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Abufarsakh B, Okoli CTC, Darville AK, Williams LB, Garcia AR, Martin C. Tobacco use behavior among adults exposed to cumulative adverse childhood experiences: A systematic review and meta analysis. Addict Behav 2024; 152:107948. [PMID: 38277993 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco use remains one of the most used substances among adults globally and substantially impacts individuals and society. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) contribute to tobacco use. However, the association between cumulative ACEs and tobacco use behaviors (TUB) has not been established in the literature. In this review, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of ACEs among adult tobacco users and evaluated the relationship between cumulative ACEs and TUB. METHODS We identified original articles published before October 2022 by searching PubMed, CINAHL, and Psych INFO databases. Inclusion criteria were: English language, adults and used instruments assessing for cumulative ACEs defined as four or more ACEs. RESULTS Forty-two studies, totaling 674,087 participants; predominantly cohort and cross-sectional in study design (n = 33). Exposure to 4 ≥ ACEs was significantly associated with increasing the odds of current tobacco use (n = 35), ever or former tobacco use (n = 13), tobacco use initiation, (n = 3) nicotine dependence (n = 1), and ever using electronic cigarettes (n = 1). In the meta-analysis, as compared to those without ACEs, those with 4 ≥ ACEs were twice as likely to have ever used tobacco (OR = 2.16, 95 %CI:1.73-2.70) and approximately four times more likely to have used tobacco currently (OR = 3.73, 95 %CI:2.69-5.18). CONCLUSION The cumulative ACEs exposure can increase the risk for TUB. However, the evidence is limited primarily to cigarette use. Ongoing research into the effects of cumulative ACEs on TUB is needed to integrate trauma-informed intervention in treating tobacco use and guide public health initiatives aimed to reduce the prevalence of ACEs and TUB among adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Audrey K Darville
- University of Kentucky College of Nursing, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | | | - Antonio R Garcia
- University of Kentucky College of Social Work, Lexington, KY 40508, USA.
| | - Catherine Martin
- University of Kentucky Health Care Good Samaritan Hospital, Lexington, KY 40508, USA.
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Li J, Sun Q, Zhang H, Li B, Zhang C, Zhao Y, Lu J. Depressive symptoms mediate associations of adverse childhood experiences and chronic lung diseases: A mediation effect analysis. J Affect Disord 2024; 345:342-348. [PMID: 37879415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been found to be related to the risk of chronic lung diseases (CLDs). However, the role of depressive symptoms (DS) in this link has not been fully examined. The present study aimed to explore the mediating effect of DS on the relationship between ACEs and CLDs. METHODS Data for this retrospective cohort study were obtained from participants enrolled in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). To assess DS, the 10-item Center for Epidemiological Research Depression Scale was utilized. Logistic regression was employed to explore the associations between ACEs and DS, ACEs and CLDs, as well as depressive symptoms- chronic lung diseases (DS-CLDs). Mediation analysis was conducted to assess the mediating role of DS in the relationship between ACEs and CLDs. RESULTS A total of 12,277 participants, comprising 5942 males and 6335 females, were included in this study. Logistic regression analysis identified associations between ACEs and the risk of DS, CLDs, and DS-CLDs. Mediating effect analysis demonstrated that DS had partial mediating effects on the association between CLDs and 7 ACEs, including feel alone, peer bullied, self-reported poor health status, health limitations, death of siblings, physical abuse, and parental mental health. Additionally, DS fully mediated the relationship between CLDs and hunger. CONCLUSIONS Our study establishes a significant association between ACEs and CLDs, as well as with DS and DS-CLDs in the elderly population. Furthermore, DS acts as a mediating factor in the ACEs and CLDs relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxuan Li
- Capital Medical University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hongguang Zhang
- National Human Genetic Resources Center, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bingjie Li
- National Human Genetic Resources Center, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chaoyu Zhang
- National Human Genetic Resources Center, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yixin Zhao
- National Human Genetic Resources Center, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianbo Lu
- National Human Genetic Resources Center, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Beijing 100081, China.
