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Chen Z, Li Y, Gao Y, Fan X, Du X, Li X, Liu Z, Liu S, Cao X. The role of the immune system in early-onset schizophrenia: identifying immune characteristic genes and cells from peripheral blood. BMC Immunol 2024; 25:26. [PMID: 38702611 PMCID: PMC11067251 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-024-00618-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-onset schizophrenia (EOS) is a type of schizophrenia (SCZ) with an age of onset of < 18 years. An abnormal inflammatory immune system may be involved in the occurrence and development of SCZ. We aimed to identify the immune characteristic genes and cells involved in EOS and to further explore the pathogenesis of EOS from the perspective of immunology. METHODS We obtained microarray data from a whole-genome mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs); 19 patients with EOS (age range: 14.79 ± 1.90) and 18 healthy controls (HC) (age range: 15.67 ± 2.40) were involved. We screened for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using the Limma software package and modular genes using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). In addition, to identify immune characteristic genes and cells, we performed enrichment analysis, immune infiltration analysis, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis; we also used a random forest (RF), a support vector machine (SVM), and the LASSO-Cox algorithm. RESULTS We selected the following immune characteristic genes: CCL8, PSMD1, AVPR1B and SEMG1. We employed a RF, a SVM, and the LASSO-Cox algorithm. We identified the following immune characteristic cells: activated mast cells, CD4+ memory resting T cells, resting mast cells, neutrophils and CD4+ memory activated T cells. In addition, the AUC values of the immune characteristic genes and cells were all > 0.7. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that immune system function is altered in SCZ. In addition, CCL8, PSMD1, AVPR1B and SEMG1 may regulate peripheral immune cells in EOS. Further, immune characteristic genes and cells are expected to be diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets of SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Chen
- Department of Mental Health, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Treatment for Mental Disorders, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Yuxue Li
- Department of Mental Health, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Treatment for Mental Disorders, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Yao Gao
- Department of Mental Health, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Treatment for Mental Disorders, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Fan
- Department of Mental Health, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Treatment for Mental Disorders, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Xinzhe Du
- Department of Mental Health, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Treatment for Mental Disorders, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Xinrong Li
- Department of Mental Health, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Treatment for Mental Disorders, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Zhifen Liu
- Department of Mental Health, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Treatment for Mental Disorders, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Sha Liu
- Department of Mental Health, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Treatment for Mental Disorders, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
| | - Xiaohua Cao
- Department of Mental Health, First Hospital/First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Treatment for Mental Disorders, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
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Bakoev SY, Korobeinikova AV, Mishina AI, Kabieva SS, Mitrofanov SI, Ivashechkin AA, Akinshina AI, Snigir EA, Yudin SM, Yudin VS, Getmantseva LV, Anderzhanova EA. Genomic Signatures of Positive Selection in Human Populations of the OXT, OXTR, AVP, AVPR1A and AVR1B Gene Variants Related to the Regulation of Psychoemotional Response. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2053. [PMID: 38002996 PMCID: PMC10670988 DOI: 10.3390/genes14112053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurobiological systems of maintenance and control of behavioral responses result from natural selection. We have analyzed the selection signatures for single nucleotide variants (SNV) of the genes of oxytocin (OXT, OXTR) and vasopressin (AVP, AVPR1A, AVPR1B) systems, which are associated with the regulation of social and emotional behavior in distinct populations. The analysis was performed using original WGS (whole genome sequencing) data on Eastern Slavs (SlEast), as well as publicly available data from the 1000 Genomes Project on GBR, FIN, IBR, PUR, BEB, CHB, and ACB populations (the latter were taken as reference). To identify selection signatures, we rated the integrated haplotype scores (iHS), the numbers of segregating sites by length (nSl), and the integrated haplotype homozygosity pooled (iHH12) measures; the fixation index Fst was implemented to assess genetic differentiation between populations. We revealed that the strongest genetic differentiation of populations was found with respect to the AVPR1B gene, with the greatest differentiation observed in GRB (Fst = 0.316) and CHB (Fst = 0.325) in comparison to ACB. Also, high Fst values were found for SNVs of the AVPR1B gene rs28499431, rs33940624, rs28477649, rs3883899, and rs28452187 in most of the populations. Selection signatures have also been identified in the AVP, AVPR1A, OXT, and OXTR genes. Our analysis shows that the OXT, OXTR, AVP, AVPR1A, and AVPR1B genes were subject to positive selection in a population-specific process, which was likely contributing to the diversity of adaptive emotional response types and social function realizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siroj Yu. Bakoev
- Federal State Budgetary Institution “Centre for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency (Centre for Strategic Planning of FMBA of Russia), Pogodinskaya Street, 10, Bld. 1, 119121 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.K.); (A.I.M.); (S.S.K.); (S.I.M.); (A.A.I.); (A.I.A.); (E.A.S.); (S.M.Y.); (V.S.Y.); (L.V.G.); (E.A.A.)
