ACSL4 deficiency confers protection against ferroptosis-mediated acute kidney injury

Ferroptosis: when metabolism meets cell death

We present here a comprehensive update on recent advancements in the field of ferroptosis, with a particular emphasis on its metabolic underpinnings and physiological impacts. After briefly introducing landmark studies that have helped to shape the concept of ferroptosis as a distinct form of cell death, we critically evaluate the key metabolic determinants involved in its regulation. These include the metabolism of essential trace elements such as selenium and iron; amino acids such as cyst(e)ine, methionine, glutamine/glutamate, and tryptophan; and carbohydrates, covering glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, the electron transport chain, and the pentose phosphate pathway. We also delve into the mevalonate pathway and subsequent cholesterol biosynthesis, including intermediate metabolites like dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, squalene, coenzyme Q (CoQ), vitamin K, and 7-dehydrocholesterol, as well as fatty acid and phospholipid metabolism, including the biosynthesis and remodeling of ester and ether phospholipids and lipid peroxidation. Next, we highlight major ferroptosis surveillance systems, specifically the cyst(e)ine/glutathione/glutathione peroxidase 4 axis, the NAD(P)H/ferroptosis suppressor protein 1/CoQ/vitamin K system, and the guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase 1/tetrahydrobiopterin/dihydrofolate reductase axis. We also discuss other potential anti- and proferroptotic systems, including glutathione S-transferase P1, peroxiredoxin 6, dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2, vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 like 1, nitric oxide, and acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4. Finally, we explore ferroptosis's physiological roles in aging, tumor suppression, and infection control, its pathological implications in tissue ischemia-reperfusion injury and neurodegeneration, and its potential therapeutic applications in cancer treatment. Existing drugs and compounds that may regulate ferroptosis in vivo are enumerated.

Targeting GPX4 alleviates ferroptosis and retards abdominal aortic aneurysm formation

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a potentially fatal cardiovascular disease, closely related to inflammation and loss of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent cell death associated with peroxidation of lipids. However, the direct role of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) itself determined ferroptosis in the course of AAA pathogenesis remains unknown. Here, we reported that ferroptosis was triggered in human AAA, elastase- and angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced mouse AAA, and Ang II-incubated VSMCs. Inhibition of ferroptosis via global genetic overexpression of GPX4, a critical anti-ferroptosis molecule, markedly prevented both vascular remodeling and inflammatory response. Mechanistically, GPX4 changed the migration and activation of macrophages/monocytes in AAA tissues in mice. Experiments in vitro demonstrated that overexpression of GPX4 prevented the JAK1/STAT3 signaling activation in VSMCs induced by IL-6, production of pro-inflammatory macrophages. Finally, the role of ferroptosis was confirmed on an Ang II-induced mice AAA model. These results emphasized the significance of ferroptosis in AAA, and provided novel insights that therapy focusing on GPX4 might be a promising strategy for treatment of AAA in the clinic.

Modulating HIF-1α/HIF-2α homeostasis with Shen-Qi-Huo-Xue formula alleviates tubular ferroptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in diabetic kidney disease

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the main types of chronic kidney disease, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients. Shen-Qi-Huo-Xue formula (SQHXF), based on the Shen-Qi-Di-Huang decoction, is a traditional Chinese medicine formula for DKD. This study explored the mechanism of action of SQHXF on DKD through analysis of drug components, in vivo and in vitro experiments.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of HIF-1α/HIF-2α homeostasis on ferroptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in renal tubular epithelial cells and the mechanism of action of SQHXF against DKD.

METHODS

The components of SQHXF were analyzed using UPLC-Q Exactive HF/MS. The effects of SQHXF on renal function, urinary proteins, glucose-lipid metabolism, hepatic function, renal tissue hypoxia, ferroptosis and EMT were analyzed following gavage of DKD model mice with different SQHXF doses. The effects of changes in HIF-1α and HIF-2α expression on ferroptosis and EMT, as well as the modulatory effects of SQHXF-containing serum, were assessed in vitro. The potential feedback mechanism of HIFs/ferroptosis/EMT was elucidated using HIF-1α knockdown and a ferroptosis inhibitor.

RESULTS

One-hundred and fifty compounds in SQHXF were tested for bloodstream entry. In vivo study showed that SQHXF was able to reduce creatinine, uric acid, fasting plasma glucose, 24-h urinary protein, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and aspartate aminotransferase levels, up-regulate HIF-1α, down-regulate HIF-2α, reduce ferroptosis, and alleviate renal fibrosis and EMT in tubular epithelial cells. HIF-1α/HIF-2α imbalance promoted ferroptosis and EMT in HK-2 cells, which was attenuated by SQHXF-containing serum. HIF-1α knockdown decreased HIF-2α expression and reduced ferroptosis and EMT. Inhibition of ferroptosis reduced EMT but failed to regulate HIF-1α and HIF-2α.

CONCLUSIONS

SQHXF alleviated ferroptosis and EMT, improved liver and kidney function, reduced proteinuria, and alleviated renal lesions by maintaining equilibrium between HIF-1α and HIF-2α.

Adipocyte-derived ferroptotic signaling mitigates obesity

Ferroptosis is characterized as an iron-dependent and lipophilic form of cell death. However, it remains unclear what role ferroptosis has in adipose tissue function and activity. Here, we find a lower ferroptotic signature in the adipose tissue of individuals and mice with obesity. We further find that activation of ferroptotic signaling by a non-lethal dose of ferroptosis agonists significantly reduces lipid accumulation in primary adipocytes and high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Notably, adipocyte-specific overexpression of acyl-coenzyme A synthetase long-chain family member 4 (Acsl4) or deletion of ferritin heavy chain (Fth) protects mice from HFD-induced adipose expansion and metabolic disorders via activation of ferroptotic signaling. Mechanistically, we find that 5,15-dihydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5,15-DiHETE) activates ferroptotic signaling, resulting in the degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1α), thereby derepressing a thermogenic program regulated by the c-Myc-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 beta (Pgc1β) pathway. Our findings suggest that activating ferroptosis signaling in adipose tissues might help to prevent and treat obesity and its related metabolic disorders.

Interplay between lipid dysregulation and ferroptosis in chondrocytes and the targeted therapy effect of metformin on osteoarthritis

INTRODUCTION

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a devastating whole-joint disease affecting a large population worldwide; the role of lipid dysregulation in OA and mechanisms underlying targeted therapy effect of lipid-lowering metformin on OA remains poorly defined.

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the effects of lipid dysregulation on OA progression and to explore lipid dysregulation-targeting OA treatment of metformin.

METHODS

RNA-Seq data, biochemical, and histochemical assays in human and murine OA cartilage as well as primary chondrocytes were utilized to determine lipid dysregulation. Effects of metformin, a potent lipid-lowering medication, on ACSL4 expression and chondrocyte metabolism were determined. Further molecular experiments, including RT-qPCR, western blotting, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence staining, were performed to investigate underlying mechanisms. Mice with intra-articular injection of metformin were utilized to determine the effects on ACLT-induced OA progression.

RESULTS

ACSL4 and 4-HNE expressions were elevated in human and ACLT-induced mouse OA cartilage and IL-1β-treated chondrocytes (P < 0.05). Ferrostatin-1 largely rescued IL-1β-induced MDA, lipid peroxidation, and ferroptotic mitochondrial morphology (P < 0.05). Metformin decreased the levels of OA-related genes (P < 0.05) and increased the levels of p-AMPK and p-ACC in IL-1β-treated chondrocytes. Intra-articular injection of metformin alleviated ACLT-induced OA lesions in mice, and reverted the percentage of chondrocytes positive for MMP13, Col2a1, ACSL4 and 4-HNE in ACLT mice (P < 0.05). Ferroptotic chondrocytes promoted the recruitment and chemotaxis of RAW264.7 cells via CCL2, which was blocked by metformin in vitro (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

We establish a critical role of polyunsaturated fatty acids metabolic process in OA cartilage degradation and define metformin as a potential OA treatment. Metformin reshapes lipid availability and ameliorates chondrocyte ferroptosis sensitivity via the AMPK/ACC pathway. In the future, gene-edited animals and extensive omics technologies will be utilized to reveal detailed lipids' involvement in cartilage lesions.

Exploring the potential active components and mechanisms of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum against ulcerative colitis based on network pharmacology in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic form of inflammatory bowel disease, which current treatments often show limited effectiveness. Ferroptosis, a newly recognized form of programmed cell death has been implicated in UC pathogenesis, suggesting that it may be viable therapeutic target. Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (TH) has shown potential anti-UC effects, though it is unclear whether its therapeutic benefits are mediated by ferroptosis.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study investigated the involvement of ferroptosis in the therapeutic effects of TH and identified key active components and pathways of TH against UC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The ethyl acetate extract of TH (TH_E) was found to be the most effective anti-inflammatory extract compared with the petroleum ether extract (TH_P), n-butanol extract (TH_N), and water-soluble extract (TH_W). TH_E's components were identified using UHPLC-MS/MS, ADME parameters, and network pharmacology. Additionally, TH_E's effects on ferroptosis were evaluated in an LPS-induced RAW264.7 cell model.

RESULTS

TH_E exhibited the strongest anti-inflammatory activity among four extracts. 10 compounds (Linolenic acid; Apigenin; Protocatechualdehyde; Asiatic acid; Quercetin; Isorhamnetin; Kaempferol; Azelaic acid; Oleic Acid; Palmitic acid) were selected from SwissADME database. Then a total of 281 targets for these 10 compounds and 1330 UC-related targets were identified from different database. Isorhamnetin was selected as the most promising anti-inflammatory component among 10 components. Furthermore, enrichment analysis revealed that ferroptosis was involved in UC development, with both TH_E and isorhamnetin exhibited inhibition of ferroptosis. Finally, isorhamnetin's anti-ferroptosis effects were linked to the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

The results demonstrate that TH_E and isorhamnetin alleviate LPS-induced UC through restraining ferroptosis. Moreover, isorhamnetin's anti-UC properties are mediated by inhibiting ferroptosis via activation of the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 axis.

