Nanocomposite of cosubstituted carbonated hydroxyapatite fabricated inside Poly(sodium hyaluronate-acrylamide) hydrogel template prepared by gamma radiation for osteoblast cell regeneration

Hesperidin - loaded PVA/alginate hydrogel: targeting NFκB/iNOS/COX-2/TNF-α inflammatory signaling pathway

Introduction

Skin injuries represent a prevalent form of physical trauma, necessitating effective therapeutic strategies to expedite the wound healing process. Hesperidin, a bioflavonoid naturally occurring in citrus fruits, exhibits a range of pharmacological attributes, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, and analgesic properties. The main objective of the study was to formulate a hydrogel with the intention of addressing skin conditions, particularly wound healing.

Methods

This research introduces a methodology for the fabrication of a membrane composed of a Polyvinyl alcohol - Sodium Alginate (PVA/A) blend, along with the inclusion of an anti-inflammatory agent, Hesperidin (H), which exhibits promising wound healing capabilities. A uniform layer of a homogeneous solution comprising PVA/A was cast. The process of crosslinking and the enhancement of hydrogel characteristics were achieved through the application of gamma irradiation at a dosage of 30 kGy. The membrane was immersed in a Hesperidin (H) solution, facilitating the permeation and absorption of the drug. The resultant system is designed to deliver H in a controlled and sustained manner, which is crucial for promoting efficient wound healing. The obtained PVA/AH hydrogel was evaluated for cytotoxicity, antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities, anti-inflammatory and membrane stability effect. In addition, its action on oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers was evaluated on BJ-1 human normal skin cell line.

Results and Discussion

We determined the effect of radical scavenging activity PVA/A (49 %) and PVA/AH (87%), the inhibition of Human red blood cell membrane hemolysis by PVA/AH (81.97 and 84.34 %), hypotonicity (83.68 and 76.48 %) and protein denaturation (83.17 and 85.8 %) as compared to 250 μg/ml diclofenac (Dic.) and aspirin (Asp.), respectively. Furthermore, gene expression analysis revealed an increased expression of genes associated with anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and downregulated TNFα, NFκB, iNOS, and COX2 by 67, 52, 58 and 60%, respectively, by PVA/AH hydrogel compared to LPS-stimulated BJ-1 cells. The advantages associated with Hesperidin can be ascribed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory attributes. The incorporation of Hesperidin into hydrogels offers promise for the development of a novel, secure, and efficient strategy for wound healing. This innovative approach holds potential as a solution for wound healing, capitalizing on the collaborative qualities of PVA/AH and gamma irradiation, which can be combined to establish a drug delivery platform for Hesperidin.

Construction of 3D network aluminum sludge-based hydrogel beads: combination of macroization, amino functionalization, and resource utilization

An aluminum sludge-based composite material was constructed against the problems of phosphorus pollution and the waste of aluminum sludge resources. Utilizing metal Ce doping and hydrogel microbeads with pore preparation, the adsorption performance of the original sludge was improved. Meanwhile, the macroscopic body was constructed, and on this basis, polyethyleneimine (PEI) was introduced to complete the amino functionalization further to enhance the adsorption of phosphorus by the adsorbent, and NH-CeAIS-10 microbeads were successfully prepared. In adsorption, microbeads with larger specific surface area and richer functional groups are better choice compared to original sludge. The results of SEM, BET, FT-IR, and XPS analyses indicate that the adsorption of phosphorus by the microbeads is mainly achieved through electrostatic interactions, ligand exchange, and the formation of inner-sphere complexes. According to the Langmuir model, the maximum phosphorus adsorption capacity of NH-CeAIS-10 was 29.56 mg g-1, which was four times higher compared to native aluminum sludge. This also confirms the significant enhancement of phosphorus adsorption through the modification of aluminum sludge. Besides, in dynamic adsorption column experiments, the material exhibited up to 99% removal in simulated wastewater for up to 30 days, demonstrating the great adsorption potential of NH-CeAIS-10 in engineering applications.

