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Jing D, Liu J, Qin D, Lin J, Li T, Li Y, Duan M. Obeticholic acid ameliorates sepsis-induced renal mitochondrial damage by inhibiting the NF-κb signaling pathway. Ren Fail 2024; 46:2368090. [PMID: 39108162 PMCID: PMC11308967 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2024.2368090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI), a common complication of sepsis, might be caused by overactivated inflammation, mitochondrial damage, and oxidative stress. However, the mechanisms underlying sepsis-induced AKI (SAKI) have not been fully elucidated, and there is a lack of effective therapies for AKI. To this end, this study aimed to investigate whether obeticholic acid (OCA) has a renoprotective effect on SAKI and to explore its mechanism of action. Through bioinformatics analysis, our study confirmed that the mitochondria might be a critical target for the treatment of SAKI. Thus, a septic rat model was established by cecal ligation puncture (CLP) surgery. Our results showed an evoked inflammatory response via the NF-κB signaling pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in septic rats, which led to mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress. OCA, an Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) agonist, has shown anti-inflammatory effects in numerous studies. However, the effects of OCA on SAKI remain unclear. In this study, we revealed that pretreatment with OCA can inhibit the inflammatory response by reducing the synthesis of proinflammatory factors (such as IL-1β and NLRP3) via blocking NF-κB and alleviating mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress in the septic rat model. Overall, this study provides insight into the excessive inflammation-induced SAKI caused by mitochondrial damage and evidence for the potential use of OCA in SAKI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyang Jing
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingfeng Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Da Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Lin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Meili Duan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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2
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Cai K, Jiang H, Zou Y, Song C, Cao K, Chen S, Wu Y, Zhang Z, Geng D, Zhang N, Liu B, Sun G, Tang M, Li Z, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Zhang Y. Programmed death of cardiomyocytes in cardiovascular disease and new therapeutic approaches. Pharmacol Res 2024; 206:107281. [PMID: 38942341 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have a complex pathogenesis and pose a major threat to human health. Cardiomyocytes have a low regenerative capacity, and their death is a key factor in the morbidity and mortality of many CVDs. Cardiomyocyte death can be regulated by specific signaling pathways known as programmed cell death (PCD), including apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis, etc. Abnormalities in PCD can lead to the development of a variety of cardiovascular diseases, and there are also molecular-level interconnections between different PCD pathways under the same cardiovascular disease model. Currently, the link between programmed cell death in cardiomyocytes and cardiovascular disease is not fully understood. This review describes the molecular mechanisms of programmed death and the impact of cardiomyocyte death on cardiovascular disease development. Emphasis is placed on a summary of drugs and potential therapeutic approaches that can be used to treat cardiovascular disease by targeting and blocking programmed cell death in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Cai
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoyue Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanming Zou
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyu Song
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Kexin Cao
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuxian Chen
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjiao Wu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaobo Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Danxi Geng
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Naijin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, People's Republic of China; Institute of health sciences, China medical university, 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Reproductive and Genetic Medicine (China Medical University), National Health Commission, 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Liu
- The first hospital of China Medical University, Department of cardiac surgery, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guozhe Sun
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Man Tang
- Department of clinical pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, China medical university, 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yixiao Zhang
- Department of Urology Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No.36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yingxian Sun
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, People's Republic of China; Institute of health sciences, China medical university, 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, People's Republic of China; Institute of health sciences, China medical university, 77 Puhe Road, Shenbei New District, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Sun W, Yang T, Wang C, Li H, Lei L. Mitochondrial ROS participates in Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced pyroptosis in cementoblasts. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30814. [PMID: 38774076 PMCID: PMC11107101 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate correlation between mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and Porphyromonas gingivalis in the process of cementoblast pyroptosis. Lactate dehydrogenase activity assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blotting and flow cytometry analysis were utilized to explore whether Porphyromonas gingivalis triggered pyroptosis in cementoblasts. Reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species were detected using flow cytometry and fluorescence staining. The effect of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species on the Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced pyroptosis of cementoblasts was assessed by Mito-Tempo, mitochondrion-targeted superoxide dismutase mimetic. Phosphorylation levels of p65 were measured by western blotting. SC75741, a nuclear factor-kappa B inhibitor, was added to block the nuclear factor-kappa B in the Porphyromonas gingivalis-infected cementoblasts. Porphyromonas gingivalis triggered pyroptosis of cementoblasts, and an elevation in reactive oxygen species generation in the mitochondria was observed. Inhibition of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species reduced pyroptosis and nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway mediated the pyroptotic cell death in Porphyromonas gingivalis-infected cementoblasts. Together, our findings demonstrate that mitochondrial reactive oxygen species increased by Porphyromonas gingivalis participated in the pyroptosis of cementoblasts. Targeting mitochondrial reactive oxygen species may offer therapeutic strategies for root surface remodeling or periodontal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiman Sun
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Research Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Research Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianrui Yang
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Research Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Research Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chenxu Wang
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Research Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Central Laboratory of Stomatology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Research Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Houxuan Li
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Research Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lang Lei
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Research Institute of Stomatology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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4
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Kozlov AV, Javadov S, Sommer N. Cellular ROS and Antioxidants: Physiological and Pathological Role. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:602. [PMID: 38790707 PMCID: PMC11117742 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive oxygen derivatives that include free radicals such as superoxide anion radical (O2•-) and hydroxyl radical (HO•), as well as non-radical molecules hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), peroxynitrite (ONOO-), and hypochlorous acid (HOCl) [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V. Kozlov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabzali Javadov
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00936-5067, USA
| | - Natascha Sommer
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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5
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Chang YY, Wei AC. Transcriptome and machine learning analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on mitochondria and multiorgan damage. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297664. [PMID: 38295140 PMCID: PMC10830027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) primarily concern the respiratory tract and lungs; however, studies have shown that all organs are susceptible to infection by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 may involve multiorgan damage from direct viral invasion through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), through inflammatory cytokine storms, or through other secondary pathways. This study involved the analysis of publicly accessible transcriptome data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database for identifying significant differentially expressed genes related to COVID-19 and an investigation relating to the pathways associated with mitochondrial, cardiac, hepatic, and renal toxicity in COVID-19. Significant differentially expressed genes were identified and ranked by statistical approaches, and the genes derived by biological meaning were ranked by feature importance; both were utilized as machine learning features for verification. Sample set selection for machine learning was based on the performance, sample size, imbalanced data state, and overfitting assessment. Machine learning served as a verification tool by facilitating the testing of biological hypotheses by incorporating gene list adjustment. A subsequent in-depth study for gene and pathway network analysis was conducted to explore whether COVID-19 is associated with cardiac, hepatic, and renal impairments via mitochondrial infection. The analysis showed that potential cardiac, hepatic, and renal impairments in COVID-19 are associated with ACE2, inflammatory cytokine storms, and mitochondrial pathways, suggesting potential medical interventions for COVID-19-induced multiorgan damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yu Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - An-Chi Wei
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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6
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Kuang L, Wu Y, Shu J, Yang J, Zhou H, Huang X. Pyroptotic Macrophage-Derived Microvesicles Accelerate Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps via GSDMD-N-expressing Mitochondrial Transfer during Sepsis. Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20:733-750. [PMID: 38169726 PMCID: PMC10758106 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.87646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophage pyroptosis and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) play a critical role in sepsis pathophysiology; however, the role of macrophage pyroptosis in the regulation of NETs formation during sepsis is unknown. Here, we showed that macrophages transfer mitochondria to neutrophils through microvesicles following pyroptosis; this process induces mitochondrial dysfunction and triggers the induction of NETs formation through mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS)/Gasdermin D (GSDMD) axis. These pyroptotic macrophage-derived microvesicles can induce tissues damage, coagulation, and NETs formation in vivo. Disulfiram partly inhibits these effects in a mouse model of sepsis. Pyroptotic macrophage-derived microvesicles induce NETs formation through mitochondrial transfer, both in vitro and in vivo. Microvesicles-mediated NETs formation depends on the presence of GSDMD-N-expressing mitochondria in the microvesicles. This study elucidates a microvesicles-based pathway for NETs formation during sepsis and proposes a microvesicles-based intervention measure for sepsis management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangjian Kuang
- Center for Infection and Immunity and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, 519000, China
| | - Yongjian Wu
- Center for Infection and Immunity and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, 519000, China
| | - Jingxian Shu
- Center for Infection and Immunity and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, 519000, China
| | - Jingwen Yang
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong Province, 511518, China
| | - Haibo Zhou
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong Province, 511518, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Center for Infection and Immunity and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong Province, 519000, China
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, Guangdong Province, 511518, China
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7
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Allison R, Guraka A, Shawa IT, Tripathi G, Moritz W, Kermanizadeh A. Drug induced liver injury - a 2023 update. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2023; 26:442-467. [PMID: 37786264 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2023.2261848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) constitutes hepatic damage attributed to drug exposure. DILI may be categorized as hepatocellular, cholestatic or mixed and might also involve immune responses. When DILI occurs in dose-dependent manner, it is referred to as intrinsic, while if the injury occurs spontaneously, it is termed as idiosyncratic. This review predominately focused on idiosyncratic liver injury. The established molecular mechanisms for DILI include (1) mitochondria dysfunction, (2) increased reactive oxygen species levels, (3) presence of elevated apoptosis and necrosis, (4) and bile duct injuries associated with immune mediated pathways. However, it should be emphasized that the underlying mechanisms responsible for DILI are still unknown. Prevention strategies are critical as incidences occur frequently, and treatment options are limited once the injury has developed. The aim of this review was to utilize retrospective cohort studies from across the globe to gain insight into epidemiological patterns. This review considers (1) what is currently known regarding the mechanisms underlying DILI, (2) discusses potential risk factors and (3) implications of the coronavirus pandemic on DILI presentation and research. Future perspectives are also considered and discussed and include potential new biomarkers, causality assessment and reporting methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Allison
- College of Science and Technology, University of Derby, Derby, UK
| | - Asha Guraka
- College of Science and Technology, University of Derby, Derby, UK
| | - Isaac Thom Shawa
- College of Science and Technology, University of Derby, Derby, UK
| | - Gyan Tripathi
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Ali Kermanizadeh
- College of Science and Technology, University of Derby, Derby, UK
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8
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Jung JW, Wang F, Turk A, Park JS, Ma H, Ma Y, Noh HR, Sui G, Shin DS, Lee MK, Roh YS. Zaluzanin C Alleviates Inflammation and Lipid Accumulation in Kupffer Cells and Hepatocytes by Regulating Mitochondrial ROS. Molecules 2023; 28:7484. [PMID: 38005205 PMCID: PMC10672841 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Zaluzanin C (ZC), a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Laurus nobilis L., has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, the mechanistic role of ZC in its protective effects in Kupffer cells and hepatocytes has not been elucidated. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the efficacy and mechanism of action of ZC in Kupffer cells and hepatocytes. ZC inhibited LPS-induced mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production and subsequent mtROS-mediated NF-κB activity in Kupffer cells (KCs). ZC reduced mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Il1b and Tnfa) and chemokines (Ccl2, Ccl3, Ccl4, Cxcl2 and Cxcl9). Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced hepatocyte mtROS production was inhibited by ZC. ZC was effective in alleviating mtROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. ZC enhanced mitophagy and increased mRNA levels of fatty acid oxidation genes (Pparα, Cpt1, Acadm and Hadha) and mitochondrial biosynthetic factors (Pgc1α, Tfam, Nrf1 and Nrf2) in hepatocytes. ZC has proven its anti-lipid effect by improving lipid accumulation in hepatocytes by enhancing mitochondrial function to facilitate lipid metabolism. Therefore, our study suggests that ZC may be an effective compound for hepatoprotection by suppressing inflammation and lipid accumulation through regulating mtROS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mi-Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea; (J.-W.J.); (F.W.); (A.T.); (J.-S.P.); (H.M.); (Y.M.); (H.-R.N.); (G.S.); (D.-S.S.)
| | - Yoon Seok Roh
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea; (J.-W.J.); (F.W.); (A.T.); (J.-S.P.); (H.M.); (Y.M.); (H.-R.N.); (G.S.); (D.-S.S.)