Hybrid EMT Phenotype and Cell Membrane Tension Promote Colorectal Cancer Resistance to Ferroptosis

Intratumoral heterogeneity, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), is one major cause of therapeutic resistance. The induction of ferroptosis, an iron-dependent death, has the potential in overcoming this resistance to traditional treatment modalities. However, the roles of distinct EMT phenotypes in ferroptosis remain an enigma. This study reports that 3D soft fibrin microenvironment confers colorectal cancer (CRC) cells hybrid EMT phenotype and high level of resistance to ferroptosis. The activation of histone acetylation and WNT/β-catenin signaling drives this EMT phenotypic transition, which promotes the defense of 3D CRCs against ferroptosis via glutathione peroxidases/ferritin signaling axis. Unexpectedly, E-cadherin knockout in 3D but not 2D CRCs mediates an integrin β3 marked-late hybrid EMT state and further enhances the resistance to ferroptosis via integrin-mediated tension and mitochondrial reprogramming. The inhibition of integrin αvβ3-mediated tension and WNT/β-catenin-mediated hybrid EMT sensitizes 3D CRCs with and without E-cadherin deficiency to ferroptosis in vivo, respectively. Further, the EMT phenotype of patient-derived tumoroids is associated with CRC therapeutic resistance. In summary, this study uncovers previously unappreciated roles of hybrid EMT and cell membrane tension in ferroptosis, which not only predict the treatment efficacy but also potentiate the development of new ferroptosis-based targeted therapeutic strategies.

Colon-Targeted Hydrogel Microsphere System Encapsulating Oleic Acid-Emodin for Crohn's Disease Treatment via Ferroptosis Inhibition

Crohn's disease (CD) is a relapsing, systemic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the gastrointestinal tract and is often accompanied by extraintestinal manifestations and associated immune disorders. However, current pharmacological treatments for CD encounter several challenges, such as a lack of precise drug targeting and inadequate retention of drugs in the inflamed colon, along with low bioavailability. Herein, we utilized oleic acid (OA) as a solvent to enhance the bioavailability and solubility of emodin. Simultaneously, we encapsulated OA-emodin (OAE) into hydrogel microspheres (HMs) composed of hyaluronic acid (HA) and calcium alginate (CA) to develop a colon-targeted drug delivery system (HM@OAE) for CD therapy. The pH responsiveness of CA enabled HM@OAE to bypass the stomach and specifically target the colon, where it released OAE following oral administration. In addition, in vitro studies demonstrated that HM@OAE significantly reduced the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, decreased reactive oxygen species levels, and restrained ferroptosis by upregulating GPX4 and SLC7A11 expression while downregulating ACSL4 expression. Furthermore, to confirm these findings in a live organism, an in vivo study was conducted using a dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis mouse model. This study validated the therapeutic efficacy of HM@OAE, significantly alleviating colonic inflammation and restoring intestinal epithelial integrity. These results suggest that HM@OAE is a promising clinical candidate for CD treatment.

Gancao Xiexin decoction attenuated experimental colitis through suppressing ACSL4-mediated ferroptosis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The Gancao Xiexin decoction (GCXXD), comprising Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Makino, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Panax ginseng C.A.Mey. , Coptis chinensis Franch. , Ziziphus jujuba Mill. , represents a traditional Chinese medicinal formulation utilized for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). Nevertheless, the potential mechanism behind GCXXD treatment for UC is not yet fully elucidated.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal system distinguished by intestinal barrier destruction. Previous studies have indicated that excessive ferroptosis activation in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) can worsen damage and focal permeability abnormalities in the colon. One of the main mechanisms of ferroptosis is lipid peroxides, which are dependent on long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 4 (ACSL4) for the synthesis of membrane phospholipids. Recent research findings have provided evidence that GCXXD significantly reduces the symptoms of ulcerative colitis (UC) by preserving the intestinal mucosal barrier. So, we aim to demonstrate that the pharmacological mechanism of GCXXD is related to ferroptosis mediated by ACSL4 in this research.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this investigation, we evaluated the GSE134025 datasets and established an experimental colitis model caused by DSS and treated with a 20 mg/kg ACSL4 inhibitor (rosiglitazone). Colon pathological alterations and Alcian blue staining were used to confirm ACSL4 inhibition as a possible therapy for UC. We then examined illness symptoms, intestinal mucosa repair, and ferroptosis markers in UC mice after treated with GCXXD (9,12,15 g/kg). Transcriptome study of colon tissues revealed more about the underlying mechanism of GCXXD in the treatment of UC. Finally, we co-administered the ACSL4 upstream agonist with GCXXD in the treatment of UC to show that GCXXD reduced inflammation in UC by modifying ACSL4-induced ferroptosis.

RESULTS

Through GSE134025 dataset analysis, we discovered that ACSL4 was substantially expressed in UC patients and that its inhibitors successfully reduced the clinical signs and symptoms of UC colon. Furthermore, we found that GCXXD improved colon length and body weight while increasing the expression of mucin, occuldin, and Claudin-1. It also lowered colon inflammatory cell infiltration and levels of IL-1β and TNF-α. In the meantime, GCXXD efficiently decreased ferroptosis-related indicators in colitis mice, such as MDA, Fe2+, COX2, and ACSL4, while also upregulated GPX4 expression. Using KEGG analysis of the genes that were differently expressed between the 3% DSS and GCXXD treatment group, we were able to discover important connections between the hippo signaling pathway, Arachidonic acid metabolism with GCXXD treatment. Due to the fact that TEAD4 functions as an upstream transcription factor for ACSL4, we combined GCXXD and Py-60, a YAP agonist in the treatment of UC. It was worth noting that GCXXD's inhibitory effect of on intestinal mucosa damage and ferroptosis was lessened when the ACSL4 upstream pathway was activated.

CONCLUSION

Gancao Xiexin decoction attenuated ferroptosis in UC which might through TEAD4/ACSL4 pathway.

RND1 Induces Ferroptosis to Alleviate Inflammatory Response, Proliferation, Invasion, and Migration of Rheumatoid Synoviocytes

Background

Ferroptosis is involved in the occurrence and development of inflammatory arthritis. RND1 has been reported to possess pro-ferroptosis activity.

Objective

This study was designed to explore the role and the molecular mechanism of RND1 in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

DBA/1 mice were exposed to type II collagen immunization. The pathological damage of the knee joints of mice was observed with H&E staining and RND1 expression in synovial tissues was detected using Western blot. In vitro, Western blot was used to measure RND1, ferroptosis-, migration- and inflammation-related proteins. The cell proliferation, migration and invasion were detected using CCK-8 method, EdU staining, wound healing and transwell assays. The levels of inflammatory factors were detected with ELISA and RT-qPCR. Relative iron level, GSH and MDA concentrations were detected with corresponding assay kits. BODIPY 581/591 C11 kit measured lipid ROS. 4-HNE and GPX4 expression were detected using immunofluorescence assay.

Results

This study found that RND1 expression was reduced in the synovial tissues of RA mice and human fibroblast-like MH7A synoviocytes. It was also found that the upregulation of RND1 inhibited the proliferation, migration, invasion and inflammatory response in rheumatoid synovial cells via ferroptosis.

Conclusion

Collectively, RND1 exerted protective impacts on RA, which might be mediated by ferroptosis.

Ditan Decoction ameliorates vascular dementia-induced cognitive dysfunction through anti-ferroptosis via the HIF1α pathway: Integrating network pharmacology and experimental validation

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Vascular dementia (VaD) represents a frequently seen cognitive dysfunction syndrome and has ranks second among dementia subtypes following Alzheimer's disease. At present, Ditan Decoction (DTD), the traditional Chinese herbal prescription, is clinically applied in treating VaD. However, the material basis of its efficacy and therapeutic mechanism still remain unknown.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This experiment investigated the protection induced by DTD against VaD and the associated mechanism through network pharmacology, mass spectrometry analysis, and in vivo validation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We induced VaD in a rat model using bilateral common carotid artery ligation method (2-VO) and administered DTD at doses of 2.14, 4.28 and 8.55 g/kg, with Memantine (0.9 mg/kg) being the positive control. Following oral administration with DTD or Memantine for 4 weeks, behavioral tests were used for assessing cognitive function. H&E and Nissl staining was used for evaluating hippocampal pathology. TEM was used to visualize the ultrastructure of the hippocampal tissue. ELISA was carried out for measuring inflammatory factor levels in rat serum, and biochemical assays were employed to assess oxidative stress levels. Ferroptosis in the hippocampus was examined through analyzing corresponding biomarkers and protein expression. Additionally, HPLC-Q-Exactive-MS technology was employed for identifying DTD components, whereas network pharmacology was conducted for predicting DTD's targets for treating VaD. HIF1α expression levels were assessed by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. We also further validated whether the protective effects of DTD on VaD were mediated through the HIF1α-regulated ferroptosis signaling pathway by using an HIF1α inhibitor in rats.

RESULTS

DTD demonstrated protective effects against 2VO-induced hippocampal injury through alleviating oxidative stress, lowering systemic inflammation, while preventing ferroptosis of hippocampal tissue. As revealed by network pharmacology, DTD probably executes its function in VaD by activating HIF1α pathway. According to immunofluorescence and Western blotting, DTD activated HIF1α within hippocampal tissue. Furthermore, DTD's protection against VaD and ferroptosis was reversed when an HIF1α inhibitor was applied.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggested that DTD rescued cognitive dysfunction in VaD by inhibiting ferroptosis via activating HIF1α pathway.

FADS1 inhibition protects retinal pigment epithelium cells from ferroptosis in age related macular degeneration

PURPOSE

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss among the elderly individuals. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) ferroptosis is a significant pathogenetic component in AMD. This study aims to elucidate the role and mechanisms of fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) in ferroptosis as well as AMD progression.

METHODS

An integrated bioinformatics analysis based on the array of data from the GEO database was conducted to identify candidates involved in ferroptosis during AMD. Subsequently, cellular and mouse models of AMD were developed using sodium iodate (NaIO3) to confirm the altered expression of FADS1. After treatment with a FADS1 inhibitor, cell survival, lipid peroxidation, and indicators of AMD were assessed in vitro and in vivo models. Further, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and swept-source OCT imaging were performed to assess the impacts of pharmacological inhibition of transcription factor specificity protein 1 (Sp1) on FADS1 and ferroptosis.