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Halvaiepour Z, Nosratabadi M. Investigating the Relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Cigarette Smoking in University Students in Isfahan, Iran. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2022; 15:319-325. [PMID: 35600533 PMCID: PMC9120293 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-021-00383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences include various types of physical, psychological, and sexual abuse as well as household dysfunction. These experiences are associated with health-damaging behaviors such as smoking and other adverse health consequences. The aim of the present study was to explain the current use of cigarettes based on exposure to adverse childhood experiences in university students in Isfahan, Iran. This cross-sectional study was performed on a sample of 450 university students selected on a randomized basis in Isfahan in 2020. Checklist of adverse childhood experiences, checklist of demographic information, and smoking-related variables were employed to collect data. Multivariate logistic regression was used to investigate the effect of exposure to adverse childhood experiences on the current status of cigarette smoking. The results showed that 20.2% of the total sample students were current smokers. 46.5% of students stated that they had at least one unfavorable experience and 25.1% of all students reported six or more unfavorable experiences. By controlling demographic variables, respondents with one to five (R = 3.5) as well as six or more adverse experiences (OR = 6.8) were more likely to be current smokers than respondents who had no adverse experiences. This was more likely in female students than male university students. The results suggest that exposure to adverse experiences may increase the risk of behaviors such as smoking in adulthood. Since smoking is known as a mechanism to deal with negative events, it is necessary to develop interventions and programs to effectively deal with adverse experiences at various community levels and policy to reduce risky behaviors such as smoking in adolescents and young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Halvaiepour
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Nosratabadi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Halvaiepour Z, Nosratabadi M. Explaining the Craving for Cigarette Smoking Based on Adverse Childhood Experiences and Subjective Socioeconomic Status among University Students in Isfahan, Iran. Subst Use Misuse 2022; 57:940-947. [PMID: 35317713 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2022.2052100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Adverse childhood experiences are linked to a wide range of physical, social, sexual, and family dysfunctions. These experiences, such as smoking, may have negative health consequences. Objective: The goal of this study was to explain the desire to smoke in university students in Isfahan, Iran based on adverse childhood events and subjective socioeconomic status. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 450 young adults who were recruited randomly from Isfahan universities in 2020. To collect data, a checklist of adverse childhood events, craving for smoking, and a question about subjective socioeconomic status were used. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the data. Results: According to the findings, 46.5 percent of all university students had at least one Adverse Childhood Experience, and 68.8 percent of all university students had some level of smoking craving. Controlling for demographic variables, respondents with one to five adverse childhood experiences (OR: 1.84; 95 percent of CI: 1.11-3.04) and six or more adverse childhood experiences (OR: 5.37; 95 percent of CI: 2.58-11.71) were more likely to crave smoking than respondents with no adverse childhood experiences. Furthermore, among all students, a higher subjective socioeconomic status reduced the likelihood of smoking by 19%. Conclusions and implications: It can be concluded that university students who have had adversity in their childhood are more likely to engage in high-risk behaviors like smoking. Because smoking is recognized as a coping mechanism for stressful events, it is suggested that personal, local, and national strategies aimed at young adults in Iran be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehdi Nosratabadi
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Poteat TC, Divsalar S, Streed CG, Feldman JL, Bockting WO, Meyer IH. Cardiovascular Disease in a Population-Based Sample of Transgender and Cisgender Adults. Am J Prev Med 2021; 61:804-811. [PMID: 34364725 PMCID: PMC8608688 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2021.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Existing data on cardiovascular disease among transgender people are inconsistent and are derived from nonrepresentative samples or population-based data sets that do not include transgender-specific risk factors such as gender-affirming hormone use and gender minority stressors. A nationally representative sample of cisgender and transgender adults aged ≥40 years was used to assess the prevalence and correlates of smoking, select cardiovascular disease conditions, and venous thromboembolism. METHODS Participants were recruited from 2016 to 2018, with analysis conducted in December 2020 with 114 transgender and 964 cisgender individuals. Sample weights and multiple imputations were used for all estimates except for descriptive statistics. Logistic regression models estimated the ORs and 95% CIs expressing the relationship between each outcome variable and a set of independent variables. Each model controlled for race and age. RESULTS No meaningful differences between cisgender and transgender participants were found in smoking or cardiovascular disease conditions. However, there was an increased odds of venous thromboembolism among transgender women compared with those among cisgender women. Transgender people had greater odds of discrimination, psychological distress, and adverse childhood experiences. These stressors were associated with increased odds of a cardiovascular condition, and everyday discrimination and adverse childhood experiences were associated with increased odds of smoking. Discrimination and psychological distress were associated with venous thromboembolism. CONCLUSIONS Transgender people face disparities in cardiovascular disease risk. This study provides support for the gender minority stress model as a framework for understanding cardiovascular disease disparities. Future research with larger samples and adjudicated outcomes is needed to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonia C Poteat
- Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Shahrzad Divsalar
- Institute for Digital Research & Education, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Carl G Streed
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; Center for Transgender Medicine and Surgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jamie L Feldman
- Program in Human Sexuality, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Walter O Bockting
- Division of Gender, Sexuality, and Health, New York State Psychiatric Institute/Columbia Psychiatry, New York, New York
| | - Ilan H Meyer