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9
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Hekmat H, Rasooli A, Siami Z, Rutajengwa KA, Vahabi Z, Mirzadeh FA. A Review of Antibiotic Efficacy in COVID-19 Control. J Immunol Res 2023; 2023:6687437. [PMID: 37854054 PMCID: PMC10581857 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6687437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory disease is associated with chronic secondary infections that exacerbate symptoms and mortality. So far, many drugs have been introduced to treat this disease, none of which effectively control the coronavirus. Numerous studies have shown that mitochondria, as the center of cell biogenesis, are vulnerable to drugs, especially antibiotics. Antibiotics were widely prescribed during the early phase of the pandemic. We performed a literature review to assess the reasons, evidence, and practices on the use of antibiotics in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in- and outpatients. The current research found widespread usage of antibiotics, mostly in an empirical context, among COVID-19 hospitalized patients. The effectiveness of this approach has not been established. Given the high death rate linked with secondary infections in COVID-19 patients and the developing antimicrobial resistance, further study is urgently needed to identify the most appropriate rationale for antibiotic therapy in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Hekmat
- Cardiology Department, Ziaeian Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aziz Rasooli
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Siami
- Department of Infectious Disease, Ziaeian Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kauthar Amir Rutajengwa
- Medical School Department, Ziaeian Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Vahabi
- Geriatric Department, Ziaeian Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cognitive Neurology and Neuropsychiatry Division, Psychiatry Department, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Boovarahan SR, Kale SB, Prem PN, Ravindran S, Arthanarisami A, Rengaraju J, Ali N, Ramalingam S, Mohany M, AlAsmari AF, Al-Rejaie SS, Waseem M, Kurian GA. CABG Patients Develop Global DNA Hypermethylation, That Negatively Affect the Mitochondrial Function and Promote Post-Surgical Cognitive Decline: A Proof of Concept in Small Cohort. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4146. [PMID: 37373839 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12124146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Global DNA hypermethylation and mitochondrial dysfunction are reported to be associated with the development of mild cognitive decline (MCI). The present study aims to generate preliminary data that connect the above association with post-surgical coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) cognitive decline in patients. Data were collected from 70 CABG patients and 25 age-matched controls. Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) test on day 1 (before surgery) and on the day of discharge. Similarly, blood was collected before and one day after the CABG procedure for mitochondrial functional analysis and expression of DNA methylation genes. Test analysis score suggested 31 (44%) patients had MCI before discharge. These patients showed a significant decrease in complex I activity and an increase in malondialdehyde levels (p < 0.001) from the control blood samples. Post-surgical samples showed a significant reduction in blood MT-ND1 mRNA expression from control and from pre-surgical samples (p < 0.005), along with elevated DNMT1 gene expression (p < 0.047), with an insignificant increase in TET1 and TET3 gene expression. Correlation analysis showed a significant positive relation between cognitive decline and elevated blood DNMT1 and declined blood complex I activity, signifying that cognitive decline experienced by post-surgical CABG patients is associated with increased DNMT1 expression and declined complex I activity. Based on the data, we conclude that both DNA hypermethylation and mitochondrial dysfunction are associated with post-CABG MCI, where the former is negatively correlated, and the latter is positively correlated with post-surgical MCI in CABG cases. Additionally, a multimarker approach that comprises MOCA, DNA methylation, DNMT, and NQR activities can be utilized to stratify the population that is sensitive to developing post-CABG MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suresh Babu Kale
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Meenakshi Hospital Tanjore, Thanjavur 613005, India
| | - Priyanka N Prem
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, India
| | - Sriram Ravindran
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, India
| | | | - Jeyashri Rengaraju
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, India
| | - Nemat Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 55760, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Senthilkumar Ramalingam
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Meenakshi Hospital Tanjore, Thanjavur 613005, India
| | - Mohamed Mohany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 55760, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah F AlAsmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 55760, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim S Al-Rejaie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 55760, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Waseem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Gino A Kurian
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, India
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11
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Weidinger A, Milivojev N, Hosmann A, Duvigneau JC, Szabo C, Törö G, Rauter L, Vaglio-Garro A, Mkrtchyan GV, Trofimova L, Sharipov RR, Surin AM, Krasilnikova IA, Pinelis VG, Tretter L, Moldzio R, Bayır H, Kagan VE, Bunik VI, Kozlov AV. Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex controls glutamate-mediated neuronal death. Redox Biol 2023; 62:102669. [PMID: 36933393 PMCID: PMC10031542 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain injury is accompanied by neuroinflammation, accumulation of extracellular glutamate and mitochondrial dysfunction, all of which cause neuronal death. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of these mechanisms on neuronal death. Patients from the neurosurgical intensive care unit suffering aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) were recruited retrospectively from a respective database. In vitro experiments were performed in rat cortex homogenate, primary dissociated neuronal cultures, B35 and NG108-15 cell lines. We employed methods including high resolution respirometry, electron spin resonance, fluorescent microscopy, kinetic determination of enzymatic activities and immunocytochemistry. We found that elevated levels of extracellular glutamate and nitric oxide (NO) metabolites correlated with poor clinical outcome in patients with SAH. In experiments using neuronal cultures we showed that the 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDHC), a key enzyme of the glutamate-dependent segment of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, is more susceptible to the inhibition by NO than mitochondrial respiration. Inhibition of OGDHC by NO or by succinyl phosphonate (SP), a highly specific OGDHC inhibitor, caused accumulation of extracellular glutamate and neuronal death. Extracellular nitrite did not substantially contribute to this NO action. Reactivation of OGDHC by its cofactor thiamine (TH) reduced extracellular glutamate levels, Ca2+ influx into neurons and cell death rate. Salutary effect of TH against glutamate toxicity was confirmed in three different cell lines. Our data suggest that the loss of control over extracellular glutamate, as described here, rather than commonly assumed impaired energy metabolism, is the critical pathological manifestation of insufficient OGDHC activity, leading to neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelheid Weidinger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nadja Milivojev
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arthur Hosmann
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Catharina Duvigneau
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Csaba Szabo
- University of Fribourg, Section of Science and Medicine, Department of Oncology, Microbiology and Immunology, Section of Pharmacology, Fribourg, Switzerland; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Gabor Törö
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Laurin Rauter
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annette Vaglio-Garro
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Garik V Mkrtchyan
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lidia Trofimova
- Biological Faculty, Department of Biophysics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Rinat R Sharipov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Problems of Pain, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander M Surin
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Problems of Pain, Moscow, Russia; National Medical Research Center of Children's Health, Russian Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Neurobiology and Brain Development, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina A Krasilnikova
- National Medical Research Center of Children's Health, Russian Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Neurobiology and Brain Development, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vsevolod G Pinelis
- National Medical Research Center of Children's Health, Russian Ministry of Health, Laboratory of Neurobiology and Brain Development, Moscow, Russia
| | - Laszlo Tretter
- Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rudolf Moldzio
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hülya Bayır
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Chemistry and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, Children's Neuroscience Institute, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Chemistry and Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Victoria I Bunik
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Department of Biochemistry, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey V Kozlov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.
