worse outcomes after short treatment, but it does not modify the baseline clinical profile of the AN-FEP patients. Such results reinforce the need to develop early intervention strategies, reducing DUP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Cavalcante
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,GAPi (Early Psychosis Group), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luccas S Coutinho
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno B Ortiz
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Schizophrenia Program (PROESQ), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariane N Noto
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,GAPi (Early Psychosis Group), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Quirino Cordeiro
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculdade de Ciências Médica da Santa Casa de São Paulo (FCMSCSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa K Ota
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Genetics Division, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sintia I Belangeiro
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Genetics Division, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A Bressan
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Schizophrenia Program (PROESQ), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ary Gadelha
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,GAPi (Early Psychosis Group), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Schizophrenia Program (PROESQ), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Noto
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Clinical Neuroscience (LiNC), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,GAPi (Early Psychosis Group), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Schizophrenia Program (PROESQ), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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7
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de Souza Pessôa G, de Jesus JR, Balbuena TS, Arruda MAZ. Metallomics-based platforms for comparing the human blood serum profiles between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia patients. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 3:e8698. [PMID: 31837042 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE An evaluation of bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SCZ) was carried out, from a metallomics point of view, using native conditions, attempting to preserve the interaction between metals and biomolecules. METHOD For this task, blood serum samples from healthy individuals and patients were compared. In addition, the profiles of metal ions and metalloids involved in the pathologies were quantified, and a comparison was carried out of the protein profile in serum samples of healthy individuals and diseased patients. RESULTS After optimization and accuracy evaluation of the method, different concentrations of Li, Mg, Mn and Zn were observed in the samples of BD patients and high levels of copper for SCZ patients, indicating an imbalance in the homeostasis of important micronutrients. The treatment, especially with lithium, may be related to competition between metallic ions. BD-related metallobiomolecules were detected, preserving the binding between metal ions and biomolecules, with four fractions detected in the ultraviolet range (280 nm). Four fractions were collected by high-performance liquid chromatography/inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC/ICP-MS) and the proteins were identified by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The Ig lambda chain V-IV region Hil, immunoglobulin heavy constant gama 1 (IGHG1) and beta-2-glycoprotein 1 (or ApoH) was identified in SCZ samples, suggesting its relationship with mood disorders. Surprisingly, Protein IGKV2D-28 was identified only in BD samples, opening up new possibilities for studies regarding the role of this protein in BD. CONCLUSIONS This approach brings new perspectives to the comprehension of mood disorders, highlighting the importance of metallomics science in disease development. This strategy showed an innovative potential for evaluating mood disorders at the proteomic level, making it possible to identify proteins related to mood disorders and BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo de Souza Pessôa
- Group of Spectrometry, Sample Preparation and Mechanization (GEPAM), Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, PO Box 6154, 13084-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Bioanalytics, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, 13084-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Jemmyson Romário de Jesus
- Group of Spectrometry, Sample Preparation and Mechanization (GEPAM), Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, PO Box 6154, 13084-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Bioanalytics, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, 13084-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago Santana Balbuena
- Departamento de Tecnologia, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Zezzi Arruda
- Group of Spectrometry, Sample Preparation and Mechanization (GEPAM), Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, PO Box 6154, 13084-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Bioanalytics, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, 13084-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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8
