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Chen R, Ma X, Ma X, Cui C. The effects of hydrotherapy and cryotherapy on recovery from acute post-exercise induced muscle damage-a network meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2024; 25:749. [PMID: 39294614 PMCID: PMC11409518 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-024-07315-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review and network meta-analysis assessed via direct and indirect comparisons the recovery effects of hydrotherapy and cold therapy at different temperatures on exercise induced muscle damage. METHODS Five databases were searched in English and Chinese. The included studies included exercise interventions such as resistance training, high-intensity interval training, and ball games, which the authors were able to define as activities that induce the appearance of EIMD. The included RCTs were analyzed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Eligible studies were included and and two independent review authors extracted data. Frequentist network meta-analytical approaches were calculated based on standardized mean difference (SMD) using random effects models. The effectiveness of each intervention was ranked and the optimal intervention was determined using the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) indicator. RESULTS 57 studies with 1220 healthy participants were included, and four interventions were examined: Cold Water Immersion (CWI), Contrast Water Therapy (CWT), Thermoneutral or Hot Water Immersion (TWI/HWI), and Cryotherapy(CRYO). According to network meta-analysis, Contrast Water Immersion (SUCRA: 79.9% )is most effective in recovering the biochemical marker Creatine Kinase. Cryotherapy (SUCRA: 88.3%) works best to relieve Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness. In the recovery of Jump Ability, cryotherapy (SUCRA: 83.7%) still ranks the highest. CONCLUSION We found that CWT was the best for recovering biochemical markers CK, and CRYO was best for muscle soreness and neuromuscular recovery. In clinical practice, we recommend the use of CWI and CRYO for reducing EIMD. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION [PROSPERO], identifier [CRD42023396067].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruohan Chen
- Department of Physical Education, Undergraduate College, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Xiaopeng Ma
- School of Sports Medicine and Physical Therapy, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoman Ma
- China Basketball College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.
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Choo HC, Lee M, Yeo V, Poon W, Ihsan M. The effect of cold water immersion on the recovery of physical performance revisited: A systematic review with meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2023; 40:2608-2638. [PMID: 36862831 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2178872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
This review evaluated the effect of CWI on the temporal recovery profile of physical performance, accounting for environmental conditions and prior exercise modality. Sixty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Standardised mean differences were calculated for parameters assessed at <1, 1-6, 24, 48, 72 and ≥96 h post-immersion. CWI improved short-term recovery of endurance performance (p = 0.01, 1 h), but impaired sprint (p = 0.03, 1 h) and jump performance (p = 0.04, 6h). CWI improved longer-term recovery of jump performance (p < 0.01-0.02, 24 h and 96 h) and strength (p < 0.01, 24 h), which coincided with decreased creatine kinase (p < 0.01-0.04, 24-72 h), improved muscle soreness (p < 0.01-0.02, 1-72 h) and perceived recovery (p < 0.01, 72 h). CWI improved the recovery of endurance performance following exercise in warm (p < 0.01) and but not in temperate conditions (p = 0.06). CWI improved strength recovery following endurance exercise performed at cool-to-temperate conditions (p = 0.04) and enhanced recovery of sprint performance following resistance exercise (p = 0.04). CWI seems to benefit the acute recovery of endurance performance, and longer-term recovery of muscle strength and power, coinciding with changes in muscle damage markers. This, however, depends on the nature of the preceding exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Cheng Choo
- Sport Physiology Department, Sport Science and Medicine Centre, Singapore Sport Institute, Singapore
| | - Marcus Lee
- Sports Science, National Youth Sports Institute, Singapore
| | - Vincent Yeo
- Sport Physiology Department, Sport Science and Medicine Centre, Singapore Sport Institute, Singapore
| | - Wayne Poon
- School of Medical and Health Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Mohammed Ihsan
- Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Xiao F, Kabachkova AV, Jiao L, Zhao H, Kapilevich LV. Effects of cold water immersion after exercise on fatigue recovery and exercise performance--meta analysis. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1006512. [PMID: 36744038 PMCID: PMC9896520 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1006512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cold water immersion (CWI) is very popular as a method reducing post-exercise muscle stiffness, eliminating fatigue, decreasing exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), and recovering sports performance. However, there are conflicting opinions as to whether CWI functions positively or negatively. The mechanisms of CWI are still not clear. In this systematic review, we used meta-analysis aims to examine the effect of CWI on fatigue recovery after high-intensity exercise and exercise performance. A total of 20 studies were retrieved and included from PubMed, PEDro and Elsevier databases in this review. Publication years of articles ranged from 2002 to 2022. In selected studies including randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and Crossover design (COD). Analyses of subjective indicators such as delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), and objective indicators such as countermovement jump (CMJ) and blood plasma markers including creatine kinase(CK), lactate/lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), C-reactive protein(CRP), and IL-6 were performed. Pooled data showed as follows: CWI resulted in a significant decline in subjective characteristics (delayed-onset muscle soreness and perceived exertion at 0 h); CWI reduced countermovement jump(CMJ) significantly at 0 h, creatine kinase(CK) was lowered at 24 h, and lactate at 24 and 48 h. There was no evidence that CWI affects C-reactive protein(CRP) and IL-6 during a 48-h recovery period. Subgroup analysis revealed that different CWI sites and water temperatures have no effect on post-exercise fatigue recovery. Recommended athletes immersed in cold water immediately after exercise, which can effectively reduce muscle soreness and accelerate fatigue recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyan Xiao
- Faculty of Physical Education, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | | | - Lu Jiao
- Faculty of Physical Education, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Huan Zhao
- Sports Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Leonid V. Kapilevich
- Faculty of Physical Education, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- Central Research Laboratory, Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
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What Parameters Influence the Effect of Cold-Water Immersion on Muscle Soreness? An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin J Sport Med 2023; 33:13-25. [PMID: 36399666 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine the efficacy of cold-water immersion (CWI) on the management of muscle soreness to identify the impact of immersion time, water temperature, CWI protocol, and type of exercise on this outcome. DESIGN Intervention systematic review and meta-analysis. SETTING MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Central, and SPORTDiscus databases were searched from their earliest record to July 30, 2020. Only randomized controlled trials that assessed muscle soreness comparing CWI and control were included. Studies were pooled in different subgroups regarding the used protocol: water temperature (severe or moderate cold), immersion time (short, medium, or longer time), CWI protocol (intermittent or continuous application), and type of exercise (endurance or resistance exercise). Data were pooled in a meta-analysis and described as weighted mean difference (95% confidence interval, P < 0.05). PARTICIPANTS Athletes and nonathletes. INTERVENTIONS Cold-water immersion and control condition. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Muscle soreness. RESULTS Forty-four studies were included. For immediate effects, CWI was superior to control regardless of water temperature and protocol, and for short and medium immersion times and endurance exercises. For delayed effects, CWI was superior to control in all subgroups except longer immersions time. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that CWI is better than control for the management of muscle soreness and water temperature and CWI protocol do not influence this result, but only short and medium immersions times presented positive effects. Aiming immediate effects, the best results suggest CWI application only after endurance exercises, while delayed effect CWI was superior both after endurance and resistance exercises.