Multifunctional biomaterial hydrogel loaded with antler blood peptide effectively promotes wound repair

Diabetes is an epidemic in contemporary society, which seriously affects people's health. Therefore, it is imperative to develop a multifunctional wound dressing that can expedite the healing of diabetic wounds. In this study, quaternized oxidized sodium alginate (QOSA) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) formed hydrogel through Schiff base reaction, and the composite hydrogel was prepared by adding the antioxidant activity of deer antler blood polypeptide (D). The hydrogel exhibits favorable attributes, including a high swelling ratio, biocompatibility, and noteworthy antioxidant, antibacterial, and hemostatic properties. Finally, it was used to evaluate its effectiveness in repairing diabetic wounds. Upon evaluation, this hydrogel can effectively promote diabetic wound healing. It facilitates cell proliferation at the wound site, mitigates inflammatory responses, and enhances the expression of growth factors at the wound site. This suggests that this hydrogel holds significant promise as an ideal candidate for advanced wound dressings.

Effect of chitosan-based bio coating on mechanical, structural and physical characteristics of microfiber based paper packaging: An alternative to wood pulp/plastic packaging

Limnocharis flava is a noxious aquatic weed that poses a threat to paddy cultivation. The high cellulose and low lignin contents in this plant make it a potential raw material for papermaking. Against this backdrop, this study was taken up to develop Limnocharis flava (LF) based sheets containing natural fibres from Banana (B), Pineapple (P), and Rice Straw (RS) as reinforcing agents. The influence of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a binder on the LF-based sheets was also studied. To enhance the mechanical and moisture resistance properties, a chitosan coating was provided to the sheets. Analytical tests for mechanical properties, water barrier properties, functional groups, structure and microstructure, thermal properties and biodegradability were performed. Among the samples, LF + B showed the highest tensile strength (34.86 Mpa) and bursting strength (13.055 kg/cm2), while LF + R had higher puncture and tearing strengths. Chitosan coating was found to enhance the sheets and improve the water barrier properties mechanically. The contact angle of LF + B increased from 91.6° to 110.65°, while the water vapour transmission rate of LF reduced from 532.18 to 404.47 on providing chitosan coating. The significant interactions of reinforcing agents were confirmed by the results of FTIR and that of the coating by the SEM micrographs. The LF-based sheets were also found to have decent thermal stability. The high value of the crystallinity index in LF + R samples supported their remarkable mechanical properties. This study proclaims the notable suitability of Limnocharis flava in manufacturing paper for packaging applications.

Radiation cross-linked ultra-absorbent hydrogel to rationalize irrigation water and fertilizer for maize planting in drought conditions

The study addresses the potential negative impacts of climate change on water resources, specifically irrigation water for crops. The radiation technique produces the biomaterial hydrogel as a soil conditioner by polymerizing hydroxy ethyl cellulose/acrylamide (HEC/AAm) at various irradiation doses and copolymer concentrations. A maximum swelling of 23.4 g/g is attained by (HEC/PAAm) hydrogel at 1/7.5 ratio, prepared by 10 kGy gamma irradiation. The study introduces a new class of ultra-absorbent hydrogel (UAH) to address the low swelling limitation for soil conditioner applications. The alkaline hydrolysis treatments with NaOH, LiOH, and KOH enhance the water absorbency of (HEC/PAAm) hydrogel, with the highest capacity of 1220 g/g achieved by the KOH treatment, surpassing NaOH (622 g/g) and LiOH (540 g/g). The cumulative release of fertilizers from the UAH sample shows a slow and controlled release behavior. Urea takes 22 days to reach 100 % release. The UAH demonstrates water retention for 28 days, improving the growth of Zea mays L. at drought stress levels of 0 %, 25 %, 50 %, and 100 %, revealing an increase in shoot length by 16 %, 19 %, 24 %, and 20 %, respectively. Also, UAH increased the contents of chlorophyll a, b, a + b, and carotenoid on maize plant leaves compared to the control sample.