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Sabherwal S, Föcking M, English JA, Fitzsimons S, Hryniewiecka M, Wynne K, Scaife C, Healy C, Cannon M, Belton O, Zammit S, Cagney G, Cotter DR. ApoE elevation is associated with the persistence of psychotic experiences from age 12 to age 18: Evidence from the ALSPAC birth cohort. Schizophr Res 2019; 209:141-147. [PMID: 31080155 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoproteins, which play important roles in lipid metabolism, innate immunity and synaptic signalling, have been implicated in first episode psychosis and schizophrenia. This is the first study to investigate plasma apolipoprotein expression in children with psychotic experiences that persist into adulthood. Here, using semi-targeted proteomic analysis we compared plasma apolipoprotein expression levels in age 12 subjects who reported psychotic experiences at both age 12 and age 18 (n = 37) with age-matched subjects who only experienced psychotic experiences (PEs) at age 12 (n = 38). Participants were recruited from the UK Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort who participated in psychiatric assessment interviews at ages 12 and 18. We identified apoE, a protein with significant regulatory activity on cholesterol metabolism in the brain, to be significantly up regulated (p < 0.003) in those with persistent psychotic experiences. We confirmed this finding in these samples using ELISA. Our findings indicate elevated plasma apoE in age 12 children who experience PEs is associated with persistence psychotic experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Sabherwal
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Melanie Föcking
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jane A English
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen Fitzsimons
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Magdalena Hryniewiecka
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kieran Wynne
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Caitriona Scaife
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colm Healy
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary Cannon
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Orina Belton
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stanley Zammit
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Centre for Academic Mental Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gerard Cagney
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David R Cotter
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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9
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Cooper JD, Han SYS, Tomasik J, Ozcan S, Rustogi N, van Beveren NJM, Leweke FM, Bahn S. Multimodel inference for biomarker development: an application to schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:83. [PMID: 30745560 PMCID: PMC6370882 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0419-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, to improve the predictive performance of a model and its reproducibility when applied to an independent data set, we investigated the use of multimodel inference to predict the probability of having a complex psychiatric disorder. We formed training and test sets using proteomic data (147 peptides from 77 proteins) from two-independent collections of first-onset drug-naive schizophrenia patients and controls. A set of prediction models was produced by applying lasso regression with repeated tenfold cross-validation to the training set. We used feature extraction and model averaging across the set of models to form two prediction models. The resulting models clearly demonstrated the utility of a multimodel based approach to make good (training set AUC > 0.80) and reproducible predictions (test set AUC > 0.80) for the probability of having schizophrenia. Moreover, we identified four proteins (five peptides) whose effect on the probability of having schizophrenia was modified by sex, one of which was a novel potential biomarker of schizophrenia, foetal haemoglobin. The evidence of effect modification suggests that future schizophrenia studies should be conducted in males and females separately. Future biomarker studies should consider adopting a multimodel approach and going beyond the main effects of features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D. Cooper
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sung Yeon Sarah Han
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jakub Tomasik
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sureyya Ozcan
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,0000 0001 1881 7391grid.6935.9Present Address: Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nitin Rustogi
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nico J. M. van Beveren
- 000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands ,000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands ,Department “Nieuwe Kennis”, Delta Centre, for Mental Health Care, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - F. Markus Leweke
- 0000 0004 1936 834Xgrid.1013.3Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sabine Bahn
- 0000000121885934grid.5335.0Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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10
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Proteomic Studies of Psychiatric Disorders. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2019; 1735:59-89. [PMID: 29380307 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7614-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Many diseases result from programming effects in utero. This chapter describes recent advances in proteomic studies which have improved our understanding of the underlying pathophysiological pathways in the major psychiatric disorders, resulting in the development of potential novel biomarker tests. Such tests should be based on measurement of blood-based proteins given the ease of accessibility of this medium and the known connections between the periphery and the central nervous system. Most importantly, emerging biomarker tests should be developed on lab-on-a-chip and other handheld devices to enable point-of-care use. This should help to identify individuals with psychiatric disorders much sooner than ever before, which will allow more rapid treatment options for the best possible patient outcomes.