RESULTS

FADS1 expression was upregulated in AMD patients and in vitro and in vivo models of AMD. Its pharmacological inhibition had decreased mitochondrial ROS formation, lipid peroxidation, and ferroptosis as well as increased RPE cell function in ARPE-19 cells and C57BL/6J mouse models of AMD. Mechanistically, Sp1 was identified as a key transcription factor of FADS1. Moreover, Sp1 inhibition downregulated FADS1 expression consequently attenuating FADS1-mediated ferroptosis as well as AMD phenotypes.

CONCLUSION

For the first time, we demonstrated that Sp1 regulates FADS1-mediated ferroptosis in RPE cells. Our findings provide novel insights into the progression and treatment of AMD.

Biomimetic mineralized mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes for dual modulation of ferroptosis and lactic acid-driven inflammation in acute liver injury therapy

Acute liver injury (ALI) is characterized by rapid and severe hepatocellular damage, leading to ferroptosis and an exacerbated inflammatory response. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-exo) have emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for ALI due to their ability to deliver antioxidants and stabilize solute carrier family 7 members 11 (SLC7A11)/glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) system. In this study, we developed a novel engineered exosome, MSC-exo/MnO2@DEX, by encapsulating the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone (DEX) within MSC-exo and modifying its surface with manganese dioxide (MnO2) via a bionano-mineralization approach. MnO2 exhibits multi-enzymatic activity, enabling efficient scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anions. When combined with MSC-exo, MnO2 not only reduces ROS levels and generates oxygen but also stabilizes the SLC7A11/GPX4 axis, thereby protecting hepatocytes from ferroptosis. Concurrently, DEX suppresses the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, inhibits macrophage M1 polarization, and alleviates hepatic inflammation. The oxygen produced by MnO2 catalysis further mitigates hypoxia, decreases lactic acid accumulation, and downregulates histone lactylation, synergizing with DEX to enhance NF-κB pathway inhibition and amplify anti-inflammatory effects. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that MSC-exo/MnO2@DEX significantly enhances antioxidant capacity, metabolic processes, and immune function, while improving liver function and suppressing ferroptosis, lactylation and inflammatory responses. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the therapeutic potential of MSC-exo/MnO2@DEX as an effective treatment for ALI.

Targeting Ferroptosis in Parkinson's: Repurposing Diabetes Drugs as a Promising Treatment

This review explores the promising potential of repurposing type 2 diabetes (T2D) medications for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD), highlighting the shared pathophysiological mechanisms between these two age-related conditions, such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ferroptosis. The overlap suggests that existing diabetes drugs could target the common pathways involved in both conditions. Specifically, the review discusses how T2D medications, including metformin (Met), peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) agonists, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, incretins, and dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, can improve mitochondrial function, reduce neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, and potentially inhibit ferroptosis. The connection between ferroptosis and existing treatments, including diabetes medication, are only beginning to be explored. The limited data can be attributed also to the complexity of mechanisms involved in ferroptosis and Parkinson's disease and to the fact that the specific role of ferroptosis in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis has not been a primary focus until recent. Despite the promising preclinical evidence, clinical findings are mixed, underscoring the need for further research to elucidate these drugs' roles in neurodegeneration. Repurposing existing diabetes medications that have well-established safety profiles for Parkinson's disease treatment could significantly reduce the time and cost associated with drug development and could offer a more comprehensive approach to managing Parkinson's disease compared to treatments targeting a single mechanism.

Inhibition of tubular epithelial cells ferroptosis alleviates renal interstitial fibrosis by reducing lipid hydroperoxides and TGF-β/Smad signaling

BACKGROUND

Ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic form of regulated cell death that involves an imbalance in the homeostasis of two elements: iron and lipid hydroperoxides. The accumulation of lipid hydroperoxide serves as a key trigger for initiating ferroptosis. Recent studies have identified ferroptosis as a critical pathophysiology contributing to kidney disease progression. However, the specific mechanisms underlying the role of ferroptosis in chronic kidney disease (CKD) have not been elucidated.

METHODS

Tubular epithelial cells (TECs) ferroptosis was evaluated in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) models and in TGF-β-treated HK-2 cells to explore the relationship between ferroptosis and fibrosis. Ferroptosis inhibitors (ferrostatin-1) and TECs-targeted glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) overexpression in vivo and in vitro were used to investigate the effect and mechanism of TECs ferroptosis on fibrosis progression.

RESULTS

Our findings indicate that ferroptosis is persistently activated during various states of the UUO model. As the results, ferroptosis was identified as a core facilitator of renal interstitial fibrosis in TECs during UUO. The reduction in TECs ferroptosis significantly ameliorated renal fibrosis and maintained the structure in the proximal tubules. Persistent activation of TECs ferroptosis effectively aggravated fibrosis progression through the TGF-β/Smad pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

Inhibiting ferroptosis effectively rescues the accumulation of profibrotic cytokines, thereby alleviating renal fibrosis. The profibrotic mechanism of ferroptosis is closely related to the TGF-β/Smad pathway, and targeting ferroptosis and increasing GPX4 expression could be an effective strategy for treating CKD.

Iron and ferroptosis in kidney disease: molecular and metabolic mechanisms

Maintaining iron homeostasis is necessary for kidney functioning. There is more and more research indicating that kidney disease is often caused by iron imbalance. Over the past decade, ferroptosis' role in mediating the development and progression of renal disorders, such as acute kidney injury (renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, drug-induced acute kidney injury, severe acute pancreatitis induced acute kidney injury and sepsis-associated acute kidney injury), chronic kidney disease (diabetic nephropathy, renal fibrosis, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease) and renal cell carcinoma, has come into focus. Thus, knowing kidney iron metabolism and ferroptosis regulation may enhance disease therapy. In this review, we discuss the metabolic and molecular mechanisms of iron signaling and ferroptosis in kidney disease. We also explore the possible targets of ferroptosis in the therapy of renal illness, as well as their existing limitations and future strategies.

O-GlcNAcylation attenuates ischemia-reperfusion-induced pulmonary epithelial cell ferroptosis via the Nrf2/G6PDH pathway

BACKGROUND

Lung ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common clinical pathology associated with high mortality. The pathophysiology of lung I/R injury involves ferroptosis and elevated protein O-GlcNAcylation levels, while the effect of O-GlcNAcylation on lung I/R injury remains unclear. This research aimed to explore the effect of O-GlcNAcylation on reducing ferroptosis in pulmonary epithelial cells caused by I/R.

RESULTS

First, we identified O-GlcNAc transferase 1 (Ogt1) as a differentially expressed gene in lung epithelial cells of acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) patients, using single-cell sequencing, and Gene Ontology analysis (GO analysis) revealed the enrichment of the ferroptosis process. We found a time-dependent dynamic alteration in lung O-GlcNAcylation during I/R injury. Proteomics analysis identified the differentially expressed proteins enriched in ferroptosis and multiple redox-related pathways based on KEGG annotation. Thus, we generated Ogt1-conditional knockout mice and found that Ogt1 deficiency aggravated ferroptosis, as evidenced by lipid reactive oxygen species (lipid ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), Fe2+, as well as alterations in critical protein expression glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) and solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11). Consistently, we found that elevated O-GlcNAcylation inhibited ferroptosis sensitivity in hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury-induced TC-1 cells via O-GlcNAcylated NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2). Furthermore, both the chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay and the dual-luciferase reporter assay indicated that Nrf2 could bind with translation start site (TSS) of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and promote its transcriptional activity. As an important rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), elevated G6PDH provided a mass of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) to improve the redox state of glutathione (GSH) and eventually led to ferroptosis resistance. Rescue experiments proved that Nrf2 knockdown or Nrf2-T334A (O-GlcNAcylation site) mutation abolished the protective effect of ferroptosis resistance.

CONCLUSIONS

In summary, we revealed that O-GlcNAcylation could protect against I/R lung injury by reducing ferroptosis sensitivity via the Nrf2/G6PDH pathway. Our work will provide a new basis for clinical therapeutic strategies for pulmonary ischemia-reperfusion-induced acute lung injury.

The role of ferroptosis in acute kidney injury: mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most common and severe clinical renal syndromes with high morbidity and mortality. Ferroptosis is a form of programmed cell death (PCD), is characterized by iron overload, reactive oxygen species accumulation, and lipid peroxidation. As ferroptosis has been increasingly studied in recent years, it is closely associated with the pathophysiological process of AKI and provides a target for the treatment of AKI. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the regulatory mechanisms of ferroptosis, summarizes its role in various AKI models, and explores its interaction with other forms of cell death, it also presents research on ferroptosis in AKI progression to other diseases. Additionally, the review highlights methods for detecting and assessing AKI through the lens of ferroptosis and describes potential inhibitors of ferroptosis for AKI treatment. Finally, the review presents a perspective on the future of clinical AKI treatment, aiming to stimulate further research on ferroptosis in AKI.

Puerarin Ameliorates the Ferroptosis in Diabetic Liver Injure Through the JAK2/STAT3 Pathway Inhibition Based on Network Pharmacology and Experimental Validation

Background

Diabetic liver injury (DLI) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), which seriously endangers the health of diabetic patients. Puerarin, the main active component of Pueraria lobata, has shown positive effects in lowering blood glucose and lipids, resisting oxidative stress, and protecting the liver. However, the mechanism of protective effect of Puerarin on DLI remains unclear.

Methods

Various databases were used to screen for targets of Puerarin, ferroptosis and DLI. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis were used to predict key targets and pathways. Molecular docking was used to predict the interactions between Puerarin and core targets. KK/Upj-Ay/J (KKAy) mice and high glucose (HG)-induced AML12 cells were used to study the protective effect of Puerarin on DLI. The molecular mechanisms by which Puerarin acts were further verified by in vivo and in vitro experiments.

