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Duff MA, Goedeke S. Parents' disclosure to their donor-conceived children in the last 10 years and factors affecting disclosure: a narrative review. Hum Reprod Update 2024; 30:488-527. [PMID: 38687968 PMCID: PMC11215159 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmae010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disclosure of donor conception has been advocated in several jurisdictions in recent years, especially in those that practice identity-release donation. However, research on disclosure decisions has not been consolidated systematically in the last 10 years to review if parents are telling and what factors may be impacting their decisions. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE Are parents disclosing to their donor-conceived children, and what factors have influenced their disclosure decisions across different contexts and family forms in the last 10 years? SEARCH METHODS A bibliographic search of English-language, peer-reviewed journal articles published between 2012 and 2022 from seven databases was undertaken. References cited in included articles were manually scrutinized to identify additional references and references that cited the included articles were also manually searched. Inclusion criteria were articles focused on parents (including heterosexual, single mothers by choice, same-sex couples, and transsexual) of donor-conceived persons in both jurisdictions with or without identity-release provisions. Studies focused solely on surrogacy, donors, donor-conceived persons, or medical/fertility staff were excluded as were studies where it was not possible to extract donor-recipient parents' data separately. Both quantitative and qualitative studies were included. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed and Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools for Systematic Reviews were used to assess article quality and bias. OUTCOMES Thirty-seven articles met the inclusion criteria representing 34 studies and 4248 parents (including heterosexual, single, same-sex, and transsexual parents although the majority were heterosexual) from countries with anonymous donation and those with identity-release provisions or who had subsequently enacted these provisions (Australia, Belgium, Finland, France, Hong Kong, Middle East, Spain, Sweden, the UK, and the USA) A general trend towards disclosure was noted across these groups of parents with most disclosing to their donor-conceived children before the age of 10 years. Further, the majority of those who had not yet told, reported planning to disclose, although delayed decisions were also associated with lower disclosure overall. Same-sex and single parents were more likely to disclose than heterosexual parents. There was recognition of disclosure as a process involving ongoing conversations and that decisions were impacted by multiple interacting intrapersonal, interpersonal, and external contextual and social factors. Methodological limitations, such as the different population groups and contexts from which participants were drawn (including that those parents who choose not to disclose may be less likely to participate in research), are acknowledged in integrating findings. WIDER IMPLICATIONS This review has reinforced the need for a theoretical model to explain parents' disclosure decisions and research exploring the role of legislative provisions, culture, and donor/family type in decision-making. Greater ongoing access to psychological support around disclosure may be important to promote parent and family well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Duff
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, School of Clinical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sonja Goedeke
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, School of Clinical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Kirkman-Brown J, Calhaz-Jorge C, Dancet EAF, Lundin K, Martins M, Tilleman K, Thorn P, Vermeulen N, Frith L. Good practice recommendations for information provision for those involved in reproductive donation †. Hum Reprod Open 2022; 2022:hoac001. [PMID: 35178481 PMCID: PMC8847071 DOI: 10.1093/hropen/hoac001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION What information and support should be offered to donors, intended parents and donor-conceived people, in general and in consideration of the availability of direct-to-consumer genetic testing and matching services? SUMMARY ANSWER For donors, intended parents and donor-conceived offspring, recommendations are made that cover information needs and informed consent, psychosocial implications and disclosure. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Trends indicate that the use of donor-assisted conception is growing and guidance is needed to help these recipients/intended parents, the donors and offspring, navigate the rapidly changing environment in which donor-assisted conception takes place. STUDY DESIGN SIZE DURATION A working group (WG) collaborated on writing recommendations based, where available, on evidence collected from a literature search and expert opinion. Draft recommendations were published for stakeholder review and adapted where relevant based on the comments received. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS SETTING METHODS Papers retrieved from PUBMED were included from 1 January 2014 up to 31 August 2020, focusing on studies published since direct-to-consumer genetic testing has become more widespread and accessible. The current paper is limited to reproductive donation performed in medically assisted reproduction (MAR) centres (and gamete banks): donation outside the medical context was not considered. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE In total, 32 recommendations were made for information provision and support to donors, 32 for intended parents and 27 for donor-conceived offspring requesting information/support. LIMITATIONS REASONS FOR CAUTION The available evidence in the area of reproductive donation is limited and diverse with regards to the context and types of donation. General conclusions and recommendations are largely based on expert opinion and may need to be adapted in light of future research. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS These recommendations provide guidance to MAR centres and gamete banks on good practice in information provision and support but should also be considered by regulatory bodies and policymakers at a national and international level to guide regulatory and legislative efforts towards the protection of donors and donor-conceived offspring. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS The development of this good practice paper was funded by European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE), covering expenses associated with the WG meetings, the literature searches and dissemination. The WG members did not receive any payment. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. DISCLAIMER This document represents the views of ESHRE, which are the result of consensus between the relevant ESHRE stakeholders and where relevant based on the scientific evidence available at the time of preparation. The recommendations should be used for informational and educational purposes. They should not be interpreted as setting a standard of care, or be deemed inclusive of all proper methods of care nor exclusive of other methods of care reasonably directed to obtaining the same results. They do not replace the need for application of clinical judgement to each individual presentation, nor variations based on locality and facility type. †ESHRE pages content is not externally peer reviewed. The manuscript has been approved by the Executive Committee of ESHRE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jackson Kirkman-Brown
