1
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Mao R, Wang C, Cui L, Mellor D, Wu Z, Fang Y. Gender differences in prevalence and associations between cognitive symptoms and suicidal ideation in patients with recurrent major depressive disorder: findings from the Chinese NSSD study. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:83. [PMID: 38297249 PMCID: PMC10829390 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05557-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to explore gender differences in associations between cognitive symptoms and suicidal ideation (SI) among patients with recurrent major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS We recruited 1222 patients with recurrent MDD from the National Survey on Symptomatology of Depression (NSSD), a survey designed to investigate the symptoms experienced during current major depressive episodes in China. A four-point Likert questionnaire was used to assess the frequency of cognitive symptoms and SI in the past two weeks. RESULTS Gender differences in clinical features and cognitive symptoms of participants with recurrent MDD were found. Specifically, male patients had a higher prevalence of memory loss, decreased verbal output, indecisiveness, and impaired interpersonal relationships, while female patients exhibited a higher prevalence of impaired social and occupational functioning (all P < 0.05). No significant difference in SI prevalence was found between male and female patients. The logistic regression analysis revealed that in male patients, SI was associated with indecisiveness and impaired interpersonal relationships. In female patients, reduced verbal output and impaired social and professional functions were also associated with SI in addition to the above-mentioned variables. CONCLUSION The findings of gender differences in associations between cognitive symptoms and SI highlight the need to carefully assess gender-specific cognitive predictors of SI in patients with recurrent MDD. This has further implications for more targeted prevention and treatment strategies for SI based on gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhi Mao
- Clinical Research Center and Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenglei Wang
- Shanghai Changning District Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Lvchun Cui
- Clinical Research Center and Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - David Mellor
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zhiguo Wu
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
- Shanghai Yangpu District Mental Health Center, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yiru Fang
- Clinical Research Center and Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Department of Psychiatry & Affective Disorders Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Levin RN, Erickson-Schroth L, Mak K, Edmiston EK. Biological studies of transgender identity: A critical review. JOURNAL OF GAY & LESBIAN MENTAL HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/19359705.2022.2127042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel N. Levin
- Departments of Biology and Neuroscience, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, USA
| | | | - Kristie Mak
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - E. Kale Edmiston
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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3
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Transwoman Elite Athletes: Their Extra Percentage Relative to Female Physiology. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159103. [PMID: 35897465 PMCID: PMC9331831 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing debate as to whether transwoman athletes should be included in the elite female competition. Most elite sports are divided into male and female divisions because of the greater athletic performance displayed by males. Without the sex division, females would have little chance of winning because males are faster, stronger, and have greater endurance capacity. Male physiology underpins their better athletic performance including increased muscle mass and strength, stronger bones, different skeletal structure, better adapted cardiorespiratory systems, and early developmental effects on brain networks that wires males to be inherently more competitive and aggressive. Testosterone secreted before birth, postnatally, and then after puberty is the major factor that drives these physiological sex differences, and as adults, testosterone levels are ten to fifteen times higher in males than females. The non-overlapping ranges of testosterone between the sexes has led sports regulators, such as the International Olympic Committee, to use 10 nmol/L testosterone as a sole physiological parameter to divide the male and female sporting divisions. Using testosterone levels as a basis for separating female and male elite athletes is arguably flawed. Male physiology cannot be reformatted by estrogen therapy in transwoman athletes because testosterone has driven permanent effects through early life exposure. This descriptive critical review discusses the inherent male physiological advantages that lead to superior athletic performance and then addresses how estrogen therapy fails to create a female-like physiology in the male. Ultimately, the former male physiology of transwoman athletes provides them with a physiological advantage over the cis-female athlete.