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Van der Auwera S, Klinger-König J, Wittfeld K, Terock J, Hannemann A, Bülow R, Nauck M, Völker U, Völzke H, Grabe HJ. The interplay between genetic variation and gene expression of the glucocorticoid receptor gene NR3C1 and blood cortisol levels on verbal memory and hippocampal volumes. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 272:1505-1516. [PMID: 35579746 PMCID: PMC9653325 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-022-01420-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis is the main physiological stress response system and regulating the release of cortisol. The two corticoid receptors encoded by the genes NR3C1 and NR3C2 are the main players in regulating the physiological response to cortisol. This biological system has been linked to neurocognitive processes and memory, yet the mechanisms remain largely unclear. In two independent general population studies (SHIP, total sample size > 5500), we aim to diseantangle the effects of genetic variation, gene expression and cortisol on verbal memory and memory associated brain volume. Especially for NR3C1 results exhibited a consistent pattern of direct an interactive effects. All three biological layers, genetic variation (rs56149945), gene expression for NR3C1 and cortisol levels, were directly associated with verbal memory. Interactions between these components showed significant effects on verbal memory as well as hippocampal volume. For NR3C2 such a complex association pattern could not be observed. Our analyses revealed that different components of the stress response system are acting together on different aspects of cognition. Complex phenotypes, such as cognition and memory function are regulated by a complex interplay between different genetic and epigenetic features. We promote the glucocorticoid receptor NR3C1 as a main target to focus in the context of verbal memory and provided a mechanistic concept of the interaction between various biological layers spanning NR3C1 function and its effects on memory. Especially the NR3C1 transcript seemed to be a key element in this complex system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Van der Auwera
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Ellernholzstraße 1-2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Johanna Klinger-König
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Ellernholzstraße 1-2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katharina Wittfeld
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Ellernholzstraße 1-2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan Terock
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Ellernholzstraße 1-2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, HELIOS Hanseklinikum Stralsund, Rostocker Chaussee, Stralsund, Germany
| | - Anke Hannemann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Robin Bülow
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Nauck
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hans Jörgen Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Ellernholzstraße 1-2, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Daskalakis NP, Meijer OC, de Kloet ER. Mineralocorticoid receptor and glucocorticoid receptor work alone and together in cell-type-specific manner: Implications for resilience prediction and targeted therapy. Neurobiol Stress 2022; 18:100455. [PMID: 35601687 PMCID: PMC9118500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
'You can't roll the clock back and reverse the effects of experiences' Bruce McEwen used to say when explaining how allostasis labels the adaptive process. Here we will for once roll the clock back to the times that the science of the glucocorticoid hormone was honored with a Nobel prize and highlight the discovery of their receptors in the hippocampus as inroad to its current status as master regulator in control of stress coping and adaptation. Glucocorticoids operate in concert with numerous neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and other hormones with the aim to facilitate processing of information in the neurocircuitry of stress, from anticipation and perception of a novel experience to behavioral adaptation and memory storage. This action, exerted by the glucocorticoids, is guided by two complementary receptor systems, mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR), that need to be balanced for a healthy stress response pattern. Here we discuss the cellular, neuroendocrine, and behavioral studies underlying the MR:GR balance concept, highlight the relevance of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) -axis patterns and note the limited understanding yet of sexual dimorphism in glucocorticoid actions. We conclude with the prospect that (i) genetically and epigenetically regulated receptor variants dictate cell-type-specific transcriptome signatures of stress-related neuropsychiatric symptoms and (ii) selective receptor modulators are becoming available for more targeted treatment. These two new developments may help to 'restart the clock' with the prospect to support resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Onno C. Meijer
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - E. Ron de Kloet
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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5
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Milligan Armstrong A, Porter T, Quek H, White A, Haynes J, Jackaman C, Villemagne V, Munyard K, Laws SM, Verdile G, Groth D. Chronic stress and Alzheimer's disease: the interplay between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, genetics and microglia. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2209-2228. [PMID: 34159699 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic psychosocial stress is increasingly being recognised as a risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) is the major stress response pathway in the body and tightly regulates the production of cortisol, a glucocorticoid hormone. Dysregulation of the HPA axis and increased levels of cortisol are commonly found in AD patients and make a major contribution to the disease process. The underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In addition, within the general population there are interindividual differences in sensitivities to glucocorticoid and stress responses, which are thought to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. These differences could ultimately impact an individuals' risk of AD. The purpose of this review is first to summarise the literature describing environmental and genetic factors that can impact an individual's HPA axis reactivity and function and ultimately AD risk. Secondly, we propose a mechanism by which genetic factors that influence HPA axis reactivity may also impact inflammation, a key driver of neurodegeneration. We hypothesize that these factors can mediate glucocorticoid priming of the immune cells of the brain, microglia, to become pro-inflammatory and promote a neurotoxic environment resulting in neurodegeneration. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms and identifying these genetic factors has implications for evaluating stress-related risk/progression to neurodegeneration, informing the success of interventions based on stress management and potential risks associated with the common use of glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayeisha Milligan Armstrong
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.,Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Tenielle Porter
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.,Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Hazel Quek
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Anthony White
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - John Haynes
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Connie Jackaman
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.,Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Victor Villemagne
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Kylie Munyard
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.,Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Simon M Laws
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.,Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Verdile
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.,Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia
| | - David Groth
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia.,Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Kent St, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
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6
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Randesi M, Levran O, van den Brink W, Blanken P, van Ree JM, Ott J, Kreek MJ. Further evidence for the association of GAL, GALR1 and NPY1R variants with opioid dependence. Pharmacogenomics 2020; 21:903-917. [PMID: 32757697 PMCID: PMC7487975 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2020-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Heroin addiction is a chronic, relapsing disease that has genetic and environmental, including drug-induced, contributions. Stress influences the development of addictions. This study was conducted to determine if variants in stress-related genes are associated with opioid dependence (OD). Patients & methods: One hundred and twenty variants in 26 genes were analyzed in 597 Dutch subjects. Patients included 281 OD in methadone maintenance with or without heroin-assisted treatment and 316 controls. Results: Twelve SNPs in seven genes showed a nominally significant association with OD. Experiment-wise significant associations (p < 0.05) were found for three SNP pairs, through an interaction effect: NPY1R/GAL rs4691910/rs1893679, NPY1R/GAL rs4691910/rs3136541 and GALR1/GAL rs9807208/rs3136541. Conclusion: This study lends more evidence to previous reports of association of stress-related variants with heroin dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Randesi
- Laboratory of The Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA,Author for correspondence:
| | - Orna Levran
- Laboratory of The Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wim van den Brink
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 22660, 1100DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Blanken
- Parnassia Addiction Research Centre (Brijder Addiction Treatment), PO Box 53002, 2505 AA The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Jan M van Ree
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jurg Ott
- Laboratory of Statistical Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mary J Kreek
- Laboratory of The Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Liu L, Wu J, Qing L, Li J, Yang H, Ji A, Yan M, Hu L, Nie S. DNA Methylation Analysis of the NR3C1 Gene in Patients with Schizophrenia. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:1177-1185. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01525-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Gołyszny M, Obuchowicz E. Are neuropeptides relevant for the mechanism of action of SSRIs? Neuropeptides 2019; 75:1-17. [PMID: 30824124 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs of first choice in the therapy of moderate to severe depression and anxiety disorders. Their primary mechanism of action is via influence of the serotonergic (5-HT) system, but a growing amount of data provides evidence for other non-monoaminergic players in SSRI effects. It is assumed that neuropeptides, which play a role as neuromodulators in the CNS, are involved in their mechanism of action. In this review we focus on six neuropeptides: corticotropin-releasing factor - CRF, galanin - GAL, oxytocin - OT, vasopressin - AVP, neuropeptide Y - NPY, and orexins - OXs. First, information about their roles in depression and anxiety disorders are presented. Then, findings describing their interactions with the 5-HT system are summarized. These data provide background for analysis of the results of published preclinical and clinical studies related to SSRI effects on the neuropeptide systems. We also report findings showing how modulation of neuropeptide transmission influences behavioral and neurochemical effects of SSRIs. Finally, future research necessary for enriching our knowledge of SSRI mechanisms of action is proposed. Recognition of new molecular targets for antidepressants will have a significant effect on the development of novel therapeutic strategies for mood-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miłosz Gołyszny
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Poniatowskiego 15, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Obuchowicz
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Poniatowskiego 15, 40-055 Katowice, Poland.
