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Winnicki AC, Dietrich MH, Yeoh LM, Carias LL, Roobsoong W, Drago CL, Malachin AN, Redinger KR, Feufack-Donfack LB, Baldor L, Jung NC, McLaine OS, Skomorovska-Prokvolit Y, Orban A, Opi DH, Sattabongkot J, Tham WH, Popovici J, Beeson JG, Bosch J, King CL. Potent AMA1-specific human monoclonal antibody against P. vivax Pre-erythrocytic and Blood Stages. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.07.579302. [PMID: 38370683 PMCID: PMC10871283 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.07.579302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
New therapeutics are a priority for preventing and eliminating Plasmodium vivax (Pv) malaria because of its easy transmissibility and dormant stages in the liver. Relapses due to the dormant liver stages are the major contributor to reoccurring Pv. Therefore, therapies that reduce the establishment of dormant parasites and blood-stage infection are important for controlling this geographically widespread parasite. Here, we isolated 12 human monoclonal antibodies (humAbs) from the plasma of a Pv-exposed individual that recognized Pv apical membrane antigen 1 (PvAMA1). PvAMA1 is important for both sporozoite invasion of hepatocytes and merozoite invasion of reticulocytes. We identified one humAb, 826827, that blocked invasion of human erythrocytes using a transgenic P. falciparum line expressing PvAMA1 (IC 50 = 3 µg/mL) and all Pv clinical isolates in vitro . This humAb also inhibited sporozoite invasion of a human hepatocyte cell line and primary human hepatocytes (IC 50 of 0.3 - 3.7 µg/mL). The crystal structure of recombinant PvAMA1 with the antigen-binding fragment of 826827 at 2.4 Å resolution shows that the humAb partially occupies the highly conserved hydrophobic groove in PvAMA1 that binds its known receptor, RON2. HumAb 826827 binds to PvAMA1 with higher affinity than RON2, accounting for its potency. To our knowledge, this is the first reported humAb specific to PvAMA1, and the PvAMA1 residues it binds to are highly conserved across different isolates, explaining its strain-transcendent properties.
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De K, Pal D, Shanks CM, Yates TB, Feng K, Jawdy SS, Hassan MM, Prabhakar PK, Yang JY, Chapla D, Moremen KW, Urbanowicz B, Binder BM, Muchero W. The Plasminogen-Apple-Nematode (PAN) domain suppresses JA/ET defense pathways in plants. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.15.545202. [PMID: 37398012 PMCID: PMC10312691 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.15.545202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Suppression of immune response is a phenomenon that enables biological processes such as gamete fertilization, cell growth, cell proliferation, endophyte recruitment, parasitism, and pathogenesis. Here, we show for the first time that the Plasminogen-Apple-Nematode (PAN) domain present in G-type lectin receptor-like kinases is essential for immunosuppression in plants. Defense pathways involving jasmonic acid and ethylene are critical for plant immunity against microbes, necrotrophic pathogens, parasites, and insects. Using two Salix purpurea G-type lectin receptor kinases, we demonstrated that intact PAN domains suppress jasmonic acid and ethylene signaling in Arabidopsis and tobacco. Variants of the same receptors with mutated residues in this domain could trigger induction of both defense pathways. Assessment of signaling processes revealed significant differences between receptors with intact and mutated PAN domain in MAPK phosphorylation, global transcriptional reprogramming, induction of downstream signaling components, hormone biosynthesis and resistance to Botrytis cinerea . Further, we demonstrated that the domain is required for oligomerization, ubiquitination, and proteolytic degradation of these receptors. These processes were completely disrupted when conserved residues in the domain were mutated. Additionally, we have tested the hypothesis in recently characterized Arabidopsis mutant which has predicted PAN domain and negatively regulates plant immunity against root nematodes. ern1.1 mutant complemented with mutated PAN shows triggered immune response with elevated WRKY33 expression, hyperphosphorylation of MAPK and resistant to necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea . Collectively, our results suggest that ubiquitination and proteolytic degradation mediated by the PAN domain plays a role in receptor turn-over to suppress jasmonic acid and ethylene defense signaling in plants.
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Advances in Babesia Vaccine Development: An Overview. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020300. [PMID: 36839572 PMCID: PMC9962624 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Babesiosis is a tick-borne zoonotic disease, which is caused by various species of intracellular Babesia parasite. It is a problem not only for the livestock industry but also for global health. Significant global economic losses, in particular in cattle production, have been observed. Since the current preventive measures against babesiosis are insufficient, there is increasing pressure to develop a vaccine. In this review, we survey the achievements and recent advances in the creation of antibabesiosis vaccine. The scope of this review includes the development of a vaccine against B. microti, B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. orientalis and B. divergens. Here, we present different strategies in their progress and evaluation. Scientists worldwide are still trying to find new targets for a vaccine that would not only reduce symptoms among animals but also prevent the further spread of the disease. Molecular candidates for the production of a vaccine against various Babesia spp. are presented. Our study also describes the current prospects of vaccine evolution for successful Babesia parasites elimination.
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Sun Y, Shi X, Lu F, Fu H, Yin Y, Xu J, Jin C, Han ET, Huang X, Chen Y, Dong C, Cheng Y. Vesicular stomatitis virus-based vaccine targeting plasmodium blood-stage antigens elicits immune response and protects against malaria with protein booster strategy. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1042414. [PMID: 36504817 PMCID: PMC9731671 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1042414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Merozoite invasion of the erythrocytes in humans is a key step in the pathogenesis of malaria. The proteins involved in the merozoite invasion could be potential targets for the development of malaria vaccines. Novel viral-vector-based malaria vaccine regimens developed are currently under clinical trials. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a single-stranded negative-strand RNA virus widely used as a vector for virus or cancer vaccines. Whether the VSV-based malarial vaccine is more effective than conventional vaccines based on proteins involved in parasitic invasion is still unclear. In this study, we have used the reverse genetics system to construct recombinant VSVs (rVSVs) expressing apical membrane protein 1 (AMA1), rhoptry neck protein 2 (RON2), and reticulocyte-binding protein homolog 5 (RH5), which are required for Plasmodium falciparum invasion. Our results showed that VSV-based viral vaccines significantly increased Plasmodium-specific IgG levels and lymphocyte proliferation. Also, VSV-PyAMA1 and VSV-PyRON2sp prime-boost regimens could significantly increase the levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ-producing by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and suppress invasion in vitro. The rVSV prime-protein boost regimen significantly increase Plasmodium antigen-specific IgG levels in the serum of mice compared to the homologous rVSV prime-boost. Furthermore, the protective efficacy of rVSV prime protein boost immunization in the mice challenged with P. yoelii 17XL was better compared to traditional antigen immunization. Together, our results show that VSV vector is a novel strategy for malarial vaccine development and preventing the parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China,Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaodan Shi
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Lu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Haitian Fu
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Yin
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Xu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Eun-taek Han
- Department of Medical Environmental Biology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, South Korea
| | - Xuan Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongquan Chen
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunsheng Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China,*Correspondence: Chunsheng Dong,
| | - Yang Cheng
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China,Yang Cheng,
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Transmission Cycle of Tick-Borne Infections and Co-Infections, Animal Models and Diseases. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11111309. [PMID: 36365060 PMCID: PMC9696261 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne pathogens such as species of Borrelia, Babesia, Anaplasma, Rickettsia, and Ehrlichia are widespread in the United States and Europe among wildlife, in passerines as well as in domestic and farm animals. Transmission of these pathogens occurs by infected ticks during their blood meal, carnivorism, and through animal bites in wildlife, whereas humans can become infected either by an infected tick bite, through blood transfusion and in some cases, congenitally. The reservoir hosts play an important role in maintaining pathogens in nature and facilitate transmission of individual pathogens or of multiple pathogens simultaneously to humans through ticks. Tick-borne co-infections were first reported in the 1980s in white-footed mice, the most prominent reservoir host for causative organisms in the United States, and they are becoming a major concern for public health now. Various animal infection models have been used extensively to better understand pathogenesis of tick-borne pathogens and to reveal the interaction among pathogens co-existing in the same host. In this review, we focus on the prevalence of these pathogens in different reservoir hosts, animal models used to investigate their pathogenesis and host responses they trigger to understand diseases in humans. We also documented the prevalence of these pathogens as correlating with the infected ticks’ surveillance studies. The association of tick-borne co-infections with other topics such as pathogens virulence factors, host immune responses as they relate to diseases severity, identification of vaccine candidates, and disease economic impact are also briefly addressed here.