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4
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Abstract
Sex and gender differences are seen in cognitive disturbances in a variety of neurological and psychiatry diseases. Men are more likely to have cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia whereas women are more likely to have more severe cognitive symptoms with major depressive disorder and Alzheimer's disease. Thus, it is important to understand sex and gender differences in underlying cognitive abilities with and without disease. Sex differences are noted in performance across various cognitive domains - with males typically outperforming females in spatial tasks and females typically outperforming males in verbal tasks. Furthermore, there are striking sex differences in brain networks that are activated during cognitive tasks and in learning strategies. Although rarely studied, there are also sex differences in the trajectory of cognitive aging. It is important to pay attention to these sex differences as they inform researchers of potential differences in resilience to age-related cognitive decline and underlying mechanisms for both healthy and pathological cognitive aging, depending on sex. We review literature on the progressive neurodegenerative disorder, Alzheimer's disease, as an example of pathological cognitive aging in which human females show greater lifetime risk, neuropathology, and cognitive impairment, compared to human males. Not surprisingly, the relationships between sex and cognition, cognitive aging, and Alzheimer's disease are nuanced and multifaceted. As such, this chapter will end with a discussion of lifestyle factors, like education and diet, as modifiable factors that can alter cognitive aging by sex. Understanding how cognition changes across age and contributing factors, like sex differences, will be essential to improving care for older adults.
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5
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Brain Sex in Transgender Women Is Shifted towards Gender Identity. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11061582. [PMID: 35329908 PMCID: PMC8955456 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11061582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Transgender people report discomfort with their birth sex and a strong identification with the opposite sex. The current study was designed to shed further light on the question of whether the brains of transgender people resemble their birth sex or their gender identity. For this purpose, we analyzed a sample of 24 cisgender men, 24 cisgender women, and 24 transgender women before gender-affirming hormone therapy. We employed a recently developed multivariate classifier that yields a continuous probabilistic (rather than a binary) estimate for brains to be male or female. The brains of transgender women ranged between cisgender men and cisgender women (albeit still closer to cisgender men), and the differences to both cisgender men and to cisgender women were significant (p = 0.016 and p < 0.001, respectively). These findings add support to the notion that the underlying brain anatomy in transgender people is shifted away from their biological sex towards their gender identity.
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6
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Plata-Bello J, Plata-Bello A, Pérez-Martín Y, López-Curtis D, Acosta-López S, Modroño C, Concepción-Massip T. Changes in resting-state measures of prostate cancer patients exposed to androgen deprivation therapy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23350. [PMID: 34857811 PMCID: PMC8639725 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02611-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present work is to describe the differences in rs-fMRI measures (Amplitude of low frequency fluctuations [ALFF], Regional Homogeneity [ReHo] and Functional Connectivity [FC]) between patients exposed to Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and a control group. Forty-nine ADT patients and fifteen PC-non-ADT patients (Controls) were included in the study. A neuropsychological evaluation and a resting-state fMRI was performed to evaluate differences in ALFF and ReHo. Region of interest (ROI) analysis was also performed. ROIs were selected among those whose androgen receptor expression (at RNA-level) was the highest. FC analysis was performed using the same ROIs. Higher ALFF in frontal regions and temporal regions was identified in Controls than in ADT patients. In the ROI analysis, higher activity for Controls than ADT patients was shown in the left inferior frontal gyrus and in the left precentral gyrus. Lower ALFF in the right hippocampus and the lateral geniculate nucleus of the right thalamus was identified for Controls than ADT patients. Higher ReHo was observed in Controls in the left parietal-occipital area. Finally, ADT patients presented an increase of FC in more regions than Controls. These differences may reflect an impairment in brain functioning in ADT users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Plata-Bello
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, CP 38320, S/C de Tenerife, Spain. .,Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, University of La Laguna, S/C de Tenerife, Spain. .,Neuroscience Department, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Calle Ofra s/n La Cuesta, La Laguna, CP 38320, S/C de Tenerife, Spain.