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Azevedo KP, Bastos JAI, de Sousa Neto IV, Pastre CM, Durigan JLQ. Different Cryotherapy Modalities Demonstrate Similar Effects on Muscle Performance, Soreness, and Damage in Healthy Individuals and Athletes: A Systematic Review with Metanalysis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11154441. [PMID: 35956058 PMCID: PMC9369651 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11154441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There are extensive studies focusing on non-invasive modalities to recover physiological systems after exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). Whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) and Partial-body cryotherapy (PBC) have been recommended for recovery after EIMD. However, to date, no systematic reviews have been performed to compare their effects on muscle performance and muscle recovery markers. Methods: This systematic review with metanalysis compared the effects of WBC and PBC on muscle performance, muscle soreness (DOMS), and markers of muscular damage following EIMD. We used Pubmed, Embase, PEDro, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials as data sources. Two independent reviewers verified the methodological quality of the studies. The studies were selected if they used WBC and PBC modalities as treatment and included muscle performance and muscle soreness (DOMS) as the primary outcomes. Secondary outcomes were creatine kinase and heart rate variability. Results: Six studies with a pooled sample of 120 patients were included. The methodological quality of the studies was moderate, with an average of 4.3 on a 0–10 scale (PEDro). Results: Both cryotherapy modalities induce similar effects without difference between them. Conclusion: WBC and PBC modalities have similar global responses on muscle performance, soreness, and markers of muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Porto Azevedo
- Rehabilitation Sciences Program, Physical Therapy Division, University of Brasilia, Brasília 72220-275, Brazil; (K.P.A.); (J.A.I.B.)
| | - Júlia Aguillar Ivo Bastos
- Rehabilitation Sciences Program, Physical Therapy Division, University of Brasilia, Brasília 72220-275, Brazil; (K.P.A.); (J.A.I.B.)
| | | | - Carlos Marcelo Pastre
- Physical Therapy Department, Paulista State University, Presidente Prudente 19060-900, Brazil;
| | - Joao Luiz Quagliotti Durigan
- Rehabilitation Sciences Program, Physical Therapy Division, University of Brasilia, Brasília 72220-275, Brazil; (K.P.A.); (J.A.I.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-(61)-31078401
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Wang Y, Lu H, Li S, Zhang Y, Yan F, Huang Y, Chen X, Yang A, Han L, Ma Y. Effect of cold and heat therapies on pain relief in patients with delayed onset muscle soreness: A network meta-analysis. J Rehabil Med 2022; 54:jrm00258. [PMID: 34636405 PMCID: PMC8862647 DOI: 10.2340/jrm.v53.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To comprehensively compare the effectiveness of cold and heat therapies for delayed onset muscle soreness using network meta-analysis. METHODS Eight Chinese and English databases were searched from date of establishment of the database to 31 May 2021. Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was used to analyse the included randomized controlled trials. Potential papers were screened for eligibility, and data were extracted by 2 independent researchers. RESULTS A total of 59 studies involving 1,367 patients were eligible for this study. Ten interventions were examined: contrast water therapy, phase change material, the novel modality of cryotherapy, cold-water immersion, hot/warm-water immersion, cold pack, hot pack, ice massage, ultrasound, and passive recovery. Network meta-analysis results showed that: (i) within 24 h after exercise, hot pack was the most effective for pain relief, followed by contrast water therapy; (ii) within 48 h, the ranking was hot pack, followed by the novel modality of cryotherapy; and (iii) over 48 h post-exercise, the effect of the novel modality of cryotherapy ranked first. CONCLUSION Due to the limited quality of the included studies, further well-designed research is needed to draw firm conclusions about the effectiveness of cold and heat therapies for delayed onset muscle soreness.
