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Scherthan H, Geiger B, Ridinger D, Müller J, Riccobono D, Bestvater F, Port M, Hausmann M. Nano-Architecture of Persistent Focal DNA Damage Regions in the Minipig Epidermis Weeks after Acute γ-Irradiation. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1518. [PMID: 37892200 PMCID: PMC10605239 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to high acute doses of ionizing radiation (IR) can induce cutaneous radiation syndrome. Weeks after such radiation insults, keratinocyte nuclei of the epidermis exhibit persisting genomic lesions that present as focal accumulations of DNA double-strand break (DSB) damage marker proteins. Knowledge about the nanostructure of these genomic lesions is scarce. Here, we compared the chromatin nano-architecture with respect to DNA damage response (DDR) factors in persistent genomic DNA damage regions and healthy chromatin in epidermis sections of two minipigs 28 days after lumbar irradiation with ~50 Gy γ-rays, using single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) combined with geometric and topological mathematical analyses. SMLM analysis of fluorochrome-stained paraffin sections revealed, within keratinocyte nuclei with perisitent DNA damage, the nano-arrangements of pATM, 53BP1 and Mre11 DDR proteins in γ-H2AX-positive focal chromatin areas (termed macro-foci). It was found that persistent macro-foci contained on average ~70% of 53BP1, ~23% of MRE11 and ~25% of pATM single molecule signals of a nucleus. MRE11 and pATM fluorescent tags were organized in focal nanoclusters peaking at about 40 nm diameter, while 53BP1 tags formed nanoclusters that made up super-foci of about 300 nm in size. Relative to undamaged nuclear chromatin, the enrichment of DDR protein signal tags in γ-H2AX macro-foci was on average 8.7-fold (±3) for 53BP1, 3.4-fold (±1.3) for MRE11 and 3.6-fold (±1.8) for pATM. The persistent macro-foci of minipig epidermis displayed a ~2-fold enrichment of DDR proteins, relative to DSB foci of lymphoblastoid control cells 30 min after 0.5 Gy X-ray exposure. A lasting accumulation of damage signaling and sensing molecules such as pATM and 53BP1, as well as the DSB end-processing protein MRE11 in the persistent macro-foci suggests the presence of diverse DNA damages which pose an insurmountable problem for DSB repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Scherthan
- Bundeswehr Institute for Radiobiology Affiliated to the University of Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, D-80937 München, Germany (M.P.)
| | - Beatrice Geiger
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany (D.R.)
| | - David Ridinger
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany (D.R.)
| | - Jessica Müller
- Bundeswehr Institute for Radiobiology Affiliated to the University of Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, D-80937 München, Germany (M.P.)
| | - Diane Riccobono
- Département des Effets Biologiques des Rayonnements, French Armed Forces Biomedical Research Institute, UMR 1296, BP 73, 91223 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France;
| | - Felix Bestvater
- Core Facility Light Microscopy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Matthias Port
- Bundeswehr Institute for Radiobiology Affiliated to the University of Ulm, Neuherbergstr. 11, D-80937 München, Germany (M.P.)
| | - Michael Hausmann
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany (D.R.)
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Moon JI, Kim WJ, Kim KT, Kim HJ, Shin HR, Yoon H, Park SG, Park MS, Cho YD, Kim PJ, Ryoo HM. Foci-Xpress: Automated and Fast Nuclear Foci Counting Tool. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14465. [PMID: 37833912 PMCID: PMC10572366 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the nucleus, distinct, discrete spots or regions called "foci" have been identified, each harboring a specific molecular function. Accurate and efficient quantification of these foci is essential for understanding cellular dynamics and signaling pathways. In this study, we present an innovative automated image analysis method designed to precisely quantify subcellular foci within the cell nucleus. Manual foci counting methods can be tedious and time-consuming. To address these challenges, we developed an open-source software that automatically counts the number of foci from the indicated image files. We compared the foci counting efficiency, velocity, accuracy, and convenience of Foci-Xpress with those of other conventional methods in foci-induced models. We can adjust the brightness of foci to establish a threshold. The Foci-Xpress method was significantly faster than other conventional methods. Its accuracy was similar to that of conventional methods. The most significant strength of Foci-Xpress is automation, which eliminates the need for analyzing equipment while counting. This enhanced throughput facilitates comprehensive statistical analyses and supports robust conclusions from experiments. Furthermore, automation completely rules out biases caused by researchers, such as manual errors or daily variations. Thus, Foci-Xpress is a convincing, convenient, and easily accessible focus-counting tool for cell biologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-I Moon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Dental Multi-Omics Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (J.-I.M.); (W.-J.K.); (K.-T.K.); (H.-J.K.); (H.-R.S.); (H.Y.); (S.G.P.); (M.-S.P.)
- Epigenetic Regulation of Aged Skeleto-Muscular System Laboratory, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Jin Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Dental Multi-Omics Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (J.-I.M.); (W.-J.K.); (K.-T.K.); (H.-J.K.); (H.-R.S.); (H.Y.); (S.G.P.); (M.-S.P.)
- Epigenetic Regulation of Aged Skeleto-Muscular System Laboratory, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Dental Multi-Omics Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (J.-I.M.); (W.-J.K.); (K.-T.K.); (H.-J.K.); (H.-R.S.); (H.Y.); (S.G.P.); (M.-S.P.)
- Epigenetic Regulation of Aged Skeleto-Muscular System Laboratory, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Dental Multi-Omics Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (J.-I.M.); (W.-J.K.); (K.-T.K.); (H.-J.K.); (H.-R.S.); (H.Y.); (S.G.P.); (M.-S.P.)
- Epigenetic Regulation of Aged Skeleto-Muscular System Laboratory, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Rim Shin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Dental Multi-Omics Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (J.-I.M.); (W.-J.K.); (K.-T.K.); (H.-J.K.); (H.-R.S.); (H.Y.); (S.G.P.); (M.-S.P.)
- Epigenetic Regulation of Aged Skeleto-Muscular System Laboratory, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Heein Yoon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Dental Multi-Omics Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (J.-I.M.); (W.-J.K.); (K.-T.K.); (H.-J.K.); (H.-R.S.); (H.Y.); (S.G.P.); (M.-S.P.)
- Epigenetic Regulation of Aged Skeleto-Muscular System Laboratory, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Gwa Park
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Dental Multi-Omics Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (J.-I.M.); (W.-J.K.); (K.-T.K.); (H.-J.K.); (H.-R.S.); (H.Y.); (S.G.P.); (M.-S.P.)
- Epigenetic Regulation of Aged Skeleto-Muscular System Laboratory, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sang Park
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Dental Multi-Omics Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (J.-I.M.); (W.-J.K.); (K.-T.K.); (H.-J.K.); (H.-R.S.); (H.Y.); (S.G.P.); (M.-S.P.)
- Epigenetic Regulation of Aged Skeleto-Muscular System Laboratory, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Dan Cho
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea;
| | - Pil-Jong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Knowledge Engineering Laboratory, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Mo Ryoo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Dental Multi-Omics Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (J.-I.M.); (W.-J.K.); (K.-T.K.); (H.-J.K.); (H.-R.S.); (H.Y.); (S.G.P.); (M.-S.P.)
- Epigenetic Regulation of Aged Skeleto-Muscular System Laboratory, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Walter AE, Cosper PF, Nickel KP, Ramesh S, Khan AU, DeWerd LA, Kimple RJ. Biological Characterization of the Effects of Filtration on the Xoft Axxent® Electronic Brachytherapy Source for Cervical Cancer Applications. Radiat Res 2023; 199:429-438. [PMID: 37014873 PMCID: PMC10288372 DOI: 10.1667/rade-22-00112.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Low-energy X-ray sources that operate in the kilovoltage energy range have been shown to induce more cellular damage when compared to their megavoltage counterparts. However, low-energy X-ray sources are more susceptible to the effects of filtration on the beam spectrum. This work sought to characterize the biological effects of the Xoft Axxent® source, a low-energy therapeutic X-ray source, both with and without the titanium vaginal applicator in place. It was hypothesized that there would be an increase in relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of the Axxent® source compared to 60Co and that the source in the titanium vaginal applicator (SIA) would have decreased biological effects compared to the bare source (BS). This hypothesis was drawn from linear energy transfer (LET) simulations performed using the TOPAS Monte Carlo user code as well a reduction in dose rate of the SIA compared to the BS. A HeLa cell line was maintained and used to evaluate these effects. Clonogenic survival assays were performed to evaluate differences in the RBE between the BS and SIA using 60Co as the reference beam quality. Neutral comet assay was used to assess induction of DNA strand damage by each beam to estimate differences in RBE. Quantification of mitotic errors was used to evaluate differences in chromosomal instability (CIN) induced by the three beam qualities. The BS was responsible for the greatest quantity of cell death due to a greater number of DNA double strand breaks (DSB) and CIN observed in the cells. The differences observed in the BS and SIA surviving fractions and RBE values were consistent with the 13% difference in LET as well as the factor of 3.5 reduction in dose rate of the SIA. Results from the comet and CIN assays were consistent with these results as well. The use of the titanium applicator results in a reduction in the biological effects observed with these sources, but still provides an advantage over megavoltage beam qualities. © 2023 by Radiation Research Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn E. Walter
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Pippa F. Cosper
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin, Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI
| | - Kwangok P. Nickel
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shrey Ramesh
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ahtesham U. Khan
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Larry A. DeWerd
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin, Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI
| | - Randall J. Kimple
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Human Oncology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- University of Wisconsin, Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI
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4
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Classifier Spot Count Optimization of Automated Fluorescent Slide Scanning System. ACTA MEDICA MARTINIANA 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/acm-2022-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose: Ionizing radiation induced foci (IRIF) known also as DNA repair foci represent the most sensitive endpoint for assessing DNA double strand breaks (DSB). IRIF are usually visualized and enumerated with the aid of fluorescence microscopy using antibodies to γH2AX and 53BP1. Although several approaches and software packages were developed for the quantification of IRIF, not one of them was commonly accepted and inter-laboratory variability in the outputs was reported. In this study, the sensitization of Metafer software to counting also small appearing IRIF was validated.
Materials and Methods: Human lymphocytes were γ-irradiated at a dose of 2 Gy. The cells were fixed at 0.5, 1, 2, and 18 hours post-irradiation, permeabilized and IRIF were immunostained using appropriate antibodies. Cell images were acquired with the automatic Metafer system. Radiation-induced γH2AX and 53BP1 foci were enumerated using either manual counting (JCountPro program) or the Metafer software (after its classifier optimization has been done) and compared. The statistical analysis was performed using One-way ANOVA.
Results: The enumeration of 53BP1, γH2AX foci manually by JCountPro did not statistically significantly differ from the automatic one performed with the optimized Metafer classifier. A detailed step-by-step protocol of this successful optimization is described in this study.
Conclusions: We concluded that the Metafer software after the optimization was efficient in objectively enumerating IRIF, having a potential for usage in clinics and molecular epidemiology.
