1
|
Carra K, McKinstry C, Baillie L, Daniell R, Clews A. Enhancing occupational therapy service provision with military veterans through policy reform: Findings from a national survey. Aust Occup Ther J 2024; 71:369-378. [PMID: 38239013 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1630.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Almost half a million Australians have served with the Australian Defence Force. Given the high prevalence of physical and mental health conditions and complexity of civilian life adjustment after military service, high-quality occupational therapy services are critical. However, there is limited description of occupational therapy service provision to individuals funded by the Australian Department of Veterans' Affairs to inform government policy. The aim of this study was to describe the practice of Australian occupational therapists working with former service members and identify opportunities to enhance practice and policy. METHODS A cross-sectional study using an online survey was conducted to collect information from occupational therapists providing services to Department of Veterans' Affairs clients. Frequency analyses were performed to describe quantitative data. Qualitative data were analysed using thematic analysis. No consumer or community involvement occurred. RESULTS Participants included 123 Australian occupational therapists residing in metropolitan (47%), regional (28%) and rural/remote (23%) areas. Most occupational therapists (69%) had over 15 years of clinical experience and worked in private practice (87%). Common interventions included home modifications, equipment prescription and assistive technology (77%), goal-oriented rehabilitation (16%) and activities of daily living or function assessments and education (13%). Three themes describing practice issues were identified: (1) Service provision as rewarding yet underfunded, (2) Administrative complexity and lack of understanding of the occupational therapy role and (3) Need for specialist professional development opportunities. CONCLUSION Australian occupational therapists are providing a range of services to Department of Veterans' Affairs clients although mostly relating to physical conditions. Occupational therapy practice with former Australian Defence Force members should be expanded to meet their diverse and complex needs. Further research and education are needed to support use of specialist knowledge and interventions. Advocacy by peak associations and policy reform are urgently required to ensure sustainable services, particularly in rural areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kylie Carra
- La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
| | - Carol McKinstry
- La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
- Violet Vines Marshman Centre of Rural Health Research, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
| | - Laura Baillie
- DLS Allied Health Pty Ltd, Strathdale, Bendigo, Australia
| | | | - Amery Clews
- Unity Point Health, St Luke's Hospital, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Grover LE, Williamson C, Burdett H, Palmer L, Fear NT. Level of perceived social support, and associated factors, in combat-exposed (ex-)military personnel: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2024:10.1007/s00127-024-02685-3. [PMID: 38771350 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-024-02685-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Combat deployment increases exposure to potentially traumatic events. Perceived social support (PSS) may promote health and recovery from combat trauma. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize studies investigating the level of PSS and associated factors among (ex-)military personnel who served in the Iraq/Afghanistan conflicts. METHODS Five electronic databases were searched in August 2023 and searches were restricted to the beginning of the Iraq/Afghanistan conflicts in 2001. The search was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A quality assessment was carried out, and a meta-analysis and narrative synthesis were performed. RESULTS In total, 35 papers consisting of 19,073 participants were included. Of these, 31 studies were conducted in the United States (US) and 23 were cross-sectional. The pooled mean PSS score was 54.40 (95% CI: 51.78 to 57.01). Samples with probable post-traumatic stress disorder had a lower mean PSS score (44.40, 95% CI: 39.10 to 49.70). Approximately half of the included studies (n = 19) investigated mental health in relation to PSS, whilst only four explored physical health. The most frequently reported risk factors for low PSS included post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and anxiety, whilst post-traumatic growth and unit support were protective factors. CONCLUSION Higher levels of PSS were generally associated with more positive psychosocial and mental health-related outcomes following deployment. PSS should be targeted in psychosocial interventions and education programmes. Future research should investigate PSS in (ex-)military personnel across other countries and cultures, based on the lack of studies that focused on PSS in countries outside of the US.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Grover
- King's College London, King's Centre for Military Health Research, London, SE5 9RJ, UK.