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12
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Shu Q, She H, Chen X, Zhong L, Zhu J, Fang L. Identification and experimental validation of mitochondria-related genes biomarkers associated with immune infiltration for sepsis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1184126. [PMID: 37228596 PMCID: PMC10203506 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1184126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sepsis remains a complex condition with incomplete understanding of its pathogenesis. Further research is needed to identify prognostic factors, risk stratification tools, and effective diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Methods Three GEO datasets (GSE54514, GSE65682, and GSE95233) were used to explore the potential role of mitochondria-related genes (MiRGs) in sepsis. WGCNA and two machine learning algorithms (RF and LASSO) were used to identify the feature of MiRGs. Consensus clustering was subsequently carried out to determine the molecular subtypes for sepsis. CIBERSORT algorithm was conducted to assess the immune cell infiltration of samples. A nomogram was also established to evaluate the diagnostic ability of feature biomarkers via "rms" package. Results Three different expressed MiRGs (DE-MiRGs) were identified as sepsis biomarkers. A significant difference in the immune microenvironment landscape was observed between healthy controls and sepsis patients. Among the DE-MiRGs, NDUFB3 was selected to be a potential therapeutic target and its significant elevated expression level was confirmed in sepsis using in vitro experiments and confocal microscopy, indicating its significant contribution to the mitochondrial quality imbalance in the LPS-simulated sepsis model. Conclusion By digging the role of these pivotal genes in immune cell infiltration, we gained a better understanding of the molecular immune mechanism in sepsis and identified potential intervention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shu
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Han She
- Department of Anesthesiology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Like Zhong
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junfeng Zhu
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Luo Fang
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Weidinger A, Meszaros AT, Dumitrescu S, Kozlov AV. Effect of mitoTEMPO on Redox Reactions in Different Body Compartments upon Endotoxemia in Rats. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050794. [PMID: 37238664 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial ROS (mitoROS) control many reactions in cells. Biological effects of mitoROS in vivo can be investigated by modulation via mitochondria-targeted antioxidants (mtAOX, mitoTEMPO). The aim of this study was to determine how mitoROS influence redox reactions in different body compartments in a rat model of endotoxemia. We induced inflammatory response by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection and analyzed effects of mitoTEMPO in blood, abdominal cavity, bronchoalveolar space, and liver tissue. MitoTEMPO decreased the liver damage marker aspartate aminotransferase; however, it neither influenced the release of cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor, IL-4) nor decreased ROS generation by immune cells in the compartments examined. In contrast, ex vivo mitoTEMPO treatment substantially reduced ROS generation. Examination of liver tissue revealed several redox paramagnetic centers sensitive to in vivo LPS and mitoTEMPO treatment and high levels of nitric oxide (NO) in response to LPS. NO levels in blood were lower than in liver, and were decreased by in vivo mitoTEMPO treatment. Our data suggest that (i) inflammatory mediators are not likely to directly contribute to ROS-mediated liver damage and (ii) mitoTEMPO is more likely to affect the redox status of liver cells reflected in a redox change of paramagnetic molecules. Further studies are necessary to understand these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelheid Weidinger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andras T Meszaros
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Visceral, Transplant and Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sergiu Dumitrescu
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrey V Kozlov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria
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14
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Yuan Y, Guan H, Huang Y, Luo J, Jian J, Cai S, Yang S. Involvement of Nrf2 in the immune regulation of Litopenaeus vannamei against Vibrio harveyi infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 133:108547. [PMID: 36646337 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
NF-E2-related factor-like-2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that belongs to the Cap'n'Collar transcription factor family and plays a role in regulating inflammation, autophagy, metabolism, proteostasis, and cancer prevention. However, its influence on Vibrio spp infection in L. vannamei remains uncertain. In this study, the effects of Nrf2 on the immune response in Vibrio spp infection was determined by RT-PCR and histopathological analysis. The results showed that RNAi of Nrf2 significantly decreased the expression of antioxidant-related genes (CAT, SOD and GST; p < 0.05), and significantly up-regulated inflammation-related genes (IMD, pro-PO, P38, Toll, Hsp70, NFκB and RAB6A; p < 0.05) and the apoptosis gene (caspase3). Under the infection of V. harveyi, histopathological analysis showed that after RNAi of Nrf2, the hepatopancreas of shrimp has an abnormal arrangement of hepatic tubules and vacuolization of hepatocyte; The basement membrane is peeled off and the epithelial cells are massively necrotic. Compared with the RNAi of Nrf2 group, the tissue damage in the SFN group was much lessened, and there were fewer apoptosis signals in the TUNEL assay. In conclusion, this experiment indicated that Nrf2 is involved in the regulation of inflammatory response, oxidative stress,and apoptosis induced by V. harveyi in L. vannamei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Yuan
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Haoxiang Guan
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Yongxiong Huang
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Junliang Luo
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Jichang Jian
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Shuanghu Cai
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Shiping Yang
- Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture & Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
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15
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Vlasiuk E, Rosengrave P, Roberts E, Boden JM, Shaw G, Carr AC. Critically ill septic patients have elevated oxidative stress biomarkers: lack of attenuation by parenteral vitamin C. Nutr Res 2022; 108:53-59. [PMID: 36401921 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2022.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Patients with septic shock are under an intense inflammatory burden, which is closely associated with increased oxidative stress and depletion of antioxidants such as vitamin C. We hypothesized that patients with septic shock would present with elevated oxidative stress (assessed as F2-isoprostanes) and that administration of parenteral vitamin C to these patients would attenuate F2-isoprostane concentrations. We recruited 40 critically ill patients with septic shock into a randomized placebo-controlled trial and assessed the effect of short-term (4-day) parenteral vitamin C administration (100 mg/kg/d) on 8-isoprostane F2α concentrations, which were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Sources of sepsis and intensive care unit severity scores were recorded. Smokers (n = 20) and nonsmoking controls (n = 50) were assessed for comparison. The median baseline 8-isoprostane F2α concentration in the septic patients was 3.95 (interquartile range [Q1, Q3] 2.1, 6.63) ng/mg creatinine; this was higher than smokers 1.61 [1.25, 2.82] P = .007 ng/mg creatinine; P = .005) and nonsmoking controls 1.12 [0.76, 1.57] ng/mg creatinine; P < .0001). The 8-isoprostane F2α concentrations in the placebo group did not vary significantly over the duration of the study. Although parenteral vitamin C administration significantly increased the vitamin C status of the patients within 24 hours, this did not affect their 8-isoprostane F2α concentrations. In conclusion, patients with septic shock have elevated 8-isoprostane F2α excretion, which short-term parenteral vitamin C administration is unable to attenuate. If vitamin C is to work by antioxidant mechanisms, then early administration, before the development of shock, may be required. This trial was registered at anzctr.org.au (ACTRN12617001184369).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Vlasiuk
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Patrice Rosengrave
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand; Centre for Postgraduate Nursing Studies, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Ella Roberts
- Centre for Postgraduate Nursing Studies, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Joseph M Boden
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Geoff Shaw
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Anitra C Carr
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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16
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dos Santos AAC, Rodrigues LE, Alecrim-Zeza AL, de Araújo Ferreira L, Trettel CDS, Gimenes GM, da Silva AF, Sousa-Filho CPB, Serdan TDA, Levada-Pires AC, Hatanaka E, Borges FT, de Barros MP, Cury-Boaventura MF, Bertolini GL, Cassolla P, Marzuca-Nassr GN, Vitzel KF, Pithon-Curi TC, Masi LN, Curi R, Gorjao R, Hirabara SM. Molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in tissue-specific metabolic modulation by SARS-CoV-2. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1037467. [PMID: 36439786 PMCID: PMC9684198 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1037467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is triggered by the SARS-CoV-2, which is able to infect and cause dysfunction not only in lungs, but also in multiple organs, including central nervous system, skeletal muscle, kidneys, heart, liver, and intestine. Several metabolic disturbances are associated with cell damage or tissue injury, but the mechanisms involved are not yet fully elucidated. Some potential mechanisms involved in the COVID-19-induced tissue dysfunction are proposed, such as: (a) High expression and levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α IL-6, IL-1β, INF-α and INF-β, increasing the systemic and tissue inflammatory state; (b) Induction of oxidative stress due to redox imbalance, resulting in cell injury or death induced by elevated production of reactive oxygen species; and (c) Deregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, exacerbating the inflammatory and oxidative stress responses. In this review, we discuss the main metabolic disturbances observed in different target tissues of SARS-CoV-2 and the potential mechanisms involved in these changes associated with the tissue dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luiz Eduardo Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Lins Alecrim-Zeza
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Liliane de Araújo Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio dos Santos Trettel
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Mandú Gimenes
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adelson Fernandes da Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Tamires Duarte Afonso Serdan
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Adriana Cristina Levada-Pires
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elaine Hatanaka
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Teixeira Borges
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Divisão de Nefrologia, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Paes de Barros
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Cury-Boaventura
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisele Lopes Bertolini
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Science Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Priscila Cassolla
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Biological Science Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Kaio Fernando Vitzel
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tania Cristina Pithon-Curi
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laureane Nunes Masi
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui Curi
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Gorjao
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandro Massao Hirabara
- Programa de Pós-graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Puleo MG, Miceli S, Di Chiara T, Pizzo GM, Della Corte V, Simonetta I, Pinto A, Tuttolomondo A. Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammasome in Ischemic Stroke Pathogenesis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1168. [PMID: 36297283 PMCID: PMC9612213 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (also called cerebral ischemia) is one of the leading causes of death and severe disability worldwide. NLR inflammasomes play a crucial role in sensing cell damage in response to a harmful stimuli and modulating the inflammatory response, promoting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-18 and IL-1β following ischemic injury. Therefore, a neuroprotective effect is achieved by inhibiting the expression, assembly, and secretion of inflammasomes, thus limiting the extent of brain detriment and neurological sequelae. This review aims to illustrate the molecular characteristics, expression levels, and assembly of NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor [NLR] family pyrin-domain-containing 3) inflammasome, the most studied in the literature, in order to discover promising therapeutic implications. In addition, we provide some information regarding the contribution of NLRP1, NLRP2, and NLRC4 inflammasomes to ischemic stroke pathogenesis, highlighting potential therapeutic strategies that require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Antonino Tuttolomondo
- Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche n.2, 90127 Palermo, Italy
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18
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Yin Y, Shen H. Common methods in mitochondrial research (Review). Int J Mol Med 2022; 50:126. [PMID: 36004457 PMCID: PMC9448300 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2022.5182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyuan Yin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110004, P.R. China
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19
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Different platforms for mitomiRs in mitochondria: Emerging facets in regulation of mitochondrial functions. Mitochondrion 2022; 66:67-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Marko B, Heurich P, Thon P, Zimmer F, Bergmann L, Nowak H, Rump K, Koos B, Adamzik M, Unterberg M, Rahmel T. The Pro-Inflammatory Deletion Allele of the NF-κB1 Polymorphism Is Characterized by a Depletion of Subunit p50 in Sepsis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147559. [PMID: 35886907 PMCID: PMC9318670 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The functionally important NF-κB1 promoter polymorphism (−94ins/delATTG) significantly shapes inflammation and impacts the outcome of sepsis. However, exploratory studies elucidating the molecular link of this genotype-dependent pattern are lacking. Accordingly, we analyzed lipopolysaccharide-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from both healthy volunteers (n = 20) and septic patients (n = 10). All individuals were genotyped for the −94ins/delATTG NF-κB1 promoter polymorphism. We found a diminished nuclear activity of the NF-κB subunit p50 in ID/DD genotypes after 48 h of lipopolysaccharide stimulation compared to II genotypes (p = 0.025). This was associated with higher TNF-α (p = 0.005) and interleukin 6 concentrations (p = 0.014) and an increased production of mitochondrial radical oxygen species in ID/DD genotypes (p = 0.001). Although ID/DD genotypes showed enhanced activation of mitochondrial biogenesis, they still had a significantly diminished cellular ATP content (p = 0.046) and lower mtDNA copy numbers (p = 0.010) compared to II genotypes. Strikingly, these findings were mirrored in peripheral blood mononuclear cells taken from septic patients. Our results emphasize the crucial aspect of considering NF-κB subunits in sepsis. We showed here that the deletion allele of the NF-κB1 (−94ins/delATTG) polymorphism was associated with the lower nuclear activity of subunit p50, which, in turn, was associated with aggravated inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tim Rahmel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-234-29980025; Fax: +49-234-2993009