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Peters AE, Caban SJ, McLaughlin EA, Roman SD, Bromfield EG, Nixon B, Sutherland JM. The Impact of Aging on Macroautophagy in the Pre-ovulatory Mouse Oocyte. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:691826. [PMID: 34268312 PMCID: PMC8277196 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.691826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accompanying the precipitous age-related decline in human female fertility is an increase in the proportion of poor-quality oocytes within the ovary. The macroautophagy pathway, an essential protein degradation mechanism responsible for maintaining cell health, has not yet been thoroughly investigated in this phenomenon. The aim of this study was to characterize the macroautophagy pathway in an established mouse model of oocyte aging using in-depth image analysis-based methods and to determine mechanisms that account for the observed changes. Three autophagy pathway markers were selected for assessment of gene and protein expression in this model: Beclin 1; an initiator of autophagosome formation, Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B; a constituent of the autophagosome membrane, and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; a constituent of the lysosome membrane. Through quantitative image analysis of immunolabeled oocytes, this study revealed impairment of the macroautophagy pathway in the aged oocyte with an attenuation of both autophagosome and lysosome number. Additionally, an accumulation of amphisomes greater than 10 μm2 in area were observed in aging oocytes, and this accumulation was mimicked in oocytes treated with lysosomal inhibitor chloroquine. Overall, these findings implicate lysosomal dysfunction as a prominent mechanism by which these age-related changes may occur and highlight the importance of macroautophagy in maintaining mouse pre-ovulatory oocyte quality. This provides a basis for further investigation of dysfunctional autophagy in poor oocyte quality and for the development of therapeutic or preventative strategies to aid in the maintenance of pre-ovulatory oocyte health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra E Peters
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Schools of Biomedical Science & Pharmacy and Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Shandelle J Caban
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Schools of Biomedical Science & Pharmacy and Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Eileen A McLaughlin
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Schools of Biomedical Science & Pharmacy and Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.,School of Science, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shaun D Roman
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Schools of Biomedical Science & Pharmacy and Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Drug Development, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Elizabeth G Bromfield
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Schools of Biomedical Science & Pharmacy and Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Brett Nixon
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Schools of Biomedical Science & Pharmacy and Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Jessie M Sutherland
- Priority Research Centre for Reproductive Science, Schools of Biomedical Science & Pharmacy and Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Pregnancy and Reproduction Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
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Chen J, Liu JY, Dong ZZ, Zou T, Wang Z, Shen Y, Zhuo W, Li XP, Xiao D, Liu HT, Chen X, Zhou HH, Liu ZQ, Zhang JT, Yin JY. The effect of eIF3a on anthracycline-based chemotherapy resistance by regulating DSB DNA repair. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 190:114616. [PMID: 34022189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthracycline are inhibitors of topoisomerase II leading to DNA double strand breaks, and it is widely used for treatment of breast cancer. eIF3a is the largest subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 (eIF3) and highly expressed in breast cancer. In this study, we investigated the role of eIF3a in DSB DNA repair and the response of breast cancer patients to anthracycline-based chemotherapy. METHODS MTT assay was used to detect anthracycline sensitivity in cell lines. Real-time reverse transcriptase PCR, western blotting and immunofluorescence were performed to assess changes in gene expression levels. Cometassay and end-joining activity assay were conducted to explore the effect of eIF3a in NHEJ repair. Luciferase reporter assay was performed to detect LIG4 5'UTR activity. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect eIF3a, LIG4 and DNA-PKcs expression levels in breast cancer tissues. RESULTS The results showed that eIF3a increased cellular response to anthracyclines by regulating DSB repair activity via influencing the expression of LIG4 and DNA-PKcs at translational level. Breast cancer patients with high level of eIF3a or low level of LIG4 or low level of DNA-PKcs had better anthracycline-based chemotherapy prognosis compared. Moreover, Combined expressions of eIF3a, LIG4 and DNA-PKcs could be better to predict PFS in breast cancer patients with anthracycline-based chemotherapy. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that eIF3a effects anthracycline-based chemotherapy response by regulating DSB DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Jun-Yan Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of the University of South China, PR China
| | - Zi-Zheng Dong
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, United States
| | - Ting Zou
- Department of National Institution of Drug Clinical Trial, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, PR China
| | - Zhan Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lung Cancer and Gastrointestinal Unit, Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, PR China
| | - Yao Shen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Wei Zhuo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Xiang-Ping Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Di Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Hai-Tao Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, PR China
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorder, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, PR China
| | - Zhao-Qian Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorder, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, PR China.
| | - Jian-Ting Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, United States.
| | - Ji-Ye Yin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, PR China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorder, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, 110 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410078, PR China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumor, Changsha 410078, PR China.
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Chen X, Xun D, Zheng R, Zhao L, Lu Y, Huang J, Wang R, Wang Y. Deep-Learning-Assisted Assessment of DNA Damage Based on Foci Images and Its Application in High-Content Screening of Lead Compounds. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14267-14277. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuechun Chen
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Dejin Xun
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Ruzhang Zheng
- State Key Lab of CAD&CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yuqing Lu
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Life Sciences Institute and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Lab of CAD&CG, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Innovation Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, China
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8
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Zorin V, Grekhova A, Pustovalova M, Zorina A, Smetanina N, Vorobyeva N, Kopnin P, Gilmutdinova I, Moskalev A, Osipov AN, Leonov S. Spontaneous γH2AX foci in human dermal fibroblasts in relation to proliferation activity and aging. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:4536-4546. [PMID: 31289256 PMCID: PMC6660037 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We assessed the effects of donor age on clonogenicity, proliferative potential, and spontaneous γH2AX foci in the proliferating (Ki67 +) and senescent (SA β-gal +) cultures of skin fibroblasts isolated from 34 donors of different age (23-82 years). Here, we demonstrated that neither the colony forming effectiveness of proliferating (Ki67+) fraction of the fibroblasts nor the average number of γH2AX foci of the same fraction does not depend on the age of the donor. The correlation between the number of γH2AX foci and the donor's age was reliable in quiescent (Ki67-) cells. The average number of γH2AX foci in quiescent fibroblasts of donors older than 68 years was about two times higher than in the same cells of up to 30 years old donors. The number of γH2AX foci demonstrated a statistically significant positive correlation with the fraction of proliferating cells in fibroblast cultures. On average, proliferating cells have twice as many the γH2AX foci in comparison with the quiescent cells. Within a population of proliferating (Ki67+) cells, the degree of senescence correlated with a relative declining of constitutive γH2AX foci number, whereas in the population of quiescent (Ki67-) cells, it was proportional to augmenting the number of the γH2AX foci. Our data on a statistically significant (p=0.001) correlation between the age of the donor and the number of constitutive γH2AX foci in quiescent cells, could point out the ongoing DNA-damage response due in the maintenance of the senescent state of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Zorin
- Human Stem Cells Institute, Moscow 119333, Russia
| | - Anna Grekhova
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 123098, Russia.,Emanuel Institute for Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Margarita Pustovalova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141700, Russia
| | - Alla Zorina
- Human Stem Cells Institute, Moscow 119333, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Smetanina
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 123098, Russia
| | - Natalia Vorobyeva
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 123098, Russia.,Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Pavel Kopnin
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Oncology Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Ilmira Gilmutdinova
- FSBI "National Medical Research Center for Rehabilitation and Balneology", Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow 121099, Russia
| | - Alexey Moskalev
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141700, Russia.,Laboratory of Molecular Radiobiology and Gerontology, Institute of Biology of Komi Science Center of Ural Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Syktyvkar, Russia.,Laboratory of Post-Genomic Research, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andreyan N Osipov
- State Research Center - Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow 123098, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141700, Russia.,Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey Leonov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141700, Russia.,Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
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9
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Poty S, Mandleywala K, O'Neill E, Knight JC, Cornelissen B, Lewis JS. 89Zr-PET imaging of DNA double-strand breaks for the early monitoring of response following α- and β-particle radioimmunotherapy in a mouse model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Theranostics 2020; 10:5802-5814. [PMID: 32483420 PMCID: PMC7255009 DOI: 10.7150/thno.44772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: The evaluation of early treatment response is critical for patient prognosis and treatment planning. When the current methods rely on invasive protocols that evaluate the expression of DNA damage markers on patient biopsy samples, we aim to evaluate a non-invasive PET imaging approach to monitor the early expression of the phosphorylated histone γH2AX in the context of pancreatic cancer targeted radionuclide therapy. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma has a poor patient prognosis due to the absence of curative treatment for patients with advanced disease. There is therefore a critical need for the fast clinical translation of new therapeutic options. In line with these observations, our group has been focusing on the development of radiotheranostic agents based on a fully human monoclonal antibody (5B1) with exceptional affinity for CA19.9, an antigen overexpressed in PDAC. Two on-going clinical trials resulted from these efforts, one with 89Zr (diagnosis) and one with 177Lu (β-particle therapy). More recently, we successfully developed and evaluated in PDAC mouse models a targeted α-therapy strategy with high clinical translation potential. We aim to expedite the clinical translation of the developed radioimmunotherapy approaches by investigating the early therapeutic response and effect of radiation therapy in a PDAC mouse model via PET imaging. Methods: Mice bearing BxPC3 tumor xenografts were treated with α- and β-particle pretargeted radioimmunotherapy (PRIT), external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), or sham-treated (vehicle). The phosphorylated histone γH2AX produced as a response to DNA double strand breaks was quantified with the PET radiotracer, [89Zr]Zr-DFO-anti-γH2AX-TAT. Results: PET imaging studies in BxPC3 PDAC mouse models demonstrated increased uptake of [89Zr]Zr-DFO-anti-γH2AX-TAT (6.29 ± 0.15 %IA/g) following β-PRIT in BxPC3 PDAC xenografts as compared to the saline control group (4.58 ± 0.76 %IA/g) and EBRT control group (5.93 ± 0.76 %IA/g). Similarly, significantly higher uptake of [89Zr]Zr-DFO-anti-γH2AX-TAT was observed in tumors of the 225Ac-PRIT and EBRT (10 Gy) cohorts (7.37 ± 1.23 and 6.80 ± 1.24 %IA/g, respectively) compared to the negative control cohort (5.08 ± 0.95 %IA/g). Ex vivo γH2AX immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analysis correlated with in vivo89Zr-anti-γH2AX PET/CT imaging with increased γH2AX positive cell and γH2AX foci per cell in the treated cohorts. When α-PRIT resulted in prolonged overall survival of treated animals (107.5 days) as compared to β-PRIT (73.0 days), no evidence of difference in [89Zr]Zr-DFO-anti-γH2AX-TAT uptake at the tumor site was observed, highlighting that DNA damage is not the sole radiobiology paradigm and that off-targeted (bystander) effects should be considered. Conclusions: PET imaging studies with [89Zr]Zr-DFO-anti-γH2AX-TAT following α- and β-particle PRIT in a BxPC3 PDAC subcutaneous xenograft mouse model allowed the monitoring of tumor radiobiological response to treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Alpha Particles/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/analysis