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Watkeys OJ, Kremerskothen K, Quidé Y, Fullerton JM, Green MJ. Glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) DNA methylation in association with trauma, psychopathology, transcript expression, or genotypic variation: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 95:85-122. [PMID: 30176278 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) is a critical component of the stress response system. Cytosine methylation of NR3C1 has been repeatedly associated with trauma and mental disorders, including major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and personality disorders, suggesting that NR3C1 methylation may play a role in stress-related psychopathology. We systematically reviewed 55 studies examining NR3C1 DNA methylation in association with trauma exposure, psychopathology, gene expression, and/or common genetic variants. Overall, a number of NR3C1 CpG sites were significantly associated with trauma or psychopathology, but significant findings were often inconsistent across studies. This lack of consistency is likely influenced by significant methodological variability - experimentally and analytically - across studies. Selected common genetic variants show no significant effect on NR3C1 CpG methylation. In contrast, there was ample evidence linking increased methylation of NR3C1 to reduced expression of this gene. The inverse association between methylation and gene expression shown across eight out of ten studies supports the notion that methylation in the promoter region of NR3C1 is associated with transcriptional silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J Watkeys
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Black Dog Institute, Hospital Road, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Kyle Kremerskothen
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Black Dog Institute, Hospital Road, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Yann Quidé
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Black Dog Institute, Hospital Road, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Janice M Fullerton
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Wallace Wurth Building, 18 High Street, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Melissa J Green
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Black Dog Institute, Hospital Road, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker Street, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia.
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Polygenic risk score of SERPINA6/SERPINA1 associates with diurnal and stress-induced HPA axis activity in children. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 93:1-7. [PMID: 29679879 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) transports glucocorticoids in blood. Variation in genes SERPINA6 encoding for CBG, SERPINA2 and SERPINA1 (serpin family A member 6, 2, and 1) have been shown to influence morning plasma cortisol and CBG in adults. However, association of this genetic variation with diurnal and stress-induced salivary cortisol remain unknown. This study aims to investigate the effect of genetic variation in SERPINA6/2/1 loci on diurnal and stress-induced salivary cortisol in children. METHODS We studied 186, 8-year-old children with genome-wide genotyping. We generated weighted polygenic risk score (PRS) based on 6 genome-wide significant SNPs (rs11621961, rs11629171, rs7161521, rs2749527, rs3762132, rs4900229) derived from the CORNET meta-analyses. Salivary cortisol was measured across one day and in response to the Trier Social Stress Test for Children (TSST-C). RESULTS Mixed models, adjusted for covariates, showed that the PRS x sampling time interactions associated with diurnal (P < 0.001) and stress-induced (P = 0.009) salivary cortisol. In the high PRS group (dichotomized at median) the diurnal salivary cortisol pattern decreased less from awakening to bedtime than in the low PRS group (standardized estimates of sampling time -0.64 vs. -0.73, P < 0.0001 for both estimates). In response to stress, salivary cortisol increased in the high PRS group while it remained unchanged in the low PRS group (standardized estimates of sampling time 0.12, P = 0.015 vs. -0.06, P = 0.16). These results were mainly driven by minor alleles of rs7161521 (SERPINA6) and rs4900229 (SERPINA1). CONCLUSIONS Genetic variation in SERPINA6/2/1loci may underpin higher hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis activity in children.