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Arias CF, Acosta FJ, Fernandez-Arias C. Killing the competition: a theoretical framework for liver-stage malaria. Open Biol 2022; 12:210341. [PMID: 35350863 PMCID: PMC8965401 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The first stage of malaria infections takes place inside the host's hepatocytes. Remarkably, Plasmodium parasites do not infect hepatocytes immediately after reaching the liver. Instead, they migrate through several hepatocytes before infecting their definitive host cells, thus increasing their chances of immune destruction. Considering that malaria can proceed normally without cell traversal, this is indeed a puzzling behaviour. In fact, the role of hepatocyte traversal remains unknown to date, implying that the current understanding of malaria is incomplete. In this work, we hypothesize that the parasites traverse hepatocytes to actively trigger an immune response in the host. This behaviour would be part of a strategy of superinfection exclusion aimed to reduce intraspecific competition during the blood stage of the infection. Based on this hypothesis, we formulate a comprehensive theory of liver-stage malaria that integrates all the available knowledge about the infection. The interest of this new paradigm is not merely theoretical. It highlights major issues in the current empirical approach to the study of Plasmodium and suggests new strategies to fight malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemente F. Arias
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain,Grupo Interdisciplinar de Sistemas Complejos de Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Fernandez-Arias
- Departamento de Inmunología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain,Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
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Zhao N, Ming S, Sun L, Wang B, Li H, Zhang X, Zhao X. Identification and Characterization of Eimeria tenella Microneme Protein (EtMIC8). Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0022821. [PMID: 34479414 PMCID: PMC8562341 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00228-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microneme proteins (MICs) of Eimeria tenella play key roles in motility, migration, attachment, and invasion processes. More than 20 apicomplexan parasite's MICs have been identified, with nine Eimeria MICs being reported. In this study, a novel E. tenella MIC was identified, and its gene structural features, developmental expression levels, localization, role in adhesion and invasion, and immunogenicity were studied. The results showed that the open reading frame was 1,650 bp, encoding 550 amino acids. It contains a signal sequence, a transmembrane region, four low-complexity boxes, and five epidermal growth factor-like domains (EGF). Subcellular localization revealed its distribution on the membrane surface of the parasite. These characteristics are consistent with the common features of MICs and are named EtMIC8. Anti-EtMIC8 antibodies recognized a specific binding of about 100 kDa in E. tenella, which was twice as large as the prokaryotic expression (about 50 kDa), suggesting that MIC8 may exist naturally as a dimer. EtMIC8 was expressed at higher levels in sporozoites (3.08-fold) and merozoites (2.1-fold) than in sporulated oocysts. The attachment assays using a yeast surface display of MIC8 and its different domains showed that the adherence rates of EtMIC8 to host cells were significantly higher than those of the control (3.17-fold), which was the full contribution of EGF, but neither was alone. Anti-EtMIC8 antibodies significantly reduced the invasion rate of sporozoites into host cells compared to those of the control (P < 0.01). Recombinant EtMIC8-EGF peptides could provide moderate protective efficacy (anticoccidial index [ACI]: 169.7), induce humoral responses, and upregulate CD3+CD8+ lymphocyte cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shuzhen Ming
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lingyu Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bingxiang Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
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8
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Getty TA, Peterson JW, Fujioka H, Walsh AM, Sam-Yellowe TY. Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) Life Cycle: Myzocytosis and Possible Links to the Origin of Intracellular Parasitism. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6030127. [PMID: 34287391 PMCID: PMC8293349 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6030127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Colpodella species are free living bi-flagellated protists that prey on algae and bodonids in a process known as myzocytosis. Colpodella species are phylogenetically related to Apicomplexa. We investigated the life cycle of Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) to understand the timing, duration and the transition stages of Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594). Sam-Yellowe’s trichrome stains for light microscopy, confocal and differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy was performed to identify cell morphology and determine cross reactivity of Plasmodium species and Toxoplasma gondii specific antibodies against Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) proteins. The ultrastructure of Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The duration of Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) life cycle is thirty-six hours. Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) were most active between 20–28 h. Myzocytosis is initiated by attachment of the Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) pseudo-conoid to the cell surface of Parabodo caudatus, followed by an expansion of microtubules at the attachment site and aspiration of the prey’s cytoplasmic contents. A pre-cyst formed at the conclusion of feeding differentiates into a transient or resting cyst. Both DIC and TEM microscopy identified asynchronous and asymmetric mitosis in Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) cysts. Knowledge of the life cycle and stages of Colpodella sp. (ATCC 50594) will provide insights into the development of intracellular parasitism among the apicomplexa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy A. Getty
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA; (T.A.G.); (A.M.W.)
| | - John W. Peterson
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA;
| | - Hisashi Fujioka
- Cryo-EM Core, Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Aidan M. Walsh
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA; (T.A.G.); (A.M.W.)
| | - Tobili Y. Sam-Yellowe
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA; (T.A.G.); (A.M.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Sparvoli D, Lebrun M. Unraveling the Elusive Rhoptry Exocytic Mechanism of Apicomplexa. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:622-637. [PMID: 34045149 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites are unicellular eukaryotes that invade the cells in which they proliferate. The development of genetic tools in Toxoplasma, and then in Plasmodium, in the 1990s allowed the first description of the molecular machinery used for motility and invasion, revealing a crucial role for two different secretory organelles, micronemes and rhoptries. Rhoptry proteins are injected directly into the host cytoplasm not only to promote invasion but also to manipulate host functions. Nonetheless, the injection machinery has remained mysterious, a major conundrum in the field. Here we review recent progress in uncovering structural components and proteins implicated in rhoptry exocytosis and explain how revisiting early findings and considering the evolutionary origins of Apicomplexa contributed to some of these discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sparvoli
- LPHI UMR5235, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Maryse Lebrun
- LPHI UMR5235, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, F-34095 Montpellier, France.
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10
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Wang Y, Zhou X, Wang H, Sun L, Wang B, Jiang Y, Li H, Zhang X, Li H, Zhao X. The role of Eimeria tenella EtCab protein in the attachment and invasion of host cells. Vet Parasitol 2021; 292:109415. [PMID: 33780830 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-binding proteins (CaBPs) containing the specific calcium-binding motif (EF-hand) play a crucial role in important physiological events such as secretion, storage and signal transduction of cells. Recently, CaBPs have been found to be associated with host cell invasions in some parasites. In this study, an Eimeria tenella membrane-associated calcium-binding protein (EtCab) was cloned and its expression at different developmental stages, adhesive functions and host cell invasion in vitro were investigated. The results of the sequence analysis showed that EtCab contains six EF-hand motifs and the HDEL ER-retention signal belonging to the CREC (45 kDa calcium-binding protein, reticulocalbin, ER calcium-binding protein of 55 kDa, and calumenin) family. An indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) using specific polyclonal antibodies under permeabilized and nonpermeabilized conditions labeled EtCab on the surface of sporozoites. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting indicated that EtCab was highly transcribed and expressed in sporozoites. The attachment assay using a yeast surface display model showed that the adherence rates of EtCab expressed on the surfaces of yeasts to host cells were 2.5-fold greater than the control. Invasion inhibition assays revealed that specific polyclonal antibodies against EtCab significantly reduced the invasion rate of sporozoites on host cells compared to the control group (P < 0.01). These results suggest that EtCab plays an important role in the attachment and invasion of E. tenella to host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakun Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hanzhu Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lingyu Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bingxiang Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yingying Jiang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Huihui Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, China.
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11
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Arredondo SA, Schepis A, Reynolds L, Kappe SHI. Secretory Organelle Function in the Plasmodium Sporozoite. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:651-663. [PMID: 33589364 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium sporozoites exhibit a complex infection biology in the mosquito and mammalian hosts. The sporozoite apical secretory organelles, the micronemes and rhoptries, store protein mediators of parasite/host/vector interactions and must secrete them in a temporally and spatially well orchestrated manner. Micronemal proteins are critical for sporozoite motility throughout its journey from the mosquito midgut oocyst to the mammalian liver, and also for cell traversal (CT) and hepatocyte invasion. Rhoptry proteins, until recently thought to be only important for hepatocyte invasion, appear to also play an unexpected role in motility and in the interaction with mosquito tissue. Therefore, navigating the different microenvironments with secretion likely requires the sporozoite to have a more complex system of secretory organelles than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia A Arredondo
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Antonino Schepis
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Laura Reynolds
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Stefan H I Kappe
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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12
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Wang Q, Zhao Q, Zhu S, Huang B, Yu S, Liang S, Wang H, Zhao H, Han H, Dong H. Further investigation of the characteristics and biological function of Eimeria tenella apical membrane antigen 1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:70. [PMID: 33306022 PMCID: PMC7731912 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) is a type I integral membrane protein that is highly conserved in apicomplexan parasites. Previous studies have shown that Eimeria tenella AMA1 (EtAMA1) is critical for sporozoite invasion of host cells. Here, we show that EtAMA1 is a microneme protein secreted by sporozoites, confirming previous results. Individual and combined treatment with antibodies of EtAMA1 and its interacting proteins, E. tenella rhoptry neck protein 2 (EtRON2) and Eimeria-specific protein (EtESP), elicited significant anti-invasion effects on the parasite in a concentration-dependent manner. The overexpression of EtAMA1 in DF-1 cells showed a significant increase of sporozoite invasion. Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) coupled with LC-MS/MS were used to screen differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in DF-1 cells transiently transfected with EtAMA1. In total, 3953 distinct nonredundant proteins were identified and 163 of these were found to be differentially expressed, including 91 upregulated proteins and 72 downregulated proteins. The DEPs were mainly localized within the cytoplasm and were involved in protein binding and poly(A)-RNA binding. KEEG analyses suggested that the key pathways that the DEPs belonged to included melanogenesis, spliceosomes, tight junctions, and the FoxO and MAPK signaling pathways. The data in this study not only provide a comprehensive dataset for the overall protein changes caused by EtAMA1 expression, but also shed light on EtAMA1’s potential molecular mechanisms during Eimeria infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qiping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shunhai Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Bing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shuilan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shanshan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Huanzhi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hongyu Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
| | - Hui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 200241 Shanghai, PR China
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13
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Liang S, Zhu S, Zhao Q, Yu Y, Dong H, Wang Q, Wang H, Yu S, Huang B, Han H. Molecular characterization of 60S ribosomal protein L12 of E. tenella. Exp Parasitol 2020; 217:107963. [PMID: 32781092 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed the large-subunit (60S) ribosomal protein L12 of Eimeria tenella (Et60s-RPL12). A full-length cDNA was cloned, and the recombinant protein was expressed in E. coli BL21 and inoculated in rabbits to produce the polyclonal antibody. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting were used to analyze the transcription levels of Et60s-RPL12 and translation levels in different developmental stages of E. tenella. The results showed that the mRNA transcription level of Et60s-RPL12 was highest in second-generation merozoites, whereas the translation level was highest in unsporulated oocysts. Indirect immunofluorescence showed that Et60s-RPL12 was localized to the anterior region and surface of sporozoites, except for the two refractile bodies. As the invasion of DF-1 cells progressed, fluorescence intensity was increased, and Et60s-RPL12 was localized to the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM). The secretion assay results using staurosporine indicated that this protein was secreted, but not from micronemes. The role of Et60s-RPL12 in invasion was evaluated in vitro. The results of the invasion assay showed that polyclonal antibody inhibited host cell invasion by the parasite, which reached about 12%. However, the rate of invasion was not correlated with the concentration of IgG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Liang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China; College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Shunhai Zhu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Qiping Zhao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Yu Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China; College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Qingjie Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Shuilan Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Bing Huang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Hongyu Han
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
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14
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Li C, Zhao Q, Zhu S, Wang Q, Wang H, Yu S, Yu Y, Liang S, Zhao H, Huang B, Dong H, Han H. Eimeria tenella Eimeria-specific protein that interacts with apical membrane antigen 1 (EtAMA1) is involved in host cell invasion. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:373. [PMID: 32711572 PMCID: PMC7382093 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Avian coccidiosis is a widespread, economically significant disease of poultry, caused by several Eimeria species. These parasites have complex and diverse life-cycles that require invasion of their host cells. This is mediated by various proteins secreted from apical secretory organelles. Apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1), which is released from micronemes and is conserved across all apicomplexans, plays a central role in the host cell invasion. In a previous study, some putative EtAMA1-interacting proteins of E. tenella were screened. In this study, we characterized one putative EtAMA1-interacting protein, E. tenella Eimeria -specific protein (EtEsp). Methods Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion protein pull-down (GST pull-down) were used to confirm the interaction between EtAMA1 and EtEsp in vivo and in vitro. The expression of EtEsp was analyzed in different developmental stages of E. tenella with quantitative PCR and western blotting. The secretion of EtEsp protein was tested with staurosporine when sporozoites were incubated in complete medium at 41 °C. The localization of EtEsp was analyzed with an immunofluorescence assay (IFA). An in vitro invasion inhibition assay was conducted to assess the ability of antibodies against EtEsp to inhibit cell invasion by E. tenella sporozoites. Results The interaction between EtAMA1 and EtEsp was confirmed with BiFC and by GST pull-down. Our results show that EtEsp is differentially expressed during distinct phases of the parasite life-cycle. IFA showed that the EtEsp protein is mainly distributed on the parasite surface, and that the expression of this protein increases during the development of the parasite in the host cells. Using staurosporine, we showed that EtEsp is a secreted protein, but not from micronemes. In inhibition tests, a polyclonal anti-rEtEsp antibody attenuated the capacity of E. tenella to invade host cells. Conclusion In this study, we show that EtEsp interacts with EtAMA1 and that the protein is secreted protein, but not from micronemes. The protein participates in sporozoite invasion of host cells and is maybe involved in the growth of the parasite. These data have implications for the use of EtAMA1 or EtAMA1-interacting proteins as targets in intervention strategies against avian coccidiosis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Qiping Zhao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Shunhai Zhu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Qingjie Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Haixia Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Shuilan Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Yu Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.,College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Shashan Liang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.,College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Huanzhi Zhao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Bing Huang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Hui Dong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
| | - Hongyu Han
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China.