- Beta Particles/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Pharmacological/analysis
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/diagnostic imaging
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/radiotherapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- DNA/genetics
- DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded
- DNA Damage/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography/methods
- Positron-Emission Tomography/methods
- Radioimmunotherapy/methods
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Poty
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY, USA
| | - Komal Mandleywala
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY, USA
| | - Edward O'Neill
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - James C. Knight
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Bart Cornelissen
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute of Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jason S. Lewis
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY, USA
- Radiochemistry and Molecular Imaging Probes Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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10
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Turesson I, Simonsson M, Hermansson I, Book M, Sigurdadottir S, Thunberg U, Qvarnström F, Johansson KA, Fessé P, Nyman J. Epidermal Keratinocyte Depletion during Five Weeks of Radiotherapy is Associated with DNA Double-Strand Break Foci, Cell Growth Arrest and Apoptosis: Evidence of Increasing Radioresponsiveness and Lack of Repopulation; the Number of Melanocytes Remains Unchanged. Radiat Res 2020; 193:481-496. [PMID: 32196412 DOI: 10.1667/rr15417.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
During fractionated radiotherapy, epithelial cell populations are thought to decrease initially, followed by accelerated repopulation to compensate cell loss. However, previous findings in skin with daily 1.1 Gy dose fractions indicate continued and increasing cell depletion. Here we investigated epidermal keratinocyte response with daily 2 Gy fractions as well as accelerated and hypofractionation. Epidermal interfollicular melanocytes were also assessed. Skin-punch biopsies were collected from breast cancer patients before, during and after mastectomy radiotherapy to the thoracic wall with daily 2 Gy fractions for 5 weeks. In addition, 2.4 Gy radiotherapy four times per week and 4 Gy fractions twice per week for 5 weeks, and two times 2 Gy daily for 2.5 weeks, were used. Basal keratinocyte density of the interfollicular epidermis was determined and immunostainings of keratinocytes for DNA double-strand break (DSB) foci, growth arrest, apoptosis and mitosis were quantified. In addition, interfollicular melanocytes were counted. Initially minimal keratinocyte loss was observed followed by pronounced depletion during the second half of treatment and full recovery at 2 weeks post treatment. DSB foci per cell peaked towards the end of treatment. p21-stained cell counts increased during radiotherapy, especially the second half. Apoptotic frequency was low throughout radiotherapy but increased at treatment end. Mitotic cell count was significantly suppressed throughout radiotherapy and did not recover during weekend treatment gaps, but increased more than threefold compared to unexposed skin 2 weeks post-radiotherapy. The number of melanocytes remained constant over the study period. Germinal keratinocyte loss rate increased gradually during daily 2 Gy fractions for 5 weeks, and similarly for hypofractionation. DSB foci number after 2 Gy irradiation revealed an initial radioresistance followed by increasing radiosensitivity. Growth arrest mediated by p21 strongly suggests that cells within or recruited into the cell cycle during treatment are at high risk of loss and do not contribute significantly to repopulation. It is possible that quiescent (G0) cells at treatment completion accounted for the accelerated post-treatment repopulation. Recent knowledge of epidermal tissue regeneration and cell cycle progression during genotoxic and mitogen stress allows for a credible explanation of the current finding. Melanocytes were radioresistant regarding cell depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingela Turesson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Experimental and Clinical Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Simonsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Experimental and Clinical Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Majlis Book
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Experimental and Clinical Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sunna Sigurdadottir
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Experimental and Clinical Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Thunberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Experimental and Clinical Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Qvarnström
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Experimental and Clinical Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karl-Axel Johansson
- Department of Radiophysics, University of Göteborg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Fessé
- Department of Centre for Research and Development, Uppsala University/Region Gävleborg, Gävle, Sweden
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11
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Stenvall A, Larsson E, Holmqvist B, Strand SE, Jönsson BA. Quantitative γ-H2AX immunofluorescence method for DNA double-strand break analysis in testis and liver after intravenous administration of 111InCl 3. EJNMMI Res 2020; 10:22. [PMID: 32189079 PMCID: PMC7080928 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-020-0604-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is well known that a severe cell injury after exposure to ionizing radiation is the induction of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). After exposure, an early response to DSBs is the phosphorylation of the histone H2AX molecule regions adjacent to the DSBs, referred to as γ-H2AX foci. The γ-H2AX assay after external exposure is a good tool for investigating the link between the absorbed dose and biological effect. However, less is known about DNA DSBs and γ-H2AX foci within the tissue microarchitecture after internal irradiation from radiopharmaceuticals. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to develop and validate a quantitative ex vivo model using γ-H2AX immunofluorescence staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to investigate its applicability in nuclear medicine dosimetry research. Liver and testis were selected as the organs to study after intravenous administration of 111InCl3. Results In this study, we developed and validated a method that combines ex vivo γ-H2AX foci labeling of tissue sections with in vivo systemically irradiated mouse testis and liver tissues. The method includes CLSM imaging for intracellular cell-specific γ-H2AX foci detection and quantification and absorbed dose calculations. After exposure to ionizing radiation from 111InCl3, both hepatocytes and non-hepatocytes within the liver showed an absorbed dose-dependent elevation of γ-H2AX foci, whereas no such correlation was seen for the testis tissue. Conclusion It is possible to detect and quantify the radiation-induced γ-H2AX foci within the tissues of organs at risk after internal irradiation. We conclude that our method developed is an appropriate tool to study dose–response relationships in animal organs and human tissue biopsies after internal exposure to radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stenvall
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Erik Larsson
- Department of Radiation Physics, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Sven-Erik Strand
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bo-Anders Jönsson
- Department of Medical Radiation Physics, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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12
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Hohmann T, Kessler J, Vordermark D, Dehghani F. Evaluation of machine learning models for automatic detection of DNA double strand breaks after irradiation using a γH2AX foci assay. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229620. [PMID: 32101565 PMCID: PMC7043763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation induces amongst other the most critical type of DNA damage: double-strand breaks (DSBs). Efficient repair of such damage is crucial for cell survival and genomic stability. The analysis of DSB associated foci assays is often performed manually or with automatic systems. Manual evaluation is time consuming and subjective, while most automatic approaches are prone to changes in experimental conditions or to image artefacts. Here, we examined multiple machine learning models, namely a multi-layer perceptron classifier (MLP), linear support vector machine classifier (SVM), complement naive bayes classifier (cNB) and random forest classifier (RF), to correctly classify γH2AX foci in manually labeled images containing multiple types of artefacts. All models yielded reasonable agreements to the manual rating on the training images (Matthews correlation coefficient >0.4). Afterwards, the best performing models were applied on images obtained under different experimental conditions. Thereby, the MLP model produced the best results with an F1 Score >0.9. As a consequence, we have demonstrated that the used approach is sufficient to mimic manual counting and is robust against image artefacts and changes in experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hohmann
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Jacqueline Kessler
- Department of Radiotherapy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Vordermark
- Department of Radiotherapy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Faramarz Dehghani
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
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13
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Memmel S, Sisario D, Zimmermann H, Sauer M, Sukhorukov VL, Djuzenova CS, Flentje M. FocAn: automated 3D analysis of DNA repair foci in image stacks acquired by confocal fluorescence microscopy. BMC Bioinformatics 2020; 21:27. [PMID: 31992200 PMCID: PMC6986076 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-020-3370-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phosphorylated histone H2AX, also known as γH2AX, forms μm-sized nuclear foci at the sites of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) induced by ionizing radiation and other agents. Due to their specificity and sensitivity, γH2AX immunoassays have become the gold standard for studying DSB induction and repair. One of these assays relies on the immunofluorescent staining of γH2AX followed by microscopic imaging and foci counting. During the last years, semi- and fully automated image analysis, capable of fast detection and quantification of γH2AX foci in large datasets of fluorescence images, are gradually replacing the traditional method of manual foci counting. A major drawback of the non-commercial software for foci counting (available so far) is that they are restricted to 2D-image data. In practice, these algorithms are useful for counting the foci located close to the midsection plane of the nucleus, while the out-of-plane foci are neglected. Results To overcome the limitations of 2D foci counting, we present a freely available ImageJ-based plugin (FocAn) for automated 3D analysis of γH2AX foci in z-image stacks acquired by confocal fluorescence microscopy. The image-stack processing algorithm implemented in FocAn is capable of automatic 3D recognition of individual cell nuclei and γH2AX foci, as well as evaluation of the total foci number per cell nucleus. The FocAn algorithm consists of two parts: nucleus identification and foci detection, each employing specific sequences of auto local thresholding in combination with watershed segmentation techniques. We validated the FocAn algorithm using fluorescence-labeled γH2AX in two glioblastoma cell lines, irradiated with 2 Gy and given up to 24 h post-irradiation for repair. We found that the data obtained with FocAn agreed well with those obtained with an already available software (FoCo) and manual counting. Moreover, FocAn was capable of identifying overlapping foci in 3D space, which ensured accurate foci counting even at high DSB density of up to ~ 200 DSB/nucleus. Conclusions FocAn is freely available an open-source 3D foci analyzer. The user-friendly algorithm FocAn requires little supervision and can automatically count the amount of DNA-DSBs, i.e. fluorescence-labeled γH2AX foci, in 3D image stacks acquired by laser-scanning microscopes without additional nuclei staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Memmel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dmitri Sisario
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie und Biophysik, Biozentrum, Universität Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heiko Zimmermann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBMT), Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Weg 1, 66280, Sulzbach, Germany.,Molekulare und Zellulare Biotechnologie/Nanotechnologie, Universität des Saarlandes, Campus Saarbrücken, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Marine Sciences, Universidad Catolica del Norte, Casa Central, Angamos 0610, Antafogasta/Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Markus Sauer
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie und Biophysik, Biozentrum, Universität Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Vladimir L Sukhorukov
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie und Biophysik, Biozentrum, Universität Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cholpon S Djuzenova
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Michael Flentje
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany.