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Womersley JS, Martin LI, van der Merwe L, Seedat S, Hemmings SMJ. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis variants and childhood trauma influence anxiety sensitivity in South African adolescents. Metab Brain Dis 2018; 33:601-613. [PMID: 29101603 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0138-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety sensitivity (AS) is characterised by the fear of anxiety-related symptoms and is a risk factor for the development of anxiety-related disorders. We examined whether genetic variation in three stress response genes, CRHR1, NR3C1, and FKBP5, interact with childhood trauma (CT) to predict AS in South African adolescents. Xhosa (n = 634) and Coloured (n = 317) students completed self-report measures of AS and CT, and a total of eighteen polymorphisms within CRHR1, NR3C1, and FKBP5 were genotyped. Differences in AS based on genetic variation and CT were analysed within population and gender groups using multiple linear regression. Associations were found between AS and FKBP5 rs9296158 (p = 0.025) and rs737054 (p = 0.045) in Coloured males. Analysis of gene x CT interactions indicated that NR3C1 rs190488 CC-genotype, NR3C1 rs10482605 G-allele addition, and FKBP5 rs3800373 C-allele addition protect against AS with increasing CT in Xhosa females (p = 0.009), Xhosa males (p = 0.036) and Coloured males (p = 0.049), respectively. We identified two different protective single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) combinations in a four-SNP CRHR1 haplotype in Coloured males. An analysis of the interaction between CT and a six-SNP FKBP5 haplotype in Coloured males revealed both protective and risk allelic combinations. Our results provide evidence for the influence of both genetic variation in CRHR1, NR3C1 and FKBP5, as well as CT x SNP interactions, on AS in South African adolescents. This study reinforces the importance of examining the influence of gene-environment (G X E) interactions within gender and population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline S Womersley
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Lindi I Martin
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Lize van der Merwe
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Soraya Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Sian M J Hemmings
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa.
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12
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Levran O, Peles E, Randesi M, Correa da Rosa J, Shen PH, Rotrosen J, Adelson M, Kreek MJ. Genetic variations in genes of the stress response pathway are associated with prolonged abstinence from heroin. Pharmacogenomics 2018; 19:333-341. [PMID: 29465008 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2017-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM This study assesses whether genetic variants in stress-related genes are associated with prolonged abstinence from heroin in subjects that are not in long-term methadone treatment. METHODS Frequencies of 117 polymorphisms in 30 genes were compared between subjects with history of heroin addiction, either without agonist treatment (n = 129) or in methadone maintenance treatment (n = 923). RESULTS SNP rs1500 downstream of CRHBP and an interaction of SNPs rs10482672 (NR3C1) and rs4234955 (NPY1R/NPY5R) were significantly associated with prolonged abstinence without agonist treatment. CONCLUSION This study suggests that variability in stress-related genes may contribute to the ability of certain subjects to remain in prolonged abstinence from heroin, possibly due to higher resilience to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orna Levran
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 171, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Einat Peles
- Dr Miriam & Sheldon G Adelson Clinic for Drug Abuse Treatment & Research, Tel Aviv Elias Sourasky Medical Center, 1 Henrietta Szold St, Tel-Aviv, 64924, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Matthew Randesi
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 171, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Joel Correa da Rosa
- Center for Clinical & Translational Science, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Pei-Hong Shen
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse & Alcoholism, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | | | - Miriam Adelson
- Dr Miriam & Sheldon G Adelson Clinic for Drug Abuse Treatment & Research, Tel Aviv Elias Sourasky Medical Center, 1 Henrietta Szold St, Tel-Aviv, 64924, Israel.,Dr Miriam & Sheldon G Adelson Clinic for Drug Abuse Treatment & Research, Las Vegas, NV 89169, USA
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 171, New York, NY 10065, USA
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13
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Pereira VH, Campos I, Sousa N. The role of autonomic nervous system in susceptibility and resilience to stress. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Schote AB, Bonenberger M, Pálmason H, Seitz C, Meyer J, Freitag CM. Glucocorticoid receptor variants in childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid psychiatric disorders. Psychiatry Res 2016; 246:275-283. [PMID: 27741480 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Stress results in a variety of neuroendocrine, immune and behavioral responses and represents a risk factor for many disorders. Following exposure to stress, glucocorticoids are secreted from the adrenal cortex and act via the ligand-activated glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Several polymorphisms of the GR-encoding gene NR3C1 have been described and functionally investigated. However, the impact of these variants on complex diseases such as Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is still unclear. In this study, 251 children with ADHD, 19 affected and 35 unaffected siblings, and their parents were included in a family-based association study assessing seven common variants of NR3C1 (TthIIII_rs10052957; NR3C1-I_rs10482605; ER22/23EK_rs6189/rs6190; N363S_rs56149945; BclI_rs41423247; GR-9beta_rs6198). A four-marker haplotype (TthIIII-NR3C1-I-ER22/23EK) was nominally associated with ADHD. In addition, in index children with ADHD, associations with comorbid disorders, inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms were explored. N363S minor allele carriers were more likely to show comorbid conduct disorder (CD). In our study, NR3C1 variants moderately affected ADHD and had a significant effect on comorbid CD. Therefore, NR3C1 as an important gene of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis seems to be particularly relevant for the pathophysiology of ADHD combined with comorbid CD. For a deeper understanding, investigations in larger samples of healthy, ADHD and CD individuals are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea B Schote
- Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany.