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Matsumura N, Nagashima S, Negoro K, Motomura Y, Shimoura K, Tateuchi H, Ichihashi N, Aoyama T, Nagai-Tanima M. The effect of Liquid ice after high-intensity exercise on muscle function compared to Block ice. J Exerc Sci Fit 2022; 20:23-26. [PMID: 34976076 PMCID: PMC8666667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryotherapy is used to recover muscle damage after exercise and to treat acute sports injuries. Liquid ice (LI) can keep cold for a long time, and is assumed more effective than block ice (BI). From this, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of LI on the change of passive stiffness (PS) as muscle function and to validate the effectiveness of LI compared to BI. We performed the experiment as part of a case series of verification of the effects of cryotherapy. 22 healthy men (target area: right leg) were randomized to two groups: LI group and BI group. PS was measured three times during experiment protocol, pre: before exercise; post; after treating each cryotherapy after exercise; 48h: 48 hours after pre. Statistical analysis compared the PS, the amount of change in PS, and the rate of change in PS between the two groups. The rate of change between pre and 48h in LI was significantly lower compared to that in BI (p = 0.03). There was no significant difference regarding other results between groups. It revealed that the difference of effect between LI and BI for PS of muscles after high-intensity exercises. These results could be helpful for the choice of intervention for reducing muscle stiffness after exercise and at sports field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Matsumura
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Shohei Nagashima
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Kaho Negoro
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Motomura
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Kanako Shimoura
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Hiroshige Tateuchi
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Noriaki Ichihashi
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Tomoki Aoyama
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Momoko Nagai-Tanima
- Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
- Corresponding author. Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan.
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Nahon RL, Silva Lopes JS, Monteiro de Magalhães Neto A. Physical therapy interventions for the treatment of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS): Systematic review and meta-analysis. Phys Ther Sport 2021; 52:1-12. [PMID: 34365084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of interventions on pain associated with DOMS. DATA SOURCES PubMed, EMBASE, PEDro, Cochrane, and Scielo databases were searched, from the oldest records until May/2020. Search terms used included combinations of keywords related to "DOMS" and "intervention therapy". ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Healthy participants (no restrictions were applied, e.g., age, sex, and exercise level). To be included, studies should be: 1) Randomized clinical trial; 2) Having induced muscle damage and subsequently measuring the level of pain; 3) To have applied therapeutic interventions (nonpharmacological or nutritional) and compare with a control group that received no intervention; and 4) The first application of the intervention had to occur immediately after muscle damage had been induced. RESULTS One hundred and twenty-one studies were included. The results revealed that the contrast techniques (p = 0,002 I2 = 60 %), cryotherapy (p = 0,002 I2 = 100 %), phototherapy (p = 0,0001 I2 = 95 %), vibration (p = 0,004 I2 = 96 %), ultrasound (p = 0,02 I2 = 97 %), massage (p < 0,00001 I2 = 94 %), active exercise (p = 0,0004 I2 = 93 %) and compression (p = 0,002 I2 = 93 %) have a better positive effect than the control in the management of DOMS. CONCLUSION Low quality evidence suggests that contrast, cryotherapy, phototherapy, vibration, ultrasound, massage, and active exercise have beneficial effects in the management of DOMS-related pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Lohn Nahon
- Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Programa de Pós Graduação em Neurociências, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Aníbal Monteiro de Magalhães Neto
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Programa de Pós Graduação em Imunologia e Parasitologia Básicas e Aplicadas (PPGIP), campus do Araguaia, Barra do Garças, MT, Brazil
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Wang Y, Li S, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Yan F, Han L, Ma Y. Heat and cold therapy reduce pain in patients with delayed onset muscle soreness: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 32 randomized controlled trials. Phys Ther Sport 2021; 48:177-187. [PMID: 33493991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effect of heat and cold therapy on the treatment of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). METHODS We followed our protocol that was registered in PROSPERO with ID CRD42020170632. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCT) was conducted. Nine databases were searched up to December 2020. Data was extracted from the retained studies and underwent methodological quality assessment and meta-analysis. RESULTS A total of 32 RCTs involving 1098 patients were included. Meta-analysis showed that, the application of cold therapy within 1 h after exercise could reduce the pain of DOMS patients within 24 h (≤24 h) after exercise (SMD -0.57,95%CI -0.89 to -0.25, P = 0.0005) and had no obvious effect within more than 24 h (>24 h) (P = 0.05). In cold therapies, cold water immersion (SMD -0.48, 95%CI -0.84 to -0.13, P = 0.008) and other cold therapies (SMD -0.68, 95%CI -1.28 to -0.08, P = 0.03) had the significant effects within 24 h. Heat treatment could reduce the pain of patients. It had obvious effects on the pain within 24 h (SMD -1.17, 95%CI -2.62 to -0.09, P = 0.03) and over 24 h (SMD -0.82, 95%CI -1.38 to -0.26, P = 0.004). Hot pack effect was the most obvious, which reduced the pain within 24 h (SMD -2.31, 95%CI -4.33 to -0.29, P = 0.03) and over 24 h (SMD -1.78, 95%CI -2.97 to -0.59, P = 0.003). Other thermal therapies were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Both cold and heat showed effect in reducing pain of patients, however there was no significant difference between cold and heat group (P = 0.16). CONCLUSIONS The current evidence indicated that the application of cold and heat therapy within 1 h after exercise could effectively reduce the pain degree of DOMS patients for 24 h cold water immersion and hot pack therapy, which had the best effect, could promote the recovery of DOMS patients. But more high-quality studies are needed to confirm whether cold or heat therapy work better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutan Wang
- Evidence-Based Nursing Center, School of Nursing of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Sijun Li
- Evidence-Based Nursing Center, School of Nursing of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Evidence-Based Nursing Center, School of Nursing of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yanru Chen
- Evidence-Based Nursing Center, School of Nursing of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Fanghong Yan
- Evidence-Based Nursing Center, School of Nursing of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lin Han
- Evidence-Based Nursing Center, School of Nursing of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Department of Nursing, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuxia Ma
- Evidence-Based Nursing Center, School of Nursing of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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Effect of cold water immersion on muscle damage indexes after simulated soccer training in young soccer players. BIOMEDICAL HUMAN KINETICS 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/bhk-2020-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary
Study aim: To investigate the effect of cold water immersion (CWI) on muscle damage indexes after simulated soccer activity in young soccer players.