| | - Charlotte Williamson
- King's College London, King's Centre for Military Health Research, London, SE5 9RJ, UK
| | - Howard Burdett
- King's College London, King's Centre for Military Health Research, London, SE5 9RJ, UK
| | - Laura Palmer
- King's College London, King's Centre for Military Health Research, London, SE5 9RJ, UK
| | - Nicola T Fear
- King's College London, King's Centre for Military Health Research, London, SE5 9RJ, UK
- Academic Department of Military Mental Health, King's College London, London, SE5 9RJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Barrett BW, Meanley S, Brennan-Ing M, Haberlen SA, Ware D, Detels R, Friedman MR, Plankey MW. The Relationship Between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Alcohol Misuse and Smoking Among Aging Men Who Have Sex With Men: No Evidence of Exercise or Volunteering Impact. J Aging Health 2023:8982643231215475. [PMID: 37976419 PMCID: PMC11288306 DOI: 10.1177/08982643231215475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine if the association between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use (alcohol misuse or smoking tobacco) is mediated/moderated by exercise or volunteering among aging (≥40 years) men who have sex with men (MSM), and if this mediation/moderation differs by HIV serostatus. METHODS Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study data were used. Three datasets with PTSD measured during different time periods (10/1/2017-3/31/2018, 898 men; 4/1/2018-9/30/2018, 890 men; 10/1/2018-3/31/2019, 895 men) were analyzed. Longitudinal mediation analyses estimated the mediation effect of exercise and volunteering on the outcomes. RESULTS Nine percent of MSM had evidence of PTSD. There was no statistically significant mediation effect of exercise or volunteering regardless of substance use outcome. The odds of smoking at a future visit among MSM with PTSD were approximately double those of MSM without PTSD. Results did not differ by HIV serostatus. DISCUSSION There is a particular need for effective smoking cessation interventions for aging MSM with PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W. Barrett
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public
Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven Meanley
- Department of Family and Community Health, University of
Pennsylvania School of Nursing, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark Brennan-Ing
- Brookdale Center for Healthy Aging, Hunter College, The
City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sabina A. Haberlen
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public
Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Deanna Ware
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical
Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Roger Detels
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public
Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - M. Reuel Friedman
- Department of Urban-Global Public Health, School of Public
Health, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Michael W. Plankey
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical
Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lwi SJ, Larsen J, Jenkins M, Swick D. The Association Between Loneliness and Maladaptive Moods and Beliefs: A Pilot Study in U.S. Veterans. Mil Med 2023; 188:e3343-e3348. [PMID: 36377771 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usac341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Loneliness is a powerful predictor of several medical and psychiatric conditions that are highly prevalent in Veterans, including depression and PTSD. Despite this, few studies have examined loneliness in Veterans or how best to intervene upon Veteran loneliness. Additional empirical research is needed in these areas in order to define clear intervention targets and improve Veteran care. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this pilot study, we used 62 Veterans' self-reported loneliness and symptoms of post-traumatic stress to examine whether specific symptom clusters of post-traumatic stress were associated with greater loneliness. Post-traumatic stress was measured using the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5, and responses were further parsed into four symptom clusters: intrusions, avoidance, negative alterations in mood and cognition (excluding the social withdrawal item), and alterations in arousal and reactivity. RESULTS Results revealed that only the negative alterations in mood and cognition symptom cluster was associated with increased Veteran loneliness, even after adjusting for sociodemographic factors, social isolation, and symptoms of depression. These analyses were also repeated using a subset of our sample (n = 29) who completed repeated measures of the PTSD Checklist. Results again revealed that the same symptom cluster predicted Veteran loneliness over 1 year later. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study demonstrates the value of a publicly available PTSD measure for identifying lonely Veterans and highlights how reducing negative alterations in mood and cognition may serve as a potentially critical target for future Veteran loneliness interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandy J Lwi
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, CA 94553, USA
| | - Jary Larsen
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, CA 94553, USA
| | - Mark Jenkins
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, CA 94553, USA
| | - Diane Swick