| | - Ana Plata-Bello
- Department of Urology, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, CP 38320, S/C de Tenerife, Spain.,Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, University of La Laguna, S/C de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Yaiza Pérez-Martín
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, CP 38320, S/C de Tenerife, Spain
| | - David López-Curtis
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, University of La Laguna, S/C de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Silvia Acosta-López
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Group, University of La Laguna, S/C de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Cristián Modroño
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Laguna, CP 38320, S/C de Tenerife, Spain
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7
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Baldinger-Melich P, Urquijo Castro MF, Seiger R, Ruef A, Dwyer DB, Kranz GS, Klöbl M, Kambeitz J, Kaufmann U, Windischberger C, Kasper S, Falkai P, Lanzenberger R, Koutsouleris N. Sex Matters: A Multivariate Pattern Analysis of Sex- and Gender-Related Neuroanatomical Differences in Cis- and Transgender Individuals Using Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Cereb Cortex 2021; 30:1345-1356. [PMID: 31368487 PMCID: PMC7132951 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Univariate analyses of structural neuroimaging data have produced heterogeneous results regarding anatomical sex- and gender-related differences. The current study aimed at delineating and cross-validating brain volumetric surrogates of sex and gender by comparing the structural magnetic resonance imaging data of cis- and transgender subjects using multivariate pattern analysis. Gray matter (GM) tissue maps of 29 transgender men, 23 transgender women, 35 cisgender women, and 34 cisgender men were created using voxel-based morphometry and analyzed using support vector classification. Generalizability of the models was estimated using repeated nested cross-validation. For external validation, significant models were applied to hormone-treated transgender subjects (n = 32) and individuals diagnosed with depression (n = 27). Sex was identified with a balanced accuracy (BAC) of 82.6% (false discovery rate [pFDR] < 0.001) in cisgender, but only with 67.5% (pFDR = 0.04) in transgender participants indicating differences in the neuroanatomical patterns associated with sex in transgender despite the major effect of sex on GM volume irrespective of the self-identification as a woman or man. Gender identity and gender incongruence could not be reliably identified (all pFDR > 0.05). The neuroanatomical signature of sex in cisgender did not interact with depressive features (BAC = 74.7%) but was affected by hormone therapy when applied in transgender women (P < 0.001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Baldinger-Melich
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Division of General Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Neuroimaging Labs (NIL) PET, MRI, EEG, TMS and Chemical Lab, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Division of General Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria F Urquijo Castro
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Bavaria, Germany.,Section for Neurodiagnostic Applications, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - René Seiger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Division of General Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Neuroimaging Labs (NIL) PET, MRI, EEG, TMS and Chemical Lab, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Division of General Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anne Ruef
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Bavaria, Germany.,Section for Neurodiagnostic Applications, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Dominic B Dwyer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Bavaria, Germany.,Section for Neurodiagnostic Applications, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Georg S Kranz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Division of General Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Neuroimaging Labs (NIL) PET, MRI, EEG, TMS and Chemical Lab, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Division of General Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Manfred Klöbl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Division of General Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joseph Kambeitz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Bavaria, Germany.,Section for Neurodiagnostic Applications, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Ulrike Kaufmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Windischberger
- MR Centre of Excellence, Centre for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Siegfried Kasper
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Division of General Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Rupert Lanzenberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Division of General Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Neuroimaging Labs (NIL) PET, MRI, EEG, TMS and Chemical Lab, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Clinical Division of General Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nikolaos Koutsouleris
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Bavaria, Germany.,Section for Neurodiagnostic Applications, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
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8