Material and methods: Eighteen professional male soccer players were randomly divided into two groups: CWI (n = 10, age 19.3 ± 0.5, body mass index 22.2 ± 1.3) and control (n = 8, age 19.4 ± 0.8, body mass index 21.7 ± 1.5). Both groups performed a simulated 90-minute soccer-specific aerobic field test (SAFT90). Then, the CWI group subjects immersed themselves for 10 minutes in 8°C water, while the control group subjects sat passively for the same time period. Blood samples were taken before, immediately after, 10 minutes, 24 hours and 48 hours after the training session in a fasted state. Blood lactate, creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme levels were measured.
Results: Lactate, CK and LDH levels increased significantly after training (p < 0.001). There were significant interactions between groups and subsequent measurements for CK (p = 0.0012) and LDH (p = 0.0471). There was no significant difference in lactate level between the two groups at any aforementioned time.
Conclusion: It seems that CWI after simulated 90-minute soccer training can reduce the values of muscle damage indexes in soccer players.
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de Brito E, Teixeira ADO, Righi NC, Paulitcth FDS, da Silva AMV, Signori LU. Vitamins C and E Associated With Cryotherapy in the Recovery of the Inflammatory Response After Resistance Exercise: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:135-141. [PMID: 33021585 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
de Brito, E, Teixeira, AdO, Righi, NC, Paulitcth, FdS, da Silva, AMV, and Signori, LU. Vitamins C and E associated with cryotherapy in the recovery of the inflammatory response after resistance exercise: A randomized clinical trial. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2019-The objective of this research was to compare the effects of cryotherapy associated with vitamins (C and E) on the recovery of the inflammatory response from the resistance exercise (RE) session of untrained volunteers. Fourteen subjects (26.2 ± 5 years old, 25.8 ± 3 kg·m) underwent 4 sessions of RE with different forms of recovery. The RE consisted of 4 sets of 10 maximal repetitions for each exercise (extensor bench, squat, and leg press). The recoveries were randomized and comprised the passive (control), with vitamins C (1 g) and E (800 UI) supplementation 40 minutes before exercise, with cryotherapy (immersion in water 15° C for 10 minutes), and the association (vitamins and cryotherapy). Hemogram, inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein and creatine kinase [CK]), and parameters of oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation [LPO] and antioxidant capacity against radical peroxyl) were evaluated before (baseline) and after (0, 30, and 120 minutes) the RE sessions. Muscle pain (primary outcome) was evaluated 24 hours after exercise. C-reactive protein (p = 0.010) and LPO (p < 0.001) increased (120 minutes) only in passive recovery. Recovery with cryotherapy (30 minutes), with vitamins and the association (0 and 30 minutes) delayed increases in CK (p < 0.001). Antioxidant capacity against radical peroxyl increased (30 minutes) only in recovery with the association (p < 0.011). The pain decreased in the recoveries with cryotherapy and association (p < 0.001). The association of vitamins (C and E) with cryotherapy attenuated the inflammatory response and pain, favoring recovery after an acute RE session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edineia de Brito
- Postgraduate Program in Functional Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Federal University of Santa Maria-UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - André de Oliveira Teixeira
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande-FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Natiele Camponogara Righi
- Postgraduate Program in Functional Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Federal University of Santa Maria-UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe da Silva Paulitcth
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande-FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Antonio Marcos Vargas da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Functional Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Federal University of Santa Maria-UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Luis Ulisses Signori
- Postgraduate Program in Functional Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Federal University of Santa Maria-UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Pesenti FB, Silva RAD, Monteiro DC, Silva LAD, Macedo CDSG. THE EFFECT OF COLD WATER IMMERSION ON PAIN, MUSCLE RECRUITMENT AND POSTURAL CONTROL IN ATHLETES. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220202604214839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction Numerous recovery strategies have been used to minimize performance loss related to delayed onset muscle soreness in athletes, and are part of prevention programs and training of most high-level sports. Objective To analyze the effects of cold-water immersion on delayed-onset muscle soreness, muscle recruitment, and postural control in soccer players. Objective The maximum load of the quadriceps femoris muscle strength was determined. After three days, the pain scale was used to measure the subject’s pain intensity. The recruitment of the quadriceps muscle was determined at the moment of the kick, and was associated with postural control. Methods Randomized, blinded clinical trial study. Two repeated series of maximum load sets at 60% MVC, performed in a knee extension chair, were used to induce quadriceps fatigue in the athletes. Participants Twenty-eight soccer players were allocated to four intervention groups: cold water immersion (CWIG, n = 7), thermoneutral water immersion (TWIG, n = 7), active recovery (ARG, n = 7), and rest (RG, n = 7), with each intervention being carried out for ten minutes. Revaluations were carried out after 24, 48, and 72 hours of the fatigue protocol. Results Pain intensity in the CWIG returned to baseline after 72 hours, while the TWIG, ARG, and RG continued to feel greater pain. For the other outcomes, no differences were found between the groups. Conclusion With regard to muscle recruitment and postural control at the time of the kick, no significant differences were found for the time periods or intervention established. Level of evidence I; High-quality randomized clinical trial with or without statistically significant difference, but with narrow confidence intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rubens Alexandre da Silva
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Brazil; l’université McGill, Canada; Universidade Norte do Paraná, Brazil
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Ferreira KS, Teixeira ADO, Brito ED, Arbiza BCC, Puntel GO, Silva AMVD, Paulitsch FDS, Signori LU. ELECTROLYTE CHANGES RELATED TO MUSCLE PAIN AFTER RESISTANCE EXERCISES. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220202603217420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction Resistance exercises (RE) performed at high intensity cause an inflammatory response and electrolyte abnormalities in blood plasma. Objectives To study the plasma electrolyte changes resulting from a high-intensity session of RE in untrained volunteers, and to correlate these with delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Methods Twenty volunteers, aged 26.9 (±4.4) years, underwent an RE session. The workout (leg extension, squat and leg press) consisted of four sets of 10 maximum repetitions. Electrolytes (Na+, K+, Ca2+ e Mg2+) were evaluated before the training (baseline), immediately (0 min), and 30 minutes after the RE. The DOMS was assessed 24 hours after the sessions. Results The Na+ increased immediately after the RE and returned to normal after 30 min (p<0.001). After 30 min, K+ increased compared to baseline levels and immediately after the RE (p<0.001). Ca2+ and Mg2+ levels did not change throughout the study. Changes in Na+ and K+ levels were correlated immediately (r=-0.511; p=0.021) and 30 min (r=-0.455; p=0.049) after RE. Plasma concentrations of Na+ 0 min were correlated (r=-0.520; p=0.018) with the DOMS. Conclusion High-intensity RE in untrained volunteers leads to changes in plasma concentrations of Na+ and K+. Na+ concentrations immediately after RE were related to DOMS; individuals that presented smaller alterations in this electrolyte reported more muscular pain. Level of evidence II; Diagnostic Studies - Development of diagnostic criteria on consecutive patients (with universally applied reference “gold” standard).