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Martinez, CA 94553, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Carra K, Curtin M, Fortune T, Gordon B. Rural former service members participate in meaningful occupations to 'fill the void' after military service. Aust Occup Ther J 2023. [PMID: 36682383 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1630.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over 50% of former service members report debilitating health conditions and difficulty adjusting to civilian life. Former service members living in rural areas are even more likely to experience poor health outcomes and have decreased access to specialist health-care services. Participation in meaningful occupations can support health and adjustment after military service. However, little is known about rural former service members' perspectives and experiences of participating in occupations after separating from military service. This study explored rural former service members' experiences of participating in occupations during their transition and their perceptions of how these experiences influenced their health and adjustment. METHODS Purposive sampling was used to recruit 10 rural former Australian Defence Force members discharged from service between 1 July 2013 and 1 July 2018. Former service members participated in a series of semi-structured interviews. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to determine themes for individual participants and then overarching themes that characterised the experiences of the group. FINDINGS A single overarching theme, 'It can't all be for nothing': Searching for ways to fill 'the void' through meaningful occupational participation, reflected rural former service members' experiences. The different ways that participants sought to fill 'the void' after military service were interpreted through two sub-themes: (1) 'You can't heal if you're still in a battlefield': Participating in occupations to re-establish safety and wellbeing, and (2) 'I was in a uniform and I could still do well': Participating in occupations to reconnect with self and continue the mission to serve. CONCLUSION Rural former service members participated in various occupations to establish safety, wellbeing, and reconnection after transitioning from military service. The findings point to the need for further research to inform the development of consumer-led occupation-based interventions that are sensitive to individuals' service history, environmental context, and trauma recovery needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kylie Carra
- La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Curtin
- School of Community Health, Charles Sturt University, Albury, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tracy Fortune
- Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Social Policy, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brett Gordon
- La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gettings RD, Kirtley J, Wilson-Menzfeld G, Oxburgh GE, Farrell D, Kiernan MD. Exploring the Role of Social Connection in Interventions With Military Veterans Diagnosed With Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: Systematic Narrative Review. Front Psychol 2022; 13:873885. [PMID: 35874405 PMCID: PMC9305387 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.873885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been identified that military veterans have distinct experiences of loneliness and social isolation and, when comparing this community to other client groups with a PTSD diagnosis, veterans respond less favorably to treatment. However, the link between PTSD and loneliness for veterans remains insufficiently researched and it is unclear if there are effective interventions tackling this distinct experience of loneliness. Aims This systematic narrative review aimed to synthesize existing evidence incorporating elements of social connection, social isolation, and loneliness within interventions for military veterans with a diagnosis of PTSD, consequently aiming to examine the impact of such interventions upon this community. Methods Six databases were searched, utilizing relevant search criteria, with no date restrictions. Articles were included if they involved intervention or treatment for military veterans with PTSD and considered elements of social connection, social isolation, and/or loneliness. The initial search returned 202 papers. After exclusions, removal of duplications, and a reference/citation search, 28 papers remained and were included in this review. Results From the 28 studies, 11 directly addressed social isolation and two studies directly addressed loneliness. Six themes were generated: (i) rethinking the diagnosis of PTSD, (ii) holistic interventions, (iii) peer support, (iv) social reintegration, (v) empowerment through purpose and community, and (vi) building trust. Conclusions A direct focus upon social reintegration and engagement, psychosocial functioning, building trust, peer support, group cohesiveness and empowerment through a sense of purpose and learning new skills may mitigate experiential loneliness and social isolation for veterans with PTSD. Future research and practice should further explore the needs of the PTSD-diagnosed veteran community, seek to explore and identify potential common routes toward the development of PTSD within this community and consider bespoke interventions for tackling loneliness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard D. Gettings
- Northern Hub for Veterans and Military Families Research, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jenna Kirtley
- Northern Hub for Veterans and Military Families Research, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Wilson-Menzfeld
- Northern Hub for Veterans and Military Families Research, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin E. Oxburgh
- Northern Hub for Veterans and Military Families Research, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Farrell
- Department of Violence, Trauma and Criminology, Worcester University, Worcester, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew D. Kiernan
- Northern Hub for Veterans and Military Families Research, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Na PJ, Tsai J, Southwick SM, Pietrzak RH. Provision of social support and mental health in U.S. military veterans. NPJ MENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 1:4. [PMID: 38609471 PMCID: PMC10938859 DOI: 10.1038/s44184-022-00004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