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11
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Xu YY, Xia QH, Liang J, Cao Y, Shan F, Liu Y, Yan CY, Xia QR. Factors related to lithium blood concentrations in Chinese Han patients with bipolar disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:1929-1937. [PMID: 31371966 PMCID: PMC6628605 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s205780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The goal of this study was to identify the physiological factors related to the blood concentration of lithium in Chinese Han patients with bipolar disorder (BD). Materials and methods: A total of 186 Chinese Han patients with BD were assessed. Patients were recruited from the Anhui Mental Health Center. The concentrations of serum lithium were measured by a Dimension RxL Max biochemistry analyzer. Physiological factors, including body weight, body mass index (BMI), and routine laboratory parameters, were collected. Relationships between the serum lithium concentration and relevant clinical data were analyzed by Pearson correlation tests, and the independent relationships were determined by multivariate linear regression analysis. Results: Pearson correlation analysis showed that serum lithium concentrations were positively correlated with creatinine concentrations (r=0.147, P=0.046), Mg2+ concentrations (r=0.151, P=0.04), and the percentage of neutrophils (r=0.178, P=0.015) and negatively correlated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations (r=-0.142, P=0.05), apolipoprotein A1 concentrations (r=-0.169, P=0.02), and Na+ concentrations (r=-0.148, P=0.046) in 186 patients with BD. Furthermore, multivariate linear regression analysis showed that serum lithium concentrations were negatively associated with Na+ concentrations and positively associated with the percentage of neutrophils. Conclusion: These results suggest that physiological factors, including creatinine, HDL, apolipoprotein A1, Na+, and Mg2+ concentrations and percentage of neutrophils, might be related to serum lithium concentrations and provide a basis for parameter selection of lithium population pharmacokinetics in Chinese Han patients with BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Yun Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei 230000, People's Republic of China.,Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei 230000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian-Hui Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei 230000, People's Republic of China.,Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei 230000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei 230000, People's Republic of China.,Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei 230000, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Shan
- Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei 230000, People's Republic of China.,Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei 230000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei 230000, People's Republic of China.,Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei 230000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Yu Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei 230000, People's Republic of China.,Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei 230000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Rong Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei 230000, People's Republic of China.,Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei 230000, People's Republic of China
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12
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Gupta AK, Rani K, Swarnkar S, Kumar GK, Khan MI, Pokhriyal R, Kumar DR, Goyal V, Tripathi M, Gupta R, Chadda RK, Vanamail P, Hariprasad G. Evaluation of Serum Apolipoprotein E as a Potential Biomarker for Pharmacological Therapeutic Efficacy Monitoring in Dopamine Dictated Disease Spectrum of Schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease: A Preliminary Study. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis 2018; 10:1179573518803585. [PMID: 30327579 PMCID: PMC6178121 DOI: 10.1177/1179573518803585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia are disease end points of dopaminergic deficit and hyperactivity, respectively, in the mid brain. Accordingly, current medications aim to restore normal dopamine levels, overshooting of which results in adverse effects of psychosis and extra-pyramidal symptoms, respectively. There are currently no available laboratory tests to guide treatment decisions or help predict adverse side effects of the drugs. The aim was to therefore explore the possibility of using apolipoprotein E as a biomarker to monitor pharmacological intervention in dopamine dictated states of Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia for optimum therapy. METHODS Naïve and treated, Parkinson's disease and schizophrenic patients were recruited from neurology and psychiatry clinics. Serum of healthy volunteers was collected as controls. Serum concentrations of apolipoprotein E was estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Pathway analysis was carried out to delineate the interactions of apolipoprotein E in Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. RESULTS Apolipoprotein E levels are higher in Parkinson's disease patients as compared with schizophrenic samples (P < .05). Also, post-treatment apolipoprotein E levels in both disease states were at par with levels seen in healthy controls. The interactions of apolipoprotein E validate the results and place the differential expression of the protein in Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia in the right perspective. CONCLUSION Apolipoprotein E concentration across the dopaminergic spectrum suggests that it can be pursued not only as a potential biomarker in schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease, but can also be an effective tool for clinicians to determine efficacy of drug-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar Gupta
- Department of Biophysics, All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Komal Rani
- Department of Biophysics, All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Surabhi Swarnkar
- Department of Biophysics, All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Gaurav Khunger Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Imran Khan