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Mueller SC, Guillamon A, Zubiaurre-Elorza L, Junque C, Gomez-Gil E, Uribe C, Khorashad BS, Khazai B, Talaei A, Habel U, Votinov M, Derntl B, Lanzenberger R, Seiger R, Kranz GS, Kreukels BPC, Kettenis PTC, Burke SM, Lambalk NB, Veltman DJ, Kennis M, Sánchez FJ, Vilain E, Fisher AD, Mascalchi M, Gavazzi G, Orsolini S, Ristori J, Dannlowski U, Grotegerd D, Konrad C, Schneider MA, T'Sjoen G, Luders E. The Neuroanatomy of Transgender Identity: Mega-Analytic Findings From the ENIGMA Transgender Persons Working Group. J Sex Med 2021; 18:1122-1129. [PMID: 37057468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In contrast to cisgender persons, transgender persons identify with a different gender than the one assigned at birth. Although research on the underlying neurobiology of transgender persons has been accumulating over the years, neuroimaging studies in this relatively rare population are often based on very small samples resulting in discrepant findings. AIM To examine the neurobiology of transgender persons in a large sample. METHODS Using a mega-analytic approach, structural MRI data of 803 non-hormonally treated transgender men (TM, n = 214, female assigned at birth with male gender identity), transgender women (TW, n = 172, male assigned at birth with female gender identity), cisgender men (CM, n = 221, male assigned at birth with male gender identity) and cisgender women (CW, n = 196, female assigned at birth with female gender identity) were analyzed. OUTCOMES Structural brain measures, including grey matter volume, cortical surface area, and cortical thickness. RESULTS Transgender persons differed significantly from cisgender persons with respect to (sub)cortical brain volumes and surface area, but not cortical thickness. Contrasting the 4 groups (TM, TW, CM, and CW), we observed a variety of patterns that not only depended on the direction of gender identity (towards male or towards female) but also on the brain measure as well as the brain region examined. CLINICAL TRANSLATION The outcomes of this large-scale study may provide a normative framework that may become useful in clinical studies. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS While this is the largest study of MRI data in transgender persons to date, the analyses conducted were governed (and restricted) by the type of data collected across all participating sites. CONCLUSION Rather than being merely shifted towards either end of the male-female spectrum, transgender persons seem to present with their own unique brain phenotype. Mueller SC, Guillamon A, Zubiaurre-Elorza L, et al. The Neuroanatomy of Transgender Identity: Mega-Analytic Findings From the ENIGMA Transgender Persons Working Group. J Sex Med 2021;18:1122-1129.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven C Mueller
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Personality, Psychological Assessment and Treatment, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Antonio Guillamon
- Deparment of Psychobiology, National Distance Education University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leire Zubiaurre-Elorza
- Department of Methods and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Carme Junque
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Carme Uribe
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Behzad S Khorashad
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Behnaz Khazai
- Keck School of Medicine, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ali Talaei
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ute Habel
- Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University Clinic RWTH, Aachen, Germany
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-10), Jülich, Germany
| | - Mikhail Votinov
- Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University Clinic RWTH, Aachen, Germany
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-10), Jülich, Germany
| | - Birgit Derntl
- Deptarment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Rupert Lanzenberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rene Seiger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg S Kranz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hongkong
| | | | | | - Sarah M Burke
- Psychology, Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nils B Lambalk
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dick J Veltman
- Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Kennis
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Eric Vilain
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alessandra Daphne Fisher
- Andrology, Women's Endocrinology, Gender Incongruence Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Mario Mascalchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gioele Gavazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research, Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Orsolini
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi", University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Jiska Ristori
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Dominik Grotegerd
- Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Carsten Konrad
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Agaplesion Diakonieklinikum, Rotenburg, Germany
| | | | - Guy T'Sjoen
- Department of Endocrinology & Center for Sexology and Gender, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eileen Luders
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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9
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Sorouri Khorashad B, Khazai B, Talaei A, Acar F, Hudson AR, Borji N, Saberi H, Aminzadeh B, Mueller SC. Neuroanatomy of transgender persons in a Non-Western population and improving reliability in clinical neuroimaging. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:2166-2177. [PMID: 32776583 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Although the neuroanatomy of transgender persons is slowly being charted, findings are presently discrepant. Moreover, the major body of work has focused on Western populations. One important factor is the issue of power and low signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio in neuroimaging studies of rare study populations including endocrine or neurological patient groups. The present study focused on the structural neuroanatomy of a Non-Western (Iranian) sample of 40 transgender men (TM), 40 transgender women (TW), 30 cisgender men (CM), and 30 cisgender women (CW), while assessing whether the reliability of findings across structural anatomical measures including gray matter volume (GMV), cortical surface area (CSA), and cortical thickness (CTh) could be increased by using two back-to-back within-session structural MRI scans. Overall, findings in transgender persons were more consistent with sex assigned at birth in GMV and CSA, while no group differences emerged for CTh. Repeated measures analysis also indicated that having a second scan increased SNR in all regions of interest, most notably bilateral frontal poles, pre- and postcentral gyri and putamina. The results suggest that a simple time and cost-effective measure to improve SNR in rare clinical populations with low prevalence rates is a second anatomical scan when structural MRI is of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Sorouri Khorashad