Results

KEGG analysis indicated that the JAK/STAT pathway might be related to the anti-DLI effect of Puerarin. Molecular docking revealed that Puerarin has good affinity for JAK2 and STAT3. In vivo, Puerarin (80 mg/kg) reduced body weight, blood glucose, blood lipids and liver function in KKAy mice fed a high-sugar, high-fat diet. Puerarin also ameliorated hepatic pathological changes and inflammatory responses, and attenuated oxidative stress and iron overload in KKAy mice. Western blotting results showed that Puerarin could regulate the expression of proteins related to JAK2/STAT3 pathway and ferroptosis pathway. In vitro, Puerarin (25, 50, 100 μM) increased cell viability and decreased steatosis and liver function indexes in AML12 cells induced by HG (30 mm) to varying degrees. More importantly, AG490 blocker experiments showed that the regulation of ferroptosis process by Puerarin was dependent on the JAK2/STAT3 pathway.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this study revealed Puerarin may regulate the ferroptosis process by inhibiting the JAK2/STAT3 pathway for the treatment of DLI.

Activation of PAR1 contributes to ferroptosis of Schwann cells and inhibits regeneration of myelin sheath after sciatic nerve crush injury in rats via Hippo-YAP/ACSL4 pathway

OBJECTIVE

Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is characterized by high incidence and sequela rate. Recently, there was increasing evidence that has shown ferroptosis may impede functional recovery. Our objective is to explore the novel mechanism that regulates ferroptosis after PNI.

METHODS

LC-MS/MS proteomics was used to explore the possible differential signals, while PCR array was performed to investigate the differential factors. Besides, we also tried to activate or inhibit the key factors and then observe the level of ferroptosis. Regeneration of myelin sheath was finally examined in vivo via transmission electron microscopy.

RESULTS

Proteomics analysis suggested coagulation signal was activated after sciatic nerve crush injury, in which high expression of F2 (encoding thrombin) and F2r (encoding PAR1) were observed. Both thrombin and PAR1-targeted activator TRAP6 can induce ferroptosis in RSC96 cells, which can be rescued by Vorapaxar (PAR1 targeted inhibitor) in vitro. Further PCR array revealed that activation of PAR1 induced ferroptosis in RSC96 cells by increasing expression of YAP and ACSL4. Immunofluorescence of sciatic nerve confirmed that the expression of YAP and ACSL4 were simultaneously reduced after PAR1 inhibition, which may contribute to myelin regeneration after injury in SD rats.

CONCLUSION

Inhibition of PAR1 can relieve ferroptosis after sciatic nerve crush injury in SD rats through Hippo-YAP/ACSL4 pathway, thereby regulating myelin regeneration after injury. In summary, PAR1/Hippo-YAP/ACSL4 pathway may be a promising therapeutic target for promoting functional recovery post-sciatic crush injury.

Nuciferine protects hyperandrogen-injured ovarian granulosa cells by inhibiting ferroptosis via SOX2-mediated activation of the SLC7A11/GPX4 axis

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder that can cause menstrual irregularities, infertility, polycystic ovaries, and metabolic abnormalities. Female reproductive health and quality of life are significantly affected by PCOS, which has recently been associated with ferroptosis in granulosa cells (GCs). Nuciferine (NF) is a naturally extracted substance with multiple pharmacological activities, which is reported with anti-ferroptosis function. Herein, the influence of NF for androgen-induced ferroptosis in GCs was investigated to explore the potential value of NF on treating PCOS. 10 μM NF and 20 μM NF were employed for treating KGN cells according to cell viability results. KGN cells were treated with 10 μM dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) for 1 day, followed by introducing 10 μM NF and 20 μM NF for 24 h. Strikingly reduced cell viability, increased lactate dehydrogenase release and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, enhanced apoptosis, upregulated Bax, downregulated Bcl-2, restrained malondialdehyde contents, and declined superoxide dismutase activity were observed in DHEA-treated KGN cells, which were significantly reversed by NF. Significantly repressed GPX4, SLC7A11, and SOX2 levels, as well as increased ACSL4 levels and Fe2+ levels in DHEA-treated KGN cells, were notably rescued by NF. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of NF on ROS production and ferroptosis in DHEA-treated KGN cells was partially abrogated by silencing SOX2. Collectively, NF protected DHEA-injured ovarian GCs by inhibiting ferroptosis via upregulating SOX2.

An overview of GPX4-targeting TPDs for cancer therapy

Ferroptosis is a newly identified form of regulated, non-apoptotic cell death caused by iron-dependent phospholipid peroxidation. Glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) inactivation-induced ferroptosis is an efficient antitumor treatment. Currently, several GPX4 inhibitors have been identified. However, these inhibitors exhibit low selectivity and poor pharmacokinetic properties that preclude their clinical use. Targeted protein degradation (TPD) is an efficient strategy for discovering drugs and has unique advantages over target protein inhibition. Given GPX4's antitumor effects and the potential of TPD, researchers have explored GPX4-targeting TPDs, which outperform conventional inhibitors in several aspects, such as increased selectivity, strong anti-proliferative effects, overcoming drug resistance, and enhancing drug-like properties. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the progress in GPX4-targeting TPDs. In addition, we reviewed the changes and challenges related to the development of GPX4-targeting TPDs for cancer therapy.

Copper exposure induces neurotoxicity through ferroptosis in C. elegans

Copper, as a vital trace element and ubiquitous environmental pollutant, exhibits a positive correlation with the neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies have highlighted ferroptosis's significance in heavy metal-induced neurodegenerative diseases, yet its role in copper-related neurotoxicity remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of ferroptosis in copper-induced neurotoxicity. Previously, we established that copper induced motor behaviors inhibition and neuronal degeneration through oxidative stress in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). This study revealed that the behavior inhibition (head thrash, body bends, pumping frequency and defecation interval) and neuronal degeneration (GABAergic neurons and dopaminergic neurons) in copper-treated nematodes were reversed by the ferroptosis inhibitor Fer-1. Additionally, copper treatment increased the Fe2+ level and MDA content, and decreased GSH content, suggesting copper activated the ferroptosis in C. elegans. Furthermore, studies found that copper exposure altered the expression of ferroptosis-related genes gpx-1, ftn-1, and acs-17 in C. elegans. The results showed RNAi of gpx-1 and RNAi of ftn-1 significantly promoted Cu-induced neurotoxicity, while the RNAi of acs-17 appeared to rescue the Cu-induced ferroptosis and neurotoxicity. In conclusion, Cu might induce behavior inhibition and neuronal degeneration through ferroptosis in C. elegans. The findings of this study provided new insights in the mechanisms underlying Cu-induced neurotoxicity.

Electro-acupuncture Suppresses Ferroptosis to Alleviate Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Through KAT3B-Mediated Succinylation of ACSL4

Electro-acupuncture (EA) is identified as an effective therapeutic method for cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI), which is a combination of Chinese traditional acupuncture and modern electro-therapy. However, the downstream molecular mechanisms of EA in CIRI process remains largely unknown. The purpose of the present study is to unveil the therapeutic effect of EA on CIRI rat and its regulatory mechanisms. At first, we constructed middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rat models and then treated them with EA to observe the pathological changes. The results indicated that EA decreased the infarct volume (43.81 ± 3.34 vs 15.96 ± 2.22) and the neurological scores (3.33 ± 0.52 vs 1.67 ± 0.52) and suppressed the apoptosis in MCAO model rats. For ferroptosis analysis, EA decreased the Fe2 + (0.08 ± 0.01 vs 0.06 ± 0.01), MDA (36.61 ± 4.29 vs 21.72 ± 2.79), and LPS (5.25 ± 0.69 vs 2.89 ± 0.42) contents and increased the GSH (4.94 ± 1.04 vs 11.69 ± 1.88) content in MCAO model rats. We next detected whether succinylation mediated EA-treated I/R injury. According to immunoprecipitation and western blot analysis, EA treatment could lower both levels of succinylation and KAT3B in MCAO rats. Moreover, mechanism experiments unveiled that KAT3B promoted the succinylation of the ferroptosis-related protein ACSL4 at K661 site and thus stabilizing ACSL4. Finally, EA-treated MCAO rats were further injected with KAT3B expression vector. The results showed that KAT3B overexpression increased the infarct volume (31.44 ± 3.92 vs 7.94 ± 2.84) and the neurological scores (2.67 ± 0.51 vs 1.33 ± 0.51) and promoted the apoptosis in EA treated MCAO model rats. For ferroptosis analysis, KAT3B overexpression increased the Fe2 + (0.08 ± 0.01 vs 0.05 ± 0.01), MDA (29.24 ± 4.30 vs 22.06 ± 1.89), and LPO (5.07 ± 0.45 vs 2.88 ± 0.49) contents and decreased the GSH (7.86 ± 1.09 vs 11.06 ± 1.76) content in EA treated MCAO model rats. Collectively, our study demonstrates that EA plays a therapeutic role in CIRI through suppressing KAT3B-induced stabilization of ACSL4 to inhibit ferroptosis. These findings contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of EA and open new avenues for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies for CIRI.

Flammulina Velutipes polysaccharides ameliorate cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury in mice via regulation of gut microbiota and Ferroptosis pathway

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious clinical complication with high incidence. Polysaccharides extracted from Flammulina velutipes (FVPs) have been proven to possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The present study aimed to investigate the ameliorative effect and mechanism of FVPs on cisplatin (CDPP)-induced AKI. The results of our study revealed that FVPs improved CDPP-induced AKI in mice as indicated by decreasing serum creatinine and urea levels and down-regulating the mRNA expression of IL-6 and TNF-α. Moreover, FVPs modified the composition of gut microorganisms and increased the content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Additionally, kidney metabolomics analysis demonstrated enrichment of the ferroptosis metabolic pathway. Furthermore, FVPs suppressed ferroptosis as shown by increasing levels of GSH, GPX4, and SLC7A11, while reducing the arachidonic acid level. In conclusion, FVPs were confirmed to ameliorate CDPP-induced AKI in the present study. FVPs can modify the composition of the gut microbiota to promote the production of SCFAs, as well as modulate renal metabolism and inhibit ferroptosis.