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15
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Broncel M, Dominicus C, Vigetti L, Nofal SD, Bartlett EJ, Touquet B, Hunt A, Wallbank BA, Federico S, Matthews S, Young JC, Tate EW, Tardieux I, Treeck M. Profiling of myristoylation in Toxoplasma gondii reveals an N-myristoylated protein important for host cell penetration. eLife 2020; 9:e57861. [PMID: 32618271 PMCID: PMC7373427 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
N-myristoylation is a ubiquitous class of protein lipidation across eukaryotes and N-myristoyl transferase (NMT) has been proposed as an attractive drug target in several pathogens. Myristoylation often primes for subsequent palmitoylation and stable membrane attachment, however, growing evidence suggests additional regulatory roles for myristoylation on proteins. Here we describe the myristoylated proteome of Toxoplasma gondii using chemoproteomic methods and show that a small-molecule NMT inhibitor developed against related Plasmodium spp. is also functional in Toxoplasma. We identify myristoylation on a transmembrane protein, the microneme protein 7 (MIC7), which enters the secretory pathway in an unconventional fashion with the myristoylated N-terminus facing the lumen of the micronemes. MIC7 and its myristoylation play a crucial role in the initial steps of invasion, likely during the interaction with and penetration of the host cell. Myristoylation of secreted eukaryotic proteins represents a substantial expansion of the functional repertoire of this co-translational modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Broncel
- Signalling in Apicomplexan Parasites Laboratory, The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Caia Dominicus
- Signalling in Apicomplexan Parasites Laboratory, The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Luis Vigetti
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Team Membrane Dynamics of Parasite-Host Cell Interactions, CNRS UMR5309, INSERM U1209, Université Grenoble AlpesGrenobleFrance
| | - Stephanie D Nofal
- Signalling in Apicomplexan Parasites Laboratory, The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Edward J Bartlett
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City CampusLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Bastien Touquet
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Team Membrane Dynamics of Parasite-Host Cell Interactions, CNRS UMR5309, INSERM U1209, Université Grenoble AlpesGrenobleFrance
| | - Alex Hunt
- Signalling in Apicomplexan Parasites Laboratory, The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Bethan A Wallbank
- Signalling in Apicomplexan Parasites Laboratory, The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Stefania Federico
- The Peptide Chemistry STP, The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Stephen Matthews
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South KensingtonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Joanna C Young
- Signalling in Apicomplexan Parasites Laboratory, The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Edward W Tate
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City CampusLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Tardieux
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Team Membrane Dynamics of Parasite-Host Cell Interactions, CNRS UMR5309, INSERM U1209, Université Grenoble AlpesGrenobleFrance
| | - Moritz Treeck
- Signalling in Apicomplexan Parasites Laboratory, The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
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16
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López-Osorio S, Chaparro-Gutiérrez JJ, Gómez-Osorio LM. Overview of Poultry Eimeria Life Cycle and Host-Parasite Interactions. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:384. [PMID: 32714951 PMCID: PMC7351014 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites of the genus Eimeria are organisms which invade the intestinal tract, causing coccidiosis, an enteric disease of major economic importance worldwide. The disease causes high morbidity ranging from an acute, bloody enteritis with high mortality, to subclinical disease. However, the presence of intestinal lesions depends on the Eimeria species. The most important poultry Eimeria species are: E. tenella, E. necatrix, E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. brunetti, E. mitis, and E. praecox. Key points to better understanding the behavior of this species are the host-parasite interactions and its life cycle. The present paper reviews the literature available regarding the life cycle and the initial host-parasite interaction. More studies are needed to better understand these interactions in poultry Eimerias, taking into account that almost all the information available was generated from other apicomplexan parasites that generate human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara López-Osorio
- CIBAV Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Luis M. Gómez-Osorio
- CIBAV Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Alura Animal Health and Nutrition, Medellin, Colombia
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17
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Bilgic HB, Hacilarlioglu S, Bakirci S, Kose O, Unlu AH, Aksulu A, Pekagirbas M, Ahmed J, Deschermeier C, Langley G, Karagenc T. Comparison of protectiveness of recombinant Babesia ovis apical membrane antigen 1 and B. ovis-infected cell line as vaccines against ovine babesiosis. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2019; 11:101280. [PMID: 31506224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.101280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Babesiosis is a disease complex caused by unicellular Babesia parasites and among them, malignant ovine babesiosis caused by B. ovis has a devastating economical impact on the small ruminant industry. The control of disease is mainly based on chemotherapy and preventing animals from tick infestation and to date no vaccine is available against ovine babesiosis. The requirement for vaccination against B. ovis infection in endemically unstable regions is necessary for implementation of effective disease control measures. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of different immunisation protocols against disease in sheep experimentally vaccinated with recombinant B. ovis apical membrane antigen-1 (rBoAMA-1) and/or live, a B. ovis-infected cell line. Sheep were divided into four experimental groups, plus a control group. Animals were immunised either with the B. ovis stabilate, or with rBoAMA-1, or with both rBoAMA-1 and the B. ovis stabilate. Western blots and ELISAs indicated that immunisation with rBoAMA-1 resulted in generation of a specific response against the recombinant protein, but the degree of antibody response did not correlate with the level of induced protection against challenge. The strongest immune response was induced in animals co-immunised with the live B. ovis stabilate plus rBoAMA-1. Both the hematological and parasitological findings indicated that this co-immunisation regimen has vaccine potential to limit losses incurred by ovine babesiosis in endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Bilgin Bilgic
- Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, 09016, Isikli/Aydin, Turkey.
| | - Selin Hacilarlioglu
- Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, 09016, Isikli/Aydin, Turkey.
| | - Serkan Bakirci
- Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, 09016, Isikli/Aydin, Turkey.
| | - Onur Kose
- Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, 09016, Isikli/Aydin, Turkey; Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, 15030, Istiklal Yerleskesi, Burdur, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Hakan Unlu
- Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, 09016, Isikli/Aydin, Turkey; Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Vocational High School of Gevas, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Programme of Laboratorian and Veterinary Health, 65700, Van, Turkey.
| | - Ayca Aksulu
- Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, 09016, Isikli/Aydin, Turkey.
| | - Metin Pekagirbas
- Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, 09016, Isikli/Aydin, Turkey.
| | - Jabbar Ahmed
- Institue for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christina Deschermeier
- Diagnostics Development Laboratory, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Gordon Langley
- Laboratoire de Biologie Comparative des Apicomplexes, Institut Cochin, Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR 8104, Faculte de Medecine - Universite Paris Descartes, 27, rue du Faubourg-Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France.
| | - Tulin Karagenc
- Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Parasitology, 09016, Isikli/Aydin, Turkey.