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Dantas G, Barros A, Silva B, Belém L, Ferreira V, Fonseca A, Castro P, Santos T, Lemos T, Hérickson W. Cold-Water Immersion Does Not Accelerate Performance Recovery After 10-km Street Run: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2020; 91:228-238. [PMID: 31652109 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2019.1659477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of strategies to assure better post-effort recovery is frequent in sports settings. There are several interventions available for exercise induced muscle damage recovery, but cold-water immersion (CWI) stands out among them. The effects of CWI are unclear in the literature and, although the number of street runners has been growing, there is a gap in the scientific evidence regarding the use of CWI to recover runners' performance after a 10-km street run. Purpose: The goal of our study was to analyze the effects of CWI on the recovery of muscle damage markers after a 10-km street run. Method: We randomly assigned thirty male recreational street runners, immediately after a 10-km street run, into three recovery groups: control (rest for 10 minutes), immersion (10 min immersed in water without ice at room temperature) and CWI (10 min immersed in water with ice at 10ºC). We assessed pain, triple hop distance, extensor peak torque and blood creatine kinase levels pre- and post-run, post-intervention and 24 hours after the run. Results: The 10-km run was enough to decrease triple hop distance and extensor peak torque, and increase levels of creatine kinase (p < 0.05); however, we found no time/group interactions in any of the assessed variables after we applied the appropriate interventions (p > 0.05). Conclusion: 10-min CWI at 10°C was no more effective than water immersion and rest in recovering muscle damage markers after 10-km runs.
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Tsuboshima K, Urakawa S, Takamoto K, Taguchi T, Matsuda T, Sakai S, Mizumura K, Ono T, Nishijo H. Distinct effects of thermal treatments after lengthening contraction on mechanical hyperalgesia and exercise-induced physiological changes in rat muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 128:296-306. [PMID: 31999528 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00355.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is a common but displeasing event induced by excessive muscle use or unaccustomed exercise and characterized by tenderness and movement-related pain in the exercised muscle. Thermal therapies, either icing or heating applied to muscles immediately after exercise, have been used as therapeutic interventions for DOMS. However, the mechanisms of their analgesic effects, and physiological and metabolic changes in the muscle during thermal therapy, remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated the effects of both thermal treatments on mechanical hyperalgesia of DOMS and physiological and muscle metabolite changes using the rat DOMS model induced by lengthening contraction (LC) to the gastrocnemius muscle. Heating treatment just after LC induced analgesic effects, while rats with icing treatment showed mechanical hyperalgesia similar to that of the LC group. Furthermore, increased physiological responses (e.g., muscle temperature and blood flow) following the LC were significantly kept high only in the rats with heating treatment. In addition, heating treatment increased metabolites involved in the improvement of blood flow and oxidative metabolisms in the exercised muscle. The results indicated that heating treatment just after LC has analgesic effects on DOMS, which might be mediated partly through the improvement of muscle oxidative metabolisms by changes in metabolites and elevated physiological responses.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Physiological effects of thermal therapy in the muscle and its mechanisms of analgesic effects remain unclear. The results indicated that heating, but not icing, treatment just after lengthening contractions induced analgesic effects in the rat muscle. Increases in hemodynamics, muscle temperature, and metabolites such as nicotinamide were more prominent in heating treatment, consistent with improvement of muscle oxidative metabolisms, which might reduce chemical factors to induce mechanical hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Tsuboshima
- Department of System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Susumu Urakawa
- Department of System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.,Department of Musculoskeletal Functional Research and Regeneration, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kouichi Takamoto
- Department of System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Toru Taguchi
- Department of System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan.,Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Teru Matsuda
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Sakai
- Department of System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kazue Mizumura
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Ono
- Department of System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- Department of System Emotional Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Visconti L, Forni C, Coser R, Trucco M, Magnano E, Capra G. Comparison of the effectiveness of manual massage, long-wave diathermy, and sham long-wave diathermy for the management of delayed-onset muscle soreness: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Physiother 2020; 10:1. [PMID: 31956433 PMCID: PMC6961300 DOI: 10.1186/s40945-019-0073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is a specific symptom that typically arises after unaccustomed eccentric muscular effort. It increases typically 24–72 h post-exercise and can affect physical performance. The pathophysiology of DOMS remains unclear, although it seems to be related to the remodeling phase of myofibrils. Different types of treatments have been proposed to minimize DOMS after