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Herminghaus A, Kozlov AV, Szabó A, Hantos Z, Gylstorff S, Kuebart A, Aghapour M, Wissuwa B, Walles T, Walles H, Coldewey SM, Relja B. A Barrier to Defend - Models of Pulmonary Barrier to Study Acute Inflammatory Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:895100. [PMID: 35874776 PMCID: PMC9300899 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.895100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary diseases represent four out of ten most common causes for worldwide mortality. Thus, pulmonary infections with subsequent inflammatory responses represent a major public health concern. The pulmonary barrier is a vulnerable entry site for several stress factors, including pathogens such as viruses, and bacteria, but also environmental factors e.g. toxins, air pollutants, as well as allergens. These pathogens or pathogen-associated molecular pattern and inflammatory agents e.g. damage-associated molecular pattern cause significant disturbances in the pulmonary barrier. The physiological and biological functions, as well as the architecture and homeostatic maintenance of the pulmonary barrier are highly complex. The airway epithelium, denoting the first pulmonary barrier, encompasses cells releasing a plethora of chemokines and cytokines, and is further covered with a mucus layer containing antimicrobial peptides, which are responsible for the pathogen clearance. Submucosal antigen-presenting cells and neutrophilic granulocytes are also involved in the defense mechanisms and counterregulation of pulmonary infections, and thus may directly affect the pulmonary barrier function. The detailed understanding of the pulmonary barrier including its architecture and functions is crucial for the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic treatment strategies of pulmonary diseases. Thus, considering multiple side effects and limited efficacy of current therapeutic treatment strategies in patients with inflammatory diseases make experimental in vitro and in vivo models necessary to improving clinical therapy options. This review describes existing models for studyying the pulmonary barrier function under acute inflammatory conditions, which are meant to improve the translational approaches for outcome predictions, patient monitoring, and treatment decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Herminghaus
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrey V. Kozlov
- L Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology in Cooperation with AUVA and Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Human Pathology , IM Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrea Szabó
- Institute of Surgical Research, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Hantos
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Severin Gylstorff
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Research Campus STIMULATE, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anne Kuebart
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Mahyar Aghapour
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Bianka Wissuwa
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Septomics Research Centre, Centre for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Thorsten Walles
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Magdeburg University Medicine, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Heike Walles
- Research Campus STIMULATE, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Core Facility Tissue Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sina M. Coldewey
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Septomics Research Centre, Centre for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Borna Relja
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Research Campus STIMULATE, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Borna Relja,
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22
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Kozlov AV, Grillari J. Pathogenesis of Multiple Organ Failure: The Impact of Systemic Damage to Plasma Membranes. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:806462. [PMID: 35372390 PMCID: PMC8964500 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.806462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple organ failure (MOF) is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in intensive care patients, but the mechanisms causing this severe syndrome are still poorly understood. Inflammatory response, tissue hypoxia, immune and cellular metabolic dysregulations, and endothelial and microvascular dysfunction are the main features of MOF, but the exact mechanisms leading to MOF are still unclear. Recent progress in the membrane research suggests that cellular plasma membranes play an important role in key functions of diverse organs. Exploration of mechanisms contributing to plasma membrane damage and repair suggest that these processes can be the missing link in the development of MOF. Elevated levels of extracellular phospholipases, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, pore-forming proteins (PFPs), and dysregulation of osmotic homeostasis occurring upon systemic inflammatory response are the major extracellular inducers of plasma membrane damage, which may simultaneously operate in different organs causing their profound dysfunction. Hypoxia activates similar processes, but they predominantly occur within the cells targeting intracellular membrane compartments and ultimately causing cell death. To combat the plasma membrane damage cells have developed several repair mechanisms, such as exocytosis, shedding, and protein-driven membrane remodeling. Analysis of knowledge on these mechanisms reveals that systemic damage to plasma membranes may be associated with potentially reversible MOF, which can be quickly recovered, if pathological stimuli are eliminated. Alternatively, it can be transformed in a non-resolving phase, if repair mechanisms are not sufficient to deal with a large damage or if the damage is extended to intracellular compartments essential for vital cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Kozlov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation With AUVA, LBG, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Laboratory of Navigational Redox Lipidomics and Department of Human Pathology, IM Sechenov Moscow State Medical University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Grillari
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation With AUVA, LBG, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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23
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Yang M, Hu B, Sun D, Zhao C, Wei H, Li D, Liao Z, Zhao Y, Liang J, Shi M, Luo Q, Nie Q, Zhang X, Zhang D, Li H. Growth hormone receptor gene influences mitochondrial function and chicken lipid metabolism by AMPK-PGC1α-PPAR signaling pathway. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:219. [PMID: 35305578 PMCID: PMC8933938 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08268-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adipose tissue is an important endocrine and energy-storage organ in organisms, and it plays a crucial role in the energy-metabolism balance. Previous studies have found that sex-linked dwarf (SLD) chickens generally have excessively high abdominal fat deposition during the growing period, which increases feeding costs. However, the underlying mechanism of this fat deposition during the growth of SLD chickens remains unknown. Results The Oil Red O staining showed that the lipid-droplet area of SLD chickens was larger than that of normal chickens in E15 and 14d. Consistently, TG content in the livers of SLD chickens was higher than that of normal chickens in E15 and 14d. Further, lower ΔΨm and lower ATP levels and higher MDA levels were observed in SLD chickens than normal chickens in both E15 and 14d. We also found that overexpression of GHR reduced the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism (AMPK, PGC1α, PPARγ, FAS, C/EBP) and oxidative phosphorylation (CYTB, CYTC, COX1, ATP), as well as reducing ΔΨm and ATP levels and increasing MDA levels. In addition, overexpression of GHR inhibited fat deposition in CPPAs, as measured by Oil Red O staining. On the contrary, knockdown of GHR had the opposite effects in vitro. Conclusions In summary, we demonstrate that GHR promotes mitochondrial function and inhibits lipid peroxidation as well as fat deposition in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, GHR is essential for maintaining the stability of lipid metabolism and regulating mitochondrial function in chicken. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08268-9.
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24
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Spencer E, Rosengrave P, Williman J, Shaw G, Carr AC. Circulating protein carbonyls are specifically elevated in critically ill patients with pneumonia relative to other sources of sepsis. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 179:208-212. [PMID: 34818575 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Septic shock is a life-threatening dysregulated response to severe infection and is associated with elevated oxidative stress. We aimed to assess protein carbonyls in critically ill patients with different sources of sepsis and determine the effect of vitamin C intervention on protein carbonyl concentrations. METHODS Critically ill patients with septic shock (n = 40) were recruited, and sources of sepsis and ICU severity scores were recorded. The patients were randomised to receive either intravenous vitamin C (100 mg/kg body weight/day) or placebo infusions. Blood samples were collected at baseline and daily for up to three days for measurement of cell counts, vitamin C concentrations, protein carbonyls, C-reactive protein, and myeloperoxidase concentrations. RESULTS Protein carbonyl concentrations increased 2.2-fold in the cohort over the duration of the study (from 169 to 369 pmol/mg protein; p = 0.03). There were significant correlations between protein carbonyl concentrations and ICU severity scores (APACHE III r = 0.47 and SOFA r = 0.37; p < 0.05) at baseline. At study admission, the patients with pneumonia had nearly 3-fold higher protein carbonyl concentrations relative to the patients with other sources of sepsis (435 vs 157 pmol/mg protein, p < 0.0001). The septic patients had deficient vitamin C status at baseline (9.8 ± 1.4 μmol/L). This increased to 456 ± 90 μmol/L following three days of intravenous vitamin C intervention. Vitamin C intervention did not attenuate the increase in protein carbonyl concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Circulating protein carbonyls are specifically elevated in critically ill patients with pneumonia relative to other sources of sepsis. The reasons for this are currently unclear and may indicate a mechanism unique to pulmonary sources of sepsis. Intravenous vitamin C administration did not attenuate the increase in protein carbonyls over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Spencer
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Patrice Rosengrave
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand; Centre for Postgraduate Nursing Studies, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Williman
- Department of Population Health, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Geoff Shaw
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Christchurch Hospital, Private Bag 4710, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Anitra C Carr
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand.
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25
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Neurodegenerative diseases associated with non-coding CGG tandem repeat expansions. Nat Rev Neurol 2022; 18:145-157. [PMID: 35022573 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-021-00612-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-coding CGG repeat expansions cause multiple neurodegenerative disorders, including fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome, neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease, oculopharyngeal myopathy with leukodystrophy, and oculopharyngodistal myopathy. The underlying genetic causes of several of these diseases have been identified only in the past 2-3 years. These expansion disorders have substantial overlapping clinical, neuroimaging and histopathological features. The shared features suggest common mechanisms that could have implications for the development of therapies for this group of diseases - similar therapeutic strategies or drugs may be effective for various neurodegenerative disorders induced by non-coding CGG expansions. In this Review, we provide an overview of clinical and pathological features of these CGG repeat expansion diseases and consider the likely pathological mechanisms, including RNA toxicity, CGG repeat-associated non-AUG-initiated translation, protein aggregation and mitochondrial impairment. We then discuss future research needed to improve the identification and diagnosis of CGG repeat expansion diseases, to improve modelling of these diseases and to understand their pathogenesis. We also consider possible therapeutic strategies. Finally, we propose that CGG repeat expansion diseases may represent manifestations of a single underlying neuromyodegenerative syndrome in which different organs are affected to different extents depending on the gene location of the repeat expansion.
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26
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P2RY2 Alleviates Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting YAP Phosphorylation and Reducing Mitochondrial Fission. Neuroscience 2021; 480:155-166. [PMID: 34780922 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
P2Y purinoceptor 2 (P2RY2) is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of P2RY2 on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and its molecular mechanism. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in rats and OXYGEN and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model in PC12 cells were established. P2RY2 expressions in I/R injury model in vitro and in vivo were up-regulated. In the OGD/R group, ROS level, cyto-CytC and mitochondrial fission factors expressions and cell apoptosis were increased, while SOD activity, mito-CytC and mitochondrial fusion factors expressions were decreased. P2RY2 overexpression could reverse these results. Up-regulated P2RY2 expression decreased Yes-associated protein (YAP) phosphorylation level, promote the nuclear translocation of YAP, and inhibit cell apoptosis, which can be reversed by YAP inhibitor verteporfin. The addition of PI3K/AKT inhibitor LY294002 could reverse the decrease of YAP phosphorylation level and cell apoptosis, and the increase of nuclear translocation caused by P2RY2 overexpression. Further in vivo studies validated that interference with P2RY2 increased the cerebral infarction area, decreased AKT expression, enhanced YAP phosphorylation, and inhibited the nuclear translocation of YAP. In conclusion, P2RY2 can alleviate cerebral I/R injury by inhibiting YAP phosphorylation and reducing mitochondrial fission.