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18
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Liu X, Li H, Deng H, Zheng C, Yan H, Chen Z, Bian A, Chen J, Zheng K. Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase of Babesia microti Is a Plasminogen- and Actin-Binding Protein. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:228. [PMID: 31355216 PMCID: PMC6637311 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Babesia microti, an intraerythrocytic protozoa, can cause an emerging tick-borne disease-Human babesiosis. The parasite can successfully invade host red blood cells owing to the assistance of molecules expressed by babesia. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), the housekeeping intracellular glycolytic enzyme, can also be expressed in the external of cells, where contributes to binding to several molecules such as plasminogen and actin. In the present study, we identified B. microti GAPDH (BmGAPDH) and generated the recombinant BmGAPDH (rBmGAPDH) via an E. coli expression system. Furthermore, we confirmed its catalytic dehydration activity in vitro. Moreover, we also demonstrated that rBmGAPDH could bind to human plasminogen and mouse α-actin. In addition, we demonstrated that rBmGAPDH could recognize anti-B. microti mouse serum. In conclusion, BmGAPDH is a multifunctional glycolytic enzyme, which can bind to host plasminogen and α-actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangye Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Huiqin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hongkuan Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Chen Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hongru Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zetian Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Anning Bian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jiaxu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Ministry of Health of China, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Kuiyang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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19
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López C, Yepes-Pérez Y, Díaz-Arévalo D, Patarroyo ME, Patarroyo MA. The in Vitro Antigenicity of Plasmodium vivax Rhoptry Neck Protein 2 ( PvRON2) B- and T-Epitopes Selected by HLA-DRB1 Binding Profile. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:156. [PMID: 29868512 PMCID: PMC5962679 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax is a neglected disease which is responsible for the highest morbidity in both Americas and Asia. Despite continuous public health efforts to prevent malarial infection, an effective antimalarial vaccine is still urgently needed. P. vivax vaccine development involves analyzing naturally-infected patients' immune response to the specific proteins involved in red blood cell invasion. The P. vivax rhoptry neck protein 2 (PvRON2) is a highly conserved protein which is expressed in late schizont rhoptries; it interacts directly with AMA-1 and might be involved in moving-junction formation. Bioinformatics approaches were used here to select B- and T-cell epitopes. Eleven high-affinity binding peptides were selected using the NetMHCIIpan-3.0 in silico prediction tool; their in vitro binding to HLA-DRB1*0401, HLA-DRB1*0701, HLA-DRB1*1101 or HLA-DRB1*1302 was experimentally assessed. Four peptides (39152 (HLA-DRB1*04 and 11), 39047 (HLA-DRB1*07), 39154 (HLADRB1*13) and universal peptide 39153) evoked a naturally-acquired T-cell immune response in P. vivax-exposed individuals from two endemic areas in Colombia. All four peptides had an SI greater than 2 in proliferation assays; however, only peptides 39154 and 39153 had significant differences compared to the control group. Peptide 39047 was able to significantly stimulate TNF and IL-10 production while 39154 stimulated TNF production. Allele-specific peptides (but not the universal one) were able to stimulate IL-6 production; however, none induced IFN-γ production. The Bepipred 1.0 tool was used for selecting four B-cell epitopes in silico regarding humoral response. Peptide 39041 was the only one recognized by P. vivax-exposed individuals' sera and had significant differences concerning IgG subclasses; an IgG2 > IgG4 profile was observed for this peptide, agreeing with a protection-inducing role against P. falciparum and P. vivax as previously described for antigens such as RESA and MSP2. The bioinformatics results and in vitro evaluation reported here highlighted two T-cell epitopes (39047 and 39154) being recognized by memory cells and a B-cell epitope (39041) identified by P. vivax-exposed individuals' sera which could be used as potential candidates when designing a subunit-based vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina López
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,PhD Program in Biomedical and Biological Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Yoelis Yepes-Pérez
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,MSc Program in Microbiology, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diana Díaz-Arévalo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel E Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel A Patarroyo
- Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundación Instituto de Inmunología de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Basic Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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20
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Lehmann C, Tan MSY, de Vries LE, Russo I, Sanchez MI, Goldberg DE, Deu E. Plasmodium falciparum dipeptidyl aminopeptidase 3 activity is important for efficient erythrocyte invasion by the malaria parasite. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007031. [PMID: 29768491 PMCID: PMC5973627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasite egress from infected erythrocytes and invasion of new red blood cells are essential processes for the exponential asexual replication of the malaria parasite. These two tightly coordinated events take place in less than a minute and are in part regulated and mediated by proteases. Dipeptidyl aminopeptidases (DPAPs) are papain-fold cysteine proteases that cleave dipeptides from the N-terminus of protein substrates. DPAP3 was previously suggested to play an essential role in parasite egress. However, little is known about its enzymatic activity, intracellular localization, or biological function. In this study, we recombinantly expressed DPAP3 and demonstrate that it has indeed dipeptidyl aminopeptidase activity, but contrary to previously studied DPAPs, removal of its internal prodomain is not required for activation. By combining super resolution microscopy, time-lapse fluorescence microscopy, and immunoelectron microscopy, we show that Plasmodium falciparum DPAP3 localizes to apical organelles that are closely associated with the neck of the rhoptries, and from which DPAP3 is secreted immediately before parasite egress. Using a conditional knockout approach coupled to complementation studies with wild type or mutant DPAP3, we show that DPAP3 activity is important for parasite proliferation and critical for efficient red blood cell invasion. We also demonstrate that DPAP3 does not play a role in parasite egress, and that the block in egress phenotype previously reported for DPAP3 inhibitors is due to off target or toxicity effects. Finally, using a flow cytometry assay to differentiate intracellular parasites from extracellular parasites attached to the erythrocyte surface, we show that DPAP3 is involved in the initial attachment of parasites to the red blood cell surface. Overall, this study establishes the presence of a DPAP3-dependent invasion pathway in malaria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lehmann
- Chemical Biology Approaches to Malaria Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Ser Ying Tan
- Chemical Biology Approaches to Malaria Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura E. de Vries
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ilaria Russo
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mateo I. Sanchez
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel E. Goldberg
- Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Edgar Deu
- Chemical Biology Approaches to Malaria Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
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Analysis of polymorphisms and selective pressures on ama1 gene in Plasmodium knowlesi isolates from Sabah, Malaysia. J Genet 2017; 96:653-663. [PMID: 28947714 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-017-0817-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1) of Plasmodium spp. is a merozoite surface antigen that is essential for the recognition and invasion of erythrocytes. Polymorphisms occurring in this surface antigen will cause major obstacles in developing effective malaria vaccines based on AMA-1. The objective of this study was to characterize ama1 gene in Plasmodium knowlesi isolates from Sabah. DNA was extracted from blood samples collected from Keningau, Kota Kinabalu and Kudat. The Pkama1 gene was amplified using nested PCR and subjected to bidirectional sequencing. Analysis of DNA sequence revealed that most of the nucleotide polymorphisms were synonymous and concentrated in domain I of PkAMA-1. Forteen haplotypes were identified based on amino acid variations and haplotype K5 was the most common haplotype. dN/dS ratios implied that purifying selection was prevalent in Pkama1 gene. Fu and Li's D and F values further provided evidence of negative selection acting on domain II of Pkama1. Lownucleotide diversitywas also detected for the Pkama1 sequences,which is similar to reports on Pkama1 from Peninsular Malaysia and Sarawak. The presence of purifying selection and low nucleotide diversity indicated that domain II of Pkama1 can be used as a target for vaccine development.
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22
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Vulliez-Le Normand B, Saul FA, Hoos S, Faber BW, Bentley GA. Cross-reactivity between apical membrane antgen 1 and rhoptry neck protein 2 in P. vivax and P. falciparum: A structural and binding study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183198. [PMID: 28817634 PMCID: PMC5560645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria, a disease endemic in many tropical and subtropical regions, is caused by infection of the erythrocyte by the apicomplexan parasite Plasmodium. Host-cell invasion is a complex process but two Plasmodium proteins, Apical Membrane Antigen 1 (AMA1) and the Rhoptry Neck protein complex (RON), play a key role. AMA1, present on the surface of the parasite, binds tightly to the RON2 component of the RON protein complex, which is inserted into the erythrocyte membrane during invasion. Blocking the AMA1-RON2 interaction with antibodies or peptides inhibits invasion, underlining its importance in the Plasmodium life cycle and as a target for therapeutic strategies. We describe the crystal structure of the complex formed between AMA1 from P. vivax (PvAMA1) and a peptide derived from the externally exposed region of P. vivax RON2 (PvRON2sp1), and of the heterocomplex formed between P. falciparum AMA1 (PfAMA1) and PvRON2sp1. Binding studies show that the affinity of PvRON2sp1 for PvAMA1 is weaker than that previously reported for the PfRON2sp1-PfAMA1 association. Moreover, while PvRON2sp1 shows strong cross-reactivity with PfAMA1, PfRON2sp1 displays no detectable interaction with PvAMA1. The structures show that the equivalent residues PvRON2-Thr2055 and PfRON2-Arg2041 largely account for this pattern of reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Vulliez-Le Normand
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Microbiologie Structurale, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 3528, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Microbiologie Structurale, Paris, France
| | - Frederick A. Saul
- Institut Pasteur, Plate-forme de Cristallographie, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - Sylviane Hoos
- Institut Pasteur, Plate-Forme de Biophysique Moléculaire, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 3528, Paris, France
| | - Bart W. Faber
- Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Graham A. Bentley
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d’Immunologie Structurale, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA 2185, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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23
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Deu E. Proteases as antimalarial targets: strategies for genetic, chemical, and therapeutic validation. FEBS J 2017; 284:2604-2628. [PMID: 28599096 PMCID: PMC5575534 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a devastating parasitic disease affecting half of the world's population. The rapid emergence of resistance against new antimalarial drugs, including artemisinin-based therapies, has made the development of drugs with novel mechanisms of action extremely urgent. Proteases are enzymes proven to be well suited for target-based drug development due to our knowledge of their enzymatic mechanisms and active site structures. More importantly, Plasmodium proteases have been shown to be involved in a variety of pathways that are essential for parasite survival. However, pharmacological rather than target-based approaches have dominated the field of antimalarial drug development, in part due to the challenge of robustly validating Plasmodium targets at the genetic level. Fortunately, over the last few years there has been significant progress in the development of efficient genetic methods to modify the parasite, including several conditional approaches. This progress is finally allowing us not only to validate essential genes genetically, but also to study their molecular functions. In this review, I present our current understanding of the biological role proteases play in the malaria parasite life cycle. I also discuss how the recent advances in Plasmodium genetics, the improvement of protease-oriented chemical biology approaches, and the development of malaria-focused pharmacological assays, can be combined to achieve a robust biological, chemical and therapeutic validation of Plasmodium proteases as viable drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Deu
- Chemical Biology Approaches to Malaria LaboratoryThe Francis Crick InstituteLondonUK
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24