- Department of Biophysics, All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Ruchika Pokhriyal
- Department of Biophysics, All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Domada Ratna Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Vinay Goyal
- Department of Neurology, All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Manjari Tripathi
- Department of Neurology, All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Rishab Gupta
- Department of Psychiatry, All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Chadda
- Department of Psychiatry, All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Perumal Vanamail
- Department of Biostatistics, All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Gururao Hariprasad
- Department of Biophysics, All India
Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, New Delhi, India
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13
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de Jesus JR, Galazzi RM, de Lima TB, Banzato CEM, de Almeida Lima E Silva LF, de Rosalmeida Dantas C, Gozzo FC, Arruda MAZ. Simplifying the human serum proteome for discriminating patients with bipolar disorder of other psychiatry conditions. Clin Biochem 2017; 50:1118-1125. [PMID: 28662995 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE An exploratory analysis using proteomic strategies in blood serum of patients with bipolar disorder (BD), and with other psychiatric conditions such as Schizophrenia (SCZ), can provide a better understanding of this disorder, as well as their discrimination based on their proteomic profile. METHODS The proteomic profile of blood serum samples obtained from patients with BD using lithium or other drugs (N=14), healthy controls, including non-family (HCNF; N=3) and family (HCF; N=9), patients with schizophrenia (SCZ; N=23), and patients using lithium for other psychiatric conditions (OD; N=4) were compared. Four methods for simplifying the serum samples proteome were evaluated for both removing the most abundant proteins and for enriching those of lower-abundance: protein depletion with acetonitrile (ACN), dithiothreitol (DTT), sequential depletion using DTT and ACN, and protein equalization using commercial ProteoMiner® kit (PM). For proteomic evaluation, 2-D DIGE and nanoLC-MS/MS analysis were employed. RESULTS PM method was the best strategy for removing proteins of high abundance. Through 2-D DIGE gel image comparison, 37 protein spots were found differentially abundant (p<0.05, Student's t-test), which exhibited ≥2.0-fold change of the average value of normalized spot intensities in the serum of SCZ, BD and OD patients compared to subject controls (HCF and HCNF). From these spots detected, 13 different proteins were identified: ApoA1, ApoE, ApoC3, ApoA4, Samp, SerpinA1, TTR, IgK, Alb, VTN, TR, C4A and C4B. CONCLUSIONS Proteomic analysis allowed the discrimination of patients with BD from patients with other mental disorders, such as SCZ. The findings in this exploratory study may also contribute for better understanding the pathophysiology of these disorders and finding potential serum biomarkers for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemmyson Romário de Jesus
- Spectrometry, Sample Preparation and Mechanization Group - GEPAM, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Bioanalytics, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Moretto Galazzi
- Spectrometry, Sample Preparation and Mechanization Group - GEPAM, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Bioanalytics, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Tatiani Brenelli de Lima
- Dalton Mass Spectrometry Group, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Fábio Cézar Gozzo
- Dalton Mass Spectrometry Group, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Zezzi Arruda
- Spectrometry, Sample Preparation and Mechanization Group - GEPAM, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology for Bioanalytics, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil.
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14
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Knöchel C, Kniep J, Cooper JD, Stäblein M, Wenzler S, Sarlon J, Prvulovic D, Linden DEJ, Bahn S, Stocki P, Ozcan S, Alves G, Carvalho AF, Reif A, Oertel-Knöchel V. Altered apolipoprotein C expression in association with cognition impairments and hippocampus volume in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017; 267:199-212. [PMID: 27549216 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-016-0724-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic analyses facilitate the interpretation of molecular biomarker probes which are very helpful in diagnosing schizophrenia (SZ). In the current study, we attempt to test whether potential differences in plasma protein expressions in SZ and bipolar disorder (BD) are associated with cognitive deficits and their underlying brain structures. Forty-two plasma proteins of 29 SZ patients, 25 BD patients and 93 non-clinical controls were quantified and analysed using multiple reaction monitoring-based triple quadrupole mass spectrometry approach. We also computed group comparisons of protein expressions between patients and controls, and between SZ and BD patients, as well. Potential associations of protein levels with cognitive functioning (psychomotor speed, executive functioning, crystallised intelligence) as well as underlying brain volume in the hippocampus were explored, using bivariate correlation analyses. The main finding of this study was that apolipoprotein expression differed between patients and controls and that these alterations in both disease groups were putatively related to cognitive impairments as well as to hippocampus volumes. However, none of the protein level differences were related to clinical symptom severity. In summary, altered apolipoprotein expression in BD and SZ was linked to cognitive decline and underlying morphological changes in both disorders. Our results suggest that the detection of molecular patterns in association with cognitive performance and its underlying brain morphology is of great importance for understanding of the pathological mechanisms of SZ and BD, as well as for supporting the diagnosis and treatment of both disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Knöchel
- Laboratory for Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Str. 10, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Jonathan Kniep