Revolutionizing biomedicine: advancements, applications, and prospects of nanocomposite macromolecular carbohydrate-based hydrogel biomaterials: a review

Nanocomposite hydrogel biomaterials represent an exciting Frontier in biomedicine, offering solutions to longstanding challenges. These hydrogels are derived from various biopolymers, including fibrin, silk fibroin, collagen, keratin, gelatin, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, alginate, carrageenan, and cellulose. While these biopolymers possess inherent biocompatibility and renewability, they often suffer from poor mechanical properties and rapid degradation. Researchers have integrated biopolymers such as cellulose, starch, and chitosan into hydrogel matrices to overcome these limitations, resulting in nanocomposite hydrogels. These innovative materials exhibit enhanced mechanical strength, improved biocompatibility, and the ability to finely tune drug release profiles. The marriage of nanotechnology and hydrogel chemistry empowers precise control over these materials' physical and chemical properties, making them ideal for tissue engineering, drug delivery, wound healing, and biosensing applications. Recent advancements in the design, fabrication, and characterization of biopolymer-based nanocomposite hydrogels have showcased their potential to transform biomedicine. Researchers are employing strategic approaches for integrating biopolymer nanoparticles, exploring how nanoparticle properties impact hydrogel performance, and utilizing various characterization techniques to evaluate structure and functionality. Moreover, the diverse biomedical applications of these nanocomposite hydrogels hold promise for improving patient outcomes and addressing unmet clinical needs.

Fabrication of environmentally safe antifouling coatings using nano-MnO2/cellulose nanofiber composite with BED/GMA irradiated by electron beam

Marine biofouling, undesirable growth of organisms on submerged surfaces, poses significant challenges in various industries and marine applications. The development of environmentally safe antifouling coatings employing nano-MnO2/cellulose nanofiber (CNF) composite with bisphenol A epoxy diacrylate/glycidyl methacrylate (BED/GMA) irradiated by electron beam (T1) has been achieved in the current work. The physico-chemical characteristics of the fabricated coatings have been studied using Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, water contact angle, and X-ray diffraction. The efficacy of T1 formulation and pure BED/GMA polymer (T2) in inhibiting biofouling formation was investigated in seawater of Alexandria Eastern Harbour by examining biofilm development morphologically and biochemically. In addition, regular analyses of seawater physicochemical parameters were conducted monthly throughout study. Results provide valuable information on coating performance as well as the complex interactions between coatings, biofilms, and environmental factors. The T1 formulation exhibited strong anti-fouling and anticorrosion properties over 2 months. However, after four months of immersion, all coated steel surfaces, including T1, T2, and T0, were heavily covered with macro-fouling, including tubeworms, barnacles, and algae. Biochemical analysis of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) showed statistically significant variations in carbohydrates content between the coated surfaces. The T1 formulation showed decreased protein and carbohydrate content in EPS fractions after 14 days of immersion indicating less biofouling. Moreover, elemental analysis showed that carbon, oxygen, and iron were the predominant elements in the biofilm. Other elements such as sodium, silicon, chloride, and calcium were in lower concentrations. T2 and T0 surfaces revealed higher calcium levels and the appearance of sulphur peaks if compared with T1 surface. Diatoms and bacteria were detected on T1, T2, and T0 surfaces. The observed warming of seawater and nutrient-rich conditions were found to promote the growth of fouling organisms, emphasizing the importance of considering environmental factors in biofouling management strategies.

Gamma irradiation-enhanced performance of waste LLDPE thermally transformed into advanced sponge-like material for oil decontamination

In this study, the development of advanced materials for the removal of oil-water pollution was explored, with a focus on environmental protection. The primary novelty of this research involved the conversion of waste Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) into a sponge-like material denoted as sLLDPE. The process of converting involved thermal treatment in castor oil, resulting in the creation of a porous structure within the material. This sLLDPE material exhibited remarkable oil adsorbent properties and demonstrated enhanced performance in the removal of various organic contaminants from both aqueous and oil-based systems. Furthermore, gamma irradiation-induced crosslinking reactions were implemented within a dose range of 0 up to 90 kGy to further improve its oil removal capabilities. Comparing samples subjected to a radiation dose of 50 kGy with those receiving no irradiation (0 kGy), it was observed that the maximum adsorption capacities for various oils, including crude oil, gasoline oil, motor oil, pump oil, and waste oil, increased significantly. Specifically, the adsorption capacities increased by approximately 216.2%, 235.3%, 24.1%, 111.5%, and 18.6% for the respective oils. It rapidly separated oil-water mixtures with ~ 100% efficiency in a column system and maintained performance over 20 reuse cycles. The converted sLLDPE sponge exhibited excellent organics removal across solvents. The findings of this study not only shed light on the impact of irradiation on polymeric materials but also contribute to our understanding of their potential applications in environmental cleanup processes.

