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Yoneda T, Pauly T, Ram N, Kolodziejczak-Krupp K, Ashe MC, Madden K, Drewelies J, Gerstorf D, Hoppmann CA. "What's yours is mine": Partners' everyday emotional experiences and cortisol in older adult couples. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 167:107118. [PMID: 38954980 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The existing literature consistently finds that emotional experiences and cortisol secretion are linked at the within-person level. Further, relationship partners tend to covary in emotional experience, and in cortisol secretion. However, we are only beginning to understand whether and how an individuals' emotions are linked to their relationship partners' cortisol secretion. In this project, we harmonized data from three intensive measurement studies originating from Canada and Germany to investigate the daily dynamics of emotions and cortisol within 321 older adult couples (age range=56-87 years). Three-level multilevel models accounted for the nested structure of the data (repeated assessments within individuals within couples). Actor-Partner Interdependence Models were used to examine the effect of own emotional experiences (actor effects) and partner emotional experiences (partner effects) on momentary and daily cortisol secretion. Adjusting for age, sex, education, comorbidities, assay version, diurnal cortisol rhythm, time spent together, medication, and time-varying behaviors that may increase cortisol secretion, results suggest that higher relationship partner's positive emotions are linked with lower momentary cortisol and total daily cortisol. Further, this association was stronger for older participants and those who reported higher relationship satisfaction. We did not find within-couple links between negative emotions and cortisol. Overall, our results suggest that one's relationship partner's positive emotional experience may be a protective factor for their physiological responding, and that these more fleeting and day-to-day fluctuations may accumulate over time, contributing to overall relationship satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomiko Yoneda
- Department of Psychology, University of California Davis, Davis, USA.
| | - Theresa Pauly
- Department of Gerontology, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Nilam Ram
- Departments of Psychology and Communication, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | | | - Maureen C Ashe
- Department of Family Practice, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kenneth Madden
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Johanna Drewelies
- Lise Meitner Group for Environmental Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany; Department of Psychology, Humboldt Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Denis Gerstorf
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Hall H, Papp V, Fitzgerald M. Childhood sexual abuse and IL6 mediated by change in BMI over an 18-year period: A growth curve model. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 154:106914. [PMID: 38986306 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood sexual abuse can increase both body weight and inflammation later in life. Higher weight or faster changes in weight, as measured by changes in body mass index (BMI), may mediate the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and inflammation, however, most studies to date have used a cross-sectional design limiting causal inferences. OBJECTIVE The current study aimed to investigate the interrelationships between childhood sexual abuse, BMI, and C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL6). PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Data from 461 adults who participated in the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study were utilized. METHODS Growth curve modeling was used to test initial levels of BMI and changes of BMI over an 18-year period as mediators linking childhood sexual abuse to CRP and IL6. RESULTS Sexual abuse was not significantly associated with the initial level of BMI; however, sexual abuse was associated with the slope of BMI (b = 0.072, p = .006). BMI intercept (b = 0.080, p = .001) and slope (b = 0.240, p = .002) predicted IL6 values whereas the slope of BMI (b = 0.398, p = .033) but not intercept predicted CRP values. The indirect effect from sexual abuse to IL6 through BMI slope was significant (b = 0.017, 95 % [CI.001, 0.033]) while the indirect effect from sexual abuse to CRP through BMI slope was not significant (b = 0.028, 95 % [CI -0.004, 0.061]). CONCLUSION Childhood sexual abuse was indirectly associated with IL6 through rates of change in BMI over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley Hall
- Oklahoma State University, 230 Nancy Randolph Davis Building, Stillwater, OK, 74074, United States of America.
| | - Viktoria Papp
- Oklahoma State University, 230 Nancy Randolph Davis Building, Stillwater, OK, 74074, United States of America.
| | - Michael Fitzgerald
- Oklahoma State University, 230 Nancy Randolph Davis Building, Stillwater, OK, 74074, United States of America.
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Merritt CC, Muscatell KA. Discrimination and Cardiovascular Health in Black Americans: Exploring Inflammation as a Mechanism and Perceived Control as a Protective Factor. Psychosom Med 2024; 86:181-191. [PMID: 38436661 PMCID: PMC11001516 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammation may be an integral physiological mechanism through which discrimination impacts cardiovascular health and contributes to racial health disparities. Limited research has examined psychosocial factors that protect against the negative effects of discrimination on inflammation. Perceived control is a promising possible protective factor, given that it has been shown to moderate the relationship between other psychosocial stressors and physiological outcomes. This study thus tested whether systemic inflammation mediated the link between discrimination and cardiovascular health and whether perceived control moderated this relationship. METHODS Data for this project included 347 non-Hispanic/Latinx Black adults (mean [standard deviation] age = 51.64 [11.24] years; 33% female) taken from the Midlife in the United States study. Perceived control and daily discrimination were assessed via self-report, and inflammation was measured via circulating levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), fibrinogen, and tumor necrosis factor α. Cardiovascular health was measured by morbidity of cardiovascular conditions: heart disease, hypertension, and/or stroke. RESULTS CRP (indirect effect: b = 0.004, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.001-0.007) and fibrinogen (indirect effect: b = 0.002, 95% CI = 0.0003-0.005) mediated the link between discrimination and cardiovascular conditions. Perceived control moderated the relationship between discrimination and CRP ( F (1, 293) = 4.58, Δ R2 = 0.013, b = -0.02, SE = 0.01, p = .033). CRP mediated the link between discrimination and cardiovascular conditions only for those who reported low levels of perceived control (Index = -0.003, 95% CI = -0.007 to -0.0001). CONCLUSION Findings provide empirical evidence of inflammation as a mechanism linking discrimination to cardiovascular conditions among Black Americans. Additionally, perceived control may be protective. Findings could suggest beliefs about control as a potential intervention target to help reduce the negative effects of discrimination on cardiovascular health among Black Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrington C. Merritt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Keely A. Muscatell
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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4
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Jiang Y, Knauft KM, Richardson CME, Chung T, Wu B, Zilioli S. Age and Sex Differences in the Associations Among Socioeconomic Status, Affective Reactivity to Daily Stressors, and Physical Health in the MIDUS Study. Ann Behav Med 2023; 57:942-950. [PMID: 37369129 PMCID: PMC10578394 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaad034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low socioeconomic status (SES) is robustly associated with increased risks of morbidity and mortality. Affective reactivity to daily stressors has been proposed to be a mediator for this association. However, few longitudinal studies have empirically tested the indirect effect of SES on health through affective reactivity to daily stressors. PURPOSE This study aimed to test the indirect effect of SES on physical health via affective reactivity to daily stressors over a 10-year period and to explore age and sex differences in such indirect effect. METHODS Data were drawn from a subsample of 1,522 middle-aged and older adults (34-83 years of age, 57.2% female, 83.5% White) from the Midlife in the United States study. SES (i.e., education, household income, indicators of financial distress) was assessed in 2004-2006. Affective reactivity to daily stressors was computed using data collected during the 8-day daily stress assessment in 2004-2009. Self-reported physical health conditions were assessed in 2004-2006 and 2013-2014. RESULTS There was a significant indirect effect of lower SES on more physical health conditions via elevated negative affective reactivity to daily stressors among women but not men. The indirect effect of SES on physical health conditions via negative affective reactivity to daily stressors was consistent across the middle and older adulthood. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that negative affective reactivity to daily stressors might be a key intermediate process contributing to persistent SES disparities in physical health, particularly among women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Jiang
- Center for Population Behavioral Health, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | | | - Tammy Chung
- Center for Population Behavioral Health, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Bei Wu
- Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuele Zilioli
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Rauvola RS, Rudolph CW. Worker aging, control, and well-being: A specification curve analysis. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2023; 233:103833. [PMID: 36623471 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the many work (and life) characteristics of relevance to adult development and aging, various forms of control are some of the most extensively and diversely studied. Indeed, "control," whether objectively held (i.e., "actual" control), perceived, or enacted through self-regulation, is a concept central to our understanding of person-environment interactions, development, and well-being within and across life domains. However, variability in conceptualization and analysis in the literature on control presents challenges to integration. To partially address these gaps, the present study sought to explore the effects of conceptual and analytical specification decisions (e.g., construct types, time, covariates) on observed control-well-being relationships in a large, age-diverse, longitudinal sample (Midlife in the United States I, II, and III datasets), providing a specification curve analysis (SCA) tutorial and guidance in the process. Results suggest that construct types and operationalizations, particularly predictor variables, have bearing on observed results, with certain types of control serving as better predictors of various forms of well-being than others. These findings and identified gaps are summarized to provide direction for theoretical clarification and reconciliation in the control and lifespan development literatures, construct selection and operationalization in future aging and work research, and inclusive, well-specified interventions to improve employee well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cort W Rudolph
- Department of Psychology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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Han Y, Chen X, Chung RYN. Sense of control as a mediator of the association between social capital and health inequality in China. Prev Med 2023; 166:107382. [PMID: 36495924 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Social capital was shown to be associated with health. However, less is known about the pathways of the association and whether the mediating effect of the pathways varies across different income groups. Using adults (≥18 years) data from the 2010 Chinese General Social Survey (N = 3265), we examined the mediating effect of sense of control between social capital and health and whether income groups moderated the mediating effect in China. Health and sense of control were factor scores. Social capital measurements included frequency of socializing, civic participation, trust, and reciprocity. We categorized equivalized household income into quintiles (Q1 (lowest income) to Q5 (highest income)). Multivariable linear regression models showed that frequency of socializing (β: 0.07; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.11), trust (β: 0.06; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.09), and reciprocity (β: 0.07; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.11) were positively associated with health. Moderated mediation analysis further showed that sense of control mediated the association between frequency of socializing and health in all income groups, with the mediating effect decreasing when income increased (β (95% CI) from Q1 to Q5: 0.026 (0.015, 0.040); 0.022 (0.012, 0.036); 0.018 (0.009, 0.030); 0.013 (0.005, 0.024); 0.008 (0.000, 0.018)). Moderated mediation analysis also showed the same patterns for the mediating effect of sense of control on the association between trust and health and reciprocity and health. Our study suggested that employing social capital to promote sense of control could not only be beneficial for people's health but also be helpful to narrow the health gap on the income gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Han
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xi Chen
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Sociology and Social Policy, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Roger Yat-Nork Chung
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Institute of Health Equity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Centre for Bioethics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Cundiff JM, Lin SSH, Faulk RD, McDonough IM. Educational quality may be a closer correlate of cardiometabolic health than educational attainment. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18105. [PMID: 36302824 PMCID: PMC9613691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22666-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Educational quality may be a closer correlate of physical health than more commonly used measures of educational attainment (e.g., years in school). We examined whether a widely-used performance-based measure of educational quality is more closely associated with cardiometabolic health than educational attainment (highest level of education completed), and whether perceived control (smaller sample only), executive functioning (both samples), and health literacy (smaller sample only) link educational quality to cardiometabolic health. In two samples (N = 98 and N = 586) collected from different regions of the US, educational quality was associated with cardiometabolic health above and beyond educational attainment, other demographic factors (age, ethnoracial category, sex), and fluid intelligence. Counter to expectations, neither perceived control, executive function, nor health literacy significantly mediated the association between educational quality and cardiometabolic health. Findings add to the growing literature suggesting that current operationalizations of the construct of education likely underestimate the association between education and multiple forms of health. To the extent that educational programs may have been overlooked based on the apparent size of associations with outcomes, such actions may have been premature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M. Cundiff
- grid.411015.00000 0001 0727 7545University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL USA
| | - Shayne S.-H. Lin
- grid.411015.00000 0001 0727 7545University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL USA
| | - Robert D. Faulk
- grid.411015.00000 0001 0727 7545University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL USA
| | - Ian M. McDonough
- grid.411015.00000 0001 0727 7545University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL USA
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Wen JH, Sin NL. Perceived control and reactivity to acute stressors: Variations by age, race and facets of control. Stress Health 2022; 38:419-434. [PMID: 34626157 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Greater perceived control is associated with better health and well-being outcomes, possibly through more adaptive stress processes. Yet little research has examined whether facets of perceived control (personal mastery and perceived constraints) predict psychological and physiological stress reactivity. The present study evaluated the associations of personal mastery and perceived constraints with changes in subjective stress and cortisol in response to acute laboratory stressors, with age and race as potential moderators. In the Midlife in the United States Refresher Study (N = 633 adults aged 25-75), participants completed a baseline perceived control measure and were subsequently recruited to participate in the laboratory stress protocol. The protocol consisted of completing two mental stress tasks (mental arithmetic and Stroop) as well as providing saliva samples and subjective stress ratings. Race moderated the association between perceived constraints and subjective stress reactivity, such that higher constraints predicted greater subjective stress responses in White participants, but no association was observed in Black participants. Higher personal mastery and perceived constraints each predicted greater increases in cortisol in response to the stress tasks (AUCi ) among younger but not older adults. These findings suggest that older adults were buffered against the association between facets of control and cortisol stress reactivity. Discussion on potential racial differences in the link between constraints and stress reactivity are elaborated further, as well as considerations for future work to distinguish between facets of control and examine age and racial differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin H Wen
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nancy L Sin
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Karl S, Johar H, Ladwig KH, Peters A, Lederbogen F. Dysregulated diurnal cortisol patterns are associated with cardiovascular mortality: Findings from the KORA-F3 study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 141:105753. [PMID: 35395560 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Psychosocial stress has been associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease and death. Dysregulated diurnal cortisol slopes, which have also been associated with stress, might mediate this association. However, existing evidence on the cardiovascular health consequences of dysregulated cortisol slopes remains limited and inconclusive. To elucidate whether dysregulated diurnal cortisol slopes are related to cardiovascular mortality, we assessed salivary cortisol and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in 1090 participants from the KORA-F3 study, a prospective, observational cohort study of a random representative sample from the general population. Eighty-seven deaths were registered during the mean follow-up period of approximately 11 years, 31 of which were classified as cardiovascular deaths. A more pronounced cortisol awakening response was associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular mortality in the adjusted Cox proportional hazards analysis (HR 0.59 [95-%-CI 0.36-0.96], p = 0.03). A greater diurnal cortisol peak-to-bedtime ratio at baseline also predicted a decreased risk of cardiovascular mortality (HR 0.50 [95-%-CI 0.34-0.73], p 0.01) and a decreased risk of stroke (HR 0.71 [95-%-CI 0.55-0.92], p 0.01). Increased levels of late night salivary cortisol predicted a higher risk of cardiovascular mortality (HR 1.49 [95-%-CI 1.13-1.97], p 0.01) and an increased risk of stroke (HR 1.24 [95-%-CI 1.01-1.52], p = 0.04). There was no association between measures of cortisol and non-cardiovascular related mortality. In conclusion, dysregulated diurnal cortisol patterns are associated with cardiovascular mortality, while greater diurnal cortisol variation seems to have a protective effect. This adds evidence to suggest a pathophysiological role of diurnal cortisol secretion patterns in cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Karl