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27
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Mosejová E, Bosnjakovic R, Kubala L, Vašíček O. Pseurotin D Induces Apoptosis through Targeting Redox Sensitive Pathways in Human Lymphoid Leukemia Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101576. [PMID: 34679711 PMCID: PMC8533295 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most prevalent lymphoid malignancy in many geographical regions of the world. Pseurotin D, a secondary metabolite of fungi, represents a group of bioactive natural products with a newly ascribed range of interesting biological activities. The purpose of this study was to bring new insights into the mechanism behind the effects of pseurotin D on MEC-1 cells as a representative CLL cell line, with a particular focus on selected signaling pathways important in the proliferation of cells and targeting mitochondrial metabolism. Our results showed that pseurotin D was able to significantly inhibit the proliferation of MEC-1 cells and arrested them in the G2/M cell cycle phase. In addition, pseurotin D was able to induce apoptosis. We found that all of these effects were associated with a change in mitochondrial membrane potential and the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). We showed for the first time that pseurotin D suppresses MEC-1 cell proliferation and induces apoptotic cell death via induction of the collapse of the mitochondria respiratory chain and the ROS-related caspase pathway. Our results show the pseurotins family as promising compounds which could serve as a basis for the development of new compounds in the treatment of lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mosejová
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (E.M.); (R.B.); (L.K.)
| | - Rebeka Bosnjakovic
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (E.M.); (R.B.); (L.K.)
| | - Lukáš Kubala
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (E.M.); (R.B.); (L.K.)
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Vašíček
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic; (E.M.); (R.B.); (L.K.)
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-541-517-207
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28
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Poles MZ, Nászai A, Gulácsi L, Czakó BL, Gál KG, Glenz RJ, Dookhun D, Rutai A, Tallósy SP, Szabó A, Lőrinczi B, Szatmári I, Fülöp F, Vécsei L, Boros M, Juhász L, Kaszaki J. Kynurenic Acid and Its Synthetic Derivatives Protect Against Sepsis-Associated Neutrophil Activation and Brain Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Rats. Front Immunol 2021; 12:717157. [PMID: 34475875 PMCID: PMC8406694 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.717157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims The systemic host response in sepsis is frequently accompanied by central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction. Evidence suggests that excessive formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) can increase the permeability of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and that the evolving mitochondrial damage may contribute to the pathogenesis of sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Kynurenic acid (KYNA), a metabolite of tryptophan catabolism, exerts pleiotropic cell-protective effects under pro-inflammatory conditions. Our aim was to investigate whether exogenous KYNA or its synthetic analogues SZR-72 and SZR-104 affect BBB permeability secondary to NET formation and influence cerebral mitochondrial disturbances in a clinically relevant rodent model of intraabdominal sepsis. Methods Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to fecal peritonitis (0.6 g kg-1 ip) or a sham operation. Septic animals were treated with saline or KYNA, SZR-72 or SZR-104 (160 µmol kg-1 each ip) 16h and 22h after induction. Invasive monitoring was performed on anesthetized animals to evaluate respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, hepatic and metabolic parameters to calculate rat organ failure assessment (ROFA) scores. NET components (citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3); myeloperoxidase (MPO)) and the NET inducer IL-1β, as well as IL-6 and a brain injury marker (S100B) were detected from plasma samples. After 24h, leukocyte infiltration (tissue MPO) and mitochondrial complex I- and II-linked (CI–CII) oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) were evaluated. In a separate series, Evans Blue extravasation and the edema index were used to assess BBB permeability in the same regions. Results Sepsis was characterized by significantly elevated ROFA scores, while the increased BBB permeability and plasma S100B levels demonstrated brain damage. Plasma levels of CitH3, MPO and IL-1β were elevated in sepsis but were ameliorated by KYNA and its synthetic analogues. The sepsis-induced deterioration in tissue CI–CII-linked OXPHOS and BBB parameters as well as the increase in tissue MPO content were positively affected by KYNA/KYNA analogues. Conclusion This study is the first to report that KYNA and KYNA analogues are potential neuroprotective agents in experimental sepsis. The proposed mechanistic steps involve reduced peripheral NET formation, lowered BBB permeability changes and alleviation of mitochondrial dysfunction in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marietta Z Poles
- Institute of Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Anna Nászai
- Institute of Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Levente Gulácsi
- Institute of Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bálint L Czakó
- Institute of Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Krisztián G Gál
- Institute of Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Romy J Glenz
- Institute of Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dishana Dookhun
- Institute of Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Rutai
- Institute of Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs P Tallósy
- Institute of Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Andrea Szabó
- Institute of Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bálint Lőrinczi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Research Group for Stereochemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István Szatmári
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Research Group for Stereochemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fülöp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Research Group for Stereochemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Neuroscience Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA)-University of Szeged (SZTE), Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mihály Boros
- Institute of Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Juhász
- Institute of Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - József Kaszaki
- Institute of Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Jassim AH, Inman DM, Mitchell CH. Crosstalk Between Dysfunctional Mitochondria and Inflammation in Glaucomatous Neurodegeneration. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:699623. [PMID: 34366851 PMCID: PMC8334009 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.699623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and excessive inflammatory responses are both sufficient to induce pathology in age-dependent neurodegenerations. However, emerging evidence indicates crosstalk between damaged mitochondrial and inflammatory signaling can exacerbate issues in chronic neurodegenerations. This review discusses evidence for the interaction between mitochondrial damage and inflammation, with a focus on glaucomatous neurodegeneration, and proposes that positive feedback resulting from this crosstalk drives pathology. Mitochondrial dysfunction exacerbates inflammatory signaling in multiple ways. Damaged mitochondrial DNA is a damage-associated molecular pattern, which activates the NLRP3 inflammasome; priming and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and the resulting liberation of IL-1β and IL-18 via the gasdermin D pore, is a major pathway to enhance inflammatory responses. The rise in reactive oxygen species induced by mitochondrial damage also activates inflammatory pathways, while blockage of Complex enzymes is sufficient to increase inflammatory signaling. Impaired mitophagy contributes to inflammation as the inability to turnover mitochondria in a timely manner increases levels of ROS and damaged mtDNA, with the latter likely to stimulate the cGAS-STING pathway to increase interferon signaling. Mitochondrial associated ER membrane contacts and the mitochondria-associated adaptor molecule MAVS can activate NLRP3 inflammasome signaling. In addition to dysfunctional mitochondria increasing inflammation, the corollary also occurs, with inflammation reducing mitochondrial function and ATP production; the resulting downward spiral accelerates degeneration. Evidence from several preclinical models including the DBA/2J mouse, microbead injection and transient elevation of IOP, in addition to patient data, implicates both mitochondrial damage and inflammation in glaucomatous neurodegeneration. The pressure-dependent hypoxia and the resulting metabolic vulnerability is associated with mitochondrial damage and IL-1β release. Links between mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation can occur in retinal ganglion cells, microglia cells and astrocytes. In summary, crosstalk between damaged mitochondria and increased inflammatory signaling enhances pathology in glaucomatous neurodegeneration, with implications for other complex age-dependent neurodegenerations like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assraa Hassan Jassim
- Department of Basic and Translational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Denise M. Inman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Claire H. Mitchell
- Department of Basic and Translational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Rajput S, Paliwal D, Naithani M, Kothari A, Meena K, Rana S. COVID-19 and Gut Microbiota: A Potential Connection. Indian J Clin Biochem 2021; 36:266-277. [PMID: 33495676 PMCID: PMC7818076 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-020-00948-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Currently, world is facing a global outbreak causing a pandemic threat known as COVID-19. This infectious disease is triggered by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Gut microbiota harbours multi species community with a strong impact on host immune homeostasis. However, our knowledge about this gut microbiota and its symbiotic relationship with immune activation in association with SARS-CoV-2 is limited. Unbalanced bacterial flora with too many opportunistic infections can shift immune system towards a cascade of inflammatory responses leading to multi organ damage. This review will highlight immune-regulation via various mechanisms in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Diet has an unbelievable influence on gut microbiome that allows a new state of homeostasis to be reached through timing, frequency and duration of intake. This review article focuses on gut, lung microbiota and immunomodulation with specific attention on immune activation by gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Rajput
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, 249203 India
| | - Deepanshu Paliwal
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, 249203 India
| | - Manisha Naithani
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, 249203 India
| | - Aashish Kothari
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand India
| | - Kiran Meena
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, 249203 India
| | - Satyavati Rana
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, 249203 India
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31
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Dutra Silva J, Su Y, Calfee CS, Delucchi KL, Weiss D, McAuley DF, O'Kane C, Krasnodembskaya AD. Mesenchymal stromal cell extracellular vesicles rescue mitochondrial dysfunction and improve barrier integrity in clinically relevant models of ARDS. Eur Respir J 2021; 58:13993003.02978-2020. [PMID: 33334945 PMCID: PMC8318599 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02978-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar epithelial–capillary barrier disruption is a hallmark of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Contribution of mitochondrial dysfunction to the compromised alveolar-capillary barrier in ARDS remains unclear. Mesenchymal stromal cells-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) are considered as a cell-free therapy for ARDS. Mitochondrial transfer was shown to be important for the therapeutic effects of MSCs and MSC-EVs. Here we investigated the contribution of mitochondrial dysfunction to the injury of alveolar epithelial and endothelial barriers in ARDS and the ability of MSC-EVs to modulate alveolar–capillary barrier integrity through mitochondrial transfer. Primary human small airway epithelial and pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells and human precision cut lung slices (PCLSs) were stimulated with endotoxin or plasma samples from patients with ARDS and treated with MSC-EVs, barrier properties and mitochondrial functions were evaluated. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-injured mice were treated with MSC-EVs and degree of lung injury and mitochondrial respiration of the lung tissue were assessed. Inflammatory stimulation resulted in increased permeability coupled with pronounced mitochondrial dysfunction in both types of primary cells and PCLSs. Extracellular vesicles derived from normal MSCs restored barrier integrity and normal levels of oxidative phosphorylation while an extracellular vesicles preparation which did not contain mitochondria was not effective. In vivo, presence of mitochondria was critical for extracellular vesicles ability to reduce lung injury and restore mitochondrial respiration in the lung tissue. In the ARDS environment, MSC-EVs improve alveolar–capillary barrier properties through restoration of mitochondrial functions at least partially via mitochondrial transfer. This study demonstrates that mitochondrial dysfunction is an important mechanism of ARDS pathogenesis. Mitochondrial transfer is crucial for the ability of MSC extracellular vesicles to restore integrity of the alveolar–capillary barrier.https://bit.ly/2JuqoCY