The energetic and physical concept of gold nanorod-dependent fluorescence in cancer treatment and development of new photonic compounds|review

The optical features of gold nanorods (GNR) may be precisely controlled by manipulating their size, shape, and aspect ratio. This review explores the impact of these parameters on the optical tuning of (GNR). By altering the experimental conditions, like the addition of silver ions during the seed-mediated growth process, the aspect ratio of (GNR) may be regulated. The shape is trans from spherical to rod-like structures resulting in noticeable changes in the nanoparticles surface plasmons resonance (SPR) bands. The longitudinal SPR band, associated with electron oscillations along the long axis, exhibits a pronounced red shift into the (NIR) region as the aspect ratio increases. In contrast, the transverse SPR band remains relate unchanged. Using computational methods like the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) allows for analyzing absorption, scattering, and total extinction features of gold (G) nanoparticles. Studies have shown that increasing the aspect ratio enhances the scattering efficiency, indicating a higher scattering quantum yield (QY). These findings highlight the importance of size, shape, and aspect ratio in controlling the optical features of (GNR) providing valuable insights for various uses in nanophotonics and plasmonic-dependent fluorescence in cancer treatment and developing new photonic compound NRs.

Effect of nano-metal oxides (TiO2, MgO, CaO, and ZnO) on antibacterial property of (PEO/PEC-co-AAm) hydrogel synthesized by gamma irradiation

The global threat of infectious diseases and antibiotic resistance calls for the development of potent antimicrobial agents integrated with hydrogel for effective control and treatment. Hydrogel is advanced biomaterials compounds. Hydrogel is an advanced biomaterial compound that offers tunable physical and chemical properties, which can be tailored to specific biomedical applications. This study investigates the antibacterial properties of pectin/polyethylene oxide (PEC/PEO)-based poly acrylamide hydrogels containing 5 wt% nano-metal oxides (TiO2, CaO, MgO, and ZnO) synthesized through gamma irradiation at a dose of 30 kGy. This technique allows for sterilization and effectively incorporating the metal oxide nanoparticles within the hydrogel matrix. Characterization of the nanocomposites is performed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Incorporating metal oxide nanoparticles induces noticeable changes in the FTIR spectra, confirming interactions between the nanoparticles and the hydrogel matrix. The antibacterial activity of the nanocomposites is evaluated against different bacteria, and the results demonstrate significant inhibitory effects, especially for MgO- and ZnO-hydrogel nanocomposites against P. mirabilis, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans, highlighting their potential as antimicrobial agents. The 5 wt% of MgO, ZnO, TiO2 and CaO inside PEO/PEC-co-AAm hydrogel nanocomposites exhibited significant inhibitory effects, with a respective optical density at λ = 600 nm (OD600) values of 0.896 nm, 0.986 nm, 1.250 nm, and 1.980 nm compared to the control and hydrogel alone (OD600 values of 2.88 nm and 2.72 nm, respectively). The antibacterial activity of the (MgO-, ZnO-, TiO2-, and CaO-hydrogel) was enhanced, resulting in the inhibition of S. aureus growth by approximately 68.89 %, 65.86 %, 56.25 %, and 31.94 %, respectively. Incorporating nanoparticles into a hydrogel matrix introduces novelty by preventing their aggregation and synergistically enhancing the antibacterial activity. The hydrogel's porous structure and water content facilitate the physical entrapment of bacteria and promote proximity to the metal oxide nanoparticles, resulting in improved interaction and antimicrobial effectiveness. Moreover, the hydrogel ability to absorb and entrap resistance compounds released by bacteria, coupled with its ability to supply water for the generation of reactive oxygen species, further contributes to its antimicrobial properties.

Macro, Micro, and Nano-Inspired Bioactive Polymeric Biomaterials in Therapeutic, and Regenerative Orofacial Applications

Introducing dental polymers has accelerated biotechnological research, advancing tissue engineering, biomaterials development, and drug delivery. Polymers have been utilized effectively in dentistry to build dentures and orthodontic equipment and are key components in the composition of numerous restorative materials. Furthermore, dental polymers have the potential to be employed for medication administration and tissue regeneration. To analyze the influence of polymer-based investigations on practical medical trials, it is required to evaluate the research undertaken in this sector. The present review aims to gather evidence on polymer applications in dental, oral, and maxillofacial reconstruction.