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg / Medical Faculty Mannheim, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Hamimatunnisa Johar
- Global Public Health, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Gießen and Marburg, Gießen, Germany; Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Ladwig
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany; Chair of Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Lederbogen
- Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg / Medical Faculty Mannheim, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
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Imami L, Jiang Y, Murdock KW, Zilioli S. Links Between Socioeconomic Status, Daily Depressive Affect, Diurnal Cortisol Patterns, and All-Cause Mortality. Psychosom Med 2022; 84:29-39. [PMID: 34419996 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Socioeconomic status (SES) remains a robust risk factor for mortality. Various theoretical models postulate that lower SES is associated with higher negative affect, which then initiates a cascade of physiological disturbances that contribute to illness and early mortality. However, few studies have explicitly investigated the interplay between psychological and biological factors in determining SES disparities in mortality. This study examined the role of daily negative affect and cortisol secretion in explaining the SES-mortality link in a large sample of US adults. METHODS Using data from the Midlife in the United States study (n = 1735, mean [standard deviation] age = 56.40 [12.10] years, 56.4% female), we tested longitudinal associations between SES, daily negative affect, daily cortisol levels, and all-cause mortality 13 years later. Daily negative affect was classified into three clusters reflecting depressive affect, anxiety, and anger. RESULTS Higher SES was linked to a lower risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio = 0.94, 95% confidence interval = 0.90 to 0.97). Furthermore, there was a sequential link between higher SES and lower mortality through lower daily depressive affect and a steeper ("healthier") diurnal cortisol slope (indirect effect = -0.0007, 95% confidence interval = -0.0014 to -0.0002). Daily anxiety and anger were not associated with cortisol levels or mortality (p values > .05). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that daily negative emotional experiences and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functioning may constitute important psychological and physiological pathways underlying the link between SES and all-cause mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ledina Imami
- From the Department of Psychology (Imami), Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Department of Psychology (Jiang, Zilioli), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Biobehavioral Health (Murdock), The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania; and Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences (Zilioli), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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Spiga F, Lawton MA, Lightman SL, Smith GD, Ben-Shlomo Y. Socio-demographic and psychosocial predictors of salivary cortisol from older male participants in the Speedwell prospective cohort study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 135:105577. [PMID: 34823140 PMCID: PMC9972784 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Associations between measures of socio-economic position and cortisol remain controversial. We examined the association between social class and cortisol reactivity in an aging male population. METHODS The Speedwell cohort study recruited 2348 men aged 45-59 years from primary care between 1979 and 1982 (phase I) where occupational social class was used to classify socioeconomic position. Men were seen on four more occasions, the last being between 1997 and 1999 (phase 5) when salivary samples were obtained capturing cortisol reactivity to stressors (cognitive test and venepuncture) and circadian variations (awakening and night-time cortisol levels, circadian slope and area under curve) at morning and afternoon clinic sessions. Longitudinal association between social class at phase 3 and log-transformed salivary cortisol measures at phase 5 was assessed using multivariable linear regression adjusted for variables associated with sampling time and age as a potential confounder, stratified by time of clinic session. We also explored possible mediation by psychosocial factors (e.g. work dislike) and health-related factors (e.g. waist-to-hip ratio and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol). RESULTS From 1768 living men, 1003 men (57%) attended a clinic at phase five, 854 participants (85% of attendees) returned home cortisol samples (mean age 71.7 years). We found little evidence of association between social class and baseline cortisol (i.e. prior to stress), cortisol response to stressors, and cortisol diurnal variation. However, we found lower social class was associated with higher and delayed post-stress recovery cortisol for participants that visited the clinic in the morning (adjusted β coefficient for manual versus non-manual 0.25 ng/ml; 95% CI: 0.06-0.48; P = 0.008). This association did not appear to be mediated by any of the measured psychosocial or health-related factors. CONCLUSION Our data did not show an overall association between social class and cortisol variability either diurnal or in response to a stressor. Lower social class was associated with a slower time to recover from exposure to stress in the morning, thereby increasing overall cortisol exposure. These findings provide some evidence for a mechanism that may contribute to the association between lower social class and a higher risk of adverse health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Spiga
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Michael A. Lawton
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | - Stafford L. Lightman
- Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Yoav Ben-Shlomo
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
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12
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Chen L, Du H, Zilioli S, Zhao S, Nie Y, Chi P. The School-Ladder Effect: Subjective Socioeconomic Status and Diurnal Cortisol Profile Among Adolescents. Psychosom Med 2021; 83:1031-1040. [PMID: 34297010 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Subjective socioeconomic status (SES) is a well-established psychosocial determinant of adolescents' self-report health. However, whether low subjective SES is associated with stress-related physiological risks (e.g., dysregulations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity) remains uncertain. This study examined the impact of subjective SES with different reference groups (i.e., perception of family SES relative to other students in the school versus other people in the city) on adolescents' diurnal cortisol profiles. METHODS A sample of 255 adolescents (aged 11-14 years; 53.7% boys) completed a battery of psychological scales, including school-referenced subjective SES and city-referenced subjective SES. Diurnal cortisol was assessed by collecting saliva samples four times a day across two consecutive days. Four cortisol parameters (cortisol at awakening, cortisol awakening response [CAR], cortisol slope, and total cortisol secretion [area under the curve with respect to ground {AUCg}]) were derived. RESULTS Higher levels of school-referenced subjective SES were associated with higher cortisol levels at awakening (β = 0.0483, standard error [SE] = 0.0219, p = .028), steeper cortisol slopes (β = -0.0036, SE = 0.0017, p = .034), and higher cortisol AUCg (b = 0.50, SE = 0.24, p = .036), but not with CAR (p = .77), after adjusting for covariates. In contrast, city-referenced subjective SES was not associated with any of the cortisol parameters (cortisol at awakening [p = .90], CAR [p = .74], cortisol slope [p = .84], and cortisol AUCg [p = .68]). CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the importance of the reference group for subjective SES and provide a further understanding of socioeconomic disparities in adolescents' stress physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Chen
- From the Department of Psychology (Chen, Zhao, Chi), University of Macau, Macau SAR; Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences (Du), Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, China; Departments of Psychology (Zilioli) and Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences (Zilioli), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Department of Psychology (Nie), Guangzhou University, Guangzhou; and Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences (Chi), University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
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13
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Miyamoto Y, Ryff CD. Culture and Health: Recent Developments and Future Directions
1. JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2021; 64:90-108. [PMID: 35509718 PMCID: PMC9060271 DOI: 10.1111/jpr.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Evidence of cultural differences in relationships and emotions has accumulated over the past few decades. As findings on cultural differences in psychological processes have accumulated, there has been growing interest in investigating whether they have implications for other phenomena such as health. Using scientific advances from the MIDUS and MIDJA studies, both publicly available, we examine links between culture and health. We first briefly review the accumulated evidence on cultural influences on health correlates of psychosocial factors. We then feature two recent developments - a more micro-level perspective on biological factors that may be involved in the culture and health linkage, and a more macro-level view of socioeconomic inequality, which also matters for health. Both perspectives inform the pathways through which health effects occur. Finally, we conclude our review by highlighting the changing historical contexts surrounding these cross-cultural investigations. Specifically, we draw attention to widening of economic inequality across cultures and the world-wide COVID-19 pandemic. These happenings bring notable implications for future research on health across cultural contexts.
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Liu Q, Wu J, Zhang L, Sun X, Guan Q, Yao Z. The Relationship Between Perceived Control and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Reactivity to the Trier Social Stress Test in Healthy Young Adults. Front Psychol 2021; 12:683914. [PMID: 34484038 PMCID: PMC8415907 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.683914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological factors can modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity toward stressors. Animal studies demonstrated that uncontrollability was one critical factor associated with HPA axis stress response, but the results in human studies were inconsistent. The current study adopted a standardized laboratory stress induction procedure, the Trier Social Stress Test (the TSST), as the stressor to regulate the objective controllability level, and young adult participants were asked to rate their subjectively perceived control level toward the stressor and measured their cortisol stress responses (N=54; 19 females and 35 males) to address this concern. Results showed that participants' perceived control on the TSST was related to the cortisol stress response. In other words, under the stress of a certain objective controllability level, the lower the subjectively perceived control level, the greater the HPA axis response. This finding suggested that, in addition to objective controllability, subjectively perceived control is a psychological factor that regulates activation of the HPA axis in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Center for Brain Disorder and Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Futian Foreign Languages School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianhui Wu
- Center for Brain Disorder and Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofang Sun
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Guan
- Center for Brain Disorder and Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhuxi Yao
- Center for Brain Disorder and Cognitive Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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15
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Hu X, Wang T, Huang D, Wang Y, Li Q. Impact of social class on health: The mediating role of health self-management. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254692. [PMID: 34270623 PMCID: PMC8284807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have explored the relationship between social class and health for decades. However, the underlying mechanism between the two remains not fully understood. This study aimed to explore whether health self-management had a mediating role between social class and health under the framework of Socio-cultural Self Model. Methods 663 adults, randomly sampled from six communities in Southwest China, completed the survey for this study. Social class was assessed using individuals’ income, education, occupation. Health self-management was assessed through evaluation of the health self-management behavior, health self-management cognition, health self-management environment. Physical health and mental health were measured by the Chinese version of Short-Form (36-item) Health Survey, which contains Physical Functioning, Role-Physical, Role-Emotional, Vitality, Mental Health, Social Function, Bodily Pain and General Health. Pearson’s correlation was used to examine the associations between major variables. Mediation analyses were performed to explore the mediating role of health self-management. Results Social class positively predicted self-rated health. The lower the social class, the lower the self-reported physical and mental health. Health self-management partially mediated the relationship between social class and self-rated health. That is, the health self-management ability of the lower class, such as access to healthy and nutritious food and evaluate their own health status, is worse than that of the higher class, which leads to physical and mental health inequality between the high and the low classes. Conclusion Health self-management mediated the relationship between social class and health. Promoting health self-management abilities are conducive to improving both physical and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Hu
- Faculty of Psychology, Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Faculty of Psychology, Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Duan Huang
- School of Health, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Wang
- Faculty of Psychology, Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Li
- School of Health, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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16
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Lee S. Naturally Occurring Consecutive Sleep Loss and Day-to-Day Trajectories of Affective and Physical Well-Being. Ann Behav Med 2021; 56:393-404. [PMID: 34223608 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaab055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental studies have shown that just 1 night of sleep loss impairs next-day performance, mood, and energy. Yet, little is known about the effects of consecutive sleep loss on daily well-being in participants' own settings. PURPOSE This study examined whether and how naturally occurring consecutive sleep loss is associated with day-to-day trajectories of affective and physical well-being. METHODS Participants were adults (N = 1,958) from the Midlife in the United States Study who provided daily diary data for eight consecutive days. Consecutive sleep loss was operationalized as the within-person number of consecutive nights with <6 hr of sleep. Multilevel models evaluated the linear, quadratic, and cubic effects of consecutive sleep loss on daily well-being, after controlling for sociodemographic, health, and daily covariates. RESULTS Daily negative affect increased and positive affect decreased in curvilinear fashion as the number of consecutive sleep loss increased. For example, daily negative affect increased (linear), but the rate of increase decelerated as the number of consecutive sleep loss increased (quadratic). Results were consistent for the number and severity of physical symptoms. For negative affect and the severity of physical symptoms, cubic effect was also significant such that the rate of increase accelerated again in the days most distal to baseline (no sleep loss). CONCLUSIONS Consecutive sleep loss was associated with degraded trajectories of daily affective and physical well-being. Making efforts to break the vicious cycle of sleep loss may protect daily well-being in adults whose sleep time is often compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soomi Lee
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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17
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Deer LK, Shields GS, Alen NV, Hostinar CE. Curvilinear associations between family income in early childhood and the cortisol awakening response in adolescence. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 129:105237. [PMID: 34004490 PMCID: PMC9286487 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous evidence on cortisol output and socioeconomic status (SES) has been mixed, with studies finding that lower SES can be associated with higher or lower cortisol output, and null associations have also been reported. We hypothesized that these inconsistencies may be due to an underlying curvilinear, inverted-U pattern of association, such that low income is related to increased likelihood of both low and high cortisol output. We tested these curvilinear links among family income and cortisol indices in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (N = 803). Maternal reports of family income when the study children were 33 and 47 months of age were averaged to estimate early-childhood family income. Three cortisol indices were derived from samples collected in adolescence (15.5 years of age): the cortisol awakening response (CAR), area under the curve (AUC) cortisol, and the diurnal cortisol slope. As hypothesized, the CAR exhibited a curvilinear, inverted-U relation with childhood income, with low childhood income being associated with both the lowest and the highest CARs. These findings suggest that discrepancies in prior findings on low SES and the CAR may be due to curvilinear patterns of association. However, childhood income was not significantly associated with adolescent cortisol diurnal slope or AUC. Future work should clarify the factors that might predispose to high versus low CAR given equivalent low SES in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- LillyBelle K Deer
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States.