- Centre for Human Reproductive Science, University of Birmingham, IMSR, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Eline A F Dancet
- KU Leuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kersti Lundin
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mariana Martins
- University of Porto, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, Porto, Portugal
| | - Kelly Tilleman
- Department for Reproductive Medicine, Universitair Ziekenhuis Gent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Petra Thorn
- Private Practice, Couple and Family Therapy, Infertility Counseling, Mörfelden, Germany
| | - Nathalie Vermeulen
- European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) Central Office, Strombeek-Bever, Belgium
| | - Lucy Frith
- Centre for Social Ethics and Policy, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Bauer T. A Systematic Review of Qualitative Studies Investigating Motives and Experiences of Recipients of Anonymous Gamete Donation. FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2022; 7:746847. [PMID: 35252431 PMCID: PMC8889113 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2022.746847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The decision to use an anonymous gamete donation in fertility treatment could have significant long-term psychological and social effects for all stakeholders involved. In light of the growing recognition of donor-conceived children's right to know their genetic parentage, this entails profound ethical implications. This review aims to carve out the full spectrum of recipients' motives and experiences related to donor anonymity which could serve as an analytical framework for future ethical and sociological research on issues of donor anonymity. This review was conducted following a seven-step approach for systematic reviews of empirical bioethics literature. The characteristics and quality of the studies included in this review were reported. Data analysis was conducted using qualitative content analysis and was informed by sociological functionalist theorizations of ignorance. The 53 studies selected showed a diverse spectrum of characteristics concerning date and country of study, methodology, family type of participants, sample size, and the timing of data collection in relation to the stage of treatment. A total of 22 categories of motives and experiences of recipients concerning donor anonymity were identified inductively and grouped into five main categories. Donor anonymity was identified as a eufunctional form of ignorance, by which the recipients experienced or intended to control, regulate, or protect inter-stakeholder relations. Interpreting recipients' motives and experiences concerning donor anonymity as a form of ignorance directed toward particular stakeholders helps reframe the discourse on donor anonymity. It is a fruitful approach that can be refined further and applied in future research. This review identified possible directions for future investigations on motives for donor anonymity: the need for more thorough inquiries into the change in recipients' preferences over time, such as in the form of longitudinal studies and research on the perspective of non-biological parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bauer
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Pasch LA. New realities for the practice of egg donation: a family-building perspective. Fertil Steril 2019; 110:1194-1202. [PMID: 30503105 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The practice of egg donation in the United States has been based on assumptions about secrecy, anonymity, and contact among the parties that require reexamination. This article argues for the need to acknowledge that secrecy and anonymity are no longer viable assumptions and that all parties may have a strong interest in contact and connection. A shift in the narrative for the practice of egg donation from a purely medical perspective to a broader family-building perspective is described. Significant practice changes to accommodate the new realities, rooted in a family-building perspective, are outlined in the arenas of medical record retention, informed consent, recipient and donor preparation and counseling, facilitation of contact among the parties, and outreach to other medical professionals, with the goal of promoting not only healthy pregnancy, but also long-term positive family functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri A Pasch
- Departments of Psychiatry and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science, University of California, San Francisco, California.
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Vesali SV, Karimi E, Mohammadi M, Omani-Samani R. Attitude of Law and Medical Students to Oocyte Donation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FERTILITY & STERILITY 2018; 12:114-118. [PMID: 29707926 PMCID: PMC5936607 DOI: 10.22074/ijfs.2018.5178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Background Among the young generation, medical and law students’ attitude towards third party reproduction is
very important because they will be directly involved in restricting or developing the programs that will support it in
the future. The aim of this survey was to investigate attitude of law and medical students to oocyte donation and key
aspects of this kind of third party. Materials and Methods In analytical cross-sectional study, 345 medical and law students were randomly selected
using stratified sampling. Data was collected using attitude toward donation- oocyte (ATOD-O) questionnaire. Re-
sponses were on a 5-point Likert scale. Data were analyzed according to established statistical approach by Heeren
and D'Agostino. Results The majority of the participants agreed with oocyte donation being the last choice for infertility treatment.