Radiation synthesis and in vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial property of functionalized nanopolymer-based poly (propargyl alcohol) against multidrug-resistance microbes

Pathogenic microorganisms are responsible for many diseases in biological organisms, including humans. Many of these infections thrive in hospitals, where people are treated with medicines and certain bacteria resist those treatments. Consequently, this research article aims to develop efficient antimicrobial material-based conjugated and functionalized polypropargyl alcohol nanoparticles (nano-PGA) synthesized by gamma irradiation. The monomer of PGA was polymerized in various mediums (water (W), chloroform (Ch), and dimethylformamide (DMF)) without catalysts under the action of γ-rays, producing π-conjugated and colored functional nano-PGA polymers. Nano-PGA is a versatile polymer demonstrated here as suitable for creating next-generation of antimicrobial systems capable of effectively preventing and killing various pathogenic microorganisms. The novelty here is the development of polymeric nanostructures by changing the solvent and irradiation doses. The antimicrobial property of nano-PGA (nanostare-like antibody structure) was examined against different pathogenic bacteria and unicellular fungi. Nano-PGA-DMF exhibits significant antimicrobial potential against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (20.20 mm; zone of inhibition (ZOI), and 0.47 μg/mL; minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), followed by Escherichia coli (E. coli) (14.50 mm; ZOI, and 1.87 μg/mL; MIC, and Candida albicans (C.albicans) (12.50 mm; ZOI, and 1.87 μg/mL; MIC). In antibiofilm results, the highest inhibition percentage of the synthesized nano-PGA-W, nano-PGA-Ch, and nano-PGA-DMF was documented for S. aureus (17.01%, 37.57%, and 80.27%), followed by E. coli (25.68%, 55.16% and 78.11%), and C.albicans (40.10%, 62.65%, and 76.19%), respectively. The amount of bacterial protein removed is directly proportional after increasing the concentration of nano-PGA-W, nano-PGA-Ch, and nano-PGA-DMF samples (at different concentrations) and counted to be 70.58, 102.89, and 200.87 μg/mL, respectively following the treatment with 1.0 mg/mL of each sample. It was found that the nano-PGA polymer prepared in DMF has better antimicrobial activity than one prepared in chloroform than in water.

Application of Nano-Inspired Scaffolds-Based Biopolymer Hydrogel for Bone and Periodontal Tissue Regeneration

This review’s objectives are to provide an overview of the various kinds of biopolymer hydrogels that are currently used for bone tissue and periodontal tissue regeneration, to list the advantages and disadvantages of using them, to assess how well they might be used for nanoscale fabrication and biofunctionalization, and to describe their production processes and processes for functionalization with active biomolecules. They are applied in conjunction with other materials (such as microparticles (MPs) and nanoparticles (NPs)) and other novel techniques to replicate physiological bone generation more faithfully. Enhancing the biocompatibility of hydrogels created from blends of natural and synthetic biopolymers can result in the creation of the best scaffold match to the extracellular matrix (ECM) for bone and periodontal tissue regeneration. Additionally, adding various nanoparticles can increase the scaffold hydrogel stability and provide a number of biological effects. In this review, the research study of polysaccharide hydrogel as a scaffold will be critical in creating valuable materials for effective bone tissue regeneration, with a future impact predicted in repairing bone defects.

Recent Advances in Hydroxyapatite-Based Biocomposites for Bone Tissue Regeneration in Orthopedics

Bone tissue is a nanocomposite consisting of an organic and inorganic matrix, in which the collagen component and the mineral phase are organized into complex and porous structures. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is the most used ceramic biomaterial since it mimics the mineral composition of the bone in vertebrates. However, this biomimetic material has poor mechanical properties, such as low tensile and compressive strength, which make it not suitable for bone tissue engineering (BTE). For this reason, HA is often used in combination with different polymers and crosslinkers in the form of composites to improve their mechanical properties and the overall performance of the implantable biomaterials developed for orthopedic applications. This review summarizes recent advances in HA-based biocomposites for bone regeneration, addressing the most widely employed inorganic matrices, the natural and synthetic polymers used as reinforcing components, and the crosslinkers added to improve the mechanical properties of the scaffolds. Besides presenting the main physical and chemical methods in tissue engineering applications, this survey shows that HA biocomposites are generally biocompatible, as per most in vitro and in vivo studies involving animal models and that the results of clinical studies on humans sometimes remain controversial. We believe this review will be helpful as introductory information for scientists studying HA materials in the biomedical field.