exercise; however, no clear gold standard treatment exists. Among the most popular and easy-to-apply treatments, manual massage is often performed by clinicians and has been documented to be effective in reducing symptoms. For several years, long-wave diathermy (LWD) has been performed to manage musculoskeletal complaints, such as DOMS; however, no studies have reported its efficacy thus far. This study aimed to compare the clinical effectiveness of LWD, sham LWD, and manual massage in participants with lower limb DOMS. Methods Participants with lower limb DOMS were included in the study. They were randomly assigned to undergo real LWD, sham LWD, or manual massage. The Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) score was the primary outcome, and the Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) Scale score was the secondary outcome. Outcomes were collected before and immediately after the treatment. Analysis of variance was performed to compare the post-treatment NPRS value variability among the groups and to compare the pre- and post-treatment NPRS differences among the groups. Results No clinically relevant differences were observed regarding the NPRS value variability among real LWD, sham LWD and manual massage groups. Differences were observed in the PGIC Scale scores. Conclusions Future studies are needed to have a better understanding about the treatment of DOMS in clinical practice. Trial registration The trial was registered on 29th February 2016 in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02693678).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Visconti
- Studi fisioterapici di Montagna, Rue Palleusieux 1 11010 Pré-Saint-Didier, Aosta, Italy
| | - Corrado Forni
- 2Azienda Ospedaliera Maggiore della carità, Novara, Italy
| | - Rudi Coser
- Studi fisioterapici di Montagna, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Elisa Magnano
- 5Università Torino Bachelor in Physiotherapy, Torino, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Capra
- Supsi Scuola Universitaria per la Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
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AGOSTINI VALENTINA, VISCONTI LORENZO, TRUCCO MARCO, MARITANO ALESSIO, CAPRA GIANPIERO, BALESTRA GABRIELLA, ROSATI SAMANTA, KNAFLITZ MARCO. KNEE PROPRIOCEPTION MAY BE ALTERED BY TREATMENT IN ATHLETES SUFFERING FROM DELAYED ONSET MUSCLE SORENESS. J MECH MED BIOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519419500118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is a very common musculoskeletal problem in athletes involved in extreme competitions. The aim of this study is to compare the effect of diathermy, sham diathermy and massage on the knee proprioception of athletes treated for DOMS. Forty athletes were enrolled after the second day of a demanding ski mountaineering race. They were randomly assigned to four groups: no treatment [Formula: see text], massage [Formula: see text], diathermy [Formula: see text], and sham diathermy [Formula: see text]. The knee reposition error was measured after the treatments in order to assess knee proprioception. Significant differences between the diathermy and sham diathermy groups were found ([Formula: see text]) with an absolute effect size of [Formula: see text]. No other significant differences were found among groups. This means that diathermy has a negative impact on joint proprioception and can be explained by the spindle desensitization consequent to deeper tissue heating. This information can be important in the DOMS management of athletes, since an altered proprioception may interfere with the athlete’s performance and can increase the risk of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- VALENTINA AGOSTINI
- Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | | | | | - GIANPIERO CAPRA
- SUPSI-University of Applied Sciences and Arts of the Southern Switzerland, Manno, Switzerland
| | - GABRIELLA BALESTRA
- Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - SAMANTA ROSATI
- Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - MARCO KNAFLITZ
- Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
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18
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Missau E, Teixeira ADO, Franco OS, Martins CN, Paulitsch FDS, Peres W, Silva AMVD, Signori LU. COLD WATER IMMERSION AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE AFTER RESISTANCE EXERCISES. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220182405182913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: High-intensity resistance exercises (RE) cause an inflammatory response that reduces functionality. Objective: To evaluate the effects of Cold Water Immersion (CWI) on leukocytosis, oxidative stress parameters, inflammatory markers and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) resulting from a RE session in untrained volunteers. Methods: Thirteen volunteers (aged 26 ± 5 years) who do not engage in RE were randomized and underwent Control RE and RE with CWI sessions. Exercise sessions (leg extension machine, squats and leg presses) consisted of four sets of 10 maximum repetitions (one-week interval between the assessment and the sessions). CWI consisted of immersion in water (15°C) to the umbilicus for 10 minutes immediately after the exercise session. Complete blood count, CRP, creatine kinase (CK) and lipoperoxidation (LPO) were assessed previously (baseline) and immediately, 30 minutes and 2 hours after RE. DOMS was assessed 24 hours after the sessions. Results: RE induced progressive leukocytosis (P<0.001). CRP was elevated 2 hours after exercise (P=0.008) only in the Control RE session. CK increased 30 minutes and 2 hours after exercise (P<0.001) in the Control session, whereas in the CWI session the increase was observed after 2 hours (P<0.001). LPO increased only in the Control session after 2 hours (P=0.025). CWI reduced DOMS by 57% (P<0.001). Conclusion: CWI slows the inflammatory response and reduces DOMS in untrained individuals undergoing RE. Level of Evidence I; Randomized Clinical Trial.