While social support has been linked to better health, most research has focused on the receipt of social support. In this study, we evaluated associations between provided support and mental health in a nationally representative cohort of 4069 US veterans. The majority (60-72%) of veterans reported providing support on a consistent basis. Veterans who scored higher on certain aspects of personality (i.e., agreeableness, conscientiousness, and extraversion) and received greater support were more likely to provide support. Further, each standard deviation increase in provided support was independently associated with 22-32% reduced odds of internalizing psychiatric disorders and suicidal ideation, and veterans who scored higher on both provided and received support had 3.5- to 14-fold lower odds of these outcomes relative to those with high received support but low provided support. Results suggest that interventions to promote the provision of support may help mitigate risk for adverse mental health outcomes in veterans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Na
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Jack Tsai
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center on Homelessness Among Veterans, Tampa, FL, USA
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, San Antonio Campus, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Robert H Pietrzak
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- National Center for PTSD, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Guthrie-Gower S, Wilson-Menzfeld G. Ex-military personnel's experiences of loneliness and social isolation from discharge, through transition, to the present day. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269678. [PMID: 35666756 PMCID: PMC9170086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to examine the unique factors of loneliness and social isolation within the ex-military population from discharge, through transition, to the present day. DESIGN A qualitative, Phenomenological approach was adopted. METHODS In-depth semi-structured interviews were carried out with 11 participants who had all served in the British Armed Forces and represented all three military services (Royal Navy; Army; Royal Air Force). Reflexive Thematic Analysis was used to analyse the data. RESULTS Three themes were generated-a sense of loss; difficulty in connecting in civilian life; and seeking out familiarity. The findings of this study were examined through the lenses of the Social Needs Approach and the Cognitive Discrepancy Model. CONCLUSIONS Individuals developed close bonds in the military through meaningful and prolonged contact, reducing feelings of loneliness and social isolation during their time in service. The sense of belonging was key to social connection, but transition out of the military severed existing relationships, and a lack of belonging hindered the development of relationships within the civilian community. This study has implications for service provision relating to ex-military personnel and future service leavers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Guthrie-Gower
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Wilson-Menzfeld
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fox R, Hyland P, Coogan AN, Cloitre M, Power JM. Posttraumatic stress disorder, complex PTSD and subtypes of loneliness among older adults. J Clin Psychol 2022; 78:321-342. [PMID: 34287862 PMCID: PMC8770684 DOI: 10.1002/jclp.23225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Research examining the relationship between loneliness and Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (CPTSD) is scarce, particularly among older adults. CPTSD includes the core symptoms of PTSD along with additional symptoms reflecting "disturbances in self-organisation" (DSO). This study examined the cross-sectional relationships between loneliness (emotional and social loneliness) and CPTSD symptoms (i.e., PTSD and DSO symptoms) in older adults. METHODS Structural equation modelling was used to examine these relationships in a nationally representative sample of US adults aged 60-70 years (n = 456). RESULTS Controlling for covariates, emotional loneliness was associated with PTSD (β = 0.31) and DSO (β = 0.57) symptoms whereas social loneliness was only associated with DSO symptoms (β = 0.25). The model explained 35.0% of the variance in PTSD symptoms and 71.3% in DSO symptoms. CONCLUSION These findings have important implications for treating and understanding PTSD/CPTSD and their correlates among older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Fox
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Kildare, Ireland
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, Education and Innovation in Health Systems (IRIS), School of Nursing, Midwifery & Health Systems, University College Dublin
| | - Philip Hyland
- Department of Psychology, Maynooth University, Kildare, Ireland
| | | | - Marylène Cloitre
- National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Carra K, Curtin M, Fortune T, Gordon B. Participation in occupations, health and adjustment during the transition from military service: A cross-sectional study. MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 33:320-331. [PMID: 38536366 PMCID: PMC10013534 DOI: 10.1080/08995605.2021.1962180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Participation in meaningful occupations is central to health, well-being, and adjustment during the transition from military service. The aim of the present study was to identify what occupations transitioning Australian Defence Force members participate in for the purpose of improving their health and well-being. A secondary aim was to identify if participation in various occupations was associated with better self-reported health and/or adjustment outcomes. One hundred and ninety-eight former Australian Defence Force members discharged on or after January 1, 2004 responded to a cross-sectional survey measuring adjustment, physical and mental health, and participation in occupations. Occupations were coded using the Time Use Classification system developed by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. An easier adjustment was reported by former service members who participated in employment-related activities, domestic activities, voluntary work and care activities, and social and community interaction (MD = -0.63 to -0.45, d = .37 to .52). Participation in employment-related activities, social and community interaction, and sport and outdoor activity was associated with better physical health (MD = 3.20 to 3.73, d = .34 to .40). Participation in employment-related activities was also associated with better mental health (MD = -3.75, d = .54). This research indicates that participation in occupation is a factor that may be utilized with former service members to positively influence health and adjustment during military transitions. Given differences in participation and outcomes among different sub-groups, it is recommended that occupation-based programs be tailored to individual preferences and transition needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kylie Carra