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14
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Wang B, Zhang Z, Xia S, Jiang M, Wang Y. Expression of γ-H2AX and patient prognosis in breast cancer cohort. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:12958-12965. [PMID: 30920061 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
H2AX phosphorylation is a novel marker of DNA double-stranded breaks. In the present study, we assessed the γ-H2AX expression, its association with other clinicopathologic characteristics, and the prognosis in a cohort of 97 patients with breast cancer. Ninety-seven specimens of tumor tissue and 77 adjacent normal tissues from patients with breast cancer were examined. All patients underwent modified radical mastectomy or local tumor resection without lymph node dissection. γ-H2AX expression was assessed by standard immunohistochemistry. Patients were followed after surgery for a mean duration of 70.1 ± 18.7 months (range, 6-93 months). The γ-H2AX staining was positive in 27 (27.8%) patients. The positive rates of H2AX were 26.0% and 2.6% in tumor tissue and adjacent normal tissues, respectively. γ-H2AX positive status was negatively associated with TNM staging, with 24 positive cases (32.4%) in TNM staging I-II, while no positive cases in TNM staging III-IV (P = 0.026). Sixteen patients (16.5%) died during the follow-up. No significant association between γ-H2AX expression and patient survival was detected. The unadjusted HR (hazard ratio) for γ-H2AX positive was 0.84 (95% CI: 0.27, 2.60). In TNM staging subgroup analysis, death only occurred in γ-H2AX negative patients. Our study is the first study to demonstrate that expression of γ-H2AX is associated with TNM staging. Due to the small sample and limited follow-up time, we did not observe a significant association between γ-H2AX and patient survival. γ-H2AX expression could be a potential biomarker for cancer diagnosis and prediction, and further studies are in need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beili Wang
- Department of Oncology, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi'an Xia
- Department of Oncology, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mawei Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Xin Hua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yajie Wang
- Department of Oncology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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15
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Lengert N, Mirsch J, Weimer RN, Schumann E, Haub P, Drossel B, Löbrich M. AutoFoci, an automated high-throughput foci detection approach for analyzing low-dose DNA double-strand break repair. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17282. [PMID: 30470760 PMCID: PMC6251879 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35660-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the most lethal DNA damages induced by ionising radiation (IR) and their efficient repair is crucial to limit genomic instability. The cellular DSB response after low IR doses is of particular interest but its examination requires the analysis of high cell numbers. Here, we present an automated DSB quantification method based on the analysis of γH2AX and 53BP1 foci as markers for DSBs. We establish a combination of object properties, combined in the object evaluation parameter (OEP), which correlates with manual object classification. Strikingly, OEP histograms show a bi-modal distribution with two maxima and a minimum in between, which correlates with the manually determined transition between background signals and foci. We used algorithms to detect the minimum, thus separating foci from background signals and automatically assessing DSB levels. To demonstrate the validity of this method, we analyzed over 600.000 cells to verify results of previous studies showing that DSBs induced by low doses are less efficiently repaired compared with DSBs induced by higher doses. Thus, the automated foci counting method, called AutoFoci, provides a valuable tool for high-throughput image analysis of thousands of cells which will prove useful for many biological screening approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicor Lengert
- Theory of Complex Systems, Darmstadt University of Technology, Hochschulstr. 6, 64289, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Johanna Mirsch
- Radiation Biology and DNA Repair, Darmstadt University of Technology, Schnittspahnstr. 13, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ratna N Weimer
- Radiation Biology and DNA Repair, Darmstadt University of Technology, Schnittspahnstr. 13, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Eik Schumann
- Radiation Biology and DNA Repair, Darmstadt University of Technology, Schnittspahnstr. 13, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Peter Haub
- Image Consulting, 68804, Altlußheim, Germany
| | - Barbara Drossel
- Theory of Complex Systems, Darmstadt University of Technology, Hochschulstr. 6, 64289, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Löbrich
- Radiation Biology and DNA Repair, Darmstadt University of Technology, Schnittspahnstr. 13, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany.
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16
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Noda A. Radiation-induced unrepairable DSBs: their role in the late effects of radiation and possible applications to biodosimetry. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2018; 59:ii114-ii120. [PMID: 29281054 PMCID: PMC5941153 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrx074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Although the vast majority of DNA damage induced by radiation exposure disappears rapidly, some lesions remain in the cell nucleus in very small quantities for days to months. These lesions may cause a considerable threat to an organism and include certain types of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) called 'unrepairable DSBs'. Unrepairable DSBs are thought to cause persistent malfunctioning of cells and tissues or cause late effects of radiation, especially the induction of delayed cell death, mutation, senescence, or carcinogenesis. Moreover, the measurement of unrepairable DSBs could potentially be used for retrospective biodosimetry or for identifying individuals at greater risk for developing the adverse effects associated with radiotherapy or chemotherapy. This review summarizes the concept of unrepairable DSBs in the context of persistent repair foci formed at DSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asao Noda
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, 5-2 Hijiyama-Park, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima 732-0815, Japan
- Corresponding Author. Tel: 082-261-3131; Fax: +082-263-7279;
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17
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Knight JC, Mosley MJ, Bravo LC, Kersemans V, Allen PD, Mukherjee S, O'Neill E, Cornelissen B. 89Zr-anti-γH2AX-TAT but not 18F-FDG Allows Early Monitoring of Response to Chemotherapy in a Mouse Model of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:6498-6504. [PMID: 28774899 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Late-stage, unresectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is largely resistant to chemotherapy and consequently has a very poor 5-year survival rate of <5%. The ability to assess the efficacy of a treatment soon after its initiation would enable rapid switching to potentially more effective therapies if the current treatment is found to be futile. We have evaluated the ability of the PET imaging agent, 89Zr-anti-γH2AX-TAT, to monitor DNA damage in response to fluorouracil (5-FU), gemcitabine, or capecitabine treatment in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer. We have also compared the utility of this approach against the standard clinical PET radiotracer, 18F-FDG.Experimental Design: C57BL/6 mice bearing subcutaneous pancreatic cancer (KPC; B8484) allografts were treated with 5-FU, gemcitabine, or capecitabine. Therapeutic response was monitored by PET and ex vivo biodistribution experiments using either 89Zr-anti-γH2AX-TAT or 18F-FDG as imaging agents. To further examine the effect of therapeutic response upon uptake of these imaging agents, IHC analysis of harvested tumor allograft tissue was also performed.Results: Accumulation of 89Zr-anti-γH2AX-TAT in the tumors of mice that received chemotherapy was higher compared with vehicle-treated mice and was shown to be specifically mediated by γH2AX. In contrast, 18F-FDG did not provide useful indications of therapeutic response.Conclusions:89Zr-anti-γH2AX-TAT has shown a superior ability to monitor early therapeutic responses to chemotherapy by PET imaging compared with 18F-FDG in an allograft model of PDAC in mice. Clin Cancer Res; 23(21); 6498-504. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Knight
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Mosley
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Luisa Contreras Bravo
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Veerle Kersemans
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - P Danny Allen
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Somnath Mukherjee
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eric O'Neill
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bart Cornelissen
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
Cellular chromosomal DNA is the principal target through which ionising radiation exerts it diverse biological effects. This chapter summarises the relevant DNA damage signalling and repair pathways used by normal and tumour cells in response to irradiation. Strategies for tumour radiosensitisation are reviewed which exploit tumour-specific DNA repair deficiencies or signalling pathway addictions, with a special focus on growth factor signalling, PARP, cancer stem cells, cell cycle checkpoints and DNA replication. This chapter concludes with a discussion of DNA repair-related candidate biomarkers of tumour response which are of crucial importance for implementing precision medicine in radiation oncology.
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Dynamic In Vivo Profiling of DNA Damage and Repair after Radiotherapy Using Canine Patients as a Model. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061176. [PMID: 28587165 PMCID: PMC5485999 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Time resolved data of DNA damage and repair after radiotherapy elucidates the relation between damage, repair, and cell survival. While well characterized in vitro, little is known about the time-course of DNA damage response in tumors sampled from individual patients. Kinetics of DNA damage after radiotherapy was assessed in eight dogs using repeated in vivo samples of tumor and co-irradiated normal tissue analyzed with comet assay and phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX) immunohistochemistry. In vivo results were then compared (in silico) with a dynamic mathematical model for DNA damage formation and repair. Maximum %DNA in tail was observed at 15–60 min after irradiation, with a rapid decrease. Time-courses of γH2AX-foci paralleled these findings with a small time delay and were not influenced by covariates. The evolutionary parameter search based on %DNA in tail revealed a good fit of the DNA repair model to in vivo data for pooled sarcoma time-courses, but fits for individual sarcoma time-courses suffer from the heterogeneous nature of the in vivo data. It was possible to follow dynamics of comet tail intensity and γH2AX-foci during a course of radiation using a minimally invasive approach. DNA repair can be quantitatively investigated as time-courses of individual patients by integrating this resulting data into a dynamic mathematical model.
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20
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Lu T, Zhang Y, Wong M, Feiveson A, Gaza R, Stoffle N, Wang H, Wilson B, Rohde L, Stodieck L, Karouia F, Wu H. Detection of DNA damage by space radiation in human fibroblasts flown on the International Space Station. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2017; 12:24-31. [PMID: 28212705 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although charged particles in space have been detected with radiation detectors on board spacecraft since the discovery of the Van Allen Belts, reports on the effects of direct exposure to space radiation in biological systems have been limited. Measurement of biological effects of space radiation is challenging due to the low dose and low dose rate nature of the radiation environment, and due to the difficulty in distinguishing the radiation effects from microgravity and other space environmental factors. In astronauts, only a few changes, such as increased chromosome aberrations in their lymphocytes and early onset of cataracts, are attributed primarily to their exposure to space radiation. In this study, cultured human fibroblasts were flown on the International Space Station (ISS). Cells were kept at 37°C in space for 14 days before being fixed for analysis of DNA damage with the γ-H2AX assay. The 3-dimensional γ-H2AX foci were captured with a laser confocal microscope. Quantitative analysis revealed several foci that were larger and displayed a track pattern only in the Day 14 flight samples. To confirm that the foci data from the flight study was actually induced from space radiation exposure, cultured human fibroblasts were exposed to low dose rate γ rays at 37°C. Cells exposed to chronic γ rays showed similar foci size distribution in comparison to the non-exposed controls. The cells were also exposed to low- and high-LET protons, and high-LET Fe ions on the ground. Our results suggest that in G1 human fibroblasts under the normal culture condition, only a small fraction of large size foci can be attributed to high-LET radiation in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Lu
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA; University of Houston Clear Lake, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ye Zhang
- NASA Kennedy Space Center, Cape Canaveral, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Ramona Gaza
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA; Leidos Exploration & Mission Support, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas Stoffle
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA; Leidos Exploration & Mission Support, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Huichen Wang
- Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX, USA
| | | | - Larry Rohde
- University of Houston Clear Lake, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Fathi Karouia
- NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA; University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Honglu Wu
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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21
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Double strand break induction and kinetics indicate preserved hypersensitivity in keratinocytes to subtherapeutic doses for 7weeks of radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 2016; 122:163-169. [PMID: 28017476 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Previously we reported that hyper-radiosensitivity (HRS) was evidenced by quantifying DNA double strand break (DSB) foci in epidermis biopsies collected after delivering radiotherapeutic one and five dose fractions. The aim of this study was to determine whether HRS was preserved throughout a 7-week radiotherapy treatment, and also to examine the rate of foci decline and foci persistence between dose fractions. MATERIALS AND METHODS 42 patients with prostate cancer received 7-week fractionated radiotherapy treatment (RT) with daily dose fractions of 0.05-1.10Gy to the skin. Before RT, and at several times throughout treatment, skin biopsies (n=452) were collected at 30min, and 2, 3, 24, and 72h after dose fractions. DSB-foci markers, γH2AX and 53BP1, were labelled in epidermal keratinocytes with immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical staining. Foci were counted both with digital image analysis and manually. RESULTS HRS in keratinocytes was evidenced by the dose-response relationships of DSB foci, observed throughout the treatment course, independent of sampling time and quantification method. Foci observed at 24h after dose fractions indicated considerable DSB persistence. Accordingly, foci significantly accumulated after 5 consecutive dose fractions. For doses below 0.3Gy, persistent foci could be observed even at 72h after damage induction. A comparison of γH2AX and 53BP1 quantifications in double-stained biopsies showed similar HRS dose-response relationships. CONCLUSIONS These results represented the first evidence of preserved HRS, assessed by γH2AX- and 53BP1-labelled DSB foci, throughout a 7-week treatment course with daily repeated subtherapeutic dose fractions.