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Solna, Sweden.,Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Behnaz Khazai
- Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ali Talaei
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Freya Acar
- Department of Data Analysis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anna R Hudson
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nahid Borji
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hedieh Saberi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Behzad Aminzadeh
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sven C Mueller
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Personality, Psychological Assessment and Treatment, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
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10
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Neural Correlates of Gender Face Perception in Transgender People. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9061731. [PMID: 32503300 PMCID: PMC7356844 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, MRI studies focused on brain sexual dimorphism have not explored the presence of specific neural patterns in gender dysphoria (GD) using gender discrimination tasks. Considering the central role of body image in GD, the present study aims to evaluate brain activation patterns with 3T-scanner functional MRI (fMRI) during gender face discrimination task in a sample of 20 hormone-naïve transgender and 20 cisgender individuals. Additionally, participants were asked to complete psychometric measures. The between-group analysis of average blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) activations of female vs. male face contrast showed a significant positive cluster in the bilateral precuneus in transmen when compared to the ciswomen. In addition. the transwomen group compared to the cismen showed higher activations also in the precuneus, as well as in the posterior cingulate gyrus, the angular gyrus and the lateral occipital cortices. Moreover, the activation of precuneus, angular gyrus, lateral occipital cortices and posterior cingulate gyrus was significantly associated with higher levels of body uneasiness. These results show for the first time the existence of a possible specific GD-neural pattern. However, it remains unclear if the differences in brain phenotype of transgender people may be the result of a sex-atypical neural development or of a lifelong experience of gender non-conformity.
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11
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Uribe C, Junque C, Gómez-Gil E, Abos A, Mueller SC, Guillamon A. Brain network interactions in transgender individuals with gender incongruence. Neuroimage 2020; 211:116613. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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12
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Kranz GS, Zhang BBB, Handschuh P, Ritter V, Lanzenberger R. Gender-affirming hormone treatment - A unique approach to study the effects of sex hormones on brain structure and function. Cortex 2020; 129:68-79. [PMID: 32438011 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Investigating the effects of the gender-affirming hormone treatment of transgender people using neuroimaging provides a unique opportunity to study the impact of high dosages of sex hormones on human brain structure and function. This line of research is of relevance from a basic neuroscientific as well as from a psychiatric viewpoint. Prevalence rates, etiopathology, and disease course of many psychiatric disorders exhibit sex differences which are linked to differences in sex hormone levels. Here, we review recent neuroimaging studies from others and our group that investigate the effects of gender-affirming hormone treatment in a longitudinal design utilizing structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography. Studies point to a general anabolic and anticatabolic effect of testosterone on grey and white matter structure, whereas estradiol and antiandrogen treatment seems to have partly opposite effects. Moreover, preliminary research indicates that gender-affirming hormone treatment influences serotonergic neurotransmission, a finding that is especially interesting for psychiatry. A clear picture of a hormonal influence on brain activity has yet to emerge. In conclusion, the available evidence reviewed here clearly indicates that sex hormone applications influence brain structure and function in the adult human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg S Kranz
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
| | - Bella B B Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Patricia Handschuh
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vera Ritter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rupert Lanzenberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Schneider MA, Spritzer PM, Suh JS, Minuzzi L, Frey BN, Schwarz K, Costa AB, da Silva DC, Garcia CCG, Fontanari AMV, Anes M, Castan JU, Cunegatto FR, Picon FA, Luders E, Lobato MIR. The Link between Estradiol and Neuroplasticity in Transgender Women after Gender-Affirming Surgery: A Bimodal Hypothesis. Neuroendocrinology 2020; 110:489-500. [PMID: 31461715 DOI: 10.1159/000502977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