| | - Grant S Shields
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Nicholas V Alen
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Camelia E Hostinar
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States.
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18
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Knight EL, Jiang Y, Rodriguez-Stanley J, Almeida DM, Engeland CG, Zilioli S. Perceived stress is linked to heightened biomarkers of inflammation via diurnal cortisol in a national sample of adults. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 93:206-213. [PMID: 33515741 PMCID: PMC8274563 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to and perceptions of stress have been associated with altered systemic inflammation, but the intermediate processes by which stress links to inflammation are not fully understood. Diurnal cortisol slopes were examined as a pathway by which self-reported psychosocial stress is associated with inflammation [i.e., C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), fibrinogen, E-Selectin, and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1)] in a large sample of adults (the Midlife in the US study; N = 914; 55.9% female; aged 34-84 years). Structural equation modeling indicated that perceived psychological stress was associated with flattened diurnal cortisol slopes and flatter diurnal cortisol slopes were, in turn, associated with heightened inflammation in these cross-sectional analyses (index of indirect pathway, ω = 0.003, 95% CI [0.001, 0.004], ωSTD = 0.027; with covariates, ω = 0.001, [0.0002, 0.002], ωSTD = 0.011). A similar indirect effect was evident for self-reported traumatic life events (ω = 0.007, [0.004, 0.012], ωSTD = 0.030); however, inclusion of covariates (i.e., age, gender, race, ethnicity, body mass index, and other factors associated with physical health) accounted for this finding (ω = 0.001, [-0.001, 0.004], ωSTD = 0.005). These results support an allostatic load model of psychosomatic health, in which cortisol (along with other stress-responsive signaling molecules) is a necessary component for understanding links between stress exposure, perceived stress, and immune functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik L Knight
- Center for Healthy Aging, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, United States.
| | - Yanping Jiang
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, United States
| | | | - David M Almeida
- Center for Healthy Aging, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States; Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Christopher G Engeland
- Center for Healthy Aging, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States; Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States; College of Nursing, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States
| | - Samuele Zilioli
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, United States; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University, United States.
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Joseph NT, Jiang Y, Zilioli S. Momentary emotions and salivary cortisol: A systematic review and meta-analysis of ecological momentary assessment studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 125:365-379. [PMID: 33662445 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An integrated view of the stress response requires consideration of both the emotional and hormonal sequelae of stress, which are regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Understanding the extent of the association between emotions and cortisol at the momentary level can shed light on the biopsychological pathways linking stress to health. Research in this area has adopted heterogeneous approaches and produced mixed findings; thus, it is critical to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis. Systematic searches in major databases identified 22 studies (negative emotions [k = 19; 38,418 momentary observations]; positive emotions [k = 15; 31,721 momentary observations]). Meta-analysis found a significant positive association between momentary negative emotions and cortisol (r = .06, p < .001) and a significant negative association between momentary positive emotions and cortisol (r = -.05, p = .003). No methodological differences moderated these associations. Our findings suggest that emotional states correlate with cortisol levels at the momentary level. We discuss the health implications of our findings and provide recommendations for advancing this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanping Jiang
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, United States
| | - Samuele Zilioli
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, United States; Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University, United States.