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Liu X, Zheng C, Gao X, Chen J, Zheng K. Complete Molecular and Immunoprotective Characterization of Babesia microti Enolase. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:622. [PMID: 28443086 PMCID: PMC5387042 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The apicomplexan Babesia microti is the primary causative agent of human babesiosis, one of the most broadly distributed tick-borne diseases worldwide. B. microti undergoes a complex lifecycle within both the mammalian host and the tick vector, and employs several different specific molecular mechanisms to enter host cells. Enolase, the key glycolytic enzyme in intracellular glucose metabolism, can also be expressed on the parasite’s outer surface, binds to human plasminogen, and coordinates apicomplexan parasite invasion of host cells, however, it lacks sorting sequences or lipoprotein anchor sites. In the present study, we isolated the coding gene of B. microti enolase (BmEno), expressed it within E. coli and purified the recombinant BmEno protein (rBmEno). Consequently, we confirmed cytoplasmic and surface localization of BmEno via immunofluorescence, and demonstrated that rBmEno catalyzes the dehydration of 2-phospho-D-glycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate. Moreover, our results showed that rBmEno binds to human plasminogen, and that the lysine analog ε-aminocaproic acid significantly inhibited this binding. Furthermore plasminogen bound to rBmEno converts to active plasmin. Additionally, actively immunizing mice with rBmEno could evoke a partial protective immunity against B. microti infection following challenge. In conclusion, B. microti enolase is a multifunctional cytoplasmic protein which is also expressed at the parasitic outer surface, facilitates binding to host plasminogen, and could partially protect hosts against parasite infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangye Liu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou, China
| | - Chen Zheng
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoge Gao
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou, China
| | - Jiaxu Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health of China, WHO Collaborating Centre for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and FilariasisShanghai, China
| | - Kuiyang Zheng
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou, China
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Brown RWB, Sharma AI, Engman DM. Dynamic protein S-palmitoylation mediates parasite life cycle progression and diverse mechanisms of virulence. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 52:145-162. [PMID: 28228066 PMCID: PMC5560270 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2017.1287161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic parasites possess complex life cycles and utilize an assortment of molecular mechanisms to overcome physical barriers, suppress and/or bypass the host immune response, including invading host cells where they can replicate in a protected intracellular niche. Protein S-palmitoylation is a dynamic post-translational modification in which the fatty acid palmitate is covalently linked to cysteine residues on proteins by the enzyme palmitoyl acyltransferase (PAT) and can be removed by lysosomal palmitoyl-protein thioesterase (PPT) or cytosolic acyl-protein thioesterase (APT). In addition to anchoring proteins to intracellular membranes, functions of dynamic palmitoylation include - targeting proteins to specific intracellular compartments via trafficking pathways, regulating the cycling of proteins between membranes, modulating protein function and regulating protein stability. Recent studies in the eukaryotic parasites - Plasmodium falciparum, Toxoplasma gondii, Trypanosoma brucei, Cryptococcus neoformans and Giardia lamblia - have identified large families of PATs and palmitoylated proteins. Many palmitoylated proteins are important for diverse aspects of pathogenesis, including differentiation into infective life cycle stages, biogenesis and tethering of secretory organelles, assembling the machinery powering motility and targeting virulence factors to the plasma membrane. This review aims to summarize our current knowledge of palmitoylation in eukaryotic parasites, highlighting five exemplary mechanisms of parasite virulence dependent on palmitoylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W B Brown
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Aabha I Sharma
- b Departments of Pathology and Microbiology-Immunology , Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - David M Engman
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Cedars-Sinai Medical Center , Los Angeles , CA , USA
- b Departments of Pathology and Microbiology-Immunology , Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
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26
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Devine SM, MacRaild CA, Norton RS, Scammells PJ. Antimalarial drug discovery targeting apical membrane antigen 1. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:13-20. [PMID: 30108688 PMCID: PMC6072474 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00495d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Malaria continues to frustrate humanity's attempts to eradicate this deadly disease. Although gains have been made over the last 15 years, drug resistance to malaria continues to be a major concern. The lack of new antimalarials with novel mechanisms of action continues to challenge the scientific community to find innovative targets to combat this persistent disease. One such target, apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1), is an essential protein that helps the parasite invade host erythrocytes. Recently, a number of efforts have focused on the druggability of this target, aiming to block the interactions of AMA1 that mediate invasion of host cells. This review covers recent progress in drug discovery targeting this crucial protein-protein interaction in malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane M Devine
- Medicinal Chemistry , Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University , Parkville , VIC 3052 , Australia . ;
| | - Christopher A MacRaild
- Medicinal Chemistry , Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University , Parkville , VIC 3052 , Australia . ;
| | - Raymond S Norton
- Medicinal Chemistry , Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University , Parkville , VIC 3052 , Australia . ;
| | - Peter J Scammells
- Medicinal Chemistry , Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University , Parkville , VIC 3052 , Australia . ;
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27
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Jones EJ, Korcsmaros T, Carding SR. Mechanisms and pathways of Toxoplasma gondii transepithelial migration. Tissue Barriers 2016; 5:e1273865. [PMID: 28452683 PMCID: PMC5362999 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1273865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous parasite and a prevalent food-borne parasitic pathogen. Infection of the host occurs principally through oral consumption of contaminated food and water with the gastrointestinal tract being the primary route for entry into the host. To promote infection, T. gondii has evolved highly specialized strategies for rapid traversal of the single cell thick intestinal epithelial barrier. Parasite transmigration via the paracellular pathway between adjacent cells enables parasite dissemination to secondary sites of infection where chronic infection of muscle and brain tissue is established. It has recently been proposed that parasite interactions with the integral tight junction (TJ) protein occludin influences parasite transmigration of the intestinal epithelium. We review here the emerging mechanisms of T. gondii transmigration of the small intestinal epithelium alongside the developing role played in modulating the wider TJ-associated proteome to rewire host cell regulatory systems for the benefit of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Jones
- a Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Programme , Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park , Norwich , UK.,b Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park , Norwich , UK
| | - Tamas Korcsmaros
- a Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Programme , Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park , Norwich , UK.,b Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park , Norwich , UK
| | - Simon R Carding
- a Gut Health and Food Safety Institute Strategic Programme , Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park , Norwich , UK.,c Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park , Norwich , UK
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28
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Han H, Xue P, Dong H, Zhu S, Zhao Q, Huang B. Screening and characterization of apical membrane antigen 1 interacting proteins in Eimeria tenella. Exp Parasitol 2016; 170:116-124. [PMID: 27693220 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Avian coccidiosis is a widespread and economically significant disease of poultry. It is an enteric disease caused by several protozoan Eimeria species. Eimeria belongs to the phylum Apicomplexa, which exhibits an unusual mechanism of host cell invasion. During invasion of host cells, the protein apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) is essential for invasion of Toxoplasma gondii and Plasmodium. Contrary to the roles of AMA1 during host cell invasion in T. gondii and Plasmodium, the precise functions of Eimeria AMA1 (EtAMA1) are unclear. In order to study the functions of EtAMA1, a yeast two-hybrid cDNA library was constructed from E. tenella sporozoites. The EtAMA1 ectodomain was cloned into the pGBKT7 vector to construct the bait plasmid pGBKT7- EtAMA1. Autoactivation and toxicity of the bait protein in yeast cells were tested by comparison with the pGBKT7 empty vector. Expression of the bait protein was detected by western blots. The bait plasmid pGBKT7-EtAMA1 was used to screen yeast two-hybrid cDNA library from E. tenella sporozoites. After multiple screenings with high-screening-rate medium and exclusion of false-positive plasmids, positive preys were sequenced and analyzed using BLAST. We obtained 14 putative EtAMA1-interacting proteins including E. tenella acidic microneme protein2 (EtMIC2), E. tenella putative cystathionine beta-synthase, E. tenella Eimeria-specific protein, four E. tenella conserved hypothetical proteins (one in the serine/threonine protein kinase family) and seven unknown proteins. Gene Ontology analysis indicated that two known proteins were associated with metabolic process, pyridoxal phosphate binding and protein phosphorylation. Functional analysis indicated EtMIC2 was implicated in parasite motility, migration, recognition and invasion of host cells. The data suggested that EtAMA1 may be important during host cell invasion, but also involved in other biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Han
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Pu Xue
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Hui Dong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Shunhai Zhu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Qiping Zhao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China
| | - Bing Huang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Minhang, Shanghai, 200241, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China.
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29
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Not a Simple Tether: Binding of Toxoplasma gondii AMA1 to RON2 during Invasion Protects AMA1 from Rhomboid-Mediated Cleavage and Leads to Dephosphorylation of Its Cytosolic Tail. mBio 2016; 7:mBio.00754-16. [PMID: 27624124 PMCID: PMC5021801 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00754-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) is a receptor protein on the surface of Toxoplasma gondii that plays a critical role in host cell invasion. The ligand to which T. gondii AMA1 (TgAMA1) binds, TgRON2, is secreted into the host cell membrane by the parasite during the early stages of invasion. The TgAMA1-TgRON2 complex forms the core of the “moving junction,” a ring-shaped zone of tight contact between the parasite and host cell membranes, through which the parasite pushes itself during invasion. Paradoxically, the parasite also expresses rhomboid proteases that constitutively cleave the TgAMA1 transmembrane domain. How can TgAMA1 function effectively in host cell binding if its extracellular domain is constantly shed from the parasite surface? We show here that when TgAMA1 binds the domain 3 (D3) peptide of TgRON2, its susceptibility to cleavage by rhomboid protease(s) is greatly reduced. This likely serves to maintain parasite-host cell binding at the moving junction, a hypothesis supported by data showing that parasites expressing a hypercleavable version of TgAMA1 invade less efficiently than wild-type parasites do. Treatment of parasites with the D3 peptide was also found to reduce phosphorylation of S527 on the cytoplasmic tail of TgAMA1, and parasites expressing a phosphomimetic S527D allele of TgAMA1 showed an invasion defect. Taken together, these data suggest that TgAMA1-TgRON2 interaction at the moving junction protects TgAMA1 molecules that are actively engaged in host cell penetration from rhomboid-mediated cleavage and generates an outside-in signal that leads to dephosphorylation of the TgAMA1 cytosolic tail. Both of these effects are required for maximally efficient host cell invasion. Nearly one-third of the world’s population is infected with the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which causes life-threatening disease in neonates and immunocompromised individuals. T. gondii is a member of the phylum Apicomplexa, which includes many other parasites of veterinary and medical importance, such as those that cause coccidiosis, babesiosis, and malaria. Apicomplexan parasites grow within their hosts through repeated cycles of host cell invasion, parasite replication, and host cell lysis. Parasites that cannot invade host cells cannot survive or cause disease. AMA1 is a highly conserved protein on the surface of apicomplexan parasites that is known to be important for invasion, and the work presented here reveals new and unexpected insights into AMA1 function. A more complete understanding of the role of AMA1 in invasion may ultimately contribute to the development of new chemotherapeutics designed to disrupt AMA1 function and invasion-related signaling in this important group of human pathogens.