For transgender individuals, gender-affirming surgery (GAS) and cross-sex hormone therapy (CSHT) are part of the gender transition process. Scientific evidence supporting the maintenance of CSHT after GAS-related gonadectomy is accumulating. However, few data are available on the impact of CSHT on the brain structure following hypogonadism. Thus, we aimed to investigate links between estradiol and brain cortical thickness (CTh) and cognition in 18 post-gonadectomy transgender women using a longitudinal design. For this purpose, the participants underwent a voluntary period of CSHT washout of at least 30 days, followed by estradiol re-institution for 60 days. High-resolution T1-weighted brain images, hormonal measures, working and verbal memory were collected at 2 time points: on the last day of the washout (t1) and on the last day of the 2-month CSHT period (t2). Between these 2 time points, CTh increased within the left precentral gyrus and right precuneus but decreased within the right lateral occipital cortex. However, these findings did not survive corrections of multiple comparisons. Nevertheless, there was a significant negative correlation between changes in estradiol levels and changes in CTh. This effect was evident in the left superior frontal gyrus, the left middle temporal gyrus, the right precuneus, the right superior temporal gyrus, and the right pars opercularis. Although there was an improvement in verbal memory following hypogonadism correction, we did not observe a significant relationship between changes in memory scores and CTh. Altogether, these findings suggest that there is a link between estradiol and CTh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko A Schneider
- Gender Identity Program, Psychiatry Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil,
- Mood Disorders Program and Women's Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada,
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada,
| | - Poli M Spritzer
- Gender Identity Program, Psychiatry Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Division of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jee Su Suh
- Mood Disorders Program and Women's Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luciano Minuzzi
- Mood Disorders Program and Women's Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benicio N Frey
- Mood Disorders Program and Women's Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karine Schwarz
- Gender Identity Program, Psychiatry Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Angelo B Costa
- Graduate Program in Psychology, Pontifícia Universidade do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Dhiordan C da Silva
- Gender Identity Program, Psychiatry Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program, Universidade Federal do Rio Grand do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Claudia C G Garcia
- Gender Identity Program, Psychiatry Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program, Universidade Federal do Rio Grand do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Anna M V Fontanari
- Gender Identity Program, Psychiatry Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program, Universidade Federal do Rio Grand do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Anes
- Medical Physics and Radiation Protection Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Juliana U Castan
- Psychology Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Felipe A Picon
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Adult Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eileen Luders
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Maria I R Lobato
- Gender Identity Program, Psychiatry Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Mood Disorders Program and Women's Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Psychiatry and Forensic Medical Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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14
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Schneider MA, Spritzer PM, Minuzzi L, Frey BN, Syan SK, Fighera TM, Schwarz K, Costa ÂB, da Silva DC, Garcia CCG, Fontanari AMV, Real AG, Anes M, Castan JU, Cunegatto FR, Lobato MIR. Effects of Estradiol Therapy on Resting-State Functional Connectivity of Transgender Women After Gender-Affirming Related Gonadectomy. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:817. [PMID: 31440128 PMCID: PMC6692765 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An extreme incongruence between sex and gender identity leads individuals with gender dysphoria (GD) to seek cross-sex hormone therapy (CSHT), and gender-affirming surgery (GAS). Although few studies have investigated the effects of CSHT on the brain prior to GAS, no studies in the extant literature have evaluated its impact during hypogonadism in post-GAS individuals. Here, we aimed to evaluate the effects of estradiol on resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC) of the sensorimotor cortex (SMC) and basal ganglia following surgical hypogonadism. Eighteen post-GAS (male-to-female) participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and neuropsychiatric and hormonal assessment at two time points (t1, hormonal washout; t2, CSHT reintroduction). Based on the literature, the thalamus was selected as a seed, while the SMC and the dorsolateral striatum were targets for seed-based functional connectivity (sbFC). A second sbFC investigation consisted of a whole-brain voxel exploratory analysis again using the thalamus as a seed. A final complementary data-driven approach using multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA) was conducted to identify a potential seed for further sbFC analyses. An increase in the rs-FC between the left thalamus and the left SCM/putamen followed CSHT. MVPA identified a cluster within the subcallosal cortex (SubCalC) representing the highest variation in peak activation between time points. Setting the SubCalC as a seed, whole-brain analysis showed a decoupling between the SubCalC and the medial frontal cortex during CSHT. These results indicate that CSHT with estradiol post-GAS, modulates rs-FC in regions engaged in cognitive, emotional, and sensorimotor processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko A Schneider