| | - Martina Bonenberger
- Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
| | - Haukur Pálmason
- Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
| | - Christiane Seitz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Saarland University Hospital, Homburg, Germany
| | - Jobst Meyer
- Department of Neurobehavioral Genetics, Institute of Psychobiology, University of Trier, Trier, Germany
| | - Christine M Freitag
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, JW Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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15
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Sousa N. The dynamics of the stress neuromatrix. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:302-12. [PMID: 26754952 PMCID: PMC4759204 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Stressful stimuli in healthy subjects trigger activation of a consistent and reproducible set of brain regions; yet, the notion that there is a single and constant stress neuromatrix is not sustainable. Indeed, after chronic stress exposure there is activation of many brain regions outside that network. This suggests that there is a distinction between the acute and the chronic stress neuromatrix. Herein, a new working model is proposed to understand the shift between these networks. The understanding of the factors that modulate these networks and their interplay will allow for a more comprehensive and holistic perspective of how the brain shifts 'back and forth' from a healthy to a stressed pattern and, ultimately, how the latter can be a trigger for several neurological and psychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus Gualtar, Braga, Portugal,ICVS/3B's–PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal,Clinical Academic Center–Braga, Braga, Portugal,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal. E-mail:
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16
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Barsegyan A, Atsak P, Hornberger WB, Jacobson PB, van Gaalen MM, Roozendaal B. The Vasopressin 1b Receptor Antagonist A-988315 Blocks Stress Effects on the Retrieval of Object-Recognition Memory. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:1979-89. [PMID: 25669604 PMCID: PMC4839522 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stress-induced activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis and high circulating glucocorticoid levels are well known to impair the retrieval of memory. Vasopressin can activate the HPA axis by stimulating vasopressin 1b (V1b) receptors located on the pituitary. In the present study, we investigated the effect of A-988315, a selective and highly potent non-peptidergic V1b-receptor antagonist with good pharmacokinetic properties, in blocking stress effects on HPA-axis activity and memory retrieval. To study cognitive performance, male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained on an object-discrimination task during which they could freely explore two identical objects. Memory for the objects and their location was tested 24 h later. A-988315 (20 or 60 mg/kg) or water was administered orally 90 min before retention testing, followed 60 min later by stress of footshock exposure. A-988315 dose-dependently dampened stress-induced increases in corticosterone plasma levels, but did not significantly alter HPA-axis activity of non-stressed control rats. Most importantly, A-988315 administration prevented stress-induced impairment of memory retrieval on both the object-recognition and the object-location tasks. A-988315 did not alter the retention of non-stressed rats and did not influence the total time spent exploring the objects or experimental context in either stressed or non-stressed rats. Thus, these findings indicate that direct antagonism of V1b receptors is an effective treatment to block stress-induced activation of the HPA axis and the consequent impairment of retrieval of different aspects of recognition memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areg Barsegyan
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Piray Atsak
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peer B Jacobson
- Integrated Sciences and Technology, Imaging Research, AbbVie, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marcel M van Gaalen
- Neuroscience Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co KG, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Benno Roozendaal
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Noord 21, PO Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands, Tel: +31 (0) 24 366 6301, E-mail:
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17
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Albert D, Belsky DW, Crowley DM, Bates JE, Pettit GS, Lansford JE, Dick D, Dodge KA. Developmental mediation of genetic variation in response to the Fast Track prevention program. Dev Psychopathol 2015; 27:81-95. [PMID: 25640832 PMCID: PMC4465235 DOI: 10.1017/s095457941400131x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a developmental analysis of genetic moderation of the effect of the Fast Track intervention on adult externalizing psychopathology. The Fast Track intervention enrolled 891 children at high risk to develop externalizing behavior problems when they were in kindergarten. Half of the enrolled children were randomly assigned to receive 10 years of treatment, with a range of services and resources provided to the children and their families, and the other half to usual care (controls). We previously showed that the effect of the Fast Track intervention on participants' risk of externalizing psychopathology at age 25 years was moderated by a variant in the glucocorticoid receptor gene. Children who carried copies of the A allele of the single nucleotide polymorphism rs10482672 had the highest risk of externalizing psychopathology if they were in the control arm of the trial and the lowest risk of externalizing psychopathology if they were in the treatment arm. In this study, we test a developmental hypothesis about the origins of this for better and for worse Gene × Intervention interaction (G × I): that the observed G × I effect on adult psychopathology is mediated by the proximal impact of intervention on childhood externalizing problems and adolescent substance use and delinquency. We analyzed longitudinal data tracking the 270 European American children in the Fast Track randomized control trial with available genetic information (129 intervention children, 141 control group peers, 69% male) from kindergarten through age 25 years. Results show that the same pattern of for better and for worse susceptibility to intervention observed at the age 25 follow-up was evident already during childhood. At the elementary school follow-ups and at the middle/high school follow-ups, rs10482672 predicted better adjustment among children receiving the Fast Track intervention and worse adjustment among children in the control condition. In turn, these proximal G × I effects early in development mediated the ultimate G × I effect on externalizing psychopathology at age 25 years. We discuss the contribution of these findings to the growing literature on genetic susceptibility to environmental intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Albert
- Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University
- Social Science Research Institute, Duke University
| | - Daniel W. Belsky
- Social Science Research Institute, Duke University
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center
| | | | - Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group
- The Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group includes (alphabetically): Karen L. Bierman, Ph.D., Pennsylvania State University; Kenneth A. Dodge, Ph.D., Duke University; Mark T. Greenberg, Ph.D., Pennsylvania State University; John E. Lochman, Ph.D., University of Alabama; Robert J. McMahon, Ph.D., Simon Fraser University and Child & Family Research Institute; and Ellen E. Pinderhughes, Ph.D., Tufts University
| | - John E. Bates
- Indiana University-Bloomington, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences
| | - Gregory S. Pettit
- Auburn University, Department of Human Development and Family Studies
| | - Jennifer E. Lansford
- Center for Child and Family Policy, Duke University
- Social Science Research Institute, Duke University
| | - Danielle Dick
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
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18
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Albert D, Belsky DW, Crowley DM, Latendresse SJ, Aliev F, Riley B, Sun C, Dick DM, Dodge KA. Can Genetics Predict Response to Complex Behavioral Interventions? Evidence from a Genetic Analysis of the Fast Track Randomized Control Trial. JOURNAL OF POLICY ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT : [THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR PUBLIC POLICY ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT] 2015; 34:497-518. [PMID: 26106668 PMCID: PMC4480598 DOI: 10.1002/pam.21811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Early interventions are a preferred method for addressing behavioral problems in high-risk children, but often have only modest effects. Identifying sources of variation in intervention effects can suggest means to improve efficiency. One potential source of such variation is the genome. We conducted a genetic analysis of the Fast Track randomized control trial, a 10-year-long intervention to prevent high-risk kindergarteners from developing adult externalizing problems including substance abuse and antisocial behavior. We tested whether variants of the glucocorticoid receptor gene NR3C1 were associated with differences in response to the Fast Track intervention. We found that in European-American children, a variant of NR3C1 identified by the single-nucleotide polymorphism rs10482672 was associated with increased risk for externalizing psychopathology in control group children and decreased risk for externalizing psychopathology in intervention group children. Variation in NR3C1 measured in this study was not associated with differential intervention response in African-American children. We discuss implications for efforts to prevent externalizing problems in high-risk children and for public policy in the genomic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Albert
- Center for Child and Family Policy at Duke University, Durham, NC 27708.