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Foe IT, Child MA, Majmudar JD, Krishnamurthy S, van der Linden WA, Ward GE, Martin BR, Bogyo M. Global Analysis of Palmitoylated Proteins in Toxoplasma gondii. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 18:501-11. [PMID: 26468752 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as palmitoylation are critical for the lytic cycle of the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. While palmitoylation is involved in invasion, motility, and cell morphology, the proteins that utilize this PTM remain largely unknown. Using a chemical proteomic approach, we report a comprehensive analysis of palmitoylated proteins in T. gondii, identifying a total of 282 proteins, including cytosolic, membrane-associated, and transmembrane proteins. From this large set of palmitoylated targets, we validate palmitoylation of proteins involved in motility (myosin light chain 1, myosin A), cell morphology (PhIL1), and host cell invasion (apical membrane antigen 1, AMA1). Further studies reveal that blocking AMA1 palmitoylation enhances the release of AMA1 and other invasion-related proteins from apical secretory organelles, suggesting a previously unrecognized role for AMA1. These findings suggest that palmitoylation is ubiquitous throughout the T. gondii proteome and reveal insights into the biology of this important human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian T Foe
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew A Child
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jaimeen D Majmudar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shruthi Krishnamurthy
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | | | - Gary E Ward
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Brent R Martin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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31
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Abstract
Invasive stages of apicomplexan parasites require a host cell to survive, proliferate and advance to the next life cycle stage. Once invasion is achieved, apicomplexans interact closely with the host cell cytoskeleton, but in many cases the different species have evolved distinct mechanisms and pathways to modulate the structural organization of cytoskeletal filaments. The host cell cytoskeleton is a complex network, largely, but not exclusively, composed of microtubules, actin microfilaments and intermediate filaments, all of which are modulated by associated proteins, and it is involved in diverse functions including maintenance of cell morphology and mechanical support, migration, signal transduction, nutrient uptake, membrane and organelle trafficking and cell division. The ability of apicomplexans to modulate the cytoskeleton to their own advantage is clearly beneficial. We here review different aspects of the interactions of apicomplexans with the three main cytoskeletal filament types, provide information on the currently known parasite effector proteins and respective host cell targets involved, and how these interactions modulate the host cell physiology. Some of these findings could provide novel targets that could be exploited for the development of preventive and/or therapeutic strategies.
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32
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Tham WH, Lim NTY, Weiss GE, Lopaticki S, Ansell BRE, Bird M, Lucet I, Dorin-Semblat D, Doerig C, Gilson PR, Crabb BS, Cowman AF. Plasmodium falciparum Adhesins Play an Essential Role in Signalling and Activation of Invasion into Human Erythrocytes. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005343. [PMID: 26694741 PMCID: PMC4687929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The most severe form of malaria in humans is caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The invasive form of malaria parasites is termed a merozoite and it employs an array of parasite proteins that bind to the host cell to mediate invasion. In Plasmodium falciparum, the erythrocyte binding-like (EBL) and reticulocyte binding-like (Rh) protein families are responsible for binding to specific erythrocyte receptors for invasion and mediating signalling events that initiate active entry of the malaria parasite. Here we have addressed the role of the cytoplasmic tails of these proteins in activating merozoite invasion after receptor engagement. We show that the cytoplasmic domains of these type 1 membrane proteins are phosphorylated in vitro. Depletion of PfCK2, a kinase implicated to phosphorylate these cytoplasmic tails, blocks P. falciparum invasion of red blood cells. We identify the crucial residues within the PfRh4 cytoplasmic domain that are required for successful parasite invasion. Live cell imaging of merozoites from these transgenic mutants show they attach but do not penetrate erythrocytes implying the PfRh4 cytoplasmic tail conveys signals important for the successful completion of the invasion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Hong Tham
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas T. Y. Lim
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Sash Lopaticki
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendan R. E. Ansell
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Megan Bird
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Isabelle Lucet
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Christian Doerig
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul R. Gilson
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendan S. Crabb
- Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alan F. Cowman
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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33
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Riglar DT, Whitehead L, Cowman AF, Rogers KL, Baum J. Localisation-based imaging of malarial antigens during erythrocyte entry reaffirms a role for AMA1 but not MTRAP in invasion. J Cell Sci 2015; 129:228-42. [PMID: 26604223 PMCID: PMC4732298 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.177741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Microscopy-based localisation of proteins during malaria parasite (Plasmodium) invasion of the erythrocyte is widely used for tentative assignment of protein function. To date, however, imaging has been limited by the rarity of invasion events and the poor resolution available, given the micron size of the parasite, which leads to a lack of quantitative measures for definitive localisation. Here, using computational image analysis we have attempted to assign relative protein localisation during invasion using wide-field deconvolution microscopy. By incorporating three-dimensional information we present a detailed assessment of known parasite effectors predicted to function during entry but as yet untested or for which data are equivocal. Our method, termed longitudinal intensity profiling, resolves confusion surrounding the localisation of apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) at the merozoite–erythrocyte junction and predicts that the merozoite thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (MTRAP) is unlikely to play a direct role in the mechanics of entry, an observation supported with additional biochemical evidence. This approach sets a benchmark for imaging of complex micron-scale events and cautions against simplistic interpretations of small numbers of representative images for the assignment of protein function or prioritisation of candidates as therapeutic targets. Highlighted Article: Here we develop a high-definition imaging approach to dissect and assign function to proteins involved in the rapid process of malaria parasite invasion of the human erythrocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Riglar
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, 3052, Australia Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3050, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lachlan Whitehead
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, 3052, Australia Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3050, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alan F Cowman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, 3052, Australia Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3050, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kelly L Rogers
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, 3052, Australia Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3050, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jake Baum
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Gliding motility in apicomplexan parasites. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 46:135-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Glycoproteins and Gal-GalNAc cause Cryptosporidium to switch from an invasive sporozoite to a replicative trophozoite. Int J Parasitol 2015; 46:67-74. [PMID: 26432292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The apicomplexan parasite Cryptosporidium causes cryptosporidiosis, a diarrheal disease that can become chronic and life threatening in immunocompromised and malnourished people. There is no effective drug treatment for those most at risk of severe cryptosporidiosis. The disease pathology is due to a repeated cycle of host cell invasion and parasite replication that amplifies parasite numbers and destroys the intestinal epithelium. This study aimed to better understand the Cryptosporidium replication cycle by identifying molecules that trigger the switch from invasive sporozoite to replicative trophozoite. Our approach was to treat sporozoites of Cryptosporidium parvum and Cryptosporidium hominis, the species causing most human cryptosporidiosis, with various media under axenic conditions and examine the parasites for rounding and nuclear division as markers of trophozoite development and replication, respectively. FBS had a concentration-dependent effect on trophozoite development in both species. Trophozoite development in C. parvum, but not C. hominis, was enhanced when RPMI supplemented with 10% FBS (RPMI-FBS) was conditioned by HCT-8 cells for 3h. The effect of non-conditioned and HCT-8 conditioned RPMI-FBS on trophozoite development was abrogated by proteinase K and sodium metaperiodate pretreatment, indicating a glycoprotein trigger. Cryptosporidium parvum and C. hominis trophozoite development also was triggered by Gal-GalNAc in a concentration-dependent manner. Cryptosporidium parvum replication was greatest following treatments with Gal-GalNAc, followed by conditioned RPMI-FBS and non-conditioned RPMI-FBS (P<0.05). Cryptosporidium hominis replication was significantly less than that in C. parvum for all treatments (P<0.05), and was greatest at the highest tested concentration of Gal-GalNAc (1mM).
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Dogga SK, Bartošová-Sojková P, Lukeš J, Soldati-Favre D. Phylogeny, Morphology, and Metabolic and Invasive Capabilities of Epicellular Fish Coccidium Goussia janae. Protist 2015; 166:659-76. [PMID: 26599727 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To fill the knowledge gap on the biology of the fish coccidian Goussia janae, RNA extracted from exogenously sporulated oocysts was sequenced. Analysis by Trinity and Trinotate pipelines showed that 84.6% of assembled transcripts share the highest similarity with Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum. Phylogenetic and interpretive analyses from RNA-seq data provide novel insight into the metabolic capabilities, composition of the invasive machinery and the phylogenetic relationships of this parasite of cold-blooded vertebrates with other coccidians. This allows re-evaluation of the phylogenetic position of G. janae and sheds light on the emergence of the highly successful obligatory intracellularity of apicomplexan parasites. G. janae possesses a partial glideosome and along with it, the metabolic capabilities and adaptions of G. janae might provide cues as to how apicomplexans adjusted to extra- or intra-cytoplasmic niches and also to become obligate intracellular parasites. Unlike the similarly localized epicellular Cryptosporidium spp., G. janae lacks the feeder organelle necessary for directly scavenging nutrients from the host. Transcriptome analysis indicates that G. janae possesses metabolic capabilities comparable to T. gondii. Additionally, this enteric coccidium might also access host cell nutrients given the presence of a recently identified gene encoding the molecular sieve at the parasitophorous vacuole membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Dogga
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva. CMU, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Pavla Bartošová-Sojková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1645/31A, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, 180 Dundas St W, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z8, Canada
| | - Dominique Soldati-Favre
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva. CMU, 1 Rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Frénal
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Centre Médical Universitaire, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Dominique Soldati-Favre
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Centre Médical Universitaire, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Expression, Purification, and Biological Characterization of Babesia microti Apical Membrane Antigen 1. Infect Immun 2015. [PMID: 26195550 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00168-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The intraerythrocytic apicomplexan Babesia microti, the primary causative agent of human babesiosis, is a major public health concern in the United States and elsewhere. Apicomplexans utilize a multiprotein complex that includes a type I membrane protein called apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) to invade host cells. We have isolated the full-length B. microti AMA1 (BmAMA1) gene and determined its nucleotide sequence, as well as the amino acid sequence of the AMA1 protein. This protein contains an N-terminal signal sequence, an extracellular region, a transmembrane region, and a short conserved cytoplasmic tail. It shows the same domain organization as the AMA1 orthologs from piroplasm, coccidian, and haemosporidian apicomplexans but differs from all other currently known piroplasmida, including other Babesia and Theileria species, in lacking two conserved cysteines in highly variable domain III of the extracellular region. Minimal polymorphism was detected in BmAMA1 gene sequences of parasite isolates from six babesiosis patients from Nantucket. Immunofluorescence microscopy studies showed that BmAMA1 is localized on the cell surface and cytoplasm near the apical end of the parasite. Native BmAMA1 from parasite lysate and refolded recombinant BmAMA1 (rBmAMA1) expressed in Escherichia coli reacted with a mouse anti-BmAMA1 antibody using Western blotting. In vitro binding studies showed that both native BmAMA1 and rBmAMA1 bind to human red blood cells (RBCs). This binding is trypsin and chymotrypsin treatment sensitive but neuraminidase independent. Incubation of B. microti parasites in human RBCs with a mouse anti-BmAMA1 antibody inhibited parasite growth by 80% in a 24-h assay. Based on its antigenically conserved nature and potential role in RBC invasion, BmAMA1 should be evaluated as a vaccine candidate.