- Laboratory for Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Str. 10, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jason D Cooper
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael Stäblein
- Laboratory for Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Str. 10, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Brain Imaging Centre, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sofia Wenzler
- Laboratory for Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Str. 10, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Brain Imaging Centre, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jan Sarlon
- Laboratory for Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Str. 10, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - David Prvulovic
- Laboratory for Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Str. 10, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - David E J Linden
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, School of Medicine, Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sabine Bahn
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pawel Stocki
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psynova Neurotech Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sureyya Ozcan
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gilberto Alves
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Andre F Carvalho
- Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Andreas Reif
- Laboratory for Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Str. 10, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Viola Oertel-Knöchel
- Laboratory for Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Heinrich-Hoffmann-Str. 10, 60528, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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15
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Roux M, Dosseto A. From direct to indirect lithium targets: a comprehensive review of omics data. Metallomics 2017; 9:1326-1351. [DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00203c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metal ions are critical to a wide range of biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony Dosseto
- Wollongong Isotope Geochronology Laboratory
- School of Earth & Environmental Sciences
- University of Wollongong
- Wollongong
- Australia
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16
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Plasma apolipoprotein E and severity of suicidal behaviour. J Affect Disord 2016; 190:137-142. [PMID: 26519632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence for association between low cholesterol levels and suicidal behaviour. Since apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is involved in the cholesterol metabolism in both the periphery and in the central nervous system; it may be of particular interest in the neurobiology of suicidal behaviour. Furthermore, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function, one of the main biological systems implicated in both suicidal behaviour and early-life adversity, affect ApoE levels. Very few studies have assessed plasma ApoE in relation to suicidal behaviour. The purpose of this study was to investigate levels of ApoE in plasma in relation to the severity of suicidal behaviour and life-time adversity in the form of exposure to interpersonal violence in suicide attempters. A total of 100 suicide attempters (67 women and 33 men) were enroled in the study. Information on earlier suicide attempts and age at onset of suicidal behaviour was gathered using the Karolinska Suicide History Interview. The Karolinska Interpersonal Violence Scale was used to assess exposure to interpersonal violence. Plasma ApoE was measured by immunonephelometry according to accredited routines. Patients with at least one earlier suicide attempt had significantly higher ApoE levels compared to suicide attempters debuting with suicidal behaviour at inclusion in the study. A higher number of earlier suicide attempts was significantly correlated with higher plasma ApoE levels. Age at onset was significantly negatively correlated with ApoE after adjusting for age. ApoE showed a significant positive correlation with exposure to interpersonal violence as a child in male suicide attempters. Our findings indicate that ApoE may be related to stress and trauma and the temporal severity of suicidal behaviour.
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17
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Applications of blood-based protein biomarker strategies in the study of psychiatric disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 122:45-72. [PMID: 25173695 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Major psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, major depressive and bipolar disorders are severe, chronic and debilitating, and are associated with high disease burden and healthcare costs. Currently, diagnoses of these disorders rely on interview-based assessments of subjective self-reported symptoms. Early diagnosis is difficult, misdiagnosis is a frequent occurrence and there are no objective tests that aid in the prediction of individual responses to treatment. Consequently, validated biomarkers are urgently needed to help address these unmet clinical needs. Historically, psychiatric disorders are viewed as brain disorders and consequently only a few researchers have as yet evaluated systemic changes in psychiatric patients. However, promising research has begun to challenge this concept and there is an increasing awareness that disease-related changes can be traced in the peripheral system which may even be involved in the precipitation of disease onset and course. Converging evidence from molecular profiling analysis of blood serum/plasma have revealed robust molecular changes in psychiatric patients, suggesting that these disorders may be detectable in other systems of the body such as the circulating blood. In this review, we discuss the current clinical needs in psychiatry, highlight the importance of biomarkers in the field, and review a representative selection of biomarker studies to highlight opportunities for the implementation of personalized medicine approaches in the field of psychiatry. It is anticipated that the implementation of validated biomarker tests will not only improve the diagnosis and more effective treatment of psychiatric patients, but also improve prognosis and disease outcome.