- La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
| | - Michael Curtin
- School of Community Health, Charles Sturt University, Albury, Australia
| | - Tracy Fortune
- Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Social Policy, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Brett Gordon
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Matthews K, Nazroo J. The Impact of Volunteering and Its Characteristics on Well-being After State Pension Age: Longitudinal Evidence From the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 76:632-641. [PMID: 32888024 PMCID: PMC7887733 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Volunteering after retirement age is beneficial to well-being. This study furthers previous research by presenting a longitudinal analysis of the well-being of volunteers, compared to non-volunteers, based on characteristics of the voluntary work in which they participate. METHOD Participants were 3,740 people aged State Pension Age and over from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Longitudinal regression models were used to determine whether frequent volunteers saw beneficial changes in well-being (depression, satisfaction with life, CASP-19, and social isolation) compared to non-volunteers. The initial model used a hierarchical approach so that we could also examine the impact of social and health factors. Models were then run to determine whether well-being in relation to volunteering was influenced by its continuity, the number of activities engaged in, whether the volunteering was formal or informal in nature, and whether or not the respondent reported feeling appreciated for their efforts. RESULTS Although sociodemographic and health circumstances reduce the magnitude of the effects of volunteering on well-being, the effect of volunteering remained significant in almost all analyses. The beneficial effect of volunteering appeared to stop among respondents who stopped volunteering between waves. The best outcomes were observed among those participating in higher numbers of activities, regardless of whether or not these were classed as formal or informal, and who felt appreciated for their work. DISCUSSION Certain aspects of volunteering might be especially beneficial to the well-being of older people. That these effects stop when volunteering stops suggest a causal element to this relationship.
Collapse
|
12
|
Matthieu MM, Carbone JT. Collective action among US veterans: Understanding the importance of self-efficacy, collective efficacy, and social support. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 48:1985-1996. [PMID: 32579741 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between collective action, collective efficacy, self-efficacy, and social support among US veterans who formally volunteered in their communities upon their return from military service. The participants were 323 post-9/11/01-era veterans who completed a national nonprofit administered civic service program. Results from the structural equation model indicate that appraisal social support is negatively, directly associated with collective action, while belonging social support is positively, directly associated with collective action. In addition, appraisal social support is positively, indirectly associated with collective action via self-efficacy and collective efficacy. About 44% of the relationship between self-efficacy and collective action is associated via collective efficacy. The model accounts 19.9% of the variance in self-efficacy, 16.5% of the variance in collective efficacy, and 23.7% of the variance in collective action. The role of social support in the model provides additional evidence for the importance of strong social ties in facilitating collective action as veterans gather to volunteer in programs across the country. Results have implications for how national, nonprofit, and community volunteering programs may want to engage veterans and community members in collective action efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica M Matthieu
- College for Public Health and Social Justice, School of Social Work, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Jason T Carbone
- School of Social Work, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Weiss EL, Kranke D, Barmak SA. Military Veterans Serving as Volunteers: What Social Workers Need to Know. SOCIAL WORK 2020; 65:299-301. [PMID: 32710118 DOI: 10.1093/sw/swaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia L Weiss
- is clinical professor of social work, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, 669 West 34th Street, MRF 201, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Derrick Kranke
- is health science specialist, Veterans Emergency Management Evaluation Center (VEMEC), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, North Hills, CA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Albright DL, McDaniel JT, Godfrey K, Thomas KH, Fletcher KL, Rosen G. Civic engagement among student veterans. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2020; 68:387-394. [PMID: 30681934 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2018.1559170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess participation rates in civic volunteering among service member and veteran students. Participants: Data for the present cross-sectional study were obtained from the American College Health Association's (ACHA) 2011-2014 National College Health Assessment II (NCHA). Methods: Demographic characteristics of the study sample were explored by calculating frequencies and percentages by military service status. Research questions were explored with either Fisher's exact test or maximum likelihood multiple logistic regression. Results: Service member and veteran students were more likely to engage in volunteerism than their non-veteran counterparts. Additionally, student veterans and non-veteran students reported that engagement in volunteer efforts both reduces their feelings of depression and increases their use of mental health services. Conclusion: The findings of this research suggest that the promotion of civic engagement and participation in volunteerism for service member and veteran students on college campuses might contribute to successful reintegration outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David L Albright