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20
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Chen L, Li X, Imami L, Lin D, Zhao J, Zhao G, Zilioli S. Diurnal Cortisol in a Sample of Socioeconomically Disadvantaged Chinese Children: Evidence for the Shift-and-Persist Hypothesis. Psychosom Med 2020; 81:200-208. [PMID: 30531205 PMCID: PMC6355348 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Low socioeconomic status (SES) is one of the most well-established social determinants of health. However, little is known about what can protect the health of individuals (especially children) living in low-SES circumstances. This study explored whether the psychological strategy of "shift-and-persist" protects low-SES children from stress-related physiological risks, as measured through blunted (unhealthy) diurnal cortisol profiles. METHODS A sample of 645 children (aged 8-15 years) from low-SES backgrounds and having at least one HIV-positive parent completed a battery of psychological scales. Diurnal cortisol assessments included collection of saliva samples four times a day for 3 days, from which three cortisol parameters (cortisol at awakening, cortisol awakening response, and cortisol slope) were derived. RESULTS Higher levels of shift-and-persist, considered as a single variable, were associated with higher cortisol at awakening (B = 0.0119, SE = 0.0034, p < .001) and a steeper cortisol slope (B = -0.0007, SE = 0.0003, p = .023). These associations remained significant after adjusting for covariates and did not vary by age. In supplementary analyses, where shifting and persisting were treated as separate variables, the interaction between these two coping strategies significantly predicted cortisol at awakening (B = 0.0250, SE = 0.0107, p = .020) and the cortisol slope (B = -0.0022, SE = 0.0011, p = .040), suggesting that the combination of shift-and-persist is important for predicting diurnal cortisol profiles. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that shift-and-persist is associated with healthier diurnal cortisol profiles among socioeconomically disadvantaged children and introduce the possibility that this coping strategy is protective against other stressors, such as those uniquely faced by children in our study (i.e., being affected by parental HIV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Chen
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Ledina Imami
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Danhua Lin
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Junfeng Zhao
- Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Guoxiang Zhao
- Department of Psychology, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Samuele Zilioli
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
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Shattuck EC, Perrotte JK, Daniels CL, Xu X, Sunil TS. The Contribution of Sociocultural Factors in Shaping Self-Reported Sickness Behavior. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:4. [PMID: 32038193 PMCID: PMC6992553 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickness behavior is an evolutionarily conserved phenomenon found across a diverse range of animals involving a change in motivational priorities to theoretically maximize energetic investment in immune function and recovery. Typical components of sickness behavior include reduced sociability and activity, changes in diet, and depressed affect. Importantly, however, sickness behavior appears to be subject to other demands of life history in animal models, including reproduction and offspring survival. Thus, "feeling sick" is often context dependent with possible effects on morbidity and mortality. While humans may not always face the same life history trade-offs, sociocultural norms and values may similarly shape sickness behavior by establishing internalized parameters for "socially appropriate sickness." We explore the role of these factors in shaping sickness behavior by surveying a national U.S. sample (n = 1,259). Self-reported and recalled sickness behavior was measured using the SicknessQ instrument, which has previously been validated against experimentally induced sickness behavior. After post-stratification weighting and correction for Type I error, generalized linear models showed that sickness behavior is significantly affected by various factors across sex and racial/ethnic groupings. Income below the national mean (b = 1.85, adj. p = 0.025), stoic endurance of pain and discomfort (b = 1.61, adj. p < 0.001), and depressive symptomology (b = 0.53, adj. p < 0.001) were each associated with greater sickness behavior scores. Familism (b = 1.59, adj. p = 0.008) was positively associated with sickness behavior in men, but not women. Endurance of pain and discomfort was associated with greater sickness behavior in Whites only (b = 1.94, adj. p = 0.002), while familism approached significance in African Americans only (b = 1.86, adj. p = 0.057). These findings may reflect different social contexts of sickness across demographic groups, which may in turn have important implications for pathogen transmission and recovery times, potentially contributing to health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C. Shattuck
- Institute for Health Disparities Research, College of Liberal and Fine Arts, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Jessica K. Perrotte
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, United States
| | - Colton L. Daniels
- Department of Sociology, College of Liberal and Fine Arts, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Xiaohe Xu
- Department of Sociology, College of Liberal and Fine Arts, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- School of Public Administration, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Thankam S. Sunil
- Institute for Health Disparities Research, College of Liberal and Fine Arts, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Department of Sociology, College of Liberal and Fine Arts, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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22
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Sherman GD, Mehta PH. Stress, cortisol, and social hierarchy. Curr Opin Psychol 2019; 33:227-232. [PMID: 31765930 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We review the literature on the relationships between cortisol, stress, and various forms of social status, concluding that cortisol (and stress) is typically elevated when one chronically lacks, or may soon lose, status. Moreover, cortisol is lower when status is higher, as long as that status is stable, enhances one's sense of control, and does not also substantially increase one's responsibilities. Because cortisol is both an output (stress indicator) and input (cause of behavioral inhibition), this low cortisol may be both a cause and consequence of stable status. Altogether, the cortisol-status relationship depends not just on one's status but on what that status means for the individual (e.g. How frequent and severe are stressors? Does one feel a sense of control? Does one need to be vigilant and deferential?).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary D Sherman
- College of Business, Stony Brook University, 204 Harriman Hall, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Pranjal H Mehta
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, 26 Bedford Way, London WC1H 0AP, United Kingdom.
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23
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Kirsch JA, Love GD, Radler BT, Ryff CD. Scientific imperatives vis-à-vis growing inequality in America. AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2019; 74:764-777. [PMID: 31219260 PMCID: PMC6776687 DOI: 10.1037/amp0000481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A landmark article published in the American Psychologist (Adler et al., 1994) encouraged psychologists to engage in research on socioeconomic inequality and health. Numerous contributions followed to fill in psychosocial and behavioral pathways. Specifically, we review advances on health inequalities research from a large public-use study (Midlife in the United States [MIDUS]). The Great Recession of 2007 to 2009 and its lingering effects are then reviewed to underscore widening inequality in access to education, employment, and income. Two MIDUS national samples of same-aged adults recruited 2 decades apart are then compared to assess historical changes in socioeconomic, physical health, and well-being profiles from the 1990s to postrecession. Despite historical gains in educational attainment over time, we show that indicators of socioeconomic status, health, and well-being are more compromised in the postrecession sample relative to the 1990s sample. Building on these preliminary findings, we elaborate opportunities for further inquiry by the scientific community to examine whether widening socioeconomic inequalities exacerbated by the Great Recession translate to widening health inequalities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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24
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Hammash M, McEvedy SM, Wright J, Cameron J, Miller J, Ski CF, Thompson DR, Biddle MJ, Wimsatt A, Schrader M, Smith RV, Chung ML, Moser DK. Perceived control and quality of life among recipients of implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Aust Crit Care 2019; 32:383-390. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aucc.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Zilioli S, Fritz H, Tarraf W, Lawrence SA, Cutchin MP. Socioeconomic Status, Ecologically Assessed Social Activities, and Daily Cortisol Among Older Urban African Americans. J Aging Health 2019; 32:830-840. [PMID: 31267815 DOI: 10.1177/0898264319856481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Higher socioeconomic status (SES) individuals report more social activities than their lower SES counterparts. Yet, SES and racial health disparities are often confounded. Here, we tested whether the frequency of engagement in social activities contributed to the association between SES and daily cortisol secretion among urban African American older adults. Methods: Ninety-two community-dwelling African Americans aged 55 years and older reported what they were doing at regular intervals across the day on an Android smartphone for seven consecutive days. They also provided four saliva samples at four time points a day during the same period. Results: Higher SES older adults engaged in proportionally more social activities than their lower SES counterparts. A greater relative frequency of weekly social activities was associated with a steeper diurnal cortisol decline. Higher SES was indirectly linked to a steeper cortisol decline via increased relative frequency of weekly social activities. Discussion: Our findings suggest that engagement in weekly social activities represents a behavioral intermediary for SES health disparities in endocrine function among older urban African American adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Zilioli