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22
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Lee WH, Nguyen PK, Fleischmann D, Wu JC. DNA damage-associated biomarkers in studying individual sensitivity to low-dose radiation from cardiovascular imaging. Eur Heart J 2016; 37:3075-3080. [PMID: 27272147 PMCID: PMC6279211 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Won Hee Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology
- Department of Radiology
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Patricia K Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology
- Department of Radiology
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dominik Fleischmann
- Department of Radiology
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology
- Department of Radiology
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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23
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Jakl L, Lobachevsky P, Vokálová L, Durdík M, Marková E, Belyaev I. Validation of JCountPro software for efficient assessment of ionizing radiation-induced foci in human lymphocytes. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:766-773. [PMID: 27648492 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2016.1222093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ionizing radiation-induced foci (IRIF) known also as DNA repair foci represent the most sensitive and specific assay for assessing DNA double-strand break (DSB). IRIF are usually visualized and enumerated with the aid of fluorescence microscopy using antibodies to phosphorylated γH2AX and 53BP1. Although several approaches and software packages were developed for quantification of IRIF, not one of them was commonly accepted and inter-laboratory variability in the outputs was reported. In this study, JCountPro software was validated for IRIF enumeration in two independent laboratories. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human lymphocytes were γ-irradiated at doses of 0, 2, 5, 10 and 50 cGy. The cells were fixed, permeabilized and IRIF were immunostained using appropriate antibodies. Cell images were acquired with automatic Metafer system. Endogenous and radiation-induced γH2AX and 53BP1 foci were enumerated using JCountPro. This analysis was performed from the same cell galleries by the researchers from two laboratories. Yield of foci was analyzed by either arithmetic mean (AM) value (foci/cell) or principal average (PA) derived from the approximation of foci distribution with Poisson statistics. Statistical analysis was performed using factorial ANOVA. RESULTS Enumeration of 53BP1, γH2AX and co-localized 53BP1/γH2AX foci by JCountPro was essentially the same between laboratories. IRIF were detected at all doses and linear dose response was obtained in the studied dose range. PA values from Poisson distribution fitted the data better as compared to AM values and were more powerful and sensitive for IRIF analysis than the AM values. All JCountPro data were confirmed by visual focus enumeration. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that the JCountPro software was efficient in objectively enumerating IRIF regardless of an individual researcher's bias and has a potential for usage in clinics and molecular epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Jakl
- a Laboratory of Radiobiology , Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Centre SAS, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Pavel Lobachevsky
- b Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory , Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Lenka Vokálová
- a Laboratory of Radiobiology , Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Centre SAS, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovakia.,c Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Comenius University , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Matúš Durdík
- a Laboratory of Radiobiology , Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Centre SAS, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Eva Marková
- a Laboratory of Radiobiology , Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Centre SAS, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Igor Belyaev
- a Laboratory of Radiobiology , Cancer Research Institute, Biomedical Research Centre SAS, Slovak Academy of Sciences , Bratislava , Slovakia.,d Laboratory of Radiobiology , General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Science , Moscow , Russia
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24
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Raavi V, Basheerudeen SAS, Jagannathan V, Joseph S, Chaudhury NK, Venkatachalam P. Frequency of gamma H2AX foci in healthy volunteers and health workers occupationally exposed to X-irradiation and its relevance in biological dosimetry. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2016; 55:339-47. [PMID: 27287768 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-016-0658-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-H2AX (γ-H2AX) assay is a marker to measure double-strand breaks in the deoxyribonucleic acid. Variables such as age, oxidative stress, temperature, genetic factors and inter-individual variation have been reported to influence the baseline γ-H2AX focus levels. Therefore, knowledge on baseline frequency of γ-H2AX foci in a targeted population would facilitate reliable radiation triage and dose estimation. The objective of the present study was to establish the baseline data using blood samples from healthy volunteers (n = 130) differing in age, occupation and lifestyle as well as from occupationally exposed health workers (n = 20). The γ-H2AX focus assay was performed using epifluorescence microscopy. In vitro dose-response curve for γ-H2AX foci was constructed in blood samples (n = 3) exposed to X-rays (30 min post-exposure). The mean γ-H2AX focus frequency obtained in healthy volunteers was 0.042 ± 0.001 and showed an age-related increase (p < 0.001). Significantly higher (p < 0.005) focus frequencies were observed in health workers (0.066 ± 0.005) than in healthy volunteers. A sub-group analysis did not show a significant (p > 0.1) difference in γ-H2AX focus frequency among sexes. Blood exposed in vitro to X-rays showed dose-dependent increase in γ-H2AX foci frequency (Y = 0.1902 ± 0.1363 + 2.9020 ± 0.3240 * D). Baseline frequency of γ-H2AX foci obtained from different age groups showed a significant (p < 0.01) influence on the dose-response coefficients. The overall results demonstrated that the γ-H2AX assay can be used as a reliable biomarker for radiation triage and estimating the radiation absorbed dose by considering variables such as age, occupation and lifestyle factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkateswarlu Raavi
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, 600 116, India
| | | | | | - Santosh Joseph
- Department of Neuro Interventional Radiology, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, 600 116, India
| | - Nabo Kumar Chaudhury
- Chemical Radio Protector and Radiation Dosimetry Research Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig Mazumdar Road, Timarpur, Delhi, 110 054, India
| | - Perumal Venkatachalam
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, 600 116, India.
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25
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Siva S, Lobachevsky P, MacManus MP, Kron T, Möller A, Lobb RJ, Ventura J, Best N, Smith J, Ball D, Martin OA. Radiotherapy for Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Induces DNA Damage Response in Both Irradiated and Out-of-field Normal Tissues. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:4817-4826. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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BULAT TANJA, KETA OTILIJA, KORIĆANAC LELA, ŽAKULA JELENA, PETROVIĆ IVAN, RISTIĆ-FIRA ALEKSANDRA, TODOROVIĆ DANIJELA. Radiation dose determines the method for quantification of DNA double strand breaks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 88:127-36. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201620140553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ionizing radiation induces DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) that trigger phosphorylation of the histone protein H2AX (γH2AX). Immunofluorescent staining visualizes formation of γH2AX foci, allowing their quantification. This method, as opposed to Western blot assay and Flow cytometry, provides more accurate analysis, by showing exact position and intensity of fluorescent signal in each single cell. In practice there are problems in quantification of γH2AX. This paper is based on two issues: the determination of which technique should be applied concerning the radiation dose, and how to analyze fluorescent microscopy images obtained by different microscopes. HTB140 melanoma cells were exposed to γ-rays, in the dose range from 1 to 16 Gy. Radiation effects on the DNA level were analyzed at different time intervals after irradiation by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence microscopy. Immunochemically stained cells were visualized with two types of microscopes: AxioVision (Zeiss, Germany) microscope, comprising an ApoTome software, and AxioImagerA1 microscope (Zeiss, Germany). Obtained results show that the level of γH2AX is time and dose dependent. Immunofluorescence microscopy provided better detection of DSBs for lower irradiation doses, while Western blot analysis was more reliable for higher irradiation doses. AxioVision microscope containing ApoTome software was more suitable for the detection of γH2AX foci.
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27
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Visualization of complex DNA double-strand breaks in a tumor treated with carbon ion radiotherapy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22275. [PMID: 26925533 PMCID: PMC4772097 DOI: 10.1038/srep22275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon ion radiotherapy shows great potential as a cure for X-ray-resistant tumors. Basic research suggests that the strong cell-killing effect induced by carbon ions is based on their ability to cause complex DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). However, evidence supporting the formation of complex DSBs in actual patients is lacking. Here, we used advanced high-resolution microscopy with deconvolution to show that complex DSBs are formed in a human tumor clinically treated with carbon ion radiotherapy, but not in a tumor treated with X-ray radiotherapy. Furthermore, analysis using a physics model suggested that the complexity of radiotherapy-induced DSBs is related to linear energy transfer, which is much higher for carbon ion beams than for X-rays. Visualization of complex DSBs in clinical specimens will help us to understand the anti-tumor effects of carbon ion radiotherapy.
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28
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Venkateswarlu R, Tamizh SG, Bhavani M, Kumar A, Alok A, Karthik K, Kalra N, Vijayalakshmi J, Paul SFD, Chaudhury NK, Venkatachalam P. Mean frequency and relative fluorescence intensity measurement of γ-H2AX foci dose response in PBL exposed to γ-irradiation: An inter- and intra-laboratory comparison and its relevance for radiation triage. Cytometry A 2015; 87:1138-46. [PMID: 26305808 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of γ-H2AX protein changes in the peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of individuals exposed to ionizing radiation is a simple, sensitive, and rapid assay for radiation triage and early marker of dose estimation. The qualitative and quantitative measurements of the protein changes were examined using flow cytometry and microscopy. Whole blood and isolated lymphocytes were exposed in vitro between 0.1 and 5 Gy doses of (60) Co γ-radiation at a dose rate of 1 Gy/min. Radiation induced γ-H2AX foci frequency (n = 3) and relative fluorescence intensity (n = 7) in PBL was measured at 0.5 and 2 hrs postexposure. The observed dose response for γ-H2AX foci frequency at both time points, for whole blood and isolated lymphocytes did not show any significant (P > 0.05) differences. However, when compared with γ-H2AX foci frequency scored manually (microscopy), the semiautomated analysis (captured images) showed a better correlation (r(2) = 0.918) than that obtained with automated (Metafer) scoring (r(2) = 0.690). It is noteworthy to mention that, the γ-H2AX foci frequency quantified using microscopy showed a dose dependent increase up to 2 Gy and the relative fluorescence intensity (RFI) measured with flow cytometry revealed an increase up to 5 Gy in the PBL exposed in vitro. Moreover, a better correlation was observed between the γ-H2AX foci frequency obtained by manual scoring and RFI (r(2) = 0.910). Kinetic studies showed that the γ-H2AX foci remain more or less unchanged up to 4 hrs and reduces gradually over 48 hrs of postexposure at 37°C. Further, inter and intra-laboratory comparisons showed consistency in the scoring of γ-H2AX foci frequency by manual and semiautomated scoring. The overall results suggest that measurement of γ-H2AX (microscopy and flow cytometry) should be employed within 4 to 6 hrs for a reliable dosimetry either by sharing the work load between the laboratories or investing more manpower; however, triage can be possible even up to 48 hrs of postirradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raavi Venkateswarlu
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, 600 116, India
| | - Selvan G Tamizh
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, 600 116, India
| | - Manivannan Bhavani
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, 600 116, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Chemical Radioprotector and Radiation Dosimetry Research Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Timarpur, Delhi, India-110 054
| | - Amit Alok
- Chemical Radioprotector and Radiation Dosimetry Research Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Timarpur, Delhi, India-110 054
| | - Kanagaraj Karthik
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, 600 116, India
| | - Namita Kalra
- Chemical Radioprotector and Radiation Dosimetry Research Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Timarpur, Delhi, India-110 054
| | - J Vijayalakshmi
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, 600 116, India
| | - Solomon F D Paul
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, 600 116, India
| | - N K Chaudhury
- Chemical Radioprotector and Radiation Dosimetry Research Group, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Timarpur, Delhi, India-110 054
| | - Perumal Venkatachalam
- Department of Human Genetics, Sri Ramachandra University, Porur, Chennai, 600 116, India
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29
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Oeck S, Malewicz NM, Hurst S, Rudner J, Jendrossek V. The Focinator - a new open-source tool for high-throughput foci evaluation of DNA damage. Radiat Oncol 2015; 10:163. [PMID: 26238507 PMCID: PMC4554354 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-015-0453-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The quantitative analysis of foci plays an important role in many cell biological methods such as counting of colonies or cells, organelles or vesicles, or the number of protein complexes. In radiation biology and molecular radiation oncology, DNA damage and DNA repair kinetics upon ionizing radiation (IR) are evaluated by counting protein clusters or accumulations of phosphorylated proteins recruited to DNA damage sites. Consistency in counting and interpretation of foci remains challenging. Many current software solutions describe instructions for time-consuming and error-prone manual analysis, provide incomplete algorithms for analysis or are expensive. Therefore, we aimed to develop a tool for costless, automated, quantitative and qualitative analysis of foci. METHODS For this purpose we integrated a user-friendly interface into ImageJ and selected parameters to allow automated selection of regions of interest (ROIs) depending on their size and circularity. We added different export options and a batch analysis. The use of the Focinator was tested by analyzing γ-H2.AX foci in murine prostate adenocarcinoma cells (TRAMP-C1) at different time points after IR with 0.5 to 3 Gray (Gy). Additionally, measurements were performed by users with different backgrounds and experience. RESULTS The Focinator turned out to be an easily adjustable tool for automation of foci counting. It significantly reduced the analysis time of radiation-induced DNA-damage foci. Furthermore, different user groups were able to achieve a similar counting velocity. Importantly, there was no difference in nuclei detection between the Focinator and ImageJ alone. CONCLUSIONS The Focinator is a costless, user-friendly tool for fast high-throughput evaluation of DNA repair foci. The macro allows improved foci evaluation regarding accuracy, reproducibility and analysis speed compared to manual analysis. As innovative option, the macro offers a combination of multichannel evaluation including colocalization analysis and the possibility to run all analyses in a batch mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Oeck
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical School, Virchowstrasse 173, 45122, Essen, Germany.