There was a significant difference between medical students and law students regarding the acceptance of oocyte
donation (3.23 vs. 3.53, P=0.025). In addition, female participants were more tolerant on receiving donated oocytes
from their sisters than male participants (3.01 vs. 2.58, P=0.002) and finally, a higher number of the participants had
a positive attitude towards anonymity of the donor and the recipient to one another (3.93 vs. 3.86, P=0.580). The vast
majority of female students believed that the oocyte recipient naturally likes that child (P<0.0001). Conclusion In the current study, a great majority of law and medical students support oocyte donation as an alternative
way of starting a family. There is an interest among female students in donating oocytes anonymously. The majority
believed that the oocyte recipient family will like the donor oocyte child naturally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Vesali Vesali
- Department of Epidemiology and Reproductive Health, Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedical, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elaheh Karimi
- Department of Epidemiology and Reproductive Health, Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedical, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Mohammadi
- Department of Epidemiology and Reproductive Health, Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedical, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Omani-Samani
- Department of Epidemiology and Reproductive Health, Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedical, ACECR, Tehran, Iran. Electronic Address:
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Taebi M, Bahrami R, Bagheri-Lankarani N, Shahriari M. Ethical Challenges of Embryo Donation in Embryo Donors and Recipients. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY RESEARCH 2018; 23:36-39. [PMID: 29344044 PMCID: PMC5769183 DOI: 10.4103/ijnmr.ijnmr_162_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Embryo donation, as one of the novel assisted reproductive technologies (ART), has remained a controversial issue. This is due to this methods' need for individuals from outside the family circle. Their presence can cause many ethical issues and complicate the designing and planning of the embryo donation process. The present study was conducted with the aim to assess the ethical challenges of embryo donation from the view point of embryo donors and recipients. Material and Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted on 192 couples (96 embryo donators and 96 embryo recipients) referring to Isfahan Fertility and Infertility Center and Royan Institute, Iran. The subjects were selected through convenience sampling. The data collection tool was the researcher-made Ethical Challenges Questionnaire. Data were analyzed in SPSS software. Results: Embryo donors and recipients expresses the most important ethical challenges of embryo donation in the principle of justice (70.20%) and respect for autonomy (42.57%), respectively. Conclusions: The four ethical principles are important in the view of embryo donors and recipients; however, they highlighted the importance of the principle of respect for autonomy considering the existing barriers in the services of infertility centers. Legislators and relevant authorities must take measures toward the development of guidelines for this treatment method in the framework of ethics principles and incorporate all four principles independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Taebi
- Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, Women's Health Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reyhane Bahrami
- Student Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Shahriari
- Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Adult Health Nursing Department, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Blake L, Carone N, Slutsky J, Raffanello E, Ehrhardt AA, Golombok S. Gay father surrogacy families: relationships with surrogates and egg donors and parental disclosure of children's origins. Fertil Steril 2016; 106:1503-1509. [PMID: 27565261 PMCID: PMC5090043 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the nature and quality of relationships between gay father families and their surrogates and egg donors and parental disclosure of children's origins. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Family homes. PATIENT(S) Parents in 40 gay father families with 3-9-year-old children born through surrogacy. INTERVENTION(S) Administration of a semistructured interview. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Relationships between parents, children, surrogates, and egg donors and parental disclosure of children's origins were examined using a semistructured interview. RESULT(S) The majority of fathers were content with the level of contact they had with the surrogate, with those who were discontent wanting more contact. Fathers were more likely to maintain relationships with surrogates than egg donors, and almost all families had started the process of talking to their children about their origins, with the level of detail and children's understanding increasing with the age of the child. CONCLUSION(S) In gay father surrogacy families with young children, relationships between parents, children, surrogates, and egg donors are generally positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Blake
- Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Nicola Carone
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Jenna Slutsky
- Division of Gender, Sexuality, and Health, New York Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Elizabeth Raffanello
- Division of Gender, Sexuality, and Health, New York Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Anke A Ehrhardt
- Division of Gender, Sexuality, and Health, New York Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Susan Golombok
- Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Tallandini MA, Zanchettin L, Gronchi G, Morsan V. Parental disclosure of assisted reproductive technology (ART) conception to their children: a systematic and meta-analytic review. Hum Reprod 2016; 31:1275-87. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Bailey PK, Ben-Shlomo Y, de Salis I, Tomson C, Owen-Smith A. Better the donor you know? A qualitative study of renal patients' views on 'altruistic' live-donor kidney transplantation. Soc Sci Med 2015; 150:104-11. [PMID: 26745864 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the UK there is a short-fall between individuals requiring a renal transplant and kidneys available for transplantation. Non-directed 'altruistic' living kidney donation has emerged as a strategy for bridging this gap between supply and demand, with the number increasing each year. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the views of potential recipients towards non-directed 'altruistic' live-donor kidney transplantation. METHODS Semi-structured interviews with 32 UK deceased-donor kidney transplant recipients were performed. Interviews explored willingness to consider directed and non-directed live-donor kidney transplants (LDKTs). Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and transcripts were analysed using the constant comparison method described in Grounded Theory. RESULTS For those not willing to accept a non-directed 'altruistic' LDKT, the following themes were identified: i) Prioritising other recipients above self; ii) Fear of acquiring an unknown donor's characteristics, and iii) Concern for the donor - unnecessary risk. For those willing to accept a non-directed 'altruistic' LDKT the following themes were identified: iv) Prioritising known above unknown persons, v) Belief that they are as deserving as other potential recipients, and vi) Advantages of a LDKT. CONCLUSIONS Drawing on 'gift exchange theory', this study contributes to our understanding of the experience of the intended recipient of a gift. The anonymity of the donor-recipient appears to be seen as a benefit of non-directed 'altruistic' live-donor transplants, freeing recipients from the obligations of the gift. However, those who feel unworthy of the 'gifted transplant' are concerned about the donor and by the lack of opportunity for direct reciprocity. Highlighting the 'reciprocal benefits' reported by donors may allow individuals whose preference is a live-donor transplant to accept one if offered. These insights provide the transplant community with targets for intervention, through which the concerns of potential recipients might be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillippa K Bailey
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK.
| | - Yoav Ben-Shlomo
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Isabel de Salis
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Charles Tomson
- Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Freeman Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE7 7DN, UK
| | - Amanda Owen-Smith
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Canynge Hall, 39 Whatley Road, Bristol, BS8 2PS, UK
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Omani Samani R, Mounesan L, Ezabadi Z, Vesali S. Development of A Questionnaire to Measure Attitude toward Oocyte Donation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FERTILITY & STERILITY 2015; 9:387-92. [PMID: 26644863 PMCID: PMC4671380 DOI: 10.22074/ijfs.2015.4555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background To our knowledge, there is no valid and comprehensive questionnaire
that considers attitude toward oocyte donation (OD). Therefore this study has aimed to
design and develop a tool entitled attitude toward donation-oocyte (ATOD-O) to measure
attitude toward OD. Materials and Methods This methodological, qualitative research was undertaken on 15
infertile cases. In addition, we performed a literature review and search of various databases.
Validity of this questionnaire was conducted by knowledgeable experts who determined indices such as relevancy, clarity, and comprehensiveness. Reliability of the questionnaire was
assessed based on the opinions of experts and infertile couples referred to Royan Institute. Results ATOD-O was designed in 52 statements that covered various issues such as the
OD process, donor and recipient characteristics, as well as family, emotional, psychological, legal, religious, and socio-economic dimensions. Results were scored as five points:
1 (strongly disagree), 2 (disagree), 3 (somewhat), 4 (agree), and 5 (strongly agree). The
overall relevancy of the questionnaire was 97% and clarity was 96%. Overall comprehensiveness was 100%. Conclusion The findings from this preliminary validation study have indicated that
ATOD-O is a valid measure for measuring and assessing attitude toward donated oocytes.
This questionnaire can be used in studies regarding different groups of a society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Omani Samani
- Department of Epidemiology and Reproductive Health, Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Mounesan
- Department of Epidemiology and Reproductive Health, Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ezabadi
- Department of Epidemiology and Reproductive Health, Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Vesali
- Department of Epidemiology and Reproductive Health, Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Maxwell SM, Goldman KN, Labella PA, McCaffrey C, Noyes NL, Grifo J. Live birth in a 46 year old using autologous oocytes cryopreserved for a duration of 3 years: a case report documenting fertility preservation at an advanced reproductive age. J Assist Reprod Genet 2014; 31:651-5. [PMID: 24610096 PMCID: PMC4048381 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-014-0202-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Maxwell
- NYU Langone Medical Center, NYU Fertility Center, 660 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA,
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