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Heather Fritz
- Department of Health Care Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Wassim Tarraf
- Department of Health Care Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Malcolm P Cutchin
- Department of Health Care Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Kong F, Xu L, Kong M, Li S, Zhou C, Zhang J, Ai B. Association between Socioeconomic Status, Physical Health and Need for Long-term Care among the Chinese Elderly. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16122124. [PMID: 31208088 PMCID: PMC6617196 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16122124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES), physical health and the need for long-term care (NLTC) of the Chinese elderly, and further, to provide evidence-based advice for establishing an LTC system in China. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Shandong Province, China in 2017 by using multi-stage random sampling method. Data were collected from elderly individuals aged 60 years and older by self-designed questionnaires through face-to face interviews. A total of 7070 participants were finally included in the database (40.3% male, 59.7% female). Chi-square test analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) were conducted to clarify the association between SES, physical health and NLTC among the Chinese elderly men and women in Shandong Province. The results of the SEM analysis showed that physical health exerted a strong and negative effect on the NLTC for both genders, with a slightly stronger effect found among the elderly men. SES was found to be significantly and negatively related to the NLTC among the elderly women, while no statistical significance was found for the association between SES and NLTC for elderly men. A significant and positive association between SES and physical health was observed among the elderly men and women, with a slightly stronger effect among the elderly women. Implications for lowering the NLTC and developing an LTC system were addressed based on the findings above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanlei Kong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Lingzhong Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Mei Kong
- Research Center of Economics and Resource Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Shixue Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Chengchao Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Jianghua Zhang
- School of Management, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Bin Ai
- School of Ethnology and Sociology, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
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27
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Associations of Lifetime Trauma and Chronic Stress With C-reactive Protein in Adults Ages 50 Years and Older: Examining the Moderating Role of Perceived Control. Psychosom Med 2018; 79:622-630. [PMID: 28437379 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to investigate whether high perceived control mitigates systemic inflammatory risk associated with traumatic and chronic stress exposures in older adults. METHODS A sample of community-dwelling adults ages 50 years and older (N = 4779) was drawn from the Health and Retirement Study. Structural equation models tested interactions of lifetime trauma and chronic stress with mastery and perceived constraints predicting baseline levels and 4-year change in C-reactive protein (CRP). RESULTS There were significant interactions of lifetime trauma (β = -.058, p = .012) and chronic stress (β = -.069, p = .010) with mastery as related to baseline CRP levels. Both measures were associated with higher CRP at low (β = .102, p = .003; β = .088, p = .015) but not high levels of mastery. In addition, chronic stress interacted with baseline mastery (β = .056, p = .011) and change in mastery (β = -.056, p = .016) to predict 4-year change in CRP. Chronic stress was associated with an increase in CRP at high baseline mastery (β = .071, p = .022) and when mastery decreased during follow-up (β = .088, p = .011). There were no main effects of stress or control variables other than an association of constraints with a larger increase in CRP (β = .062, p = .017). Interactions were minimally attenuated (<15%) upon further adjustment for negative affect, body mass index, smoking, and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS High mastery may protect against elevated systemic inflammation associated with substantial lifetime trauma exposure. Individuals who experience declines in mastery may be most susceptible to increases in inflammation associated with chronic stress.
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28
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Assari S. Unequal Gain of Equal Resources across Racial Groups. Int J Health Policy Manag 2018; 7:1-9. [PMID: 29325397 PMCID: PMC5745862 DOI: 10.15171/ijhpm.2017.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The health effects of economic resources (eg, education, employment, and living place) and psychological assets (eg, self-efficacy, perceived control over life, anger control, and emotions) are well-known. This article summarizes the results of a growing body of evidence documenting Blacks' diminished return, defined as a systematically smaller health gain from economic resources and psychological assets for Blacks in comparison to Whites. Due to structural barriers that Blacks face in their daily lives, the very same resources and assets generate smaller health gain for Blacks compared to Whites. Even in the presence of equal access to resources and assets, such unequal health gain constantly generates a racial health gap between Blacks and Whites in the United States. In this paper, a number of public policies are recommended based on these findings. First and foremost, public policies should not merely focus on equalizing access to resources and assets, but also reduce the societal and structural barriers that hinder Blacks. Policy solutions should aim to reduce various manifestations of structural racism including but not limited to differential pay, residential segregation, lower quality of education, and crime in Black and urban communities. As income was not found to follow the same pattern demonstrated for other resources and assets (ie, income generated similar decline in risk of mortality for Whites and Blacks), policies that enforce equal income and increase minimum wage for marginalized populations are essential. Improving quality of education of youth and employability of young adults will enable Blacks to compete for high paying jobs. Policies that reduce racism and discrimination in the labor market are also needed. Without such policies, it will be very difficult, if not impossible, to eliminate the sustained racial health gap in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Center for Research on Ethnicity, Culture and Health (CRECH), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation (IHPI), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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29
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Galvão ACDM, de Almeida RN, Silva EADS, Freire FAM, Palhano-Fontes F, Onias H, Arcoverde E, Maia-de-Oliveira JP, de Araújo DB, Lobão-Soares B, Galvão-Coelho NL. Cortisol Modulation by Ayahuasca in Patients With Treatment Resistant Depression and Healthy Controls. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:185. [PMID: 29867608 PMCID: PMC5952178 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depression is a highly prevalent mood disorder, affecting about 350 million people, and around 30% of the patients are resistant to currently available antidepressant medications. Recent evidence from a randomized controlled trial (RCT) supports the rapid antidepressant effects of the psychedelic ayahuasca in treatment-resistant depression. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of ayahuasca on plasma cortisol and awakening salivary cortisol response, in the same group of treatment-resistant patients (MD) and in healthy volunteers (C). Subjects received a single dose of ayahuasca or placebo (dosing session), and both plasma and awakening salivary cortisol response were measured at baseline (before dosing session) and 48 h after the dosing session. Baseline assessment (D0) showed blunted awakening salivary cortisol response and hypocortisolemia in patients, with respect to healthy controls. Salivary cortisol was also measured during dosing session, and we observed higher increases for both C and MD that ingested ayahuasca than placebo. After 48 h from the dosing session with ayahuasca, patients' awakening salivary cortisol response is similar to the ones detected in controls. No significant changes in plasma cortisol levels were observed 48 h after the sessions. Therefore, these findings point to new evidence on the modulation of salivary cortisol levels as a result of an ayahuasca session, both in healthy and depressive volunteers. Considering that cortisol acts in regulation of distinct physiological pathways, emotional and cognitive processes, it is assumed to be critically involved to the etiology of depression and its regulation seems to be important for the treatment and remission of major depression, ayahuasca use as antidepressant should be further investigated. Moreover, this study highlights the importance of psychedelics in the treatment of human mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C de Menezes Galvão