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18
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Dodd S, Maes M, Anderson G, Dean OM, Moylan S, Berk M. Putative neuroprotective agents in neuropsychiatric disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013. [PMID: 23178231 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In many individuals with major neuropsychiatric disorders including depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, their disease characteristics are consistent with a neuroprogressive illness. This includes progressive structural brain changes, cognitive and functional decline, poorer treatment response and an increasing vulnerability to relapse with chronicity. The underlying molecular mechanisms of neuroprogression are thought to include neurotrophins and regulation of neurogenesis and apoptosis, neurotransmitters, inflammatory, oxidative and nitrosative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, cortisol and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and epigenetic influences. Knowledge of the involvement of each of these pathways implies that specific agents that act on some or multiple of these pathways may thus block this cascade and have neuroprotective properties. This paper reviews the potential of the most promising of these agents, including lithium and other known psychotropics, aspirin, minocycline, statins, N-acetylcysteine, leptin and melatonin. These agents are putative neuroprotective agents for schizophrenia and mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seetal Dodd
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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19
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Anderson G, Maes M. Schizophrenia: linking prenatal infection to cytokines, the tryptophan catabolite (TRYCAT) pathway, NMDA receptor hypofunction, neurodevelopment and neuroprogression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 42:5-19. [PMID: 22800757 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In 1995, the macrophage-T lymphocyte theory of schizophrenia (Smith and Maes, 1995) considered that activated immuno-inflammatory pathways may account for the higher neurodevelopmental pathology linked with gestational infections through the detrimental effects of activated microglia, oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS), cytokine-induced activation of the tryptophan catabolite (TRYCAT) pathway and consequent modulation of the N-methyl d-aspartate receptor (NMDAr) and glutamate production. The aim of the present paper is to review the current state-of-the art regarding the role of the above pathways in schizophrenia. Accumulating data suggest a powerful role for prenatal infection, both viral and microbial, in driving an early developmental etiology to schizophrenia. Models of prenatal rodent infection show maintained activation of immuno-inflammatory pathways coupled to increased microglia activation. The ensuing activation of immuno-inflammatory pathways in schizophrenia may activate the TRYCAT pathway, including increased kynurenic acid (KA) and neurotoxic TRYCATs. Increased KA, via the inhibition of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, lowers gamma-amino-butyric-acid (GABA)ergic post-synaptic current, contributing to dysregulated glutamatergic activity. Hypofunctioning of the NMDAr on GABAergic interneurons will contribute to glutamatergic dysregulation. Many susceptibility genes for schizophrenia are predominantly expressed in early development and will interact with these early developmental driven changes in the immuno-inflammatory and TRYCAT pathways. Maternal infection and subsequent immuno-inflammatory responses are additionally associated with O&NS, including lowered antioxidants such as glutathione. This will contribute to alterations in neurogenesis and myelination. In such a scenario a) a genetic or epigenetic potentiation of immuno-inflammatory pathways may constitute a double hit on their own, stimulating wider immuno-inflammatory responses and thus potentiating the TRYCAT pathway and subsequent NMDAr dysfunction and neuroprogression; and b) antipsychotic-induced changes in immuno-inflammatory, TRYCAT and O&NS pathways would modulate the CNS glia-neuronal interactions that determine synaptic plasticity as well as myelin generation and maintenance.
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Schwarz E, Guest PC, Rahmoune H, Martins-de-Souza D, Niebuhr DW, Weber NS, Cowan DN, Yolken RH, Spain M, Barnes A, Bahn S. Identification of a blood-based biological signature in subjects with psychiatric disorders prior to clinical manifestation. World J Biol Psychiatry 2012; 13:627-32. [PMID: 21936765 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2011.599861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether a molecular signature is present in blood of patients with psychiatric disorders before manifestation of symptoms. METHODS Multiplex immunoassay analyses were carried out using serum obtained from two case-control studies of schizophrenia (n = 75) and bipolar disorder (n = 110) patients and their matched controls. The samples were drawn within 1 month before estimated onset of illness. RESULTS This led to identification of 20 molecules which were altered in pre-schizophrenia and 14 molecules in pre-bipolar disorder subjects compared to controls. Only two of these molecular changes were identical in both data sets and predictive testing confirmed that the biomarker signatures for pre-schizophrenia and pre-bipolar disorder were dissimilar. CONCLUSION The present results suggest that there are distinct serum alterations that occur before clinical manifestation of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. These findings could lead to development of diagnostic tests to help clinical psychiatrists identify and classify vulnerable patients early in the disease process, allowing for earlier and more effective therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Schwarz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Woods AG, Sokolowska I, Taurines R, Gerlach M, Dudley E, Thome J, Darie CC. Potential biomarkers in psychiatry: focus on the cholesterol system. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:1184-95. [PMID: 22304330 PMCID: PMC3823072 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01543.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring biomarkers to identify and assess illness is a strategy growing in popularity and relevance. Although already in clinical use for treating and predicting cancer, no biological measurement is used clinically for any psychiatric disorder. Biomarkers could predict the course of a medical problem, and aid in determining how and when to treat. Several studies have indicated that of candidate psychiatric biomarkers detected using proteomic techniques, cholesterol and associated proteins, specifically apolipoproteins (Apos), may be of interest. Cholesterol is necessary for brain development and its synthesis continues at a lower rate in the adult brain. Apos are the protein component of lipoproteins responsible for lipid transport. There is extensive evidence that the levels of cholesterol and Apos may be disturbed in psychiatric disorders, including autistic spectrum disorders (ASD). Here, we describe putative serum biomarkers for psychiatric disorders, and the role of cholesterol and Apos in central nervous system (CNS) disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa G Woods
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Biochemistry & Proteomics Group, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA.