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19
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Zandvoort CS, de Zwart JR, van Keeken BL, Viroux PJF, Tiemessen IJH. A customised cold-water immersion protocol favours one-size-fits-all protocols in improving acute performance recovery. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 18:54-61. [PMID: 29072114 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1386718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether a customised cold-water immersion (CWIc) protocol was more effective in enhancing acute performance recovery than a one-size-fits-all CWI (CWIs) or active recovery (AR) protocol. On three separate testing days, 10 healthy, physically active, non-smoking males completed the same fatiguing protocol (60 squat jumps and a 2'30″ all-out cycling time-trial) followed by CWIc (12°C, 10-17 min), CWIs (15°C, 10 min) or AR (60 W, 10 min). Outcome measures to assess acute recovery were heart rate variability (HRV) as HRVrecovery, muscle power (MP) as absolute and relative decline, and muscle soreness (MS) at 0 and 24 h. HRVrecovery for CWIc was significantly higher compared to CWIs (p = .026, r = 0.74) and AR (p = .000, r = 0.95). The relative decline in MP after CWIc was significantly lower than after CWIs (p = .017, r = 0.73). MS 0 h and MS 24 h post-intervention were not different after CWIc compared to CWIs and AR (p > .05). The findings of the present study demonstrated that CWIc outperforms CWIs and AR in the acute recovery of cardiovascular (HRV) and CWIs in neuromuscular (MP) performance with no differences in MS. To optimise the effects of CWI, contributions of the protocol duration and water temperature should be considered to guarantee an optimal customised dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coen S Zandvoort
- a Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences , Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Movement Sciences , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Jelmer R de Zwart
- a Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences , Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Movement Sciences , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Brenda L van Keeken
- a Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences , Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Movement Sciences , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | | | - Ivo J H Tiemessen
- b Mobilito Sport , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,c ProCcare , Halle-Zoersel , Belgium
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21
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Machado AF, Ferreira PH, Micheletti JK, de Almeida AC, Lemes ÍR, Vanderlei FM, Netto Junior J, Pastre CM. Can Water Temperature and Immersion Time Influence the Effect of Cold Water Immersion on Muscle Soreness? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2016; 46:503-14. [PMID: 26581833 PMCID: PMC4802003 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0431-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Cold water immersion (CWI) is a technique commonly used in post-exercise recovery. However, the procedures involved in the technique may vary, particularly in terms of water temperature and immersion time, and the most effective approach remains unclear. Objectives The objective of this systematic review was to determine the efficacy of CWI in muscle soreness management compared with passive recovery. We also aimed to identify which water temperature and immersion time provides the best results. Methods The MEDLINE, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, PEDro [Physiotherapy Evidence Database], and CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) databases were searched up to January 2015. Only randomized controlled trials that compared CWI to passive recovery were included in this review. Data were pooled in a meta-analysis and described as weighted mean differences (MDs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). Results Nine studies were included for review and meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis revealed that CWI has a more positive effect than passive recovery in terms of immediate (MD = 0.290, 95 % CI 0.037, 0.543; p = 0.025) and delayed effects (MD = 0.315, 95 % CI 0.048, 0.581; p = 0.021). Water temperature of between 10 and 15 °C demonstrated the best results for immediate (MD = 0.273, 95 % CI 0.107, 0.440; p = 0.001) and delayed effects (MD = 0.317, 95 % CI 0.102, 0.532; p = 0.004). In terms of immersion time, immersion of between 10 and 15 min had the best results for immediate (MD = 0.227, 95 % 0.139, 0.314; p < 0.001) and delayed effects (MD = 0.317, 95 % 0.102, 0.532, p = 0.004). Conclusions The available evidence suggests that CWI can be slightly better than passive recovery in the management of muscle soreness. The results also demonstrated the presence of a dose–response relationship, indicating that CWI with a water temperature of between 11 and 15 °C and an immersion time of 11–15 min can provide the best results. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0431-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryane Flauzino Machado
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 305 Roberto Simonsen, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Ferreira
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jéssica Kirsch Micheletti
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 305 Roberto Simonsen, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Aline Castilho de Almeida
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Ribeiro Lemes
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 305 Roberto Simonsen, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Franciele Marques Vanderlei
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 305 Roberto Simonsen, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Jayme Netto Junior
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 305 Roberto Simonsen, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos Marcelo Pastre
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 305 Roberto Simonsen, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, 19060-900, Brazil.
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22
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Fonseca LB, Brito CJ, Silva RJS, Silva-Grigoletto ME, da Silva WM, Franchini E. Use of Cold-Water Immersion to Reduce Muscle Damage and Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness and Preserve Muscle Power in Jiu-Jitsu Athletes. J Athl Train 2016; 51:540-9. [PMID: 27575565 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-51.9.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cold-water immersion (CWI) has been applied widely as a recovery method, but little evidence is available to support its effectiveness. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of CWI on muscle damage, perceived muscle soreness, and muscle power recovery of the upper and lower limbs after jiu-jitsu training. DESIGN Crossover study. SETTING Laboratory and field. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 8 highly trained male athletes (age = 24.0 ± 3.6 years, mass = 78.4 ± 2.4 kg, percentage of body fat = 13.1% ± 3.6%) completed all study phases. INTERVENTION(S) We randomly selected half of the sample for recovery using CWI (6.0°C ± 0.5°C) for 19 minutes; the other participants were allocated to the control condition (passive recovery). Treatments were reversed in the second session (after 1 week). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) We measured serum levels of creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase enzymes; perceived muscle soreness; and recovery through visual analogue scales and muscle power of the upper and lower limbs at pretraining, postrecovery, 24 hours, and 48 hours. RESULTS Athletes who underwent CWI showed better posttraining recovery measures because circulating LDH levels were lower at 24 hours postrecovery in the CWI condition (441.9 ± 81.4 IU/L) than in the control condition (493.6 ± 97.4 IU/L; P = .03). Estimated muscle power was higher in the CWI than in the control condition for both upper limbs (757.9 ± 125.1 W versus 695.9 ± 56.1 W) and lower limbs (53.7 ± 3.7 cm versus 35.5 ± 8.2 cm; both P values = .001). In addition, we observed less perceived muscle soreness (1.5 ± 1.1 arbitrary units [au] versus 3.1 ± 1.0 au; P = .004) and higher perceived recovery (8.8 ± 1.9 au versus 6.9 ± 1.7 au; P = .005) in the CWI than in the control condition at 24 hours postrecovery. CONCLUSIONS Use of CWI can be beneficial to jiu-jitsu athletes because it reduces circulating LDH levels, results in less perceived muscle soreness, and helps muscle power recovery at 24 hours postrecovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ciro J Brito