| | - Daniel W Belsky
- Social Science Research Institute at Duke University, Durham, NC 27708.
| | - D Max Crowley
- Center for Child and Family Policy at Duke University, Durham, NC 27708.
| | - Shawn J Latendresse
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience at Baylor University, Baylor Sciences Building, Waco, TX 76798.
| | - Fazil Aliev
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, and Karabuk University, Turkey.
| | - Brien Riley
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219.
| | - Cuie Sun
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219.
| | - Danielle M Dick
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219.
| | - Kenneth A Dodge
- Center for Child and Family Policy, and Duke University, Durham, NC 27708.
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Bortoluzzi A, Salum GA, Blaya C, Silveira PP, Grassi-Oliveira R, da Rosa ED, de Aguiar BW, Stertz L, Bosa VL, Schuch I, Goldani M, Kapczinski F, Leistner-Segal S, Manfro GG. Mineralocorticoid receptor genotype moderates the association between physical neglect and serum BDNF. J Psychiatr Res 2014; 59:8-13. [PMID: 25241277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate if a polymorphism in the NR3C2 gene moderates the association between childhood trauma on serum levels of brain derived neurothrophic factor (sBDNF). sBDNF was used here as a general marker of alteration in brain function. This is a community cross sectional study comprising 90 adolescents (54 with anxiety disorders). DNA was extracted from saliva in order to genotype the MR-2G/C (rs2070951) polymorphism using real time PCR. Blood was collected for sBDNF Elisa immunoassay. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) was used to evaluate childhood abuse and neglect. Main effects and gene environment interactions were tested using linear regression models. Anxiety disorders were not associated with the MR-2G/C polymorphism or with sBDNF levels, but the number of C alleles of the MR-2G/C polymorphism was significantly associated with higher sBDNF levels (b = 8.008; p-value = 0.001). Subjects with intermediate and high exposure to physical neglect showed higher sBDNF levels if compared to subjects non-exposed (b = 11.955; p = 0.004 and b = 16.186; p = 0.009, respectively). In addition, we detected a significant physical neglect by MR-2G/C C allele interaction on sBDNF levels (p = 0.005), meaning that intermediate and high exposure to childhood neglect were only associated with increased sBDNF levels in subjects with the CC genotype, but not in subjects with other genotypes. Our findings suggest that genetic variants in NR3C2 gene may partially explain plastic brain vulnerability to traumatic events. Further studies are needed to investigate the moderating effects of NR3C2 gene in more specific markers of alteration in brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Bortoluzzi
- Anxiety Disorders Outpatient Program for Children and Adolescents, PROTAIA, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS/Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Post Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Basic Sciences/Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Basic Research and Advanced Investigations in Neurosciences, BRAIN Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Giovanni Abrahão Salum
- Anxiety Disorders Outpatient Program for Children and Adolescents, PROTAIA, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS/Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Post Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INPD/ CNPq), Brazil
| | - Carolina Blaya
- Anxiety Disorders Outpatient Program for Children and Adolescents, PROTAIA, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS/Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Health Sciences Federal University of Porto Alegre, UFCSPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Pelufo Silveira
- Post Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Basic Sciences/Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, Post-Graduate Program in Psychology - Human Cognition, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, PUCR-RS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduarda Dias da Rosa
- Anxiety Disorders Outpatient Program for Children and Adolescents, PROTAIA, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS/Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Basic Research and Advanced Investigations in Neurosciences, BRAIN Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Laura Stertz
- National Institute of Science and Technology Translational Medicine (INCT/CNPq), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Vera Lúcia Bosa
- Center for Child and Adolescent Health Studies (NESCA), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Brazil
| | - Ilaine Schuch
- Center for Child and Adolescent Health Studies (NESCA), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Brazil
| | - Marcelo Goldani
- Center for Child and Adolescent Health Studies (NESCA), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Brazil
| | - Flavio Kapczinski
- Post Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology Translational Medicine (INCT/CNPq), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sandra Leistner-Segal
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gisele Gus Manfro
- Anxiety Disorders Outpatient Program for Children and Adolescents, PROTAIA, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS/Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Post Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Basic Sciences/Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Post Graduate Program in Medical Sciences: Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Basic Research and Advanced Investigations in Neurosciences, BRAIN Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil; National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents (INPD/ CNPq), Brazil.