- Hill Crest Endowed Chair in Mental Health, School of Social Work, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Justin T McDaniel
- Department of Public Health & Recreation Professions, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Kelli Godfrey
- School of Social Work, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Kate H Thomas
- College of Health Sciences, Charleston Southern University, North Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kari L Fletcher
- St. Catherine University - University of St. Thomas School of Social Work, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Gina Rosen
- Research and Evaluation The Mission Continues, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Flint DD, Ferrell EL, Engelman J. Clinical research on behavioral activation as treatment for post‐traumatic stress disorder: A brief review and meta‐analysis. BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/bin.1712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D. Flint
- Department of PsychologyBowling Green State University Bowling Green Ohio USA
| | - Emily L. Ferrell
- Department of PsychologyBowling Green State University Bowling Green Ohio USA
| | - Joel Engelman
- Department of PsychologyBowling Green State University Bowling Green Ohio USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bessaha ML, Sabbath EL, Morris Z, Malik S, Scheinfeld L, Saragossi J. A Systematic Review of Loneliness Interventions Among Non-elderly Adults. CLINICAL SOCIAL WORK JOURNAL 2020; 48:110-125. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s10615-019-00724-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
|
17
|
McDaniel JT, Klesges R. State-specific cigarette use rates among service members and veterans, United States, 2017. Tob Prev Cessat 2019; 5:28. [PMID: 32411891 PMCID: PMC7205057 DOI: 10.18332/tpc/111536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Little is known about the geographical distribution of cigarette use among military service members and veterans. In this study, we estimated state-specific rates of current cigarette use for service members and veterans and compared these to the current cigarette use rates of civilians. METHODS We used data from the 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to generate survey-weighted percentages with 95% confidence intervals of current cigarette use among service members and veterans (SMVs) and civilians. Respondents (n=450016) were classified as an SMV if they answered in the affirmative to the following question: 'Have you ever served on active duty in the United States Armed Forces, either in the regular military or in a National Guard or military reserve unit?'. Current cigarette users were persons who reported having smoked 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and smoked 'some days' or 'every day' at the administration of the survey. RESULTS Nationally, 17.3% (95% CI: 16.6-18.0) of SMVs reported current cigarette use, while 16.2% (95% CI: 16.0-16.5) of civilians reported current cigarette use. By state, current cigarette use rates ranged from 10.0% in Utah (95% CI: 7.5-12.5) to 23.7% in Indiana (95% CI: 20.9-26.5) among service members and veterans, and from 8.8% in Utah (95% CI: 8.0-9.6) to 27.0% in West Virginia (95% CI: 25.3-28.6) among civilians. CONCLUSIONS Resources and interventions directed at cigarette smoking cessation should consider military status and geography when recruiting participants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin T McDaniel
- Department of Public Health and Recreation Professions, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, United States
| | - Robert Klesges
- Center for Addiction and Prevention Research, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Su AS, Zhang JW, Zou J. The anxiolytic-like effects of puerarin on an animal model of PTSD. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 115:108978. [PMID: 31102911 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental illness that affected numerous people. The anti-PTSD-like effects of puerarin is unknown, although the antidepressant- and anxiolytic- like effects of puerarin have been reported. The PTSD behavioral deficits in rats were induced by single prolonged stress (SPS), mainly including the reduced time/entries in the open arms and the elevated time/entries in the closed arms in elevated plus maze test, increased freezing duration in contextual fear paradigm and lowered time/entries in the central zone in open field test. However, the behavioral deficits were attenuated by puerarin (50 and 100 mg/kg) without affecting the locomotor activity. For the evaluation of mechanism, the decreased levels of progesterone, allopregnanolone, and the increased levels of corticosterone, corticotropin releasing hormone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone in the brain or serum were induced by SPS, which is blocked by puerarin. In summary, the anti-PTSD-like effects of puerarin were associated with biosynthesis of neurosteroids and normalized levels of stress hormones in HPA axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Shan Su
- GCP Center, Nangfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 501515, China
| | - Jun-Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, China
| | - Jing Zou