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Emerson Franchini
- Martial Arts and Combat Sports Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Machado AF, Almeida AC, Micheletti JK, Vanderlei FM, Tribst MF, Netto Junior J, Pastre CM. Dosages of cold-water immersion post exercise on functional and clinical responses: a randomized controlled trial. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:1356-1363. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. F. Machado
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Departamento de Fisioterapia; Univ. Estadual Paulista; Presidente Prudente Brazil
| | - A. C. Almeida
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde; Departamento de Fisioterapia; Univ. Federal de São Carlos; São Carlos Brazil
| | - J. K. Micheletti
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Departamento de Fisioterapia; Univ. Estadual Paulista; Presidente Prudente Brazil
| | - F. M. Vanderlei
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Departamento de Fisioterapia; Univ. Estadual Paulista; Presidente Prudente Brazil
| | - M. F. Tribst
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Departamento de Fisioterapia; Univ. Estadual Paulista; Presidente Prudente Brazil
| | - J. Netto Junior
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Departamento de Fisioterapia; Univ. Estadual Paulista; Presidente Prudente Brazil
| | - C. M. Pastre
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Departamento de Fisioterapia; Univ. Estadual Paulista; Presidente Prudente Brazil
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Bakar Y, Coknaz H, Karlı Ü, Semsek Ö, Serın E, Pala ÖO. Effect of manual lymph drainage on removal of blood lactate after submaximal exercise. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:3387-91. [PMID: 26696704 PMCID: PMC4681911 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.3387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] It has been well-established that exercise-induced muscle damage occurs following intense exercise. Massage is commonly used to manage muscle damage resulting from exercise. However the effect of massage after exercise is still not clear. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of manual lymph drainage on muscle damage and on the removal of blood lactate following submaximal exercise (SE), as part of a solution to the challenging problem in sports medicine of muscular recovery after exercise. [Subjects and Methods] Eighteen healthy male students, with moderate exercise training, were randomly assigned to either receive manual lymph drainage (MLD) or serve as controls. Both groups were subjected to a graded exercise test, performed on a treadmill ergometer, to determine each subject's individual anaerobic threshold (IAT). Seven days later, all subjects were made to run for 30 minutes on the same treadmill ergometer, at a running speed equivalent to the IAT. One group received MLD treatment, while the control subjects received no treatment. [Results] Following an increase immediately after exercise, lactic acid (LA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) serum levels dropped rapidly and significantly at the end of MLD application and two hours after SE in the subjects receiving MLD. The course of creatine kinase (CK) and myoglobin levels was comparable, and with myoglobin showing a significant difference at 2 h after SE, and CK at 24 h after SE. [Conclusion] Manual lymph drainage after SE correlated with a more rapid fall in LA and of the muscular enzymes of LDH, CK and myoglobin, and may have resulted in an improvement in the regenerative processes elicted by structural damage to the muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesim Bakar
- School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Abant Izzet
Baysal University: 14280 Bolu, Turkey
| | - Hakkı Coknaz
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Abant Izzet Baysal
University, Turkey
| | - Ümid Karlı
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Abant Izzet Baysal
University, Turkey
| | - Önder Semsek
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Abant Izzet Baysal
University, Turkey
| | | | - Ömer Osman Pala
- Department of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Faculty of
Health Science, Gazi University, Turkey
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25
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Niederstrasser NG, Meulders A, Meulders M, Slepian PM, Vlaeyen JW, Sullivan MJ. Pain Catastrophizing and Fear of Pain Predict the Experience of Pain in Body Parts Not Targeted by a Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness Procedure. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2015; 16:1065-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Murray A, Cardinale M. Cold applications for recovery in adolescent athletes: a systematic review and meta analysis. EXTREME PHYSIOLOGY & MEDICINE 2015; 4:17. [PMID: 26464795 PMCID: PMC4603811 DOI: 10.1186/s13728-015-0035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recovery and regeneration modalities have been developed empirically over the years to help and support training programmes aimed at maximizing athletic performance. Professional athletes undergo numerous training sessions, characterized by differing modalities of varying volumes and intensities, with the aim of physiological adaptation leading to improved performance. Scientific support to athletes focuses on improving the chances of a training programme producing the largest adaptive response. In competition it is mainly targeted at maximizing the chances of optimal performance and recovery when high performance levels are required repeatedly in quick succession (e.g. heats/finals). In recent years, a lot of emphasis has been put on recovery modalities. In particular, emphasis has been placed on the need to reduce the delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) typically evident following training and competitive activities inducing a certain degree of muscle damage. One of the most used recovery modalities consists of cold-water immersion and/or ice/cold applications to muscles affected by DOMS. While the scientific literature has provided a rationale for such modalities to reduce pain in athletes and recreationally active adults, it is doubtful if this rationale is appropriate to aid training with adolescent athletes. In particular, since these methods have been suggested to potentially impair the muscle remodeling process leading to muscle hypertrophy. While this debate is still active in the literature, many coaches adopt such practices in youth populations, simply transferring what they see in elite sportspeople directly; without questioning the rationale, safety or effectiveness as well as the potential for such activity to reduce the adaptive potential of skeletal muscle remodeling in adolescent athletes. The aim of this review was to assess the current knowledge base on the use of ice/cold applications for recovery purposes in adolescent athletes in order to provide useful guidelines for sports scientists, medical practitioners, physiotherapists and coaches working with such populations as well as developing research questions for further research activities in this area. Based on the current evidence, it seems clear that evidence for acute benefits of such interventions are scarce and more work is needed to ascertain the physiological implications on a pre or peri-pubertal population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Murray
- />Department of Sports Science, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- />University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Marco Cardinale
- />Department of Sports Science, Aspire Academy, Doha, Qatar
- />Department of Computer Science and Institute of Sport Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK
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Niederstrasser NG, Slepian PM, Mankovsky-Arnold T, Larivière C, Vlaeyen JW, Sullivan MJ. An Experimental Approach to Examining Psychological Contributions to Multisite Musculoskeletal Pain. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2014; 15:1156-1165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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