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20
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Lian Y, Xiao J, Wang Q, Ning L, Guan S, Ge H, Li F, Liu J. The relationship between glucocorticoid receptor polymorphisms, stressful life events, social support, and post-traumatic stress disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2014; 14:232. [PMID: 25113244 PMCID: PMC4149199 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-014-0232-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is debatable whether or not glucocorticoid receptor (GR) polymorphisms moderate susceptibility to PTSD. Our objective was to examine the effects of stressful life events, social support, GR genotypes, and gene-environment interactions on the etiology of PTSD. METHODS Three tag single nucleotide polymorphisms, trauma events, stressful life events, and social support were assessed in 460 patients with PTSD and 1158 control subjects from a Chinese Han population. Gene-environment interactions were analyzed by generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR). RESULTS Variation in GR at rs41423247 and rs258747, stressful life events, social support, and the number of traumatic events were each separately associated with the risk for PTSD. A gene-environment interaction among the polymorphisms, rs41423247 and rs258747, the number of traumatic events, stressful life events, and social support resulted in an increased risk for PTSD. High-risk individuals (a large number of traumatic events, G allele of rs258747 and rs41423247, high level stressful life events, and low social support) had a 3.26-fold increased risk of developing PTSD compared to low-risk individuals. The association was statistically significant in the sub-groups with and without childhood trauma. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the notion that stressful life events, the number of trauma events, and social support may play a contributing role in the risk for PTSD by interacting with GR gene polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Lian
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jing Xiao
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu China
| | - Qian Wang
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang China
| | - Li Ning
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang China
| | - Suzhen Guan
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang China
| | - Hua Ge
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang China
| | - Fuye Li
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang China
| | - Jiwen Liu
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang China
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21
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Epistatic interaction between CRHR1 and AVPR1b variants as a predictor of major depressive disorder. Psychiatr Genet 2014; 23:239-46. [PMID: 23962971 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genes involved in the regulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis are responsible for altered susceptibility to mood disorders. The aim of this study was to analyze the possible association of CRHR1 and AVPR1b gene variants with bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS In the study, we included 486 patients with bipolar disorder and 215 patients with MDD. Consensus diagnosis was made according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV) criteria, using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM Disorders. The control group consisted of 712 healthy participants. Genotyping of CRHR1 and AVPR1b polymorphisms was performed using TaqMan single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping assays. Linkage disequilibrium analysis was carried out on Haploview. Gene-gene interactions were analyzed using the multifactor dimensionality reduction method. RESULTS By single marker analysis we have found an association of rs28536160 of AVPR1b and rs4076452 and rs16940655 of CRHR1 with mood disorders (P=0.036, 0.0013, and 0.003, respectively). We observed strong linkage disequilibrium between seven CRHR1 polymorphisms grouped in two haplotype blocks; however, none of them showed an association with MDD or bipolar disorder. Similarly, no association was found for three of four strongly linked AVPR1b polymorphisms. Gene-gene interaction analysis revealed a significant epistatic interaction between AVPR1b and CRHR1 genes in susceptibility to MDD (P=0.017). CONCLUSION Polymorphisms of CRHR1 and AVPR1b may modify susceptibility to mood disorders.
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Patent Highlights. Pharm Pat Anal 2014. [DOI: 10.4155/ppa.14.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A snapshot of recent key developments in the patent literature of relevance to the advancement of pharmaceutical and medical R&D
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Ben-Efraim YJ, Wasserman D, Wasserman J, Sokolowski M. Family-based study of AVPR1B association and interaction with stressful life events on depression and anxiety in suicide attempts. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:1504-11. [PMID: 23422793 PMCID: PMC3682145 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cortisol response to psychosocial stress may become dysregulated in stress-related disorders. It is potentiated by pituitary secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which is, in part, regulated by arginine vasopressin receptor-1B (AVPR1B). AVPR1B variants were previously reported to associate with mood and anxiety disorders. This study aims, for the first time, to investigate association of AVPR1B genetic variants with mood and anxiety outcomes in suicidal behavior.Using a family-based study design of 660 complete nuclear family trios with offspring who have made a suicide attempt (SA), we tested the direct association and linkage of AVPR1B single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with SA, as well as with depression and anxiety in SA. Main findings were the association and linkage of AVPR1B exon 1 SNP rs33990840 and a major 6-SNP haplotype representative of all common AVPR1B-SNPs, on the outcome of high Beck Depression Inventory scores in SA. By contrast, genetic associations with lifetime diagnoses of depression and anxiety in SA or gene-environment interactions between AVPR1B variants and stressful life events (SLEs) were not significant. An exploratory screen of interactions between AVPR1B and CRHR1 (corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor-1), the principal pituitary regulator of ACTH secretion, showed no support for gene-gene interactions on the studied outcomes. The results suggest that AVPR1B genetic variation, eg, non-synonymous SNP rs33990840 mediating putative consequences on ligand binding, has a role in SA etiology characterized by elevated depression symptoms, without involving AVPR1B-moderation of SLEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair J Ben-Efraim
- The National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health (NASP), Karolinska Institute (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Danuta Wasserman
- The National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health (NASP), Karolinska Institute (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jerzy Wasserman
- The National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health (NASP), Karolinska Institute (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Sokolowski
- The National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health (NASP), Karolinska Institute (KI), Stockholm, Sweden,National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health (NASP), Karolinska Institute (KI), Stockholm S-171 77, Sweden. Tel: +468 5248 6938, Fax: +4683 06439, E-mail:
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Mahon PB, Zandi PP, Potash JB, Nestadt G, Wand GS. Genetic association of FKBP5 and CRHR1 with cortisol response to acute psychosocial stress in healthy adults. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 227:231-41. [PMID: 23274505 PMCID: PMC3628278 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2956-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Chronic dysregulation of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity is related to several neuropsychiatric disorders. Studies suggest that cortisol response to stress has a strong genetic etiology, and that FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5) and G-protein coupled type-I CRH receptor (CRHR1) are key proteins regulating response. Variations in the genes encoding these proteins, FKBP5 and CRHR1, have been associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders. OBJECTIVES We examined variation in these genes in relation to cortisol response to psychological stress in one of the largest Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) cohorts yet examined. METHODS A total of 368 healthy, young adults underwent the TSST. Salivary cortisol was measured at multiple time points before and after the stressor. Nine variants in FKBP5 and four in CRHR1 were assessed. Single marker analyses were conducted. Secondary analyses assessed haplotypes and interaction with stress-related variables. RESULTS The strongest association was for rs4713902 in FKBP5 with baseline cortisol (p dom = 0.0004). We also identified a male-specific effect of FKBP5 polymorphisms on peak response and response area under the curve (p = 0.0028 for rs3800374). In CRHR1, rs7209436, rs110402, and rs242924 were nominally associated with peak response (p rec = 0.0029-0.0047). We observed interactions between trait anxiety and rs7209436 and rs110402 in CRHR1 in association with baseline cortisol (p LRT = 0.0272 and p LRT = 0.0483, respectively). CONCLUSIONS We show association of variants in FKBP5 and CRHR1 with cortisol response to psychosocial stress. These variants were previously shown to be associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. These findings have implications for interindividual variation in HPA axis activity and potentially for the etiology of neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Belmonte Mahon
- The Johns Hopkins Mood Disorders Center, Baltimore, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Peter P. Zandi
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, The Johns Hopkins Mood Disorders Center, Baltimore, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Gerald Nestadt
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Gary S. Wand
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross 863, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Tel.: 410 955 7225 Fax: 410 955 0841
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Sheikh H, Kryski K, Smith H, Hayden E, Singh S. Corticotropin-releasing hormone system polymorphisms are associated with children’s cortisol reactivity. Neuroscience 2013; 229:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Orlovsky MA. Allelic polymorphism of glucocorticoid receptor NR3C1 (GR): from molecular biology to clinical implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.7124/bc.000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Orlovsky
- O. O. Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
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Sinclair D, Fullerton JM, Webster MJ, Shannon Weickert C. Glucocorticoid receptor 1B and 1C mRNA transcript alterations in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and their possible regulation by GR gene variants. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31720. [PMID: 22427805 PMCID: PMC3302776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal patterns of HPA axis activation, under basal conditions and in response to stress, are found in individuals with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Altered glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mRNA and protein expression in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in psychiatric illness have also been reported, but the cause of these abnormalities is not known. We quantified expression of GR mRNA transcript variants which employ different 5′ promoters, in 35 schizophrenia cases, 31 bipolar disorder cases and 34 controls. We also explored whether sequence variation within the NR3C1 (GR) gene is related to GR mRNA variant expression. Total GR mRNA was decreased in the DLPFC in schizophrenia cases relative to controls (15.1%, p<0.0005) and also relative to bipolar disorder cases (8.9%, p<0.05). GR-1B mRNA was decreased in schizophrenia cases relative to controls (20.2%, p<0.05), while GR-1C mRNA was decreased in both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder cases relative to controls (16.1% and 17.2% respectively, both p<0.005). A dose-dependent effect of rs10052957 genotype on GR-1B mRNA expression was observed, where CC homozygotes displayed 18.4% lower expression than TC heterozygotes (p<0.05), and 31.8% lower expression than TT homozygotes (p<0.005). Similarly, a relationship between rs6190 (R23K) genotype and GR-1C expression was seen, with 24.8% lower expression in GG homozygotes than GA heterozygotes (p<0.01). We also observed an effect of rs41423247 (Bcl1) SNP on expression of 67 kDa GRα isoform, the most abundant GRα isoform in the DLPFC. These findings suggest possible roles for the GR-1B and GR-1C promoter regions in mediating GR gene expression changes in psychotic illness, and highlight the potential importance of sequence variation within the NR3C1 gene in modulating GR mRNA expression in the DLPFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan Sinclair
- Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Ceulemans S, De Zutter S, Heyrman L, Norrback KF, Nordin A, Nilsson LG, Adolfsson R, Del-Favero J, Claes S. Evidence for the involvement of the glucocorticoid receptor gene in bipolar disorder in an isolated northern Swedish population. Bipolar Disord 2011; 13:614-23. [PMID: 22085474 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00960.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dysfunction of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is one of the most consistent findings in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. The potential role of genes related to HPA axis function has been investigated extensively in major depression. However, in bipolar disorder (BPD) such studies are scarce. We performed a systematic HapMap-based association study of six genes crucial for HPA axis function in relation to BPD. METHODS Haplotype tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (htSNPs) were selected in order to identify all haplotypes with a frequency of more than 1% in the genes encoding the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), corticotrophin releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRH-R1) and 2 (CRH-R2), CRH binding protein (CRH-BP), and FK binding protein 5 (FKBP5). This resulted in a total selection of 225 SNPs that were genotyped and analyzed in 309 BPD patients and 364 matched control individuals all originating from an isolated northern Swedish population. RESULTS Consistent evidence for an association with BPD was found for NR3C1, the gene encoding GR. Almost all SNPs in two adjacent haplotype blocks contributed to the positive signal, comprised of significant single marker, sliding window, and haplotype-specific p-values. All these results point to a moderately frequent (10-15%) susceptibility haplotype covering the entire coding region and 3' untranslated region (UTR) of NR3C1. CONCLUSIONS This study contributes to the growing evidence for a role of the glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) in vulnerability to mood disorders, and BPD in particular, and warrants further in vitro investigation of the at-risk haplotypes with respect to disease etiology. However, this association might be restricted to this specific population, as it is observed in a rather small sample from an isolated population without replication, and data from large meta-analyses for genome-wide association studies in BPD do not show the GR as a very strong candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana Ceulemans
- Applied Molecular Genomics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Belgium
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Sex-specific cortisol levels in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia during mental challenge--relationship to clinical characteristics and medication. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:1100-7. [PMID: 21420462 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to examine the cortisol release during a mental challenge in severe mental disorders versus healthy controls (HC), analyzing effects of sex, clinical characteristics and medication, and comparing Bipolar Disorder (BD) to Schizophrenia (SCZ). METHODS Patients with BD and SCZ (n=151) were recruited from a catchment area. HC (n=98) were randomly selected from the same area. Salivary samples were collected before and after a mental challenge and cortisol levels determined. RESULTS During the challenge there was an interaction between group and sex (P = 0.015) with male patients having a blunted cortisol release compared to male HC (P = 0.037). Cortisol change did not differ significantly between BD and SCZ. In all patients, the cortisol change correlated with number of psychotic episodes (r = -0.23, P = 0.025), and in females patients, with number of depressive episodes (r = -0.33, P = 0.015). Patients using antidepressants had a greater cortisol release during challenge than those not using antidepressants (P = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS Male patients with severe mental disorders seem to have a uniform abnormal cortisol release during mental challenges which associates with clinical course, and with beneficial effects of antidepressants.
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