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China; Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Matthieu MM, Meissen M, Scheinberg A, Dunn EM. Reasons Why Post–9/11 Era Veterans Continue to Volunteer After Their Military Service. JOURNAL OF HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0022167819840850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A myriad reasons exist as to why individuals volunteer to serve in the U.S. military. However, less is known about why these same veterans who have returned home choose to serve again in their communities. We aim to describe the lived experience of post–9/11 era veterans who shared their reasons for joining a civic service program after the completion of their military service. Narrative data from an observationally designed study of veterans ( N = 346) who completed a leadership and civic service program administered by a national nonprofit, was qualitatively analyzed. Findings reveal 15 distinct personal and professional reasons why veterans engage in civic service following the completion of their military service, with 84% of the veteran sample reporting wanting to continue to serve while 41% reporting that participating would aid in their employment transition from military to civilian life. Other personal reasons include wanting a sense of purpose (20%) and wanting to integrate and participate in a community (20%). The motivation to continue to serve is strong among those who have served in the military and offers implications for conducting research with community-based and federal programs for veterans, military service members, and their communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica M. Matthieu
- School of Social Work, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Molly Meissen
- School of Social Work, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aaron Scheinberg
- School of Social Work, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Dunn
- School of Social Work, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lawrence KA, Matthieu MM, Robertson-Blackmore E. Civic Service as an Intervention to Promote Psychosocial Health and Implications for Mental Health in Post-9/11/01 Era Women Veterans. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2019; 28:1133-1142. [PMID: 30920331 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2018.7338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Women veterans experience significant morbidity with poorer health and mental health outcomes relative to nonveteran counterparts. Little is known about how to best promote health and well-being among reintegrating female veterans. Civic service has been shown to improve mental health in civilians, but its impact on female veterans is unknown. This study characterizes the physical and mental health and psychosocial functioning of female veterans and evaluates changes in these domains following completion of an intensive civic service program. Materials and Methods: Data were obtained from an observational, pre-post cohort study of post-9/11/01 era veterans who completed a 6-month, 20-hour per week civic service program. Of the 346 participants, 107 were women. Participants completed online pre- and post-program surveys. Nine measures of health, mental health, and psychosocial functioning were analyzed. Results: Before starting the program, 47% of women screened positive for a probable diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 24% for depression, and 51% reported seeking assistance for mental health problems. Pre-post change scores indicated significant improvements on nine measures of health, mental health, and psychosocial functioning (p < 0.05). Perceived self-efficacy change scores predicted PTSD change scores, F(1, 93) = 8.00, p < 0.05. Seeking professional assistance for mental health problems and social isolation and loneliness change scores predicted depression change scores, F(2, 95) = 15.618, p < 0.05, explaining 23% of the variance. Conclusions: Civic service has the potential to promote and support the maintenance of psychosocial well-being for returning post-9/11/01 era women veterans with symptoms of PTSD or depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Lawrence
- 1College of Social Work, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Monica M Matthieu
- 2College for Public Health and Social Justice, School of Social Work, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wilson G, Hill M, Kiernan MD. Loneliness and social isolation of military veterans: systematic narrative review. Occup Med (Lond) 2018; 68:600-609. [DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqy160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G Wilson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Nursing, Midwifery and Health, Northern Hub for Veterans and Military Families’ Research, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - M Hill
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Nursing, Midwifery and Health, Northern Hub for Veterans and Military Families’ Research, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - M D Kiernan
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Nursing, Midwifery and Health, Northern Hub for Veterans and Military Families’ Research, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lawrence KA, Matthieu MM. Perceived family impact of volunteering among reintegrating Post-9/11 veterans. JOURNAL OF FAMILY SOCIAL WORK 2017; 21:271-293. [PMID: 31666790 PMCID: PMC6821448 DOI: 10.1080/10522158.2017.1408513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Family issues are common among returned Post-9/11 veterans. Traumatic brain injury (TBI), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depression are each independently related to divorce while community ties and social support are protective factors for the family during reintegration. Evidence from elders on the benefits of one intervention, community volunteering, may indicate "spillover effects" of these benefits into the family. Few measures exist to assess the impact of military veteran volunteering on the family. We report: (1) an adaption of a benefits measure from elders to veterans, (2) its preliminary reliability and validity, and (3) differences among subgroups. Reintegrating Post-9/11 veterans (N = 346) who completed a 6-month, stipended volunteer program were surveyed. Perceived impact of volunteering on the family was assessed after completion of the program using an 11-item self-report measure. Rank-based nonparametric tests were used to detect significant differences among subgroups. Preliminary findings support the scale's adaptation to veterans, internal consistency, and construct validity. At least one perceived family impact indicator differed significantly (p < .05) between subgroups based on demographic and psychological factors. Veterans in this civic service program perceived that their volunteering may have impacted their families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Lawrence