- Gender Identity Program (PROTIG), Psychiatric Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Mood Disorders Program, Women's Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Poli M Spritzer
- Gender Identity Program (PROTIG), Psychiatric Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Division of Endocrinoloy, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luciano Minuzzi
- Mood Disorders Program, Women's Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Benicio N Frey
- Mood Disorders Program, Women's Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sabrina K Syan
- Mood Disorders Program, Women's Health Concerns Clinic, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Tayane M Fighera
- Gender Identity Program (PROTIG), Psychiatric Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Division of Endocrinoloy, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Karine Schwarz
- Gender Identity Program (PROTIG), Psychiatric Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ângelo B Costa
- Graduate Program in Psychology, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Dhiordan C da Silva
- Gender Identity Program (PROTIG), Psychiatric Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program, Universidade Federal do Rio Grand do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Cláudia C G Garcia
- Gender Identity Program (PROTIG), Psychiatric Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program, Universidade Federal do Rio Grand do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Anna M V Fontanari
- Gender Identity Program (PROTIG), Psychiatric Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program, Universidade Federal do Rio Grand do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - André G Real
- Gender Identity Program (PROTIG), Psychiatric Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program, Universidade Federal do Rio Grand do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maurício Anes
- Medical Physics and Radiation Protection Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Juliana U Castan
- Gender Identity Program (PROTIG), Psychiatric Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Psychology Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Maria I R Lobato
- Gender Identity Program (PROTIG), Psychiatric Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program, Universidade Federal do Rio Grand do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Psychiatric and Forensic Medical Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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15
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Mahfouda S, Moore JK, Siafarikas A, Hewitt T, Ganti U, Lin A, Zepf FD. Gender-affirming hormones and surgery in transgender children and adolescents. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2019; 7:484-498. [PMID: 30528161 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(18)30305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guidelines on the treatment of gender incongruent people recommend the use of gender-affirming cross-sex hormone (CSH) interventions in transgender children and adolescents who request this treatment, who have undergone psychiatric assessment, and have maintained a persistent transgender identity. The intervention can help to affirm gender identity by inducing masculine or feminine physical characteristics that are congruent with an individual's gender expression, while aiming to improve mental health and quality-of-life outcomes. Some transgender individuals might also wish to access gender-affirming surgeries during adolescence; however, research to inform best clinical practice for surgeons and other medical professionals is scarce. This Review explores the available published evidence on gender-affirming CSH and surgical interventions in transgender children and adolescents, amalgamating findings on mental health outcomes, cognitive and physical effects, side-effects, and safety variables. The small amount of available data suggest that when clearly indicated in accordance with international guidelines, gender-affirming CSHs and chest wall masculinisation in transgender males are associated with improvements in mental health and quality of life. Evidence regarding surgical vaginoplasty in transgender females younger than age 18 years remains extremely scarce and conclusions cannot yet be drawn regarding its risks and benefits in this age group. Further research on an international scale is urgently warranted to clarify long-term outcomes on psychological functioning and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Mahfouda
- Centre and Discipline of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Division of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences and Division of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Julia K Moore
- Centre and Discipline of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Division of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences and Division of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Gender Diversity Service, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service, Child and Adolescent Health Service, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Aris Siafarikas
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Division of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Timothy Hewitt
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Uma Ganti
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ashleigh Lin
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Florian Daniel Zepf
- Centre and Discipline of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Division of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences and Division of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany.