- Williams Institute, School of Law, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Novais M, Henriques T, Vidal-Alves MJ, Magalhães T. When Problems Only Get Bigger: The Impact of Adverse Childhood Experience on Adult Health. Front Psychol 2021; 12:693420. [PMID: 34335410 PMCID: PMC8318698 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.693420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Previous studies have shown that adverse childhood experiences negatively impact child development, with consequences throughout the lifespan. Some of these consequences include the exacerbation or onset of several pathologies and risk behaviors. Materials and Methods: A convenience sample of 398 individuals aged 20 years or older from the Porto metropolitan area, with quotas, was collected. The evaluation was conducted using an anonymous questionnaire that included sociodemographic questions about exposure to adverse childhood experiences, a list of current health conditions, questions about risk behaviors, the AUDIT-C test, the Fagerström test and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-brief form. Variables were quantified to measure adverse childhood experiences, pathologies, and risk behaviors in adult individuals for comparison purposes. Results: Individuals with different forms of adverse childhood experiences present higher rates of smoking dependence, self-harm behaviors, victimization of/aggression toward intimate partners, early onset of sexual life, sexually transmitted infections, multiple sexual partners, abortions, anxiety, depression, diabetes, arthritis, high cholesterol, hypertension, and stroke. Different associations are analyzed and presented. Discussion and Conclusions: The results show that individuals with adverse childhood experiences have higher total scores for more risk behaviors and health conditions than individuals without traumatic backgrounds. These results are relevant for health purposes and indicate the need for further research to promote preventive and protective measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Novais
- School of Medicine, Universidade do Porto (University of Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Henriques
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decisions, School of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Research in Health Technologies and Services, School of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Vidal-Alves
- School of Medicine, Universidade do Porto (University of Porto), Porto, Portugal
- Department of Public and Forensic Health Sciences and Medical Education, School of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- University Institute of Health Sciences - CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Teresa Magalhães
- School of Medicine, Universidade do Porto (University of Porto), Porto, Portugal
- Center for Research in Health Technologies and Services, School of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Public and Forensic Health Sciences and Medical Education, School of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- University Institute of Health Sciences - CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
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Panisch LS, Baiden P, Findley E, Jahan N, LaBrenz CA. Adverse childhood experiences and risk factors associated with asthma among children in the United States: the intersection of sex and race/ethnicity. J Asthma 2021; 59:1122-1130. [PMID: 33783306 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2021.1910296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objectives of this cross-sectional study were to examine: 1) the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and asthma among children, and 2) the interaction between sex and race/ethnicity on asthma. METHODS Data for this study were obtained from the 2017-2018 National Survey of Children's Health. Binary logistic regression was conducted on an analytic sample of 49,000 children ages 0-17 years with asthma as the outcome variable and ACEs as the main explanatory variable. RESULTS Based on parent reports, we found that 11.5% of children had asthma and about 42% had at least one ACE, with 9.7% having ≥3 ACEs. Controlling for other factors, children with ≥3 ACEs had 1.45 times higher odds of having asthma when compared to children with no ACEs. Non-Hispanic Black males and females were more likely to have asthma when compared to non-Hispanic White males. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study demonstrate an association between ACEs and asthma with children exposed to ≥3 ACEs more likely to have asthma underscoring the importance of cumulative effect of ACEs on asthma. Our study also revealed an interaction between sex and race/ethnicity on asthma among children. Additional studies are needed to understand the mechanisms through which ACEs is associated with asthma among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa S Panisch
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for the Study and Prevention of Suicide, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Philip Baiden
- School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Erin Findley
- School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Nusrat Jahan
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Catherine A LaBrenz
- School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
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Struck S, Stewart-Tufescu A, Asmundson AJN, Asmundson GGJ, Afifi TO. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) research: A bibliometric analysis of publication trends over the first 20 years. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 112:104895. [PMID: 33388607 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relative health and robustness of a field of research can be approximated by assessing peer reviewed journal publication trends for articles pertinent to the field. To date, there have been no such assessments of the burgeoning research on adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). OBJECTIVE The overall goal of this study was to examine ACEs research trends using bibliometric methods. More specifically, we sought to describe observed publication trends of the ACEs literature from its inception in the late 1990s. We also analyzed the nature of ACEs publications with regard to key characteristics of main outcomes, levels of analysis, and populations of primary focus. METHODS A search was conducted using Scopus to identify English language papers on ACEs published in peer-reviewed journals between 1998 and 2018. The primary field of research was determined by having independent raters code the title of the publishing journal into distinct categories. Main research outcomes were similarly coded. RESULTS A total of 789 articles on ACEs appearing in 351 different academic journals were published between 1998 and 2018. There was considerable growth in the number of ACEs papers published over the past several years. General medicine and multidisciplinary research were the most frequent of 12 primary fields of research characterizing ACEs research. Of 16 primary outcomes on which ACEs research focused, the most common were mental health and physical health. CONCLUSION Significant growth in ACEs research over the past several years suggest the field is thriving. Observed publication trends and publication characteristics are discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Struck
- S113-750 Bannatyne Avenue, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0W5, Canada.