- University of Kentucky College of Social Work, 669 Patterson Office Tower, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506-0027
| | - Monica M Matthieu
- School of Social Work, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Tegeler Hall, 3550 Lindell Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63106
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kranke D, Weiss EL, Heslin KC, Dobalian A. "We Are Disaster Response Experts": A Qualitative Study on the Mental Health Impact of Volunteering in Disaster Settings Among Combat Veterans. SOCIAL WORK IN PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 32:500-509. [PMID: 28876217 DOI: 10.1080/19371918.2017.1365033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Volunteers serving in a disaster context may experience harmful mental health effects that could impede rescue operations. Exploratory research suggests that combat veterans who volunteer in Team Rubicon (TR)-a disaster relief social service organization with the mission of uniting the skills and experiences of military Veterans with first responders to rapidly deploy emergency response teams-have positive mental health responses when providing disaster relief. The objective of this qualitative study was to identify those nuances associated with combat veterans' mental health response in TR. The study consisted of (N = 9) male combat Veterans who volunteered with TR. Data was thematically analyzed. Results suggested that members did not experience negative mental health effects because of prior military training and preparedness relevant to disaster situations. Positive outcomes in mental health were associated with the uniqueness of peer support in TR and applying skills from military training. Veterans in TR reported that providing disaster relief afforded them the opportunity to continue serving others after having served in the military. Implications for public health social work are discussed as well as the need for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Kranke
- a Veterans Emergency Management Evaluation Center , U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs , North Hills , California , USA
| | - Eugenia L Weiss
- b School of Social Work, Orange County Academic Center , University of Southern California , Irvine , California , USA
| | - Kevin C Heslin
- c Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality , Rockville , Maryland , USA
| | - Aram Dobalian
- a Veterans Emergency Management Evaluation Center , U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs , North Hills , California , USA
- d Department of Health Policy and Management , UCLA Fielding School of Public Health & UCLA School of Nursing, University of California Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California , USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lawrence KA, Matthieu MM, Robertson-Blackmore E. Completion of a Veteran-Focused Civic Service Program Improves Health and Psychosocial Outcomes in Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans With a History of Traumatic Brain Injury. Mil Med 2017; 182:e1763-e1770. [PMID: 28810970 DOI: 10.7205/milmed-d-16-00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Volunteering as a health promotion intervention is positively related to improved health and well-being in civilians and older adults. Yet, the impacts of participating in a community-based volunteering program on returning military veterans have not been studied, nor have the outcomes for veterans who have experienced a traumatic brain injury (TBI). MATERIALS AND METHODS This observational, pre-post survey examines health, psychological, and social outcomes from a cohort of post-9/11/01 veterans with (N = 67) and without a reported TBI history (N = 273) who completed a 6-month, 20-hour per week veteran-focused civic service program. This study was approved by the Saint Louis University Institutional Review Board. RESULTS Veterans with a TBI history who completed the 6-month civic service program conducted by a veteran-focused national nonprofit organization showed significant pre-post improvement (p < 0.05) in overall health, decreased post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, increased perceived self-efficacy, decreased feelings of isolation and loneliness, and increased perceived availability of social support. These significant findings were not due to participants seeking external help for emotional problems. Out of four aspects of PTSD symptomatology assessed, "feeling numb or detached from others, activities, or surroundings" most accounted for the decrease in PTSD scores. Given this and taken together with the significant decrease in social isolation and loneliness and the social nature of the program, we posit that decreased social isolation and loneliness is the primary driver of the improved psychological and social outcomes documented here. Finally, pre-post change scores did not differ significantly between veterans with and without a TBI, indicating that TBI history did not hinder the ability to benefit from this program. CONCLUSION Completion of this civic service program positively impacted veterans with TBI, especially on psychological and social outcomes important to recovery and life satisfaction after TBI. Civic service may provide an innovative approach to promoting wellness in returning veterans with a TBI. Results of this study provide preliminary evidence that civic service decreases social isolation and loneliness in veterans with a reported TBI history. Given our findings, volunteering may prevent against social isolation and be promotional of perceived social support in veterans with TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Lawrence
- University of Kentucky, College of Social Work, 669 Patterson Office Tower, Lexington, KY 40506
| | - Monica M Matthieu
- School of Social Work, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Tegeler Hall, 3550 Lindell Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63106
| | | |
Collapse
|