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16
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Nguyen HB, Loughead J, Lipner E, Hantsoo L, Kornfield SL, Epperson CN. What has sex got to do with it? The role of hormones in the transgender brain. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:22-37. [PMID: 30082887 PMCID: PMC6235900 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0140-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences and hormonal effects in presumed cisgender individuals have been well-studied and support the concept of a mosaic of both male and female "characteristics" in any given brain. Gonadal steroid increases and fluctuations during peri-puberty and across the reproductive lifespan influence the brain structure and function programmed by testosterone and estradiol exposures in utero. While it is becoming increasingly common for transgender and gender non-binary individuals to block their transition to puberty and/or use gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) to obtain their desired gender phenotype, little is known about the impact of these manipulations on brain structure and function. Using sex differences and the effects of reproductive hormones in cisgender individuals as the backdrop, we summarize here the existing nascent neuroimaging and behavioral literature focusing on potential brain and cognitive differences in transgender individuals at baseline and after GAHT. Research in this area has the potential to inform our understanding of the developmental origins of gender identity and sex difference in response to gonadal steroid manipulations, but care is needed in our research questions and methods to not further stigmatize sex and gender minorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hillary B Nguyen
- School of Arts and Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn PROMOTES Research on Sex and Gender in Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Emily Lipner
- School of Arts and Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn PROMOTES Research on Sex and Gender in Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - C Neill Epperson
- School of Arts and Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Penn PROMOTES Research on Sex and Gender in Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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17
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Nota NM, Kreukels BPC, den Heijer M, Veltman DJ, Cohen-Kettenis PT, Burke SM, Bakker J. Brain functional connectivity patterns in children and adolescents with gender dysphoria: Sex-atypical or not? Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 86:187-195. [PMID: 28972892 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Various previous studies have reported that brains of people diagnosed with gender dysphoria (GD) show sex-atypical features. In addition, recent functional magnetic resonance imaging studies found that several brain resting-state networks (RSNs) in adults with GD show functional connectivity (FC) patterns that are not sex-atypical, but specific for GD. In the current study we examined whether FC patterns are also altered in prepubertal children and adolescents with GD in comparison with non-gender dysphoric peers. We investigated FC patterns within RSNs that were previously examined in adults: visual networks (VNs), sensorimotor networks (SMNs), default mode network (DMN) and salience network. Thirty-one children (18 birth assigned males; 13 birth assigned females) and 40 adolescents with GD (19 birth assigned males or transgirls; 21 birth assigned females or transboys), and 39 cisgender children (21 boys; 18 girls) and 41 cisgender adolescents (20 boys; 21 girls) participated. We used independent component analysis to obtain the network maps of interest and compared these across groups. Within one of the three VNs (VN-I), adolescent transgirls showed stronger FC in the right cerebellum compared with all other adolescent groups. Sex differences in FC between the cisgender adolescent groups were observed in the right supplementary motor area within one of the two SMNs (SMN-II; girls>boys) and the right posterior cingulate gyrus within the posterior DMN (boys>girls). Within these networks adolescent transgirls showed FC patterns similar to their experienced gender (female). Also adolescent transboys showed a FC pattern similar to their experienced gender (male), but within the SMN-II only. The prepubertal children did not show any group differences in FC, suggesting that these emerge with aging and during puberty. Our findings provide evidence for the existence of both GD-specific and sex-atypical FC patterns in adolescents with GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke M Nota
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Baudewijntje P C Kreukels
- Department of Medical Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Martin den Heijer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dick J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical, Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peggy T Cohen-Kettenis
- Department of Medical Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah M Burke
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Leiden University, Pieter de la Court Gebouw, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Julie Bakker
- Department of Medical Psychology, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Neuroendocrinology, GIGA Neurosciences, University of Liège, Avenue Hippocrate, 15, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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18
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Age-Dependent Sexually-Dimorphic Asymmetric Development of the Ferret Cerebellar Cortex. Symmetry (Basel) 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/sym9030040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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19
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Funktionelle Magnetresonanztomographie bei Trans*Menschen. GYNAKOLOGISCHE ENDOKRINOLOGIE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10304-016-0111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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