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Li W, Liu J, Wang J, Fu Y, Nan H, Liu Q. Identification and characterization of a microneme protein (NcMIC6) in Neospora caninum. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:2893-902. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4490-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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He L, Fan L, Hu J, Miao X, Huang Y, Zhou Y, Hu M, Zhao J. Characterisation of a Babesia orientalis apical membrane antigen, and comparison of its orthologues among selected apicomplexans. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2015; 6:290-6. [PMID: 25732411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we identified and characterised the complete coding sequence of Babesia orientalis apical membrane antigen 1 (designated Bo-ama1); it is 1803bp in length and encodes a polypeptide of 601 amino acids (aa). The Bo-ama-1 gene product (Bo-AMA1) is predicted to be 67kDa in size and contains a signal peptide. Mature Bo-AMA1 is predicted to have one transmembrane region and a short cytoplasmic tail (C-terminal domain). The extracellular part of Bo-AMA1 has three functional domains (DI, DII and DIII) with 14 conserved cysteine residues. A Bo-AMA1 fragment containing all three of these domains (designated Bo-AMA1-DI/II/III) was cloned into the plasmid vector pET-28a and expressed as a recombinant (His-fusion) protein of 53kDa. Antibodies in the serum from a B. orientalis-infected water buffalo specifically recognised this protein in immunoblotting analysis. Rabbit antibodies raised against the recombinant protein were able to detect native Bo-AMA1 (67kDa) from erythrocytes of B. orientalis-infected water buffalo. Bo-AMA1 is a new member of the AMA1 family and might be a good antigen for the specific detection of antibodies produced in B. orientalis infected cattle. This protein is likely to play critical roles during host cell adherence and invasion by B. orientalis, as the AMA1s reported in other organisms such as Plasmodium falciparum and Toxoplasma gondii. Further research is required to explore the biological functions of this protein and to determine whether its immunisation can induce protective effects in water buffalo against B. orientalis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China
| | - Lizhe Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Jinfang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyan Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Yuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Yanqin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Junlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, PR China.
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Zhang TE, Yin LT, Li RH, Wang HL, Meng XL, Yin GR. Protective immunity induced by peptides of AMA1, RON2 and RON4 containing T-and B-cell epitopes via an intranasal route against toxoplasmosis in mice. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:15. [PMID: 25582167 PMCID: PMC4297402 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0636-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous protozoan intracellular parasite, the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, and a worldwide zoonosis. Apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA1) and rhoptry neck protein (RON2, RON4) are involved in the invasion of T. gondii. Methods This study chemically synthesized peptides of TgAMA1, TgRON2 and TgRON4 that contained the T- and B-cell epitopes predicted by bioinformatics analysis. We evaluated the systemic response by proliferation, cytokine and antibody measurements as well as the mucosal response by examining the levels of antigen-specific secretory IgA (SIgA) in the nasal, vesical and intestinal washes obtained from mice after nasal immunization with single (AMA1, RON2, RON4) or mixtures of peptides (A1 + R2, A1 + R4, R2 + R4, A1 + R2 + R4). We also assessed the parasite burdens in the liver and brain as well as the survival of mice challenged with a virulent strain. Results The results showed that the mice immunized with single or mixed peptides produced effective mucosal and systemic immune responses with a high level of specific antibody responses, a strong lymphoproliferative response and significant levels of gamma interferon (IFN-γ), interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-4 production. These mice also elicited partial protection against acute and chronic T. gondii infection. Moreover, our study indicated that mixtures of peptides, especially the A1 + R2 mixture, were more powerful and efficient than any other single peptides. Conclusions These results demonstrated that intranasal immunisation with peptides of AMA1, RON2 and RON4 containing T- and B-cell epitopes can partly protect mice against toxoplasmosis, and a combination of peptides as a mucosal vaccine strategy is essential for future Toxoplasma vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie-E Zhang
- Research Institute of Medical Parasitology, Shanxi Medical University, Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030001, China. .,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Central Hospital of the 12th Bureau Group of China Railway, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030053, China.
| | - Li-Tian Yin
- Department of physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology Co-constructed by Province and Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China.
| | - Run-Hua Li
- Department of Biology, Taiyuan Normal University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030031, China.
| | - Hai-Long Wang
- Research Institute of Medical Parasitology, Shanxi Medical University, Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030001, China.
| | - Xiao-Li Meng
- Research Institute of Medical Parasitology, Shanxi Medical University, Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030001, China.
| | - Guo-Rong Yin
- Research Institute of Medical Parasitology, Shanxi Medical University, Xinjian South Road, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, 030001, China.
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Bichet M, Joly C, Henni AH, Guilbert T, Xémard M, Tafani V, Lagal V, Charras G, Tardieux I. The toxoplasma-host cell junction is anchored to the cell cortex to sustain parasite invasive force. BMC Biol 2014; 12:773. [PMID: 25551479 PMCID: PMC4316648 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-014-0108-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The public health threats imposed by toxoplasmosis worldwide and by malaria in sub-Saharan countries are directly associated with the capacity of their related causative agents Toxoplasma and Plasmodium, respectively, to colonize and expand inside host cells. Therefore, deciphering how these two Apicomplexan protozoan parasites access their host cells has been highlighted as a priority research with the perspective of designing anti-invasive molecules to prevent diseases. Central to the mechanism of invasion for both genera is mechanical force, which is thought to be applied by the parasite at the interface between the two cells following assembly of a unique cell-cell junction but this model lacks direct evidence and has been challenged by recent genetic studies. In this work, using parasites expressing the fluorescent core component of this junction, we analyze characteristic features of the kinematics of penetration of more than 1,000 invasion events. Results The majority of invasion events occur with a typical forward rotational progression of the parasite through a static junction into an invaginating host cell plasma membrane. However, if parasites encounter resistance and if the junction is not strongly anchored to the host cell cortex, as when parasites do not secrete the toxofilin protein and, therefore, are unable to locally remodel the cortical actin cytoskeleton, the junction travels retrogradely with the host cell membrane along the parasite surface allowing the formation of a functional vacuole. Kinetic measurements of the invasive trajectories strongly support a similar parasite driven force in both static and capped junctions, both of which lead to successful invasion. However, about 20% of toxofilin mutants fail to enter and eventually disengage from the host cell membrane while the secreted RhOptry Neck (RON2) molecules are posteriorally capped before being cleaved and released in the medium. By contrast in cells characterized by low cortex tension and high cortical actin dynamics junction capping and entry failure are drastically reduced. Conclusions This kinematic analysis newly highlights that to invade cells parasites need to engage their motor with the junction molecular complex where force is efficiently applied only upon proper anchorage to the host cell membrane and cortex. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-014-0108-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Bichet
- Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Cnrs UMR8104, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France.
| | - Candie Joly
- Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Cnrs UMR8104, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France.
| | - Ahmed Hadj Henni
- Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Cnrs UMR8104, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France.
| | - Thomas Guilbert
- Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Cnrs UMR8104, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France.
| | - Marie Xémard
- Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Cnrs UMR8104, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France.
| | - Vincent Tafani
- Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Cnrs UMR8104, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France.
| | - Vanessa Lagal
- Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Cnrs UMR8104, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France.
| | - Guillaume Charras
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, 17-19 Gordon Street, WC1H 0AH, London, UK.
| | - Isabelle Tardieux
- Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Cnrs UMR8104, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France. .,Department of Cell Biology of Host-Pathogen Interactions, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 22 Rue Méchain, 75014, Paris, France.