- Laboratory of Hormone Measurement, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Psychobiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Raíssa N de Almeida
- Laboratory of Hormone Measurement, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Psychobiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Erick A Dos Santos Silva
- Laboratory of Hormone Measurement, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Fúlvio A M Freire
- Postgraduate Program in Psychobiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Palhano-Fontes
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,Onofre Lopes University Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Onias
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,Onofre Lopes University Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Emerson Arcoverde
- Onofre Lopes University Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - João P Maia-de-Oliveira
- Onofre Lopes University Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Translational Medicine, Natal, Brazil
| | - Dráulio B de Araújo
- Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,Onofre Lopes University Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Bruno Lobão-Soares
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Translational Medicine, Natal, Brazil.,Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Nicole L Galvão-Coelho
- Laboratory of Hormone Measurement, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Psychobiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Translational Medicine, Natal, Brazil
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30
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Oates GR, Hamby BW, Stepanikova I, Knight SJ, Bhatt SP, Hitchcock J, Schumann C, Dransfield MT. Social Determinants of Adherence to Pulmonary Rehabilitation for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. COPD 2017; 14:610-617. [PMID: 29020525 DOI: 10.1080/15412555.2017.1379070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Adherence to pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is low. Previous studies have focused on clinical predictors of PR completion. We aimed to identify social determinants of adherence to PR. A cross-sectional analysis of a database of COPD patients (N = 455) in an outpatient PR program was performed. Adherence, a ratio of attended-to-prescribed sessions, was coded as low (<35%), moderate (35-85%), and high (>85%). Individual-level measures included age, sex, race, BMI, smoking status, pack-years, baseline 6-minute walk distance (6MWD: <150, 150-249, ≥250), co-morbidities, depression, and prescribed PR sessions (≤20, 21-30, >30). Fifteen area-level measures aggregated to Census tracts were obtained from the U.S. Census after geocoding patients' addresses. Using exploratory factor analysis, a neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage index was constructed, which included variables with factor loading >0.5: poverty, public assistance, households without vehicles, cost burden, unemployment, and minority population. Multivariate regression models were adjusted for clustering on Census tracts. Twenty-six percent of patients had low adherence, 23% were moderately adherent, 51% were highly adherent. In the best fitted full model, each decile increase in neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage increased the risk of moderate vs high adherence by 14% (p < 0.01). Smoking tripled the relative risk of low adherence (p < 0.01), while each increase in 6MWD category decreased that risk by 72% (p < 0.01) and 84% (p < 0.001), respectively. These findings show that, relative to high adherence, low adherence is associated with limited functional capacity and current smoking, while moderate adherence is associated with socioeconomic disadvantage. The distinction highlights different pathways to suboptimal adherence and calls for tailored intervention approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela R Oates
- a Preventive Medicine , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA
| | - Bryant W Hamby
- b Sociology , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA
| | - Irena Stepanikova
- b Sociology , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA
| | - Sara J Knight
- a Preventive Medicine , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA.,c Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Birmingham , AL , USA
| | - Surya P Bhatt
- d Lung Health Center and Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA
| | - Jason Hitchcock
- e Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA
| | - Christopher Schumann
- e Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA
| | - Mark T Dransfield
- c Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Birmingham , AL , USA.,d Lung Health Center and Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine , University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , AL , USA
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31
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Zilioli S, Ellis DA, Carré J, Slatcher RB. Biopsychosocial pathways linking subjective socioeconomic disadvantage to glycemic control in youths with type I diabetes. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 78:222-228. [PMID: 28219814 PMCID: PMC5362289 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Older adolescent and young adults (OAYA) with type 1 diabetes (T1D) living in contexts of socio-economic disadvantage (SED) suffer disproportionately from poor glycemic control and related health complications. Although SED may convey a variety of risks, it may exacerbate diabetes-related stress levels, which in turn may account for observed disparities in health outcomes. The primary goal of the present study was to investigate the relationship between subjective SED, diabetes-related perceived stress, and diurnal cortisol secretion in urban OAYA with T1D. A secondary goal was to determine if cortisol was related to measures of blood glucose (HbA1c and mean blood glucose). Analyses were conducted among OAYA ages 17-20 years (n=61) affected by T1D, who provided daily saliva samples for four days, measures of glycemic control (i.e., HbA1c and mean blood glucose assessed via Continuous Glucose Monitor), and completed psychosocial questionnaires. We found that subjective SED was associated with a flatter diurnal cortisol rhythm via diabetes-related stress. Flattened cortisol rhythm was, in turn, associated with higher levels of HbA1c, but not with mean blood glucose assessed via Continuous Glucose Monitor. These results represent some of the first empirical evidence on how distal social factors (i.e., subjective SED) and proximal psychological processes (diabetes-related perceived stress) are connected to condition-relevant biological mechanisms (i.e., elevated HbA1c), via broad biological pathways implicated in health (i.e., flatter cortisol slope).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Zilioli
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA; Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
| | - Deborah A. Ellis
- Family Medicine and Public Health Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48202, USA
| | - Justin Carré
- Department of Psychology, Nipissing University, North Bay, Ontario, P1B 8L7, Canada
| | - Richard B. Slatcher
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48202, USA
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32
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Chen L, Chi P, Li X, Zilioli S, Zhao J, Zhao G, Lin D. The effects of trait and state affect on diurnal cortisol slope among children affected by parental HIV/AIDS in rural China. AIDS Care 2016; 29:1034-1040. [PMID: 28030969 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2016.1274015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Affect is believed to be one of the most prominent proximal psychological pathway through which more distal psychosocial factors influence physiology and ultimately health. The current study examines the relative contributions of trait affect and state affect to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity, with particular focus on cortisol slope, in children affected by parental HIV/AIDS. A sample of 645 children (8-15 years old) affected by parental HIV/AIDS in rural China completed a multiple-day naturalistic salivary cortisol protocol. Trait and state affect, demographics, and psychosocial covariates were assessed via self-report. Hierarchical linear modeling was used for estimating the effects of trait affect and state affect on cortisol slope. Confidence intervals for indirect effects were estimated using the Monte Carlo method. Our results indicated that both trait and state negative affect (NA) predicted flatter (less "healthy") diurnal cortisol slopes. Subsequent analyses revealed that children's state NA mediated the effect of their trait NA on diurnal cortisol slope. The same relationships did not emerge for trait and state positive affect. These findings provide a rationale for future interventions that target NA as a modifiable antecedent of compromised health-related endocrine processes among children affected by parental HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Chen
- a Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Peilian Chi
- b Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences , University of Macau , Macau SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- c Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior , University of South Carolina , Columbia , SC , USA
| | - Samuele Zilioli
- d Department of Psychology , Wayne State University , Detroit , MI , USA.,e Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Science , Wayne State University , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Junfeng Zhao
- f Department of Psychology , Institute of Behavior and Psychology, Henan University , Kaifeng , People's Republic of China
| | - Guoxiang Zhao
- f Department of Psychology , Institute of Behavior and Psychology, Henan University , Kaifeng , People's Republic of China
| | - Danhua Lin
- a Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University , Beijing , People's Republic of China.,g School of Psychology, Beijing Normal University , Beijing , People's Republic of China
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