| | - Ashley Stewart-Tufescu
- S113-750 Bannatyne Avenue, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0W5, Canada.
| | - Aleiia J N Asmundson
- Department of Psychology, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, United States.
| | - Gordon G J Asmundson
- Department of Psychology and Anxiety and Illness Behaviours Lab, University of Regina, Regina, Canada.
| | - Tracie O Afifi
- S113-750 Bannatyne Avenue, Departments of Community Health Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0W5, Canada.
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Vaillancourt T, Szatmari P, Georgiades K, Krygsman A. The impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of Canadian children and youth. Facets (Ott) 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2021-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Children and youth flourish in environments that are predictable, safe, and structured. The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted these protective factors making it difficult for children and youth to adapt and thrive. Pandemic-related school closures, family stress, and trauma have led to increases in mental health problems in some children and youth, an area of health that was already in crisis well before COVID-19 was declared a global pandemic. Because mental health problems early in life are associated with significant impairment across family, social, and academic domains, immediate measures are needed to mitigate the potential for long-term sequalae. Now more than ever, Canada needs a national mental health strategy that is delivered in the context in which children and youth are most easily accessible—schools. This strategy should provide coordinated care across sectors in a stepped care framework and across a full continuum of mental health supports spanning promotion, prevention, early intervention, and treatment. In parallel, we must invest in a comprehensive population-based follow-up of Statistics Canada’s Canadian Health Survey on Children and Youth so that accurate information about how the pandemic is affecting all Canadian children and youth can be obtained. It is time the Canadian government prioritizes the mental health of children and youth in its management of the pandemic and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Vaillancourt
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Royal Society of Canada, Working Group on Children and Schools
| | - Peter Szatmari
- Royal Society of Canada, Working Group on Children and Schools
- Cundill Centre for Child and Youth Depression at Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario
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10
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Krinner LM, Warren-Findlow J, Bowling J. Examining the Role of Childhood Adversity on Excess Alcohol Intake and Tobacco Exposure among US College Students. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:2087-2098. [PMID: 32657199 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2020.1790009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are often associated with substance use behaviors such as drinking excess alcohol and tobacco use. Resilience may protect individuals from engaging in these maladaptive behaviors following ACEs. Objectives: We examined the associations between ACEs and excessive alcohol consumption, and ACEs and tobacco intake and exposure among diverse college students, and whether resilience buffered this relationship. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional online survey in October 2018 with students at a large Southern university to assess ACEs, levels of resilience, and students' health behaviors. We used the Adverse Childhood Experiences - International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ) and the Brief Resilience Scale. Logistic regression modeled the relationship between ACEs and students' substance use behaviors. We adjusted for demographics, other health behaviors, and emotional health and we tested resilience as a possible buffer. Results: Participants (n = 568) were in their early twenties, almost three-fourths were female. We had a racially/ethnically diverse sample. Over two-thirds had experienced 1-4 ACEs. ACE exposure was not associated with excess alcohol consumption but exhibited a consistent dose-response relationship in unadjusted and adjusted models. Moderate ACEs increased the odds of tobacco exposure by 227% (OR: 3.27, 95% CI: 1.17-9.11) in adjusted models. Resilience was unrelated to either behavior. Black respondents had significantly reduced odds for both substance use outcomes. Tobacco exposure and excess alcohol intake were comorbid behaviors. Conclusion: Childhood adversity was a significant predictor for tobacco exposure among diverse US college students. Resilience did not buffer this relationship. Age, gender, and race/ethnicity were differentially associated with substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Krinner
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jan Warren-Findlow
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jessamyn Bowling
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
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Gugushvili A, Zhao Y, Bukodi E. Intergenerational educational mobility and smoking: a study of 20 European countries using diagonal reference models. Public Health 2020; 181:94-101. [PMID: 31981813 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intergenerational educational mobility can be particularly relevant for smoking because it implies moving from individuals' family background to a new position in the social hierarchy. Existing research, however, does not provide an answer as to how the process of mobility, per se, is associated with the likelihood of smoking. STUDY DESIGN We used cross-nationally comparable survey data for 20 countries collected within the health module of the European Social Survey in 2014. The analytical sample consisted of 22,336 respondents aged 25-64 years. METHODS Smoking was operationalized by daily and occasional smoking, while the intergenerational educational mobility variable was derived from a comparison of respondents' and their parents' highest levels of educational attainment. We employed diagonal reference models to examine the association of intergenerational educational mobility and smoking. RESULTS In the country- and age-adjusted analysis, intergenerational downward mobility was associated with odds ratios of 1.34 (CI95 1.07, 1.68) and 1.61 (CI95 1.34, 1.93) for smoking, respectively, among men and women. Intergenerational upward mobility, on the other hand, was negatively associated with smoking but only among women. CONCLUSION Our findings provide new evidence that the process of intergenerational educational mobility is associated with individuals' likelihood of smoking and that this effect cannot be explained by conventional covariates of smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gugushvili
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention and Nuffield College, University of Oxford, Nuffield College, New Road, Oxford OX1 1NF, UK; Department of Public Administration and Sociology, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Postbus 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Y Zhao
- Centre for Social Investigation, Nuffield College, University of Oxford, New Road, Oxford OX1 1NF, UK.