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da Fonseca Ferreira-da-Silva M, Springer-Frauenhoff HM, Bohne W, Howard JC. Identification of the microsporidian Encephalitozoon cuniculi as a new target of the IFNγ-inducible IRG resistance system. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004449. [PMID: 25356593 PMCID: PMC4214799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The IRG system of IFNγ-inducible GTPases constitutes a powerful resistance mechanism in mice against Toxoplasma gondii and two Chlamydia strains but not against many other bacteria and protozoa. Why only T. gondii and Chlamydia? We hypothesized that unusual features of the entry mechanisms and intracellular replicative niches of these two organisms, neither of which resembles a phagosome, might hint at a common principle. We examined another unicellular parasitic organism of mammals, member of an early-diverging group of Fungi, that bypasses the phagocytic mechanism when it enters the host cell: the microsporidian Encephalitozoon cuniculi. Consistent with the known susceptibility of IFNγ-deficient mice to E. cuniculi infection, we found that IFNγ treatment suppresses meront development and spore formation in mouse fibroblasts in vitro, and that this effect is mediated by IRG proteins. The process resembles that previously described in T. gondii and Chlamydia resistance. Effector (GKS subfamily) IRG proteins accumulate at the parasitophorous vacuole of E. cuniculi and the meronts are eliminated. The suppression of E. cuniculi growth by IFNγ is completely reversed in cells lacking regulatory (GMS subfamily) IRG proteins, cells that effectively lack all IRG function. In addition IFNγ-induced cells infected with E. cuniculi die by necrosis as previously shown for IFNγ-induced cells resisting T. gondii infection. Thus the IRG resistance system provides cell-autonomous immunity to specific parasites from three kingdoms of life: protozoa, bacteria and fungi. The phylogenetic divergence of the three organisms whose vacuoles are now known to be involved in IRG-mediated immunity and the non-phagosomal character of the vacuoles themselves strongly suggests that the IRG system is triggered not by the presence of specific parasite components but rather by absence of specific host components on the vacuolar membrane. For some time we have studied an intracellular resistance system essential for mice to survive infection with the intracellular protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii, that is based on a family of proteins, immunity-related GTPases or IRG proteins. Immediately after the parasite enters a cell, IRG proteins accumulate on the membrane of the vacuole in which the organism resides. Within a few hours the vacuole membrane breaks down and the parasite dies. A puzzle is why this mechanism works on Toxoplasma, but only on one other organism among the many tested, namely the bacterial species, Chlamydia. What do these widely different parasites have in common that so many other bacteria and protozoa lack? Neither Toxoplasma nor Chlamydia is taken up by conventional phagocytosis. In this paper we suggest that this is an important clue by showing that a microsporidian, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, a highly-divergent fungal parasite, which also invades cells bypassing phagocytosis, is resisted by the IRG system. Therefore, we propose here the “missing self” principle: IRG proteins bind to vacuolar membranes only in the absence of a host derived inhibitor that is present on phagosomal membranes but excluded from the plasma membrane invaginated by IRG target organisms during non-phagosomal entry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wolfgang Bohne
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jonathan C. Howard
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Tonkin ML, Crawford J, Lebrun ML, Boulanger MJ. Babesia divergens and Neospora caninum apical membrane antigen 1 structures reveal selectivity and plasticity in apicomplexan parasite host cell invasion. Protein Sci 2014; 22:114-27. [PMID: 23169033 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Host cell invasion by the obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasites, including Plasmodium (malaria) and Toxoplasma (toxoplasmosis), requires a step-wise mechanism unique among known host-pathogen interactions. A key step is the formation of the moving junction (MJ) complex, a circumferential constriction between the apical tip of the parasite and the host cell membrane that traverses in a posterior direction to enclose the parasite in a protective vacuole essential for intracellular survival. The leading model of MJ assembly proposes that Rhoptry Neck Protein 2 (RON2) is secreted into the host cell and integrated into the membrane where it serves as the receptor for apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) on the parasite surface. We have previously demonstrated that the AMA1-RON2 interaction is an effective target for inhibiting apicomplexan invasion. To better understand the AMA1-dependant molecular recognition events that promote invasion, including the significant AMA1-RON2 interaction, we present the structural characterization of AMA1 from the apicomplexan parasites Babesia divergens (BdAMA1) and Neospora caninum (NcAMA1) by X-ray crystallography. These studies offer intriguing structural insight into the RON2-binding surface groove in the AMA1 apical domain, which shows clear evidence for receptor-ligand co-evolution, and the hyper variability of the membrane proximal domain, which in Plasmodium is responsible for direct binding to erythrocytes. By incorporating the structural analysis of BdAMA1 and NcAMA1 with existing AMA1 structures and complexes we were able to define conserved pockets in the AMA1 apical groove that could be targeted for the design of broadly reactive therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Tonkin
- Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 3P6, Canada
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Jacot D, Frénal K, Marq JB, Sharma P, Soldati-Favre D. Assessment of phosphorylation inToxoplasmaglideosome assembly and function. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:1518-32. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Jacot
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Medicine; CMU/University of Geneva; Rue Michel-Servet 1 CH-1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Karine Frénal
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Medicine; CMU/University of Geneva; Rue Michel-Servet 1 CH-1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Jean-Baptiste Marq
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Medicine; CMU/University of Geneva; Rue Michel-Servet 1 CH-1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
| | - Pushkar Sharma
- Eukaryotic Gene Expression Laboratory; National Institute of Immunology; New Delhi 110067 India
| | - Dominique Soldati-Favre
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Medicine; CMU/University of Geneva; Rue Michel-Servet 1 CH-1211 Geneva 4 Switzerland
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Bargieri DY, Andenmatten N, Lagal V, Thiberge S, Whitelaw JA, Tardieux I, Meissner M, Ménard R. Apical membrane antigen 1 mediates apicomplexan parasite attachment but is dispensable for host cell invasion. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2552. [PMID: 24108241 PMCID: PMC3826631 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites invade host cells by forming a ring-like junction with the cell surface and actively sliding through the junction inside an intracellular vacuole. Apical membrane antigen 1 is conserved in apicomplexans and a long-standing malaria vaccine candidate. It is considered to have multiple important roles during host cell penetration, primarily in structuring the junction by interacting with the rhoptry neck 2 protein and transducing the force generated by the parasite motor during internalization. Here, we generate Plasmodium sporozoites and merozoites and Toxoplasma tachyzoites lacking apical membrane antigen 1, and find that the latter two are impaired in host cell attachment but the three display normal host cell penetration through the junction. Therefore, apical membrane antigen 1, rather than an essential invasin, is a dispensable adhesin of apicomplexan zoites. These genetic data have implications on the use of apical membrane antigen 1 or the apical membrane antigen 1–rhoptry neck 2 interaction as targets of intervention strategies against malaria or other diseases caused by apicomplexans. Plasmodium and Toxoplasma apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) is believed to be actively involved in host cell invasion by these parasites. Bargieri et al. now demonstrate that although AMA1 facilitates adhesion, invasion can proceed in the absence of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Y Bargieri
- 1] Institut Pasteur, Malaria Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, Paris, France [2]
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Walker DM, Oghumu S, Gupta G, McGwire BS, Drew ME, Satoskar AR. Mechanisms of cellular invasion by intracellular parasites. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 71:1245-63. [PMID: 24221133 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1491-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Numerous disease-causing parasites must invade host cells in order to prosper. Collectively, such pathogens are responsible for a staggering amount of human sickness and death throughout the world. Leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, toxoplasmosis, and malaria are neglected diseases and therefore are linked to socio-economical and geographical factors, affecting well-over half the world's population. Such obligate intracellular parasites have co-evolved with humans to establish a complexity of specific molecular parasite-host cell interactions, forming the basis of the parasite's cellular tropism. They make use of such interactions to invade host cells as a means to migrate through various tissues, to evade the host immune system, and to undergo intracellular replication. These cellular migration and invasion events are absolutely essential for the completion of the lifecycles of these parasites and lead to their for disease pathogenesis. This review is an overview of the molecular mechanisms of protozoan parasite invasion of host cells and discussion of therapeutic strategies, which could be developed by targeting these invasion pathways. Specifically, we focus on four species of protozoan parasites Leishmania, Trypanosoma cruzi, Plasmodium, and Toxoplasma, which are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M Walker
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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Takemae H, Sugi T, Kobayashi K, Gong H, Ishiwa A, Recuenco FC, Murakoshi F, Iwanaga T, Inomata A, Horimoto T, Akashi H, Kato K. Characterization of the interaction between Toxoplasma gondii rhoptry neck protein 4 and host cellular β-tubulin. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3199. [PMID: 24217438 PMCID: PMC3824165 DOI: 10.1038/srep03199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma rhoptry neck protein 4 (TgRON4) is a component of the moving junction macromolecular complex that plays a central role during invasion. TgRON4 is exposed on the cytosolic side of the host cell during invasion, but its molecular interactions remain unclear. Here, we identified host cellular β-tubulin as a binding partner of TgRON4, but not Plasmodium RON4. Coimmunoprecipitation studies in mammalian cells demonstrated that the C-terminal 15-kDa region of β-tubulin was sufficient for binding to TgRON4, and that a 17-kDa region in the proximal C-terminus of TgRON4 was required for binding to the C-terminal region of β-tubulin. Analysis of T. gondii-infected lysates from CHO cells expressing the TgRON4-binding region showed that the C-terminal region of β-tubulin interacted with TgRON4 at early invasion step. Our results provide evidence for a parasite-specific interaction between TgRON4 and the host cell cytoskeleton in parasite-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Takemae
- 1] National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan [2] Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Toxoplasma gondii sporozoites invade host cells using two novel paralogues of RON2 and AMA1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70637. [PMID: 23940612 PMCID: PMC3734201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite of the phylum Apicomplexa. The interaction of two well-studied proteins, Apical Membrane Antigen 1 (AMA1) and Rhoptry Neck protein 2 (RON2), has been shown to be critical for invasion by the asexual tachyzoite stage. Recently, two paralogues of these proteins, dubbed sporoAMA1 and sporoRON2 (or RON2L2), respectively, have been identified but not further characterized in proteomic and transcriptomic analyses of Toxoplasma sporozoites. Here, we show that sporoAMA1 and sporoRON2 localize to the apical region of sporozoites and that, in vitro, they interact specifically and exclusively, with no detectable interaction of sporoAMA1 with generic RON2 or sporoRON2 with generic AMA1. Structural studies of the interacting domains of sporoRON2 and sporoAMA1 indicate a novel pairing that is similar in overall form but distinct in detail from the previously described interaction of the generic pairing. Most notably, binding of sporoRON2 domain 3 to domains I/II of sporoAMA1 results in major alterations in the latter protein at the site of binding and allosterically in the membrane-proximal domain III of sporoAMA1 suggesting a possible role in signaling. Lastly, pretreatment of sporozoites with domain 3 of sporoRON2 substantially impedes their invasion into host cells while having no effect on tachyzoites, and vice versa for domain 3 of generic RON2 (which inhibits tachyzoite but not sporozoite invasion). These data indicate that sporozoites and tachyzoites each use a distinct pair of paralogous AMA1 and RON2 proteins for invasion into host cells, possibly due to the very different environment in which they each must function.
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Sharma P, Chitnis CE. Key molecular events during host cell invasion by Apicomplexan pathogens. Curr Opin Microbiol 2013; 16:432-7. [PMID: 23895827 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The ability of Apicomplexan parasites to invade host cells is key to their survival and pathogenesis. Plasmodium and Toxoplasma parasites share common mechanisms for invasion of host cells. Secretion of microneme and rhoptry proteins, tight junction formation and assembly of an acto-myosin motor are key steps for successful invasion by both parasites. Here, we review our understanding of the molecular basis for these steps.
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