| | - Nathalie M Malewicz
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical School, Virchowstrasse 173, 45122, Essen, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Hurst
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical School, Virchowstrasse 173, 45122, Essen, Germany.
| | - Justine Rudner
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical School, Virchowstrasse 173, 45122, Essen, Germany.
| | - Verena Jendrossek
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Medical School, Virchowstrasse 173, 45122, Essen, Germany.
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30
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Siddiqui MS, François M, Fenech MF, Leifert WR. Persistent γH2AX: A promising molecular marker of DNA damage and aging. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2015; 766:1-19. [PMID: 26596544 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the earliest cellular responses to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) is the phosphorylation of the core histone protein H2AX (termed γH2AX). Persistent γH2AX is the level of γH2AX above baseline, measured at a given time-point beyond which DNA DSBs are normally expected to be repaired (usually persist for days to months). This review summarizes the concept of persistent γH2AX in the context of exogenous source induced DNA DSBs (e.g. ionizing radiation (IR), chemotherapeutic drugs, genotoxic agents), and endogenous γH2AX levels in normal aging and accelerated aging disorders. Summary of the current literature demonstrates the following (i) γH2AX persistence is a common phenomenon that occurs in humans and animals; (ii) nuclei retain persistent γH2AX foci for up to several months after IR exposure, allowing for retrospective biodosimetry; (iii) the combination of various radiosensitizing drugs with ionizing radiation exposure leads to persistent γH2AX response, thus enabling the potential for monitoring cancer patients' response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy as well as tailoring cancer treatments; (iv) persistent γH2AX accumulates in telomeric DNA and in cells undergoing cellular senescence; and (v) increased endogenous γH2AX levels may be associated with diseases of accelerated aging. In summary, measurement of persistent γH2AX could potentially be used as a marker of radiation biodosimetry, evaluating sensitivity to therapeutic genotoxins and radiotherapy, and exploring the association of unrepaired DNA DSBs on telomeres with diseases of accelerated aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sabbir Siddiqui
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Genome Health and Healthy Aging, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia; University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Maxime François
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Genome Health and Healthy Aging, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Michael F Fenech
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Genome Health and Healthy Aging, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Wayne R Leifert
- CSIRO Food and Nutrition Flagship, Genome Health and Healthy Aging, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
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31
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Rothkamm K, Barnard S, Moquet J, Ellender M, Rana Z, Burdak-Rothkamm S. DNA damage foci: Meaning and significance. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2015; 56:491-504. [PMID: 25773265 DOI: 10.1002/em.21944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of DNA damage response proteins such as γH2AX, ATM, 53BP1, RAD51, and the MRE11/RAD50/NBS1 complex, that accumulate and/or are modified in the vicinity of a chromosomal DNA double-strand break to form microscopically visible, subnuclear foci, has revolutionized the detection of these lesions and has enabled studies of the cellular machinery that contributes to their repair. Double-strand breaks are induced directly by a number of physical and chemical agents, including ionizing radiation and radiomimetic drugs, but can also arise as secondary lesions during replication and DNA repair following exposure to a wide range of genotoxins. Here we aim to review the biological meaning and significance of DNA damage foci, looking specifically at a range of different settings in which such markers of DNA damage and repair are being studied and interpreted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Rothkamm
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, United Kingdom
- Department of Radiotherapy, Laboratory of Radiation Biology and Experimental Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephen Barnard
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Jayne Moquet
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Ellender
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Zohaib Rana
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne Burdak-Rothkamm
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals, Headley Way, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Benzina S, Pitaval A, Lemercier C, Lustremant C, Frouin V, Wu N, Papine A, Soussaline F, Romeo PH, Gidrol X. A kinome-targeted RNAi-based screen links FGF signaling to H2AX phosphorylation in response to radiation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3559-73. [PMID: 25894690 PMCID: PMC4548013 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1901-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A general radioprotective effect by fibroblast growth
factor (FGF) has been extensively described since the early 1990s; however, the molecular mechanisms involved remain largely unknown. Radiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) lead to a complex set of responses in eukaryotic cells. One of the earliest consequences is phosphorylation of histone H2AX to form nuclear foci of the phosphorylated form of H2AX (γH2AX) in the chromatin adjacent to sites of DSBs and to initiate the recruitment of DNA-repair molecules. Upon a DSB event, a rapid signaling network is activated to coordinate DNA repair with the induction of cell-cycle checkpoints. To date, three kinases (ATM, ATR, and DNA-PK) have been shown to phosphorylate histone H2AX in response to irradiation. Here, we report a kinome-targeted small interfering RNA (siRNA) screen to characterize human kinases involved in H2AX phosphorylation. By analyzing γH2AX foci at a single-nucleus level, we identified 46 kinases involved either directly or indirectly in H2AX phosphorylation in response to irradiation in human keratinocytes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that in response to irradiation, the FGFR4 signaling cascade promotes JNK1 activation and direct H2AX phosphorylation leading, in turn, to more efficient DNA repair. This can explain, at least partially, the radioprotective effect of FGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Benzina
- CEA, IRTSV, Biologie à Grande Echelle, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054, Grenoble Cedex, France,
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Willitzki A, Lorenz S, Hiemann R, Guttek K, Goihl A, Hartig R, Conrad K, Feist E, Sack U, Schierack P, Heiserich L, Eberle C, Peters V, Roggenbuck D, Reinhold D. Fully automated analysis of chemically induced γH2AX foci in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells by indirect immunofluorescence. Cytometry A 2013; 83:1017-26. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Willitzki
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology; Otto-von-Guericke-University; Magdeburg Germany
| | | | - Rico Hiemann
- Faculty of Sciences; Brandenburg Technical University Cottbus-Senftenberg; Senftenberg Germany
| | - Karina Guttek
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology; Otto-von-Guericke-University; Magdeburg Germany
| | - Alexander Goihl
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology; Otto-von-Guericke-University; Magdeburg Germany
| | - Roland Hartig
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology; Otto-von-Guericke-University; Magdeburg Germany
| | - Karsten Conrad
- Institute of Immunology; Technical University Dresden; Dresden Germany
| | - Eugen Feist
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology; Charité-Universitätsmedizin; Berlin Germany
| | - Ulrich Sack
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty; University of Leipzig; Germany
| | - Peter Schierack
- Faculty of Sciences; Brandenburg Technical University Cottbus-Senftenberg; Senftenberg Germany
| | | | | | | | - Dirk Roggenbuck
- Medipan GmbH; Dahlewitz/Berlin Germany
- Faculty of Sciences; Brandenburg Technical University Cottbus-Senftenberg; Senftenberg Germany
| | - Dirk Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology; Otto-von-Guericke-University; Magdeburg Germany
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34
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Rothkamm K, Horn S, Scherthan H, Rössler U, De Amicis A, Barnard S, Kulka U, Lista F, Meineke V, Braselmann H, Beinke C, Abend M. Laboratory intercomparison on the γ-H2AX foci assay. Radiat Res 2013; 180:149-55. [PMID: 23883318 DOI: 10.1667/rr3238.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The focus of the study is an intercomparison of laboratories' dose-assessment performances using the γ-H2AX foci assay as a diagnostic triage tool for rapid individual radiation dose assessment. Homogenously X-irradiated (240 kVp, 1 Gy/min) blood samples for establishing calibration data (0.25-4 Gy) as well as blinded test samples (0.1-6.4 Gy) were incubated at 37°C for 2 and 24 h (repair time) and sent to the participants. The foci assay was performed according to protocols individually established in participating laboratories and therefore varied. The time taken to report dose estimates was documented for each laboratory. Additional information concerning laboratory organization/characteristics as well as assay performance was collected. The mean absolute difference (MAD) of estimated doses relative to the actual doses was calculated and radiation doses were merged into four triage categories reflecting clinical relevance to calculate accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. First γ-H2AX based dose estimates were reported 7 h after sample receipt. Estimates were similarly accurate for 2 and 24 h repair times, providing scope for its use in the early phase of a radiation exposure incident. Equal accuracy was achieved by scoring 20, 30, 40 or 50 cells per sample. However, MAD values of 0.5-0.7 Gy and 1.3-1.7 Gy divided the data sets into two groups, driven mainly by the considerable differences in foci yields between calibration and blind samples. Foci yields also varied dramatically between laboratories, highlighting reproducibility issues as an important caveat of the foci assay. Nonetheless, foci counts could distinguish high- and low-dose samples in all data sets and binary dose categories of clinical significance could be discriminated with satisfactory accuracy (mean 84%, ±0.03 SEM). Overall, the results suggest that the γ-H2AX assay is a useful tool for rapidly screening individuals for significant exposures that occurred up to at least 24 h earlier, and may help to prioritize cytogenetic dosimetry follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rothkamm
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom
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35
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Changes in γ-H2AX expression in irradiated feline sarcoma cells: an indicator of double strand DNA breaks. Res Vet Sci 2013; 94:545-8. [PMID: 23375429 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Feline injection site sarcoma (ISS) is a highly invasive soft tissue tumor that is commonly treated with radiation. Cellular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the principal target for the biologic effects of radiation with cell killing correlating to the number of double stranded DNA breaks (DSBs). The objective of this study was to determine if radiation-induced damage to feline ISS cells could be detected using a commercially available DNA DSB detection kit. Feline ISS cells were irradiated and evaluated for extent of DSB induction with a γ-H2AX chemiluminescent kit; results were validated by Western Blot analysis. Irradiated cells showed a significant increase in double strand break induction compared to control cells, which was supported by Western Blot. DNA damage in feline sarcoma cells following single exposure of radiation can be indirectly detected using a commercially available mouse anti-human monoclonal antibody for γ-H2AX.