| | - E Bukodi
- Department of Social Policy and Intervention and Nuffield College, University of Oxford, Nuffield College, New Road, Oxford OX1 1NF, UK
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Crouch E, Radcliff E, Brown M, Hung P. Exploring the association between parenting stress and a child's exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW 2019; 102:186-192. [PMID: 32489224 PMCID: PMC7266302 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nearly half of U.S. children age 0-17 have been exposed to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), accounting for over 34 million of children nationwide. Parenting stress (negative feelings related to the demands of parenting) is a primary risk factor for child maltreatment and neglect; yet has been an overlooked factor for ACEs. Understanding the degree of parenting stress and its subsequent associations with ACEs will facilitate future designations of relevant interventions to keep children safe. We analyzed 2016 data from the National Survey of Children's Health to examine whether increased levels of parenting stress are associated with higher counts of ACEs among children. About 4.4% of caregivers reported "high parenting stress" and children living with them were three times more likely (OR: 3.05; 95% CI: 2.23-4.15) to experience four or more ACEs by the age of 18. Lowering parenting stress through parenting interventions could decrease the level of childhood trauma experienced by a child or may lessen one type of stress in a home where many other stressors exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Crouch
- Rural and Minority Health Research Center, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 220 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 204, Columbia, SC 29210, USA
| | - Elizabeth Radcliff
- Rural and Minority Health Research Center, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 220 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 204, Columbia, SC 29210, USA
| | - Monique Brown
- Rural and Minority Health Research Center, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 220 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 204, Columbia, SC 29210, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Peiyin Hung
- Rural and Minority Health Research Center, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 220 Stoneridge Drive, Suite 204, Columbia, SC 29210, USA
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Crouch E, Radcliff E, Probst JC, Bennett KJ, McKinney SH. Rural-Urban Differences in Adverse Childhood Experiences Across a National Sample of Children. J Rural Health 2019; 36:55-64. [PMID: 30938864 DOI: 10.1111/jrh.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) exposure in 34 states and the District of Columbia, and whether exposure differs between rural and urban residents. METHODS This cross-sectional study used data from the 2016 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH), restricted to states in which rural versus urban residence was indicated in the public use data (n = 25,977 respondents). Bivariate analyses were used to estimate unadjusted associations. Multivariable regression models were run to examine the association between residence (rural or urban) and ACE counts of 4 or more. FINDINGS Compared to urban children, rural children had higher rates of exposure to the majority of the ACEs examined: parental separation/divorce, parental death, household incarceration, household violence, household mental illness, household substance abuse, and economic hardship. In adjusted analysis, there was no significant difference for rural children compared to urban children. The odds of 4 or more ACEs decrease as poverty levels decline, with children residing 0%-99% below the federal poverty line more likely to have reported 4 or more ACEs, compared to children residing 400% or above the federal poverty line (aOR 4.02; CI: 2.65-6.11). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that poverty is a key policy lever that may mitigate the burden of ACE exposure. The findings of this study may be instructive for policymakers and program planners as they develop interventions to stop, reduce, or mitigate ACE exposure and the long-term impact of ACEs among children in rural America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Crouch
- South Carolina Rural Health Research Center, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Elizabeth Radcliff
- South Carolina Rural Health Research Center, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Janice C Probst
- South Carolina Rural Health Research Center, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Kevin J Bennett
- School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
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