Alliin mitigates the acute kidney injury by suppressing ferroptosis via regulating the Nrf2/GPX4 axis

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a clinical syndrome that is characterized by a sudden loss of kidney function, leading to severe metabolic disorders, multiple organ failure, and even death. Recent studies have strengthened the evidence for ferroptosis in AKI development. Alliin, a sulfur-containing amino acid with multiple pharmacological functions, was claimed with promising antioxidant and anti-inflammation effects in protecting organ damages. Herein, Alliin's potential in AKI treatment was investigated by exploring its impact on ferroptosis, providing a new strategy for clinical AKI treatments. Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) modeling was performed on rats, followed by treated with 7.5 and 15 mg/kg/day of alliin for 6 days. A declined survival rate, severe renal pathological changes, renal dysfunction, and enhanced inflammatory state were observed in CLP-treated rats, which were remarkably alleviated by alliin. Moreover, increased MDA levels, declined SOD activity, and downregulated Nrf2, GPX4, and xCT in CLP-treated rats were notably reversed by alliin. To explore potential mechanisms of alliin, NRK-52E cells were stimulated with 1 μg/mL LPS for 24 h, followed by culturing with 30 and 100 μM of alliin for 24 h. Reduced cell viability, enhanced apoptosis, increased ROS production, boosted MDA level, and declined SOD activity were observed in LPS-stimulated NRK-52E cells, accompanied by downregulated Nrf2, GPX4, and xCT, which were strikingly ameliorated by alliin. Additionally, the influence of alliin on cell viability, oxidative stress (OS), and ferroptosis in LPS-stimulated NRK-52E cells were markedly abolished by silencing Nrf2. Collectively, alliin mitigated AKI by suppressing ferroptosis via regulating the Nrf2/GPX4 axis.

Important molecular mechanisms in ferroptosis

Ferroptosis is a type of cell death that is caused by the oxidation of lipids and is dependent on the presence of iron. It was first characterized by Brent R. Stockwell in 2012, and since then, research in the field of ferroptosis has rapidly expanded. The process of ferroptosis-induced cell death is genetically, biochemically, and morphologically distinct from other forms of cellular death, such as apoptosis, necroptosis, and non-programmed cell death. Extensive research has been devoted to comprehending the intricate process of ferroptosis and the various factors that contribute to it. While the majority of these studies have focused on examining the effects of lipid metabolism and mitochondria on ferroptosis, recent findings have highlighted the significant involvement of signaling pathways and associated proteins, including Nrf2, P53, and YAP/TAZ, in this process. This review provides a concise summary of the crucial signaling pathways associated with ferroptosis based on relevant studies. It also elaborates on the drugs that have been employed in recent years to treat ferroptosis-related diseases by targeting the relevant signaling pathways. The established and potential therapeutic targets for ferroptosis-related diseases, such as cancer and ischemic heart disease, are systematically addressed.

Fabry Disease Podocytes Reveal Ferroptosis as a Potential Regulator of Cell Pathology

Introduction

Fabry disease (FD) results from pathogenic GLA variants, leading to a deficiency in lysosomal α-galactosidase A (α-Gal A) and accumulation of the sphingolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3). This leads to severe renal and cardiovascular complications, primarily affecting kidney podocytes. As a multisystemic disorder, FD initiates at the cellular level; however, the mechanism(s) underlying Gb3-induced cell dysfunction remain largely unknown. This study aimed to identify potential drivers of FD and explore the underlying cell pathology in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived podocytes from patients with FD.

Methods

iPSCs were derived from patients with FD with GLA c.851T>C or GLA c.1193_1196del variants and compared with controls or CRISPR-Cas9-corrected cell lines. iPSCs were differentiated into podocytes; and α-Gal A activity, Gb3 accumulation, and cell morphology were assessed. Label-free mass spectrometry identified the top, differentially expressed proteins which were validated by using western blot.

Results

Podocytes derived from patients with FD exhibited expression of podocyte-specific markers and morphological features of FD. Reduced α-Gal A activity was observed in FD iPSC-derived podocytes along with the accumulation of Gb3. Proteomic profiling revealed distinct proteomic signatures between control and iPSC-derived podocytes from a patient with FD, with apparent variations among FD lines, highlighting GLA variant-specific proteomic alterations. Notably, the ferroptosis-associated protein, arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase (ALOX15), was the most upregulated protein in FD podocytes and ferroptosis was the most enriched pathway. Western blot analysis confirmed the upregulation of ALOX15 in FD podocytes, with validation of other markers implicating ferroptosis in FD pathology.

Conclusion

These findings underscore the heterogeneity of FD and, for the first time, implicate ferroptosis as a potential common pathway driving its pathology.

Ethyl acetate fraction of Thesium chinense Turcz. alleviates chronic obstructive pulmonary disease through inhibition of ferroptosis mediated by activating Nrf2/SLC7A11/GPX4 axis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Thesium chinense Turcz., a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, displays good therapeutic efficiency against respiratory diseases (e.g. pneumonia, pharyngitis) in clinical applications, however, its effects on COPD and the mechanism of action are still unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aims to investigate the therapeutic effect of the ethyl acetate fraction of Thesium chinense Turcz. (TCEA) on COPD and reveal the underlying mechanism.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A cigarette smoke (CS)-induced mouse COPD model was established, and the efficacy of TCEA was evaluated using peripheral blood testing, HE and Masson staining, qRT-PCR and ELISA assays. TCEA was analyzed for chemical composition by LC-MS/MS and HPLC. Prediction of major signaling pathways and potential targets was performed by network pharmacology. The molecular mechanism of TCEA was explored by immunoblotting, immunofluorescence staining, flow cytometry, and ubiquitination assay. Finally, potential active small molecules in TCEA were identified by molecular virtual screening.

RESULTS

TCEA treatment significantly inhibited the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors and attenuated pathological emphysema. The main chemical constituents of TCEA were identified as flavonoids by UPLC-MS/MS. Network pharmacology analysis enriched the Nrf2 signaling pathway closely related to oxidative stress. Our results suggested that TCEA inhibited ferroptosis by activating Nrf2/SLC7A11/GPX4 axis and inhibiting lipid metabolism-related proteins, ACSL4, ALOX5 and COX2 in vivo and in vitro. Noteworthily, the beneficial impact of TCEA on regulation of SLC7A11 and GPX4 vanished after silencing Nrf2. Moreover, Nrf2 ubiquitination was inhibited by TCEA treatment. Finally, several flavonoids modulating Nrf2 were identified by molecular virtual screening.

CONCLUSIONS

TCEA significantly alleviated COPD progression by inhibiting ferroptosis primarily through activation of Nrf2/SLC7A11/GPX4 signaling. Flavonoids are the main active components that exert their effects. These findings shed light on the mechanism of action of TCEA and its potential active components, providing a feasible approach for the treatment of COPD.

Nanodrugs Targeting Key Factors of Ferroptosis Regulation for Enhanced Treatment of Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a globally prevalent degenerative joint disease. Recent studies highlight the role of ferroptosis in OA progression. Targeting ferroptosis regulation presents a promising therapeutic strategy for OA; however, current research primarily focuses on single targets associated with ferroptosis. In this study, a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive nanoparticle is developed by linking deferasirox (DEF) and pterostilbene (PTE) with thioketal and incorporating cerium ions (Ce), creating Ce@D&P nanoparticles (NPs), which offer multitarget regulation of ferroptosis. The characteristics of Ce@D&P NPs are evaluated and their therapeutic effects on IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes are verified. Results show that Ce@D&P NPs reduce ROS levels, mitigate inflammation, chelate iron to inhibit ferroptosis, and balance extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolism in chondrocytes. Mechanistically, transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses suggest that Ce@D&P NPs exerted their effects by regulating oxidative stress and lipid metabolism in chondrocytes. To better treat destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM)-induced OA in mice, Ce@D&P NPs via intra-articular injection are delivered. The results show that Ce@D&P NPs alleviate cartilage matrix damage and slow OA progression. Overall, the findings indicate that Ce@D&P NPs represent a promising multitarget drug delivery system, and Ce@D&P NPs may be an effective strategy for OA treatment.

Ferroptosis in kidney disease: a bibliometric analysis from 2012 to 2024

Background and aims

Ferroptosis, a novel concept of programmed cell death proposed in 2012, in kidney disease, has garnered significant attention based on evidence of abnormal iron deposition and lipid peroxidation damage in the kidney. Our study aim to examine the trends and future research directions in the field of ferroptosis in kidney disease, so as to further explore the target or treatment strategy for clinical treatment of kidney disease.

Material and Methods

A thorough survey using the Web of Science Core Collection, focusing on literature published between 2012 and 2024 examining the interaction between kidney disease and ferroptosis was conducted. VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and Biblioshiny were used for in-depth scientometric and visualized analyses.

Results

From 2012 to 2024, a total of 2,244 articles met the inclusion criteria for final analysis. The number of annual publications in this area of study showed a steady pattern at the beginning of the decade. The top 3 journals with the highest publication output were Renal Failure, Oxidative Medicine And Cellular Longevity, and Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. China and the United States had the highest number of publications. Central South University and Guangzhou Medical University as the most active and influential institutions. Documents and citation analysis suggested that Andreas Linkermann, Jolanta Malyszko, and Alberto Ortiz are active researchers, and the research by Scott J. Dixon and Jose Pedro Friedmann Angeli, as the most cited article, are more important drivers in the development of the field. Keywords associated with glutathione, lipid peroxidation, and nitric oxide had high frequency in the early studies. In recent years, however, there has been a shift towards biomarkers, inflammation and necrosis, which indicate current and future research directions in this area.

Conclusion

The global landscape of the ferroptosis research in kidney disease from 2012 to 2024 was presented. Basic research and mechanism exploration for renal fibrosis and chronic kidney disease may be a hot spot in the future.

Taohong siwu decoction ameliorates abnormal uterine bleeding via inhibiting ACSL4-mediated ferroptosis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Taohong Siwu Decoction (TSD) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription. It consists of six crude herbs, including Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch, Paeonia lactiflora Pall, Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort., Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, Cauthamus tinctorius L. It has been used to treat blood stasis syndrome in Chinese clinics for thousands of years. According to recent research, TSD may be useful in the management of abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). The aim of the present study is to investigate the possible mechanism of TSD on AUB after drug-induced incomplete abortion.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To investigate whether TSD could be effective in ameliorating AUB through inhibiting acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4)-mediated ferroptosis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

An incomplete medical aborting model was established and Ishikawa cell lines were utilized in vitro. The quantity of uterine bleeding was measured by alkaline hemoglobin photometry. Pathological results were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE). Mitochondrial morphology and function were measured by transmission electron microscopy. The related protein and mRNA were detected by western blot, the real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). We used knockdown and overexpression of ACSL4 to investigate the influence of ferroptosis in Ishikawa cells and the impact of TSD on ferroptosis.