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36
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Ivashkevich A, Redon CE, Nakamura AJ, Martin RF, Martin OA. Use of the γ-H2AX assay to monitor DNA damage and repair in translational cancer research. Cancer Lett 2012; 327:123-33. [PMID: 22198208 PMCID: PMC3329565 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Formation of γ-H2AX in response to DNA double stranded breaks (DSBs) provides the basis for a sensitive assay of DNA damage in human biopsies. The review focuses on the application of γ-H2AX-based methods to translational studies to monitor the clinical response to DNA targeted therapies such as some forms of chemotherapy, external beam radiotherapy, radionuclide therapy or combinations thereof. The escalating attention on radiation biodosimetry has also highlighted the potential of the assay including renewed efforts to assess the radiosensitivity of prospective radiotherapy patients. Finally the γ-H2AX response has been suggested as a basis for an in vivo imaging modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alesia Ivashkevich
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Biology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christophe E. Redon
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, USA
| | - Asako J. Nakamura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Osaka Medical College, Osaka, Japan
| | - Roger F. Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Biology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Olga A. Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Biology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
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37
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Wu X, Smavadati S, Nordfjäll K, Karlsson K, Qvarnström F, Simonsson M, Bergqvist M, Gryaznov S, Ekman S, Paulsson-Karlsson Y. Telomerase antagonist imetelstat inhibits esophageal cancer cell growth and increases radiation-induced DNA breaks. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2012; 1823:2130-5. [PMID: 22906540 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Telomerase is mainly active in human tumor cells, which provides an opportunity for a therapeutic window on telomerase targeting. We sought to evaluate the potential of the thio-phosphoramidate oligonucleotide inhibitor of telomerase, imetelstat, as a drug candidate for treatment of esophageal cancer. Our results showed that imetelstat inhibited telomerase activity in a dose-dependent manner in esophageal cancer cells. After only 1 week of imetelstat treatment, a reduction of colony formation ability of esophageal cancer cells was observed. Furthermore, long-term treatment with imetelstat decreased cell growth of esophageal cancer cells with different kinetics regarding telomere lengths. Short-term imetelstat treatment also increased γ-H2AX and 53BP1 foci staining in the esophageal cancer cell lines indicating a possible induction of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). We also found that pre-treatment with imetelstat led to increased number and size of 53BP1 foci after ionizing radiation. The increase of 53BP1 foci number was especially pronounced during the first 1h of repair whereas the increase of foci size was prominent later on. This study supports the potential of imetelstat as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuping Wu
- Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Sciences, Section of Oncology, Uppsala University, Sweden.
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Redon CE, Weyemi U, Parekh PR, Huang D, Burrell AS, Bonner WM. γ-H2AX and other histone post-translational modifications in the clinic. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1819:743-56. [PMID: 22430255 PMCID: PMC3371125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2012.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin is a dynamic complex of DNA and proteins that regulates the flow of information from genome to end product. The efficient recognition and faithful repair of DNA damage, particularly double-strand damage, is essential for genomic stability and cellular homeostasis. Imperfect repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) can lead to oncogenesis. The efficient repair of DSBs relies in part on the rapid formation of foci of phosphorylated histone H2AX (γ-H2AX) at each break site, and the subsequent recruitment of repair factors. These foci can be visualized with appropriate antibodies, enabling low levels of DSB damage to be measured in samples obtained from patients. Such measurements are proving useful to optimize treatments involving ionizing radiation, to assay in vivo the efficiency of various drugs to induce DNA damage, and to help diagnose patients with a variety of syndromes involving elevated levels of γ-H2AX. We will survey the state of the art of utilizing γ-H2AX in clinical settings. We will also discuss possibilities with other histone post-translational modifications. The ability to measure in vivo the responses of individual patients to particular drugs and/or radiation may help optimize treatments and improve patient care. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Chromatin in time and space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe E. Redon
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Urbain Weyemi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Palak R. Parekh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Dejun Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, China
| | - Allison S. Burrell
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University
| | - William M. Bonner
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Ahmed EA, Agay D, Schrock G, Drouet M, Meineke V, Scherthan H. Persistent DNA damage after high dose in vivo gamma exposure of minipig skin. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39521. [PMID: 22761813 PMCID: PMC3384646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation (IR) can lead to localized radiation injury of the skin and exposed cells suffer dsDNA breaks that may elicit cell death or stochastic changes. Little is known about the DNA damage response after high-dose exposure of the skin. Here, we investigate the cellular and DNA damage response in acutely irradiated minipig skin. Methods and Findings IR-induced DNA damage, repair and cellular survival were studied in 15 cm2 of minipig skin exposed in vivo to ∼50 Co-60 γ rays. Skin biopsies of control and 4 h up to 96 days post exposure were investigated for radiation-induced foci (RIF) formation using γ-H2AX, 53BP1, and active ATM-p immunofluorescence. High-dose IR induced massive γ-H2AX phosphorylation and high 53BP1 RIF numbers 4 h, 20 h after IR. As time progressed RIF numbers dropped to a low of <1% of keratinocytes at 28–70 days. The latter contained large RIFs that included ATM-p, indicating the accumulation of complex DNA damage. At 96 days most of the cells with RIFs had disappeared. The frequency of active-caspase-3-positive apoptotic cells was 17-fold increased 3 days after IR and remained >3-fold elevated at all subsequent time points. Replicating basal cells (Ki67+) were reduced 3 days post IR followed by increased proliferation and recovery of epidermal cellularity after 28 days. Conclusions Acute high dose irradiation of minipig epidermis impaired stem cell replication and induced elevated apoptosis from 3 days onward. DNA repair cleared the high numbers of DBSs in skin cells, while RIFs that persisted in <1% cells marked complex and potentially lethal DNA damage up to several weeks after exposure. An elevated frequency of keratinocytes with persistent RIFs may thus serve as indicator of previous acute radiation exposure, which may be useful in the follow up of nuclear or radiological accident scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad A. Ahmed
- Institut für Radiobiologie der Bundeswehr in Verbindung mit der Universität Ulm, München, Germany
| | - Diane Agay
- IRBA-antenne La Tronche - CRSSA, La Tronche, France
| | - Gerrit Schrock
- Institut für Radiobiologie der Bundeswehr in Verbindung mit der Universität Ulm, München, Germany
| | | | - Viktor Meineke
- Institut für Radiobiologie der Bundeswehr in Verbindung mit der Universität Ulm, München, Germany
| | - Harry Scherthan
- Institut für Radiobiologie der Bundeswehr in Verbindung mit der Universität Ulm, München, Germany
- * E-mail:
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40
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Biomarkers for use in monitoring responses of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells to ionizing radiation. SENSORS 2012; 12:8832-46. [PMID: 23012520 PMCID: PMC3444078 DOI: 10.3390/s120708832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common head and neck cancer. The incidence rate is higher in southern China and Southeast Asia in comparison with the Western countries. Radiotherapy is the standard treatment of NPC as the cancer cells are sensitive to ionizing radiation. Radiation treatment has good local control to patients with early NPC. It is essential to monitor the response of the NPC cells to radiation treatment in advance in order to select suitable treatment choice for the patients. This review aims to discuss the potential use of biomarkers in monitoring the responsiveness of NPC cells to radiation treatment.
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41
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Glimelius I, Qvarnström F, Simonsson M, Ekwall A, Smedby KE, Molin D, Amini RM. Tissue microarray and digital image analysis: a methodological study with special reference to the microenvironment in Hodgkin lymphoma. Histopathology 2012; 61:26-32. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2012.04185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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McVean A, Kent S, Bakanov A, Hobbs T, Anderson R. Development and validation of 'AutoRIF': software for the automated analysis of radiation-induced foci. Genome Integr 2012; 3:1. [PMID: 22281239 PMCID: PMC3305396 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9414-3-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The quantification of radiation-induced foci (RIF) to investigate the induction and subsequent repair of DNA double strands breaks is now commonplace. Over the last decade systems specific for the automatic quantification of RIF have been developed for this purpose, however to ask more mechanistic questions on the spatio-temporal aspects of RIF, an automated RIF analysis platform that also quantifies RIF size/volume and relative three-dimensional (3D) distribution of RIF within individual nuclei, is required. Results A java-based image analysis system has been developed (AutoRIF) that quantifies the number, size/volume and relative nuclear locations of RIF within 3D nuclear volumes. Our approach identifies nuclei using the dynamic Otsu threshold and RIF by enhanced Laplacian filtering and maximum entropy thresholding steps and, has an application 'batch optimisation' process to ensure reproducible quantification of RIF. AutoRIF was validated by comparing output against manual quantification of the same 2D and 3D image stacks with results showing excellent concordance over a whole range of sample time points (and therefore range of total RIF/nucleus) after low-LET radiation exposure. Conclusions This high-throughput automated RIF analysis system generates data with greater depth of information and reproducibility than that which can be achieved manually and may contribute toward the standardisation of RIF analysis. In particular, AutoRIF is a powerful tool for studying spatio-temporal relationships of RIF using a range of DNA damage response markers and can be run independently of other software, enabling most personal computers to perform image analysis. Future considerations for AutoRIF will likely include more complex algorithms that enable multiplex analysis for increasing combinations of cellular markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew McVean
- Centre for Cell Chromosome Biology, Division of Biosciences, Brunel University, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK.