Locally Applied Repositioned Hormones for Oral Bone and Periodontal Tissue Engineering: A Narrative Review

Bone and periodontium are tissues that have a unique capacity to repair from harm. However, replacing or regrowing missing tissues is not always effective, and it becomes more difficult as the defect grows larger. Because of aging and the increased prevalence of debilitating disorders such as diabetes, there is a considerable increase in demand for orthopedic and periodontal surgical operations, and successful techniques for tissue regeneration are still required. Even with significant limitations, such as quantity and the need for a donor area, autogenous bone grafts remain the best solution. Topical administration methods integrate osteoconductive biomaterial and osteoinductive chemicals as hormones as alternative options. This is a promising method for removing the need for autogenous bone transplantation. Furthermore, despite enormous investigation, there is currently no single approach that can reproduce all the physiologic activities of autogenous bone transplants. The localized bioengineering technique uses biomaterials to administer different hormones to capitalize on the host’s regeneration capacity and capability, as well as resemble intrinsic therapy. The current study adds to the comprehension of the principle of hormone redirection and its local administration in both bone and periodontal tissue engineering.

Physicochemical and Biological Evaluation of Chitosan-Coated Magnesium-Doped Hydroxyapatite Composite Layers Obtained by Vacuum Deposition

In the present work, the effectiveness of vacuum deposition technique for obtaining composite thin films based on chitosan-coated magnesium-doped hydroxyapatite Ca10−xMgx(PO4)6 (OH)2 with xMg = 0.025 (MgHApCh) was proved for the first time. The prepared samples were exposed to three doses (0, 3, and 6 Gy) of gamma irradiation. The MgHApCh composite thin films nonirradiated and irradiated were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies. The biological evaluation of the samples was also presented. All the results obtained from this study showed that the vacuum deposition method allowed for obtaining uniform and homogeneous layers. Fine cracks were observed on the MgHApCh composite thin films’ surface after exposure to a 6 Gy irradiation dose. Additionally, after gamma irradiation, a decrease in Ca, P, and Mg content was noticed. The MgHApCh composite thin films with doses of 0 and 3 Gy of gamma irradiation showed a cellular viability similar to that of the control. Samples with 6 Gy doses of gamma irradiation did not cause significantly higher fibroblast cell death than the control (p > 0.05). On the other hand, the homogeneous distribution of pores that appeared on the surface of coatings after 6 Gy doses of gamma irradiation did not prevent the adhesion of fibroblast cells and their spread on the coatings. In conclusion, we could say that the thin films could be suitable both for use in bone implants and for other orthopedic and dentistry applications.

Impact of a nanomixture of carbon black and clay on the mechanical properties of a series of irradiated natural rubber/butyl rubber blend

A series of natural rubber/butyl rubber NR/IIR blend loaded with N660 carbon black (CB) and triethoxy vinyl silane treated clay nanoparticles (TCNPs) were prepared using gamma irradiation in the presence of a polyfunctional monomer, trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA). The effect of incorporating different contents of N660 CB and five parts per hundred of rubber (phr) of treated clay on the mechanical properties of the prepared nanocomposites has been investigated. The addition of TCNP to CB/rubber composites markedly increase their tensile strength due to the increase of the cross-link density. These results indicated that the TCNP may be enclosed or trapped in the occluded structure of CB. The effect of CB and the TCNP content on the tensile strength (σ), elongation at break (ε b, %), and modulus of elasticity (E, MPa) of natural rubber/butyl rubber NR/IIR blend have been investigated. The incorporation of 5 phr of TCNP into 30 phr CB-loaded NR/IIR composites results in the increased tensile strength value by about 60%. Finally, theoretical models were used to interpret the experimental results.