RESULTS

TSD dramatically reduced the amount and duration of bleeding as well as the endometrial inflammation of AUB. TSD improved mitochondrial characteristics, decreased ACSL4 protein and mRNA levels. The ferroptosis marker glutathione (GSH) levels were increased, on the contrary, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and iron levels decreased when TSD intervened. TSD decreased levels of the inflammatory factors and the oxidative products.

CONCLUSION

TSD alleviated endometrial inflammation by inhibiting ACSL4-mediated ferroptosis and exerts a protective effect of AUB.

Melanin-Deferoxamine Nanoparticles Targeting Ferroptosis Mitigate Acute Kidney Injury via RONS Scavenging and Iron Ion Chelation

Rhabdomyolysis (RM)-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) involves the release of large amounts of iron ions from excess myoglobin in the kidneys, which mediates the overproduction of reactive species with the onset of iron overload via the Fenton reaction, thus inducing ferroptosis and leading to renal dysfunction. Unfortunately, there are no effective treatments for AKI other than supportive care. Herein, we developed a multifunctional nanoplatform (MPD) by covalently bonding melanin nanoparticles (MP NPs) to deferoxamine. The nanoplatform has good dispersion and physiological stability, excellent chelating performance to iron ions, and broad-spectrum reactive species scavenging activity. Furthermore, cellular experiments showed that the NPs possessed high biocompatibility, antiapoptotic activity, antioxidant properties, and strong scavenging capacity of Fe2+ to mitigate iron overload, protecting the intracellular mitochondria from oxidative stress. Meanwhile, the intrinsic photoacoustic imaging capability of melanin allows the real-time monitoring of MPD NPs' target uptake and metabolic behavior in healthy and AKI mice. Most importantly, MPD NPs led to downregulation of the antioxidant pathway by targeting ferroptosis, thus effectively rescuing renal function in vivo, mitigating oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, and inhibiting renal tubular cell apoptosis. The nanoplatform offers a novel therapeutic strategy for RM-induced AKI.

Circadian Clock Gene Bmal1: A Molecular Bridge from AKI to CKD

Acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) represent two frequently observed clinical conditions. AKI is characterized by an abrupt decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), generally associated with elevated serum creatinine (sCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and electrolyte imbalances. This condition usually persists for approximately a week, causing a transient reduction in kidney function. If these abnormalities continue beyond 90 days, the condition is redefined as chronic kidney disease (CKD) or may advance to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Recent research increasingly indicates that maladaptive repair mechanisms after AKI significantly contribute to the development of CKD. Thus, implementing early interventions to halt the progression from AKI to CKD has the potential to markedly improve patient outcomes. Although considerable research has been conducted, the exact mechanisms linking AKI to CKD are complex, and effective treatments remain limited. Kidney function is influenced by circadian rhythms, with the circadian gene Bmal1 being vital in managing these cycles. Recent research indicates that Bmal1 is significantly involved in the progression of both AKI and CKD. In this study, we conducted a retrospective analysis of Bmal1's role in AKI and CKD, reviewed recent research advancements, and investigated how Bmal1 influences the pathological mechanisms underlying the progression from AKI to CKD. Additionally, we highlighted gaps in the existing research and examined the potential of Bmal1 as a therapeutic target in kidney disease management. This work aims to provide meaningful insights for future studies on the role of the circadian gene Bmal1 in the transition from AKI to CKD, with the goal of identifying therapeutic approaches to mitigate kidney disease progression.

RNA-binding protein DAZAP1 accelerates the advancement of pancreatic cancer by inhibiting ferroptosis

BACKGROUND

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis due to its late-stage diagnosis and limited treatment options.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying PC progression and identify potential molecular targets for its diagnosis and treatment.

METHODS

DAZAP1 expression in PC tissues, normal tissues and cell lines was assessed using immunohistochemistry (IHC), reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blotting. DAZAP1 knockdown was achieved through plasmid transfection, and its effects on ferroptosis and PC progression were evaluated using RT-qPCR, western blotting, CCK-8 assays, EdU staining, Fe2+ content measurement, reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection, wound healing and Transwell migration assays.

RESULTS

DAZAP1 expression was significantly upregulated in PC tissues and cell lines compared to normal counterparts. DAZAP1 knockdown suppressed PC cell proliferation and induced ferroptosis, while ferroptosis inhibition reversed these effects, enhancing PC cell proliferation and metastasis.

CONCLUSIONS

DAZAP1 suppression promotes ferroptosis, thereby inhibiting PC cell proliferation and metastasis. These findings suggest that DAZAP1 is a potential therapeutic target for PC.

Persistent Ferroptosis Modulates Cardiac Remodeling and M2 Macrophage Polarization, Which Can be Mitigated by Astaxanthin During Myocardial Infarction Recovery

The role of ferroptosis, an iron-dependent lipid peroxidation regulated cell death pathway, remains obscure during myocardial infarction (MI) recovery. Our study aims to clarify ferroptosis' function in post-MI cardiac recovery, explore the consequences of iron overload and ferroptosis for myocardial remodeling, and assess the effects of Liproxstatin-1 (Lipro-1) treatment on macrophage functionality. Moreover, we examine the potential of Astaxanthin (ASTX), recognized for its antioxidative properties, to mitigate ferroptosis during MI recovery and its subsequent ramifications for myocardial remodeling. Our results demonstrate persistent ferroptosis during MI recovery, marked by decreased Glutathione Peroxidase 4 and increased Acyl-CoA Synthetase Long-Chain Family Member 4 (ACSL4) and Ferroportin 1 alongside elevated lipid peroxidation and iron levels up to D21. We identified a significant correlation between ferroptosis and macrophage activity, noted by the increase in macrophage populations co-expressing GPX4 and ACSL4 markers in the peri-infarct area by D21. Liproxstatin-1 treatment reduced macrophage (CD68 +) counts, promoted M2 polarization decreased inflammation, and improved cardiac function. Myocardial remodeling was improved in Lipro-1-treated rats, as shown by decreased fibrosis and reduced levels of α-SMA, Collagen I, and Collagen III proteins. ASTX treatment also exhibited an inhibiting effect on ferroptosis indicators, and encouraged M2 macrophage polarization, reduced inflammation, and enhanced both cardiac function and myocardial remodeling, mirroring the beneficial effects observed with Lipro-1. In summary, the interactions between ferroptosis, macrophage polarization, and myocardial remodeling are crucial for cardiac function improvement post-MI. Lipro-1 and ASTX emerge as promising therapeutic agents by modulating post-MI ferroptosis and related immune responses.

Silver-quercetin-loaded honeycomb-like Ti-based interface combats infection-triggered excessive inflammation via specific bactericidal and macrophage reprogramming

Excessive inflammation caused by bacterial infection is the primary cause of implant failure. Antibiotic treatment often fails to prevent peri-implant infection and may induce unexpected drug resistance. Herein, a non-antibiotic strategy based on the synergy of silver ion release and macrophage reprogramming is proposed for preventing infection and bacteria-induced inflammation suppression by the organic-inorganic hybridization of silver nanoparticle (AgNP) and quercetin (Que) into a polydopamine (PDA)-based coating on the 3D framework of porous titanium (SQPdFT). Once the planktonic bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus) reach the surface of SQPdFT, released Que disrupts the bacterial membrane. Then, AgNP can penetrate the invading bacterium and kill them, which further inhibits the biofilm formation. Simultaneously, released Que can regulate macrophage polarization homeostasis via the peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors gamma (PPARγ)-mediated nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) pathway, thereby terminating excessive inflammatory responses. These advantages facilitate the adhesion and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), concomitantly suppressing osteoclast maturation, and eventually conferring superior mechanical stability to SQPdFT within the medullary cavity. In summary, owing to its excellent antibacterial effect, immune remodeling function, and pro-osteointegration ability, SQPdFT is a promising protective coating for titanium-based implants used in orthopedic replacement surgery.

Molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury Investigated via bioinformatics analysis and animal experiments

Kidney transplantation is a pivotal treatment for end-stage renal disease. However, renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) during surgery significantly impacts graft function. Despite unclear molecular mechanisms, no specific therapies or preventative measures are available. Gene expression profiles from renal biopsies before and after IRI were downloaded from public databases. Differentially expressed genes were identified using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test and weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Ferroptosis-associated genes were screened using the FerrDb database. The genes with the highest connectivity were identified via the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and upstream regulatory miRNAs were found through the gene-miRNA network. A mouse renal IRI model was constructed for transcriptome sequencing and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) validation to elucidate the relationship between key ferroptosis genes and regulatory miRNAs in renal IRI. Differential analysis identified 15 ferroptosis-associated genes (TNFAIP3, IL6, KLF2, EGR1, JUN, ZFP36, GDF15, CDKN1A, HSPB1, BRD2, PDK4, DUSP1, SLC2A3, DDIT3, and CXCL2) involved in renal IRI regulation. In animal experiments, ferroptosis-related genes were also upregulated in the model group. Enrichment analysis and hematoxylin-eosin pathological staining suggested these genes are primarily involved in renal inflammatory responses. PPI network analysis revealed IL6 as the gene with the highest connectivity, and the gene-miRNA network indicated IL6 might be regulated by miR-let-7a. Animal experiments revealed decreased miR-let-7a and increased IL6 levels in the model group, identifying potential therapeutic targets. MiR-let-7a regulates ferroptosis in renal IRI by targeting IL6, highlighting IL6 as a crucial gene in the ferroptosis process of renal IRI.

Luteolin alleviated calcium oxalate crystal induced kidney injury by inhibiting Nr4a1-mediated ferroptosis

BACKGROUND

The global incidence of calcium oxalate (CaOx) kidney stones is rising, and effective treatments remain limited. Luteolin (Lut), a naturally flavonoid present in several plants, is recognized for its anti-inflammatory, anti-injury, and neuroprotective effects. However, its effects on CaOx kidney stone formation and the associated kidney damage are still unknown.