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnatas Dutra Silva
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Yue Su
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Carolyn S Calfee
- Dept of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Dept of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kevin L Delucchi
- Dept of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Weiss
- Dept of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Danny F McAuley
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Cecilia O'Kane
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Anna D Krasnodembskaya
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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Meng TT, Wang W, Meng FL, Wang SY, Wu HH, Chen JM, Zheng Y, Wang GX, Zhang MX, Li Y, Su GH. Nicotine Causes Mitochondrial Dynamics Imbalance and Apoptosis Through ROS Mediated Mitophagy Impairment in Cardiomyocytes. Front Physiol 2021; 12:650055. [PMID: 34177609 PMCID: PMC8222989 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.650055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotine contained in traditional cigarettes, hookahs, and e-cigarettes is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Our previous study showed that macroautophagic flux impairment occurred under nicotine stimulation. However, whether nicotine influences mitochondrial dynamics in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) is unclear. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects and potential mechanism of nicotine on mitophagy, mitochondrial dynamics, apoptosis, and the relationship between these processes in NRVMs. Our results showed that nicotine exposure increased mitochondria-derived superoxide production, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and impaired PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagic flux in NRVMs. Interestingly, nicotine significantly promoted dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1)-mediated mitochondrial fission and suppressed mitofusin (MFN)-mediated fusion, which was also observed in the bafilomycin A1-treated group. These results suggest that mitophagic flux impairment may contribute to Drp-1-mediated mitochondrial fission. Finally, nicotine caused excessive mitochondrial fission and contributed to apoptosis, which could be alleviated by mdivi-1, an inhibitor of Drp1. In addition to CTSB, as we previously reported, the enzyme activity of cathepsin L (CTSL) was also decreased in lysosomes after stimulation with nicotine, which may be the main cause of the hindered mitophagic flux induced by nicotine in NRVMs. Pretreatment with Torin 1, which is an inhibitor of mTOR, activated CTSL and ameliorated nicotine-induced mTOR activation and mitophagy impairment, decreased mitochondria-derived superoxide production, and blunted mitochondrial fission and apoptosis. Pretreatment with the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) or inhibitors of p38 and JNK, which could also alleviate mitophagy impairment, exhibited similar effects as Torin1 on mitochondria. Taken together, our study demonstrated that nicotine treatment may lead to an increase in Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission by blocking mitophagic flux by weakening the enzyme activity of CTSL and activating the ROS/p38/JNK signaling pathway. Excessive mitochondrial fission induced by nicotine ultimately leads to apoptosis. Torin1 restored the decreased CTSL enzyme activity by removing excessive ROS and alleviated the effects of nicotine on mitophagic flux, mitochondrial dynamics, and apoptosis. These results may provide new evidence on the relationship between mitophagic flux and mitochondrial dynamics and new perspectives on nicotine’s effects on mitochondrial dynamics in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Meng
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Research Center of Translational Medicine, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Chest Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Fan-Liang Meng
- The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shu-Ya Wang
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui-Hui Wu
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jia-Min Chen
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Research Center of Translational Medicine, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Guang-Xin Wang
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Research Center of Translational Medicine, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Mao-Xiu Zhang
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Research Center of Translational Medicine, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Ying Li
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Research Center of Translational Medicine, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Guo-Hai Su
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Research Center of Translational Medicine, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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Fan Y, Wang H, Ma Q. Effects of sevoflurane and propofol anesthesia on intraoperative endothelial cell function in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. J Int Med Res 2021; 48:300060520918407. [PMID: 33050753 PMCID: PMC7570811 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520918407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the effects of sevoflurane and propofol anesthesia on inflammatory or anti-inflammatory responses in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Methods Patients undergoing LC (n = 23) were divided into sevoflurane (S) (n = 11) and propofol (P) (n = 12) anesthesia groups. A blood sample was taken before induction (T0), after induction but before pneumoperitoneum (T1), 15 minutes after pneumoperitoneum (T2), immediately after extubation (T3), and 30 minutes after extubation (T4). P-selectin-positive platelets and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)-positive lymphocytes, and plasma P-selectin, ICAM-1 and thrombomodulin (TM) levels were analyzed. Results Sevoflurane significantly increased P-selectin expression in platelets at T2, T3, and T4 and in plasma at T1, T2, T3, and T4, but it did not affect ICAM-1 and TM. Propofol had no significant effects on P-selectin, ICAM-1, and TM expression during anesthesia and surgery. P-selectin, ICAM-1, and TM expression was higher in the S compared with P group at T1, T2, and T3 for platelet P-selectin; T2 and T4 for plasma P-selectin; T1 and T2 for lymphocyte ICAM-1; and T1, T2, and T3 for plasma TM. Conclusions Propofol anesthesia can delay the inflammatory reactions during laparoscopic surgery and better maintain the structure stability and function in vascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fan
- Department of Anesthesia, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Anesthesia, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Ma
- Department of Anesthesia, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Zheng Y, Zhu Y, Liu X, Zheng H, Yang Y, Lu Y, Zhou H, Zheng J, Dong Z. The screening of albumin as a key serum component in preventing release of neutrophil extracellular traps by selectively inhibiting mitochondrial ROS generation. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 99:427-438. [PMID: 32799676 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2019-0670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are extracellular DNA webs released from neutrophils to mediate the host antimicrobial defense. As NETs could also induce thrombosis and cause organ injury, their release should be strictly controlled; however, the intrinsic mechanisms that prevent unfavorable NETs are not well understood. Herein, an accidental finding of NET release from human peripheral neutrophils was first described in a serum-free culture, which was later determined to be a conserved NET prevention effect of serum. In contrast to canonical NETs induced by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), NET formation by serum-free culture was rapid and without prevalent NETosis. Next, albumin was screened out as a key serum component that mediated the suppression of NETs. Moreover, NETs induced upon serum or albumin deficiency were independent of the canonical pathway that involves NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) activation and cytosol reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Instead, the generation of mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) was upregulated to promote NET release. Albumin exhibited mtROS scavenging activity and thus inhibited NETs. Serum-free culture also induced the release of NET-bound oxidized mtDNA, which stimulated interferon-β (IFN-β) production. Overall, our research provides new evidence that characterizes the NET production in serum-free culture and determines the mechanisms by which serum albumin inhibits NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zheng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yuanfeng Zhu
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hang Zheng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yongjun Yang
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yongling Lu
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, 563003, China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zhi Dong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
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35
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Darwesh AM, Bassiouni W, Sosnowski DK, Seubert JM. Can N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids be considered a potential adjuvant therapy for COVID-19-associated cardiovascular complications? Pharmacol Ther 2021; 219:107703. [PMID: 33031856 PMCID: PMC7534795 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has currently led to a global pandemic with millions of confirmed and increasing cases around the world. The novel SARS-CoV-2 not only affects the lungs causing severe acute respiratory dysfunction but also leads to significant dysfunction in multiple organs and physiological systems including the cardiovascular system. A plethora of studies have shown the viral infection triggers an exaggerated immune response, hypercoagulation and oxidative stress, which contribute significantly to poor cardiovascular outcomes observed in COVID-19 patients. To date, there are no approved vaccines or therapies for COVID-19. Accordingly, cardiovascular protective and supportive therapies are urgent and necessary to the overall prognosis of COVID-19 patients. Accumulating literature has demonstrated the beneficial effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) toward the cardiovascular system, which include ameliorating uncontrolled inflammatory reactions, reduced oxidative stress and mitigating coagulopathy. Moreover, it has been demonstrated the n-3 PUFAs, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are precursors to a group of potent bioactive lipid mediators, generated endogenously, which mediate many of the beneficial effects attributed to their parent compounds. Considering the favorable safety profile for n-3 PUFAs and their metabolites, it is reasonable to consider n-3 PUFAs as potential adjuvant therapies for the clinical management of COVID-19 patients. In this article, we provide an overview of the pathogenesis of cardiovascular complications secondary to COVID-19 and focus on the mechanisms that may contribute to the likely benefits of n-3 PUFAs and their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Darwesh
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Wesam Bassiouni
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Deanna K Sosnowski
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - John M Seubert
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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36
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Hosmann A, Milivojev N, Dumitrescu S, Reinprecht A, Weidinger A, Kozlov AV. Cerebral nitric oxide and mitochondrial function in patients suffering aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage-a translational approach. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2021; 163:139-149. [PMID: 32839865 PMCID: PMC7778629 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-020-04536-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Cerebral ischemia and neuroinflammation following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are major contributors to poor neurological outcome. Our study set out to investigate in an exploratory approach the interaction between NO and energy metabolism following SAH as both hypoxia and inflammation are known to affect nitric oxide (NO) metabolism and NO in turn affects mitochondria. Methods In seven patients under continuous multimodality neuromonitoring suffering poor-grade aneurysmal SAH, cerebral metabolism and NO levels (determined as a sum of nitrite plus nitrate) were determined in cerebral microdialysate for 14 days following SAH. In additional ex vivo experiments, rat cortex homogenate was subjected to the NO concentrations determined in SAH patients to test whether these NO concentrations impair mitochondrial function (determined by means of high-resolution respirometry). Results NO levels showed biphasic kinetics with drastically increased levels during the first 7 days (74.5 ± 29.9 μM) and significantly lower levels thereafter (47.5 ± 18.7 μM; p = 0.02). Only during the first 7 days, NO levels showed a strong negative correlation with brain tissue oxygen tension (r = − 0.78; p < 0.001) and a positive correlation with cerebral lactate (r = 0.79; p < 0.001), pyruvate (r = 0.68; p < 0.001), glutamate (r = 0.65; p < 0.001), as well as the lactate-pyruvate ratio (r = 0.48; p = 0.01), suggesting mitochondrial dysfunction. Ex vivo experiments confirmed that the increase in NO levels determined in patients during the acute phase is sufficient to impair mitochondrial function (p < 0.001). Mitochondrial respiration was inhibited irrespectively of whether glutamate (substrate of complex I) or succinate (substrate of complex II) was used as mitochondrial substrate suggesting the inhibition of mitochondrial complex IV. The latter was confirmed by direct determination of complex IV activity. Conclusions Exploratory analysis of our data suggests that during the acute phase of SAH, NO plays a key role in the neuronal damage impairing mitochondrial function and facilitating accumulation of mitochondrial substrate; further studies are required to understand mechanisms underlying this observation.