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Smart DJ, Lynch AM. Evaluating the genotoxicity of topoisomerase-targeted antibiotics. Mutagenesis 2011; 27:359-65. [PMID: 22155972 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/ger089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics like fluoroquinolones (FQs) that target bacterial type II topoisomerases pose a potential genotoxic risk due to interactions with mammalian topoisomerase II (TOPO II) counterparts. Inhibition of TOPO II can lead to the generation of clastogenic DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) that can in turn manifest in mutagenesis. Thus, methods that allow early identification of drugs that present the greatest hazard are warranted. A rapid, medium-throughput and predictive genotoxicity screen that can be applied to bacterial type II topoisomerase inhibitors is described herein. Maximal induction of the DSB biomarker serine139-phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX) in L5178Y cells was quantified via flow cytometry and correlated with data derived from the mouse lymphoma screen (MLS), a default assay used to rank genotoxic potential. When applied to a class of novel bacterial type II topoisomerase inhibitors (NBTIs) in lead-optimisation, maximal γH2AX induction >1.4-fold (relative to controls) identified 22/27 NBTIs that induced >6-fold relative mutation frequency (MF) in MLS. Moreover, response signatures comprising of γH2AX induction and G(2)M cell cycle arrest elucidated using this approach suggested that these NBTIs, primarily of the H class, operated via a TOPO II poison-like mechanism of action (MoA) similar to FQs. NBTIs that induced ≤6-fold relative MF, which were mainly A class-derived, had less impact on γH2AX (≤1.4-fold) and also evoked G(1) arrest, indicating that their cytotoxic effects were likely mediated through a non-poison MoA. Concordance between assays was 86% (54/63) when 1.4- and 6-fold 'cut offs' were applied. These findings were corroborated through inspection of human TOPO IIα IC(50) data as NBTIs exhibiting equivalent inhibitory capacities had differing genotoxic potencies. Deployed in an early screening capacity, the γH2AX by flow assay coupled with structure-activity relationship evaluation can provide insight into MoA and impact medicinal chemistry efforts, ultimately leading to the production of inherently safer molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Smart
- Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Ware, Hertfordshire, UK.
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Cornelissen B, Kersemans V, Darbar S, Thompson J, Shah K, Sleeth K, Hill MA, Vallis KA. Imaging DNA damage in vivo using gammaH2AX-targeted immunoconjugates. Cancer Res 2011; 71:4539-49. [PMID: 21586614 PMCID: PMC3130133 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-4587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage responses (DDR) occur during oncogenesis and therapeutic responses to DNA damaging cytotoxic drugs. Thus, a real-time method to image DNA damage in vivo would be useful to diagnose cancer and monitor its treatment. Toward this end, we have developed fluorophore- and radioisotope-labeled immunoconjugates to target a DDR signaling protein, phosphorylated histone H2A variant H2AX (γH2AX), which forms foci at sites of DNA double-strand breaks. Anti-γH2AX antibodies were modified by the addition of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) to allow (111)In labeling or the fluorophore Cy3. The cell-penetrating peptide Tat (GRKKRRQRRRPPQGYG) was also added to the immunoconjugate to aid nuclear translocation. In irradiated breast cancer cells, confocal microscopy confirmed the expected colocalization of anti-γH2AX-Tat with γH2AX foci. In comparison with nonspecific antibody conjugates, (111)In-anti-γH2AX-Tat was retained longer in cells. Anti-γH2AX-Tat probes were also used to track in vivo DNA damage, using a mouse xenograft model of human breast cancer. After local X-ray irradiation or bleomycin treatment, the anti-γH2AX-Tat probes produced fluorescent and single photon emission computed tomography signals in the tumors that were proportionate to the delivered radiation dose and the amount of γH2AX present. Taken together, our findings establish the use of radioimmunoconjugates that target γH2AX as a noninvasive imaging method to monitor DNA damage, with many potential applications in preclinical and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Cornelissen
- CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Veerle Kersemans
- CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sonali Darbar
- CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James Thompson
- CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ketan Shah
- CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kate Sleeth
- CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Hill
- CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine A. Vallis
- CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The past year has seen considerable developments in the use of the DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) to evaluate genome alterations in cells undergoing a variety of genotoxic stresses in vitro and in vivo. When the γ -H2AX foci which mark the DSBs are stained, individual breaks are detectible, making the assay suitable for situations requiring great sensitivity. While the methods for the detection of γ -H2AX foci are still evolving, particularly for in vivo detection, the basic assay has proven to be useful in several diverse areas of research. We will highlight recent developments of the assay in four areas: radiation biodosimetry, the evaluation or validation of new cancer drugs in clinical studies, chronic inflammation, and environmental genotoxicity.
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46
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Ivashkevich AN, Martin OA, Smith AJ, Redon CE, Bonner WM, Martin RF, Lobachevsky PN. γH2AX foci as a measure of DNA damage: a computational approach to automatic analysis. Mutat Res 2011; 711:49-60. [PMID: 21216255 PMCID: PMC3101310 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2010.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The γH2AX focus assay represents a fast and sensitive approach for the detection of one of the critical types of DNA damage - double-strand breaks (DSB) induced by various cytotoxic agents including ionising radiation. Apart from research applications, the assay has a potential in clinical medicine/pathology, such as assessment of individual radiosensitivity, response to cancer therapies, as well as in biodosimetry. Given that generally there is a direct relationship between numbers of microscopically visualised γH2AX foci and DNA DSB in a cell, the number of foci per nucleus represents the most efficient and informative parameter of the assay. Although computational approaches have been developed for automatic focus counting, the tedious and time consuming manual focus counting still remains the most reliable way due to limitations of computational approaches. We suggest a computational approach and associated software for automatic focus counting that minimises these limitations. Our approach, while using standard image processing algorithms, maximises the automation of identification of nuclei/cells in complex images, offers an efficient way to optimise parameters used in the image analysis and counting procedures, optionally invokes additional procedures to deal with variations in intensity of the signal and background in individual images, and provides automatic batch processing of a series of images. We report results of validation studies that demonstrated correlation of manual focus counting with results obtained using our computational algorithm for mouse jejunum touch prints, mouse tongue sections and human blood lymphocytes as well as radiation dose response of γH2AX focus induction for these biological specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alesia N. Ivashkevich
- Trescowthick Research Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, Australia
| | - Olga A. Martin
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, D.H.H.S., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrea J. Smith
- Trescowthick Research Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, Australia
| | - Christophe E. Redon
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, D.H.H.S., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - William M. Bonner
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, D.H.H.S., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Roger F. Martin
- Trescowthick Research Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, Australia
| | - Pavel N. Lobachevsky
- Trescowthick Research Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, Australia
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47
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Mah LJ, Orlowski C, Ververis K, Vasireddy RS, El-Osta A, Karagiannis TC. Evaluation of the efficacy of radiation-modifying compounds using γH2AX as a molecular marker of DNA double-strand breaks. Genome Integr 2011; 2:3. [PMID: 21261999 PMCID: PMC3037297 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9414-2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is a widely used therapeutic approach for cancer. To improve the efficacy of radiotherapy there is an intense interest in combining this modality with two broad classes of compounds, radiosensitizers and radioprotectors. These either enhance tumour-killing efficacy or mitigate damage to surrounding non-malignant tissue, respectively. Radiation exposure often results in the formation of DNA double-strand breaks, which are marked by the induction of H2AX phosphorylation to generate γH2AX. In addition to its essential role in DDR signalling and coordination of double-strand break repair, the ability to visualize and quantitate γH2AX foci using immunofluorescence microscopy techniques enables it to be exploited as an indicator of therapeutic efficacy in a range of cell types and tissues. This review will explore the emerging applicability of γH2AX as a marker for monitoring the effectiveness of radiation-modifying compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jeen Mah
- Epigenomic Medicine, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christian Orlowski
- Epigenomic Medicine, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katherine Ververis
- Epigenomic Medicine, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Raja S Vasireddy
- Epigenomic Medicine, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Assam El-Osta
- Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Epigenomic Profiling Facility, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tom C Karagiannis
- Epigenomic Medicine, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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48
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Abstract
The rapid phosphorylation of histone H2AX at serine 139 (γH2AX) serves as a sensitive marker for DNA double-strand breaks induced by ionizing radiation or other genotoxic agents. The potential clinical applications of γH2AX detection in tissues from cancer patients during fractionated radiotherapy and the sensitivity for detection of in vivo drug effects on radiation-induced DNA damage responses (DDRs) are discussed. The quantification of γH2AX foci in the nuclei of peripheral blood lymphocytes allows estimation of the applied integral body dose by conformal radiotherapy to tumors in different sites of the body. The limits of precision of biodosimetry in peripheral blood lymphocytes with a γH2AX assay shortly after radiation exposure are shown. The high sensitivity of the in vitro radiation dose-γH2AX foci response allows monitoring of drug effects on DDR pathways after in vivo drug exposure and in vitro irradiation. Drugs are under clinical investigation that modify radiation-induced damage response. If interindividual or intertumoral differences in drug sensitivity exist, the measurement of radiation-induced foci formation and resolution after in vivo drug exposure and in vitro or in vivo irradiation of a cellular probe can serve as a functional assay that may predict the individual gain of a combination therapy. Validation by prospective studies is needed.
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49
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Rothkamm K, Burdak-Rothkamm S. Ionizing radiation-induced DNA strand breaks and γ-H2AXγ-H2AX foci in cells exposed to nitric oxide. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 704:17-25. [PMID: 21161626 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61737-964-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
A number of studies have demonstrated that nitric oxide enhances radiosensitivity of anoxic and hypoxic cells in vitro and in vivo, and some evidence points to a role for DNA damage and repair in this phenomenon. We have recently observed that nitric oxide enhances the formation of DNA single- and double-strand breaks following ionising irradiation, measured by the alkaline comet assay and immunofluorescence microscopy for γ-H2AXγ-H2AX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Rothkamm
- Health Protection Agency Centre for Radiation, Chemical & Environmental Hazards, 0X11 0RQ, Chilton, Oxon, UK.
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50
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Roch-Lefèvre S, Mandina T, Voisin P, Gaëtan G, Mesa JEG, Valente M, Bonnesoeur P, García O, Voisin P, Roy L. Quantification of gamma-H2AX foci in human lymphocytes: a method for biological dosimetry after ionizing radiation exposure. Radiat Res 2010; 174:185-94. [PMID: 20681785 DOI: 10.1667/rr1775.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that visualization of gamma-H2AX nuclear foci can be used to estimate exposure to very low doses of ionizing radiation. Although this approach is widely used for various purposes, its suitability for individual human biodosimetry has not yet been assessed. We therefore conducted such an assessment with the help of available software for observing and automatically scoring gamma-H2AX foci. The presence of gamma-H2AX foci was evaluated in human peripheral blood lymphocytes exposed ex vivo to gamma rays in a dose range of 0.02 to 2 Gy. We analyzed the response of gamma-H2AX to ionizing radiation in relation to dose, time after exposure, and individual variability. We constructed dose-effect calibration curves at 0.5, 8 and 16 h after exposure and evaluated the threshold of detection of the technique. The results show the promise of automatic gamma-H2AX scoring for a reliable assessment of radiation doses in a dose range of 0.6 Gy to 2 Gy up to 16 h after exposure. This gamma-H2AX-based assay may be useful for biodosimetry, especially for triage to distinguish promptly among individuals the ones who have received negligible doses from those with significantly exposures who are in need of immediate medical attention. However, additional in vivo experiments are needed for validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Roch-Lefèvre
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, 92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
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