OBJECTIVE

Our study seeks to explore the therapeutic impact of Lut on kidney injury and renal fibrosis caused by CaOx crystal and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

CaOx stone models were established in mice via intraperitoneal injection of glyoxylate (Gly, 100 mg/kg) for 12 days. Lut (50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally 7 days before and with the period of Gly treatment. Kidney function and histopathology changes in renal tissues were assessed. RNA sequencing was used to explore potential mechanisms between the model and Lut treatment groups. Molecular docking simulations evaluated the interaction between Lut and the downstream target Nr4a1. Moreover, Nr4a1 knockout mice and knockdown plasmids were used to validate the mechanism of Lut in the treatment of CaOx crystal-induced kidney injury.

RESULTS

Lut significantly mitigated kidney injury and renal fibrosis induced by CaOx crystal, as evidenced by improved kidney function, histopathology staining and Western blot analysis. Lut treatment also significantly inhibited lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial injury. In vitro experiments further demonstrated that Lut treatment alleviated injury and fibrosis in HK-2 cells. Mechanistically, RNA sequencing and molecular docking simulations indicated that Lut binds to Nr4a1 to regulate ferroptosis, thereby alleviating kidney injury induced by CaOx crystal. Overexpression of Nr4a1 negated Lut's beneficial effects, whereas Nr4a1 knockout exhibited a protective effect against kidney injury.

CONCLUSION

Lut exerts its protective effects by inhibiting ferroptosis via targeting Nr4a1-Slc7a11-GPX4 pathway, alleviating kidney injury and renal fibrosis caused by CaOx crystal deposition.

Role of PCBP2 in regulating nanovesicles loaded with curcumin to mitigate neuroferroptosis in neural damage caused by heat stroke

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to elucidate the mechanisms by which nanovesicles (NVs) transport curcumin(CUR) across the blood-brain barrier to treat hypothalamic neural damage induced by heat stroke by regulating the expression of poly(c)-binding protein 2 (PCBP2).

METHODS

Initially, NVs were prepared from macrophages using a continuous extrusion method. Subsequently, CUR was loaded into NVs using sonication, yielding engineered cell membrane Nanovesicles loaded with curcumin (NVs-CUR), which were characterized and subjected to in vitro and in vivo tracking analysis. Evaluations included assessing the toxicity of NVs-CUR using the MTT assay, evaluating neuroprotection of NVs-CUR against H2O2-induced oxidative stress damage in PC12 cells, examining effects on cell morphology and quantity, and detecting ferroptosis-related markers through Western blot and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Proteomic analysis was conducted on PC12 cells treated with NVs (n = 3) and NVs-CUR (n = 3) to identify downstream key factors. Subsequently, the expression of key factors was modulated, and rescue experiments were performed to validate the impact of NVs-CUR through the regulation of key factor expression. Furthermore, a mouse model of hypothalamic neural damage induced by heat stroke was established, where CUR, NVs-CUR, and ferroptosis inducer Erastin were administered to observe mouse survival rates, conduct nerve function deficit scoring, perform histological staining, and measure levels of inflammation and oxidative stress factors in hypothalamic tissue.

RESULTS

NVs-CUR was successfully prepared with excellent stability, serving as an advantageous drug delivery system that effectively targets brain injury sites or neurons both in vitro and in vivo. Subsequent in vitro cell experiments demonstrated the biocompatibility of NVs-CUR, showing superior protective effects against H2O2-induced PC12 cell damage and reduced ferroptosis compared to CUR. Moreover, in the mouse model of hypothalamic neural damage induced by heat stroke, NVs-CUR exhibited enhanced therapeutic effects. Proteomic analysis revealed that NVs-CUR exerted its effects through the regulation of key protein PCBP2; silencing PCBP2 reversed the protective effect of NVs-CUR on neural damage and its inhibition of ferroptosis. Additionally, NVs-CUR regulated solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) expression by PCBP2; overexpression of SLC7A11 reversed the promotion of neural damage and ferroptosis by silencing PCBP2. Animal experiments indicated that ferroptosis inducers reversed the improved survival and nerve function observed with NVs-CUR, silencing PCBP2 reversed the ameliorative effects of NVs-CUR on hypothalamic neural injury induced by heat stroke, and overexpression of SLC7A11 further reversed the adverse effects of silencing PCBP2 on hypothalamic neural injury induced by heat stroke. This suggests that NVs-CUR alleviates hypothalamic neural damage induced by heat stroke by targeting the PCBP2/SLC7A11 axis to reduce neuronal ferroptosis.

CONCLUSION

This study successfully developed engineered cell membrane NVs-CUR with neuron-targeting properties. NVs-CUR increased the expression of PCBP2, maintained the stability of SLC7A11 mRNA, reduced ferroptosis, and ultimately alleviated hypothalamic neuroinflammation induced by heatstroke.

Unraveling Ferroptosis: A New Frontier in Combating Renal Fibrosis and CKD Progression

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health concern caused by conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and chronic nephritis, leading to structural and functional kidney injury. Kidney fibrosis is a common outcome of CKD progression, with abnormal fatty acid oxidation (FAO) disrupting renal energy homeostasis and leading to functional impairments. This results in maladaptive repair mechanisms and the secretion of profibrotic factors, and exacerbates renal fibrosis. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of renal fibrosis is crucial for delaying CKD progression. Ferroptosis is a type of discovered an iron-dependent lipid peroxidation-regulated cell death. Notably, Ferroptosis contributes to tissue and organ fibrosis, which is correlated with the degree of renal fibrosis. This study aims to clarify the complex mechanisms of ferroptosis in renal parenchymal cells and explore how ferroptosis intervention may help alleviate renal fibrosis, particularly by addressing the gap in CKD mechanisms related to abnormal lipid metabolism under the ferroptosis context. The goal is to provide a new theoretical basis for clinically delaying CKD progression.

NDUFS3 alleviates oxidative stress and ferroptosis in sepsis induced acute kidney injury through AMPK pathway

In recent years, ferroptosis has been found to play an important role in various acute kidney injury (AKI). However, relatively little research has been conducted on sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (SI-AKI). As an important trigger of ferroptosis, how mitochondrial damage plays a regulatory role in SI-AKI is still unclear. To explore the potential relationship between mitochondria and ferroptosis, we established a SI-AKI rat model by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Transcriptome sequencing was used to detect changes in gene transcription levels in the control group, LPS 3 h group, LPS 6 h group and LPS 12 h group. The severity of kidney injury was determined based on serum creatinine (CRE), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), tissue HE staining, TUNEL staining and inflammatory factor levels. Cytoscape software was utilized to screen several mitochondria-related HUB genes, and NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] ferrithionein 3 (NDUFS3) was selected for subsequent validation due to its novelty and feasibility. qRT-PCR, Western blot was employed to evaluate the expression of NDUFS3 in kidney tissues. GO enrichment analysis revealed that up-regulated genes in the LPS 12 h group were enriched in several cell death terms while down-regulated genes were enriched in lipid metabolic process and oxidation-reduction progress terms. Furthermore, Western blot, IHC, MDA, GSH and iron content levels were used to assess ferroptosis in the kidney tissue of the SI-AKI rats, dihydroethidium (DHE) assay and ATP kit were used to assess mitochondrial ROS levels and mitochondrial function. To further validate the function of NDUFS3, we constructed overexpression rats using hydrodynamic method by tail vein injection of pc DNA3.1-NDUFS3 overexpression plasmid. we utilized LPS to stimulate HK-2 cells and establish an in vitro model. We then overexpressed NDUFS3 using pcDNA 3.1. The overexpression of NDUFS3 was found to inhibit LPS-induced ferroptosis and mitochondrial damage in HK-2 cells, as evidenced by Western blot, MDA, GSH, divalent iron, ROS levels, Mitosox red, ATP content and transmission electron microscopy. Finally, the use of Compound C to inhibit AMPK in HK-2 cells demonstrated that NDUFS3 plays a protective role through the AMPK pathway. Therefore, our study supports the emerging role of NDUFS3 in SI-AKI, providing new potential mitochondria-related targets for the treatment of SI-AKI.

The bach1/G9a/Slc7a11 axis epigenetically promotes renal fibrosis by mediated ferroptosis

A high percentage of individuals with renal fibrosis are susceptible to developing chronic kidney disease (CKD), and conventional therapy fails to halt the progression of renal fibrosis and CKD. Here, we assessed the potential functions of G9a in a unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced renal fibrosis mouse model. The expression of G9a was significantly increased in the fibrotic kidneys of patients and mice. G9a knockout inhibited inflammatory cytokine production and collagen deposition in mice, whereas its overexpression aggravated renal fibrosis in mice. In vitro, the knockdown of G9a alleviated the production of inflammatory cytokines and renal fibrosis. G9a, a histone methyltransferase, interacts with transcription factor Bach1 and activates ferroptosis by suppressing the transcription of Slc7a11 via dimethylation of histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9me2) both in vivo and in vitro. Collectively, our findings indicate that G9a could be an attractive therapeutic target for renal fibrosis.

YTHDF2 influences hepatic fibrosis by regulating ferroptosis in hepatic stellate cells by mediating the expression of ACSL4 in an m 6A-dependent manner

Hepatic fibrosis (HF) is an abnormal reparative response of the liver to chronic injury and is histologically reversible. In recent years, increasing interest has been given to changes in m 6A in liver disease. In this study, we explore the role of the m 6A-modified reading protein YTHDF2 in HF and its regulatory mechanism. The HF mouse model is generated through CCl 4 injection, and the cell model is via TGF-β stimulation. The liver tissues are subjected to hematoxylin-eosin, Masson, and α-SMA immunohistochemical staining. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and iron levels are examined via relevant kits. Quantitative real-time PCR, immunofluorescence staining, and western blot analysis were conducted to measure the YTHDF2 and ACSL4 levels. RNA immunoprecipitation, methylated RNA immunoprecipitation, RNA pull-down, and polysome fractionation were performed to understand the regulatory mechanism by which YTHDF2 affects ACSL4. The results show that YTHDF2 is highly expressed after HF induction, and the inhibition of YTHDF2 reduces fibrosis as well as ROS and iron levels. In vitro, overexpression of YTHDF2 increases hepatic stellate cell activation, as well as ROS and iron levels, and this effect is blocked by the silencing of ACSL4. YTHDF2 acts as a regulator of ACSL4 expression and is involved in m 6A modification. In addition, in vivo experiments indicate that overexpression of ACSL4 reverses the attenuating effect of YTHDF2 interference on HFs. Therefore, YTHDF2 mediates the expression of the ferroptosis marker protein ACSL4 in an m 6A-dependent manner, thereby affecting HF.