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Soeira-de-Souza MG, Soeiro de Souza MG, Bio DS, Dias VV, Martins do Prado C, Campos RN, Costa LFDO, Moreno DH, Ojopi EB, Gattaz WF, Moreno RA. SHORT COMMUNICATION: Apolipoprotein E genotype and cognition in bipolar disorder. CNS Neurosci Ther 2011; 16:316-21. [PMID: 20406267 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) has been extensively studied as a risk factor for sporadic and late onset Alzheimer's Disease (AD). APOE allele (∗)3, the most frequent variant, is not associated to cognitive dysfunction (CD) or to increased AD risk. Differently, the (∗)4 allele is a well-established risk factor for CD, while the (∗)2 allele is associated with survival and longevity. CD is an important feature of Bipolar Disorder (BD) and recent data suggest that CD may be one of its endophenotypes, although controversial results exist. The aim of this research is to study the association of APOE genotype (APOE) and neurocognitive function in a sample of drug free young BD-type I patients. Sample consisted of 25 symptomatic BD (type I) patients (age 18-35 years old). They were submitted to an extensive neuropsychological evaluation and genotyped for APOE. Subjects with allele (∗)2 presented better cognitive performance. The presence of allele (∗)4 was associated with worse performance in a few executive tasks. APOE (∗)3(∗)3 was associated with overall severe dysfunction on cognitive performance. In young individuals with nontreated BD-type I, APOE may predict cognitive performance. Further and larger studies on APOE and cognition in BD are required to clarify whether APOE is a BD cognitive endophenotype.
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Kurian SM, Le-Niculescu H, Patel SD, Bertram D, Davis J, Dike C, Yehyawi N, Lysaker P, Dustin J, Caligiuri M, Lohr J, Lahiri DK, Nurnberger JI, Faraone SV, Geyer MA, Tsuang MT, Schork NJ, Salomon DR, Niculescu AB. Identification of blood biomarkers for psychosis using convergent functional genomics. Mol Psychiatry 2011; 16:37-58. [PMID: 19935739 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2009.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There are to date no objective clinical laboratory blood tests for psychotic disease states. We provide proof of principle for a convergent functional genomics (CFG) approach to help identify and prioritize blood biomarkers for two key psychotic symptoms, one sensory (hallucinations) and one cognitive (delusions). We used gene expression profiling in whole blood samples from patients with schizophrenia and related disorders, with phenotypic information collected at the time of blood draw, then cross-matched the data with other human and animal model lines of evidence. Topping our list of candidate blood biomarkers for hallucinations, we have four genes decreased in expression in high hallucinations states (Fn1, Rhobtb3, Aldh1l1, Mpp3), and three genes increased in high hallucinations states (Arhgef9, Phlda1, S100a6). All of these genes have prior evidence of differential expression in schizophrenia patients. At the top of our list of candidate blood biomarkers for delusions, we have 15 genes decreased in expression in high delusions states (such as Drd2, Apoe, Scamp1, Fn1, Idh1, Aldh1l1), and 16 genes increased in high delusions states (such as Nrg1, Egr1, Pvalb, Dctn1, Nmt1, Tob2). Twenty-five of these genes have prior evidence of differential expression in schizophrenia patients. Predictive scores, based on panels of top candidate biomarkers, show good sensitivity and negative predictive value for detecting high psychosis states in the original cohort as well as in three additional cohorts. These results have implications for the development of objective laboratory tests to measure illness severity and response to treatment in devastating disorders such as schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Kurian
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Sussulini A, Dihazi H, Banzato CEM, Arruda MAZ, Stühmer W, Ehrenreich H, Jahn O, Kratzin HD. Apolipoprotein A-I as a candidate serum marker for the response to lithium treatment in bipolar disorder. Proteomics 2010; 11:261-9. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Martins-De-Souza D, Wobrock T, Zerr I, Schmitt A, Gawinecka J, Schneider-Axmann T, Falkai P, Turck CW. Different apolipoprotein E, apolipoprotein A1 and prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase levels in cerebrospinal fluid of schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. World J Biol Psychiatry 2010; 11:719-28. [PMID: 20446881 DOI: 10.3109/15622971003758748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify proteins differentially expressed in schizophrenia patients, we collected 50 microl cerebrospinal fluid from 17 first-episode schizophrenia patients and 10 healthy controls. METHODS Their proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis without using any depletion method and identified by mass spectrometry. RESULTS Approximately 550 spots were detected, six of which had significantly different intensities in schizophrenia compared to control specimens. We were able to validate in individual samples the upregulation of apolipoprotein E, apolipoprotein A1 and prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase by Western blot analyses and detect the downregulation of transthyretin, TGF-beta receptor type-1 and coiled-coil domain-containing protein 3 precursor. CONCLUSIONS These findings may help to elucidate the disease mechanisms and confirm the hypothesis of disturbed cholesterol and phospholipid metabolism in schizophrenia, and thus reveal the final role players. Moreover, a grouped protein expression analysis of apolipoprotein E, apolipoprotein A-I, and prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase in cerebrospinal fluid from patients might be a potential diagnostic tool for schizophrenia.