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Effect of Diphenyleneiodonium Chloride on Intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism with Emphasis on NADPH Oxidase and Mitochondria in Two Therapeutically Relevant Human Cell Types. Pharmaceutics 2020; 13:pharmaceutics13010010. [PMID: 33374729 PMCID: PMC7823933 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have recently been recognized as important signal transducers, particularly regulating proliferation and differentiation of cells. Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) is known as an inhibitor of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) and is also affecting mitochondrial function. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of DPI on ROS metabolism and mitochondrial function in human amniotic membrane mesenchymal stromal cells (hAMSCs), human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (hBMSCs), hBMSCs induced into osteoblast-like cells, and osteosarcoma cell line MG-63. Our data suggested a combination of a membrane potential sensitive fluorescent dye, tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (TMRM), and a ROS-sensitive dye, CM-H2DCFDA, combined with a pretreatment with mitochondria-targeted ROS scavenger MitoTEMPO as a good tool to examine effects of DPI. We observed critical differences in ROS metabolism between hAMSCs, hBMSCs, osteoblast-like cells, and MG-63 cells, which were linked to energy metabolism. In cell types using predominantly glycolysis as the energy source, such as hAMSCs, DPI predominantly interacted with NOX, and it was not toxic for the cells. In hBMSCs, the ROS turnover was influenced by NOX activity rather than by the mitochondria. In cells with aerobic metabolism, such as MG 63, the mitochondria became an additional target for DPI, and these cells were prone to the toxic effects of DPI. In summary, our data suggest that undifferentiated cells rather than differentiated parenchymal cells should be considered as potential targets for DPI.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To fully exploit the concept of hemodynamic coherence in resuscitating critically ill one should preferably take into account information about the state of parenchymal cells. Monitoring of mitochondrial oxygen tension (mitoPO2) has emerged as a clinical means to assess information of oxygen delivery and oxygen utilization at the mitochondrial level. This review will outline the basics of the technique, summarize its development and describe the rationale of measuring oxygen at the mitochondrial level. RECENT FINDINGS Mitochondrial oxygen tension can be measured by means of the protoporphyrin IX-Triplet State Lifetime Technique (PpIX-TSLT). After validation and use in preclinical animal models, the technique has recently become commercially available in the form of a clinical measuring system. This system has now been used in a number of healthy volunteer studies and is currently being evaluated in studies in perioperative and intensive care patients in several European university hospitals. SUMMARY PpIX-TSLT is a noninvasive and well tolerated method to assess aspects of mitochondrial function at the bedside. It allows doctors to look beyond the macrocirculation and microcirculation and to take the oxygen balance at the cellular level into account in treatment strategies.
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Carr AC, Spencer E, Mackle D, Hunt A, Judd H, Mehrtens J, Parker K, Stockwell Z, Gale C, Beaumont M, Kaur S, Bihari S, Young PJ. The effect of conservative oxygen therapy on systemic biomarkers of oxidative stress in critically ill patients. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 160:13-18. [PMID: 32768569 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Supplemental oxygen is delivered to critically ill patients who require mechanical ventilation. Oxidative stress is a potential complication of oxygen therapy, resulting in damage to essential biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Whether plasma levels of oxidative stress biomarkers vary based on how liberally oxygen therapy is applied during mechanical ventilation is unknown. METHODS We carried out an oxidative stress substudy nested within a large multi-centre randomized controlled trial in which critically ill adults were randomized to receive either conservative oxygen therapy or standard oxygen therapy. Blood samples were collected at enrolment, and daily thereafter for up to three days. The antioxidant ascorbate (vitamin C) was assessed using HPLC with electrochemical detection and protein oxidation using a sensitive protein carbonyl ELISA. We also assessed whether critically ill patients with different disease states exhibited varying levels of oxidative stress biomarkers. RESULTS A total of 125 patients were included. Mean ascorbate concentrations decreased over time (from 25 ± 9 μmol/L to 14 ± 2 μmol/L, p < 0.001), however, there was no significant difference between the conservative oxygen group and standard care (p = 0.2), despite a significantly lower partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in the conservative oxygen group (p = 0.03). Protein carbonyl concentrations increased over time (from 208 ± 30 μmol/L to 249 ± 29 μmol/L; p = 0.016), however, there was no significant difference between the conservative and standard oxygen groups (p = 0.3). Patients with sepsis had significantly higher protein carbonyl concentrations than the other critically ill patients (293 ± 92 μmol/L vs 184 ± 24 μmol/L, p = 0.03). Within the septic subgroup, there were no significant differences in protein carbonyl concentrations between the two interventions (p = 0.4). CONCLUSIONS Conservative oxygen therapy does not alter systemic markers of oxidative stress in critically ill ventilated patients compared with standard oxygen therapy. Patients with sepsis exhibited elevated protein carbonyls compared with the other critically ill patients implying increased oxidative stress in this patient subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anitra C Carr
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Emma Spencer
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Diane Mackle
- Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Anna Hunt
- Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand; Wellington Hospital Intensive Care Unit, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Harriet Judd
- Wellington Hospital Intensive Care Unit, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jan Mehrtens
- Christchurch Hospital Intensive Care Unit, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Kim Parker
- Christchurch Hospital Intensive Care Unit, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Zoe Stockwell
- Centre for Postgraduate Nursing Studies, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Caitlin Gale
- Centre for Postgraduate Nursing Studies, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Megan Beaumont
- Centre for Postgraduate Nursing Studies, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Simran Kaur
- Centre for Postgraduate Nursing Studies, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Shailesh Bihari
- Intensive and Critical Care Unit, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia; College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Paul J Young
- Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand; Wellington Hospital Intensive Care Unit, Wellington, New Zealand
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Plecitá-Hlavatá L, Engstová H, Holendová B, Tauber J, Špaček T, Petrásková L, Křen V, Špačková J, Gotvaldová K, Ježek J, Dlasková A, Smolková K, Ježek P. Mitochondrial Superoxide Production Decreases on Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion in Pancreatic β Cells Due to Decreasing Mitochondrial Matrix NADH/NAD + Ratio. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:789-815. [PMID: 32517485 PMCID: PMC7482716 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2019.7800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in pancreatic β cells was expected to enhance mitochondrial superoxide formation. Hence, we elucidated relevant redox equilibria. Results: Unexpectedly, INS-1E cells at transitions from 3 (11 mM; pancreatic islets from 5 mM) to 25 mM glucose decreased matrix superoxide release rates (MitoSOX Red monitoring validated by MitoB) and H2O2 (mitoHyPer, subtracting mitoSypHer emission). Novel double-channel fluorescence lifetime imaging, approximating free mitochondrial matrix NADHF, indicated its ∼20% decrease. Matrix NAD+F increased on GSIS, indicated by the FAD-emission lifetime decrease, reflecting higher quenching of FAD by NAD+F. The participation of pyruvate/malate and pyruvate/citrate redox shuttles, elevating cytosolic NADPHF (iNAP1 fluorescence monitoring) at the expense of matrix NADHF, was indicated, using citrate (2-oxoglutarate) carrier inhibitors and cytosolic malic enzyme silencing: All changes vanished on these manipulations. 13C-incorporation from 13C-L-glutamine into 13C-citrate reflected the pyruvate/isocitrate shuttle. Matrix NADPHF (iNAP3 monitored) decreased. With decreasing glucose, the suppressor of Complex III site Q electron leak (S3QEL) suppressor caused a higher Complex I IF site contribution, but a lower superoxide fraction ascribed to the Complex III site IIIQo. Thus, the diminished matrix NADHF/NAD+F decreased Complex I flavin site IF superoxide formation on GSIS. Innovation: Mutually validated methods showed decreasing superoxide release into the mitochondrial matrix in pancreatic β cells on GSIS, due to the decreasing matrix NADHF/NAD+F (NADPHF/NADP+F) at increasing cytosolic NADPHF levels. The developed innovative methods enable real-time NADH/NAD+ and NADPH/NADP+ monitoring in any distinct cell compartment. Conclusion: The export of reducing equivalents from mitochondria adjusts lower mitochondrial superoxide production on GSIS, but it does not prevent oxidative stress in pancreatic β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Plecitá-Hlavatá
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, No. 75, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Engstová
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, No. 75, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Holendová
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, No. 75, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Tauber
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, No. 75, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Špaček
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, No. 75, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Petrásková
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Laboratory of Biotransformation, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Špačková
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, No. 75, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Gotvaldová
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, No. 75, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Ježek
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, No. 75, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- The Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Dlasková
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, No. 75, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Smolková
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, No. 75, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Ježek
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, No. 75, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Asim M, Amin F, El-Menyar A. Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome: Contemporary insights on the clinicopathological spectrum. Qatar Med J 2020; 2020:22. [PMID: 33628712 PMCID: PMC7884906 DOI: 10.5339/qmj.2020.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS) remains a major complication and challenge to treat patients with critical illness in different intensive care unit settings. The exact mechanism and pathophysiology of MODS is complex and remains unexplored. We reviewed the literature from January 2011 to August 2019 to analyze the underlying mechanisms, prognostic factors, MODS scoring systems, organ systems dysfunctions, and the management of MODS. We used the search engines PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Google Scholar with the keywords "multiple organ dysfunction syndrome," "intensive care units," "multiorgan failure," "MODS scoring system," and "MODS management." The initial search yielded 3550 abstracts, of which 91 articles were relevant to the scope of the present article. A better understanding of a disease course will help differentiate the signs of an intense inflammatory response from the early onset of sepsis and minimize the inappropriate use of medications. This, in turn, will promote organtargeted therapy and prevent occurrence and progression of MODS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Asim
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Research, Trauma Surgery Section, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Farhana Amin
- Sri Ramaswamy Memorial Medical College Hospital & Research Center, Tamil Nadu, India
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The emerging molecular mechanisms for mitochondrial dysfunctions in FXTAS. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165918. [PMID: 32800941 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expansion of 55-200 CGG repeats at 5UTR of FMR1 gene, known as premutation. The main clinical and neuropathological features of FXTAS include progressive intention tremor, gait ataxia, neuronal cell loss and presence of ubiquitin-positive intranuclear inclusions in neurons and astrocytes. Various mitochondrial dysfunctions are reported in in vitro/vivo models of FXTAS; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying such mitochondrial dysfunctions are unclear. CGG expansions are pathogenic through distinct mechanisms involving RNA gain of function, impaired DNA damage repair and FMRpolyG toxicity. Here, we have systematically reviewed the reports of mitochondrial dysfunctions under premutation condition. We have also focused on potential emerging mechanisms to understand mitochondrial associated pathology in FXTAS. This review highlights the important role of mitochondria in FXTAS and other related disorders; and suggests focus of future studies on mitochondrial dysfunction along with other prevailing mechanisms to alleviate neurodegeneration.
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Saleh J, Peyssonnaux C, Singh KK, Edeas M. Mitochondria and microbiota dysfunction in COVID-19 pathogenesis. Mitochondrion 2020; 54:1-7. [PMID: 32574708 PMCID: PMC7837003 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the hub of cellular oxidative homeostasis. Mitochondria are the major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Extracellular mitochondria are found in blood, in circulating platelets and vesicles. COVID-19 pathogenesis is aggravated by the hyper- inflammatory state. Inflammation activates events leading to microbiota & mitochondrial oxidative damage. Mitochondrial damage contributes to coagulopathy, ferroptosis & microbial dysbiosis. Blood & platelet mitochondria dysfunction may accelerate systemic coagulopathy events. Targeting mitochondria dysfunction may provide useful therapeutic strategies against COVID-19 pathogenesis.
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has taken the world by surprise into a major crisis of overwhelming morbidity and mortality. This highly infectious disease is associated with respiratory failure unusual in other coronavirus infections. Mounting evidence link the accelerated progression of the disease in COVID-19 patients to the hyper-inflammatory state termed as the “cytokine storm” involving major systemic perturbations. These include iron dysregulation manifested as hyperferritinemia associated with disease severity. Iron dysregulation induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and promotes oxidative stress. The mitochondria are the hub of cellular oxidative homeostasis. In addition, the mitochondria may circulate “cell-free” in non-nucleated platelets, in extracellular vesicles and mitochondrial DNA is found in the extracellular space. The heightened inflammatory/oxidative state may lead to mitochondrial dysfunction leading to platelet damage and apoptosis. The interaction of dysfunctional platelets with coagulation cascades aggravates clotting events and thrombus formation. Furthermore, mitochondrial oxidative stress may contribute to microbiota dysbiosis, altering coagulation pathways and fueling the inflammatory/oxidative response leading to the vicious cycle of events. Here, we discuss various cellular and systemic incidents caused by SARS-CoV-2 that may critically impact intra and extracellular mitochondrial function, and contribute to the progression and severity of the disease. It is crucial to understand how these key modulators impact COVID-19 pathogenesis in the quest to identify novel therapeutic targets that may reduce fatal outcomes of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumana Saleh
- College of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman
| | - Carole Peyssonnaux
- Université de Paris, INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, Faculté de médecine Cochin-Port Royal, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Keshav K Singh
- Integrated Center for Aging Research, Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Marvin Edeas
- Université de Paris, INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, Faculté de médecine Cochin-Port Royal, Paris, France; Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France.
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Quiroga J, Alarcón P, Manosalva C, Taubert A, Hermosilla C, Hidalgo MA, Carretta MD, Burgos RA. Glycolysis and mitochondrial function regulate the radical oxygen species production induced by platelet-activating factor in bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 226:110074. [PMID: 32540687 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Dairy cows undergo metabolic disturbances in the peripartum period, during which infectious inflammatory diseases and detrimental polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) functions, such as radical oxygen species (ROS) production, are observed. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a key pro-inflammatory mediator that increases PMN ROS production. To date, the role of glycolysis and mitochondria in PAF-induced ROS production in bovine PMN has not been known. The aim of this study was to assess whether inhibition of glycolysis and disruption of mitochondrial function alter the oxidative response induced by PAF. We isolated PMN from non-pregnant Holstein Friesian heifers and pre-incubated them with 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG; 2 mM, 30 min), carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP; 5 μM, 5 min), oligomycin (10 μM, 30 min) or rotenone (10 μM, 30 min). Respiratory burst was measured by luminol-chemiluminescence assay, while mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) were evaluated by MitoSOX probe and flow cytometry. Also, we detected the presence of mitochondria by MitoTracker Deep Red FM probe and changes in mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) were assessed by JC-1 probe and flow cytometry. We observed that all inhibitors separately were able to reduce PAF-induced ROS production. Presence of mitochondria was detected and PAF increased the Δψm, while CCCP reduced it. 2-DG and rotenone reduced the mtROS production induced by PAF. CCCP did not alter the mtROS and oligomycin administered independently increased mtROS production. We concluded that PAF-induced ROS production is glycolysis- and mitochondria-dependent. Bovine PMN have a functional mitochondrion and PAF induced mtROS via glycolysis and mitochondrial complex-I activity. Our results highlight an important modulation of cellular metabolism in the oxidative response induced by proinflammatory agents, which could contribute to PMN disfunction during peripartum in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Quiroga
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Doctoral Program in Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pablo Alarcón
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carolina Manosalva
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - María Angélica Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - María Daniella Carretta
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rafael Agustín Burgos
- Laboratory of Inflammation Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Institute of Pharmacology and Morphophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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Yoo SM, Park J, Kim SH, Jung YK. Emerging perspectives on mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation in Alzheimer's disease. BMB Rep 2020. [PMID: 31818363 PMCID: PMC6999830 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2020.53.1.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite enduring diverse insults, mitochondria maintain normal functions through mitochondrial quality control. However, the failure of mitochondrial quality control resulting from excess damage and mechanical defects causes mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to various human diseases. Recent studies have reported that mitochondrial defects are found in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and worsen AD symptoms. In AD pathogenesis, mitochondrial dysfunction-driven generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their contribution to neuronal damage has been widely studied. In contrast, studies on mitochondrial dysfunction-associated inflammatory responses have been relatively scarce. Moreover, ROS produced upon failure of mitochondrial quality control may be linked to the inflammatory response and influence the progression of AD. Thus, this review will focus on inflammatory pathways that are associated with and initiated through defective mitochondria and will summarize recent progress on the role of mitochondria-mediated inflammation in AD. We will also discuss how reducing mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated inflammation could affect AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Min Yoo
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jisu Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seo-Hyun Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yong-Keun Jung
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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Restoring Mitochondrial Function While Avoiding Redox Stress: The Key to Preventing Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Machine Perfused Liver Grafts? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093132. [PMID: 32365506 PMCID: PMC7246795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria sense changes resulting from the ischemia and subsequent reperfusion of an organ and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production initiates a series of events, which over time result in the development of full-fledged ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), severely affecting graft function and survival after transplantation. ROS activate the innate immune system, regulate cell death, impair mitochondrial and cellular performance and hence organ function. Arresting the development of IRI before the onset of ROS production is currently not feasible and clinicians are faced with limiting the consequences. Ex vivo machine perfusion has opened the possibility to ameliorate or antagonize the development of IRI and may be particularly beneficial for extended criteria donor organs. The molecular events occurring during machine perfusion remain incompletely understood. Accumulation of succinate and depletion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) have been considered key mechanisms in the initiation; however, a plethora of molecular events contribute to the final tissue damage. Here we discuss how understanding mitochondrial dysfunction linked to IRI may help to develop novel strategies for the prevention of ROS-initiated damage in the evolving era of machine perfusion.
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De Dios R, Nguyen L, Ghosh S, McKenna S, Wright CJ. CpG-ODN-mediated TLR9 innate immune signalling and calcium dyshomeostasis converge on the NFκB inhibitory protein IκBβ to drive IL1α and IL1β expression. Immunology 2020; 160:64-77. [PMID: 32064589 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterile inflammation contributes to many pathological states associated with mitochondrial injury. Mitochondrial injury disrupts calcium homeostasis and results in the release of CpG-rich mitochondrial DNA. The role of CpG-stimulated TLR9 innate immune signalling and sterile inflammation is well studied; however, how calcium dyshomeostasis affects this signalling is unknown. Therefore, we interrogated the relationship beτween intracellular calcium and CpG-induced TLR9 signalling in murine macrophages. We found that CpG-ODN-induced NFκB-dependent IL1α and IL1β expression was significantly attenuated by both calcium chelation and calcineurin inhibition, a finding mediated by inhibition of degradation of the NFκB inhibitory protein IκBβ. In contrast, calcium ionophore exposure increased CpG-induced IκBβ degradation and IL1α and IL1β expression. These results demonstrate that through its effect on IκBβ degradation, increased intracellular Ca2+ drives a pro-inflammatory TLR9-mediated innate immune response. These results have implications for the study of innate immune signalling downstream of mitochondrial stress and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn De Dios
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Leanna Nguyen
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sankar Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah McKenna
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Clyde J Wright
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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trans-Fatty acids facilitate DNA damage-induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial JNK-Sab-ROS positive feedback loop. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2743. [PMID: 32066809 PMCID: PMC7026443 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59636-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
trans-Fatty acids (TFAs) are unsaturated fatty acids that contain one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in trans configuration. Epidemiological evidence has linked TFA consumption with various disorders, including cardiovascular diseases. However, the underlying pathological mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we show a novel toxic mechanism of TFAs triggered by DNA damage. We found that elaidic acid (EA) and linoelaidic acid, major TFAs produced during industrial food manufacturing (so-called as industrial TFAs), but not their corresponding cis isomers, facilitated apoptosis induced by doxorubicin. Consistently, EA enhanced UV-induced embryonic lethality in C. elegans worms. The pro-apoptotic action of EA was blocked by knocking down Sab, a c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-interacting protein localizing at mitochondrial outer membrane, which mediates mutual amplification of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and JNK activation. EA enhanced doxorubicin-induced mitochondrial ROS generation and JNK activation, both of which were suppressed by Sab knockdown and pharmacological inhibition of either mitochondrial ROS generation, JNK, or Src-homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP1) as a Sab-associated protein. These results demonstrate that in response to DNA damage, TFAs drive the mitochondrial JNK-Sab-ROS positive feedback loop and ultimately apoptosis, which may provide insight into the common pathogenetic mechanisms of diverse TFA-related disorders.
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49
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Liotta EM, Kimberly WT. Cerebral edema and liver disease: Classic perspectives and contemporary hypotheses on mechanism. Neurosci Lett 2020; 721:134818. [PMID: 32035166 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver disease is a growing public health concern. Hepatic encephalopathy, the syndrome of brain dysfunction secondary to liver disease, is a frequent complication of both acute and chronic liver disease and cerebral edema (CE) is a key feature. While altered ammonia metabolism is a key contributor to hepatic encephalopathy and CE in liver disease, there is a growing appreciation that additional mechanisms contribute to CE. In this review we will begin by presenting three classic perspectives that form a foundation for a discussion of CE in liver disease: 1) CE is unique to acute liver failure, 2) CE in liver disease is only cytotoxic, and 3) CE in liver disease is primarily an osmotically mediated consequence of ammonia and glutamine metabolism. We will present each classic perspective along with more recent observations that call in to question that classic perspective. After highlighting these areas of debate, we will explore the leading contemporary mechanisms hypothesized to contribute to CE during liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Liotta
- Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, United States; Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Organ Transplantation, United States; Northwestern University Transplant Outcomes Research Collaboration, United States.
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Melatonin Attenuates Cardiac Reperfusion Stress by Improving OPA1-Related Mitochondrial Fusion in a Yap-Hippo Pathway-Dependent Manner. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2020; 73:27-39. [PMID: 30418242 PMCID: PMC6319588 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The role of OPA1-related mitochondrial fusion in cardiac reperfusion stress has remained elusive. The aim of our study is to explore whether melatonin alleviates cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury by modulating OPA1-related mitochondrial fusion. We found that melatonin reduced infarct area, sustained myocardial function, and suppressed cardiomyocyte death during cardiac reperfusion stress. Biological studies have revealed that IR-inhibited mitochondrial fusion was largely reversed by melatonin through upregulated OPA1 expression. Knocking down OPA1 abrogated the protective effects of melatonin on mitochondrial energy metabolism and mitochondrial apoptosis. In addition, we also found that melatonin modified OPA1 expression through the Yap–Hippo pathway; blockade of the Yap–Hippo pathway induced cardiomyocyte death and mitochondrial damage despite treatment with melatonin. Altogether, our data demonstrated that cardiac IR injury is closely associated with defective OPA1-related mitochondrial fusion. Melatonin supplementation enhances OPA1-related mitochondrial fusion by activating the Yap–Hippo pathway, ultimately reducing cardiac reperfusion stress.
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