FA-PEG Modified ZIF(Mn) Nanoparticles Loaded with Baicalin for Imaging-Guided Treatment of Melanoma in Mice

Background

Melanoma is an aggressive skin tumor with limited therapeutic options due to rapid proliferation, early metastasis, and poor prognosis. Baicalin (BA), a natural flavonoid, shows promise in inducing ferroptosis and apoptosis but faces challenges of poor solubility and bioavailability. To address these issues, we developed a multifunctional drug delivery system: manganese-doped ZIF-8 nanoparticles (ZIF(Mn)) loaded with BA and modified with folic acid (FA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). FA targets melanoma cells by exploiting folate receptor overexpression, while PEG enhances biocompatibility and systemic circulation. Manganese enables magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for real-time, non-invasive therapy monitoring.

Methods

BA-loaded ZIF(Mn)/FA-PEG nanoparticles were synthesized via a one-pot method, enabling drug encapsulation, Mn²+ incorporation, and surface modification. The nanoparticles were comprehensively characterized (particle size, Zeta potential, FTIR, and XRD). Cytotoxicity and cellular uptake were evaluated in B16-F10 melanoma cells, and in vivo experiments in C57BL/6J mice investigated MR imaging capability, antitumor efficacy, and biosafety.

Results

BA@ZIF(Mn)/FA-PEG nanoparticles demonstrated excellent stability, a BA loading capacity of 33.50 ± 0.04%, and pH-responsive release, with accelerated drug release under acidic tumor conditions. Mn²+ provided strong T1-weighted MR imaging contrast. Cellular and animal studies showed enhanced uptake, reduced premature drug release, and improved compatibility. Mechanistically, the nanoparticles induced significant ferroptosis and apoptosis in melanoma cells, leading to potent antitumor effects.

Conclusion

The BA@ZIF(Mn)/FA-PEG nanoplatform effectively integrates targeted delivery, imaging guidance, and dual ferroptosis-apoptosis induction, offering a promising strategy for improving melanoma treatment outcomes.

Ferroptosis and its role in osteoarthritis: mechanisms, biomarkers, and therapeutic perspectives

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide, characterized by a complex pathological process involving cartilage degradation, synovial inflammation, and subchondral bone remodeling. In recent years, ferroptosis, a form of programmed cell death driven by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, has been recognized as playing a critical role in the onset and progression of OA. Investigating the molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis and its involvement in OA may offer novel strategies for diagnosing and treating this disease. This review first outlines the core mechanisms of ferroptosis, with a particular focus on the roles of critical molecules such as Glutathione Peroxidase 4 (GPX4), Transferrin Receptor 1 (TfR1), and Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 4 (NCOA4). Subsequently, this study examines the specific impacts of ferroptosis on the pathophysiology of OA. Building on this, the potential of ferroptosis-related biomarkers for OA diagnosis and treatment is highlighted, along with proposed therapeutic strategies targeting ferroptosis regulation. This review aims to deepen the understanding of ferroptosis mechanisms and advance the clinical application of regulatory therapies for OA.

Ciprofol Ameliorates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting Ferroptosis Through Upregulating HIF-1α

Purpose

Ciprofol is a novel intravenous anesthetic that has been increasingly used in clinical anesthesia and sedation. Studies suggested that ciprofol reduced oxidative stress and inflammatory responses to alleviate cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, but whether ciprofol protects the heart against I/R injury and the mechanisms are unknown. Herein, we assessed the effects of ciprofol on ferroptosis during myocardial I/R injury.

Methods

Experimental models of myocardial I/R injury in mice (ischemia for 30 min and reperfusion for 24 h) and hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury in H9c2 cardiomyocytes (hypoxia for 6 h followed by 6 h of reoxygenation) were established. Ciprofol was used prior to ischemia or hypoxia. Echocardiography, myocardial TTC staining, HE staining, DAB-enhanced Perl's staining, transmission electron microscopy, FerroOrange staining, Liperfluo staining, JC-1 staining, Rhodamine-123 staining, DCFH-DA staining, and Western blot were performed. Cell viability, serum cardiac enzymes, and oxidative- and ferroptosis-related biomarkers were measured. HIF-1α siRNA transfection and the specific inhibitor BAY87-2243 were utilized for mechanistic investigation.

Results

Ciprofol treatment reduced myocardial infarct area and myocardium damage, alleviated oxidative stress and mitochondrial injury, suppressed Fe2+ accumulation and ferroptosis, and improved cardiac function in mice with myocardial I/R injury. Ciprofol also increased cell viability, attenuated mitochondrial damage, and reduced intracellular Fe2+ and lipid peroxidation in cardiomyocytes with H/R injury. Ciprofol enhanced the protein expression of HIF-1α and GPX4 and reduced the expression of ACSL4. Specifically, the protective effects of ciprofol against I/R or H/R injury were abolished by downregulating the expression of HIF-1α using siRNA transfection or the inhibitor BAY87-2243.

Conclusion

Ciprofol ameliorated myocardial I/R injury in mice and H/R injury in cardiomyocytes by inhibiting ferroptosis via the upregulation of HIF-1α expression.

Deciphering ferroptosis in critical care: mechanisms, consequences, and therapeutic opportunities

Ischemia-reperfusion injuries (IRI) across various organs and tissues, along with sepsis, significantly contribute to the progression of critical illnesses. These conditions disrupt the balance of inflammatory mediators and signaling pathways, resulting in impaired physiological functions in human tissues and organs. Ferroptosis, a distinct form of programmed cell death, plays a pivotal role in regulating tissue damage and modulating inflammatory responses, thereby influencing the onset and progression of severe illnesses. Recent studies highlight that pharmacological agents targeting ferroptosis-related proteins can effectively mitigate oxidative stress caused by IRI in multiple organs, alleviating associated symptoms. This manuscript delves into the mechanisms and signaling pathways underlying ferroptosis, its role in critical illnesses, and its therapeutic potential in mitigating disease progression. We aim to offer a novel perspective for advancing clinical treatments for critical illnesses.

Esketamine alleviates ferroptosis-mediated acute lung injury by modulating the HIF-1α/HO-1 pathway

BACKGROUND

Alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) ferroptosis contributes to the progression of acute lung injury (ALI). Esketamine (ESK) is a new clinical sedative, anesthetic, and analgesic drug that has attracted substantial attention in mental health research because of its antidepressant effects. However, the effects of ESK on ferroptosis-mediated ALI remain unclear.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to explore the protective effect of ESK on AEC ferroptosis in ALI and its potential molecular mechanism in vivo and in vitro.

METHODS

The antiferroptotic and anti-inflammatory effects of ESK were assessed in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI. In vitro, the epithelial cell lines MLE-12 and A549 were used to examine the underlying mechanism by which ESK regulates inflammation and ferroptosis.

RESULTS

ESK protected mice against LPS-induced ALI, significantly attenuated pathological changes in the lungs and decreased inflammation and ferroptosis. In vitro, ESK inhibited LPS-induced inflammation and ferroptosis in MLE-12 and A549 cells. Moreover, ferroptosis mediated inflammation in LPS-induced ALI in vivo and in vitro, and ESK decreased the LPS-induced inflammatory response by suppressing ferroptosis. ESK promoted the HIF-1α/HO-1 pathway in LPS-treated AECs and in the lung tissues of mice with LPS-induced ALI. Moreover, pretreatment with ESK and the HIF-1α stabilizer dimethyloxaloylglycine (DMOG) substantially attenuated lung injury and prevented changes in ferroptosis-related biochemical indicators, including glutathione (GSH) depletion, malondialdehyde (MDA) production and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) downregulation, in untreated LPS-induced mice but not in LPS-induced mice treated with the HO-1 inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin (ZNPP). Similar effects were observed in vitro in HO-1 siRNA-transfected A549 cells after LPS incubation but not in control siRNA-transfected cells.

CONCLUSION

ESK can inhibit ferroptosis-mediated lipid peroxidation by increasing the expression of HIF-1α/HO-1 pathway, highlighting the potential of ESK to treat LPS-induced ALI.

Role of Hippo/ACSL4 axis in ferroptosis-induced pericyte loss and vascular dysfunction in sepsis

Sepsis is a critical condition characterized by a systemic inflammatory response to infection, often leading to severe vascular dysfunction and high mortality. One of the hallmarks of vascular dysfunction in sepsis is increased vascular permeability and the loss of pericytes, which are essential for maintaining vascular integrity. Despite the significance of pericyte loss in sepsis, the primary type of cell death responsible and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain incompletely understood. This study aims to elucidate these mechanisms by focusing on ferroptosis, a form of programmed cell death, and its regulation through the Hippo/ACSL4 axis. Our research confirmed significant pericyte loss in patients with sepsis. Through advanced single-cell analysis and proteomics, ferroptosis was identified as a key differentiating cell death type between sepsis and sham samples. Further metabolomics analysis revealed that Acyl-CoA Synthetase Long-Chain Family Member 4 (ACSL4) plays a pivotal role in the ferroptosis of pericytes during sepsis. In vitro experiments demonstrated that downregulation of ACSL4 effectively reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lipid peroxidation, restored pericyte viability, and improved endothelial permeability. In vivo studies with pericyte-specific ACSL4 knockout mice showed a marked decrease in pericyte loss and enhanced vascular barrier function following sepsis induction. To translate these findings into potential therapeutic strategies, we developed pericyte-targeting liposomes encapsulating ACSL4 shRNA adenovirus. These liposomes successfully restored pulmonary vascular barrier function and significantly reduced pericyte loss in septic conditions