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Gibbons AS, Thomas EA, Scarr E, Dean B. Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein and Apolipoprotein E Expression is Altered in Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2010; 1:19. [PMID: 21423430 PMCID: PMC3059617 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2010.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent microarray study reported altered mRNA expression of several low density lipoprotein receptor-related proteins (LRP) associated with the first 4 years following diagnosis with schizophrenia. Whilst this finding is novel, apolipoprotein E (APOE), which mediates its activity through LRPs, has been reported by several studies to be altered in brains of subjects with schizophrenia. We used qPCR to measure the expression of LRP2, LRP4, LRP6, LRP8, LRP10 and LRP12 mRNA in Brodmann's area (BA) 46 of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in 15 subjects with short duration of illness schizophrenia (SDS) and 15 pair matched controls. We also used Western blotting to measure APOE protein expression in BA46 from these subjects. Amongst the LRPs examined, LRP10 expression was significantly increased (P = 0.03) and LRP12 was significantly decreased (P < 0.01) in SDS. APOE protein expression was also increased in SDS (P = 0.01). No other marker examined in this study was altered with diagnosis. Our data supports a role for distinct members of the LRP family in the pathology of schizophrenia and adds weight to the hypothesis that aberrant apolipoprotein signaling is involved in the early stages of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Stuart Gibbons
- Rebecca L Cooper Laboratories, Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Vik-Mo AO, Fernø J, Skrede S, Steen VM. Psychotropic drugs up-regulate the expression of cholesterol transport proteins including ApoE in cultured human CNS- and liver cells. BMC Pharmacol 2009; 9:10. [PMID: 19715613 PMCID: PMC2753324 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2210-9-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 08/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Disturbances in lipid homeostasis and myelination have been proposed in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. We have previously shown that several antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs increase lipid biosynthesis through activation of the Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein (SREBP) transcription factors, which control the expression of numerous genes involved in fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis. The aim of the present proof-of-principle study was to investigate whether such drugs also affect lipid transport and export pathways in cultured human CNS and liver cells. Results Quantitative PCR and immunoblotting were used to determine the level of lipid transport genes in human glioblastoma (GaMg) exposed to clozapine, olanzapine, haloperidol or imipramine. The effect of some of these drugs was also investigated in human astrocytoma (CCF-STTG1), neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. We found significant transcriptional changes of cholesterol transport genes (ApoE, ABCA1, NPC1, NPC2, NPC1L1), which are predominantly controlled by the Liver X receptor (LXR) transcription factor. The up-regulation was observed after 24 to 48 hours of drug exposure, which is markedly delayed as compared to the drug-induced SREBP-controlled stimulation of lipid biosynthesis seen after 6 hours. Conclusion Our data show that stimulation of cellular lipid biosynthesis by amphiphilic psychotropic drugs is followed by a transcriptional activation of cholesterol transport and efflux pathways. Such effects may be relevant for both therapeutic effects and metabolic adverse effects of psychotropic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audun O Vik-Mo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Dr Einar Martens' Research Group for Biological Psychiatry and Bergen Mental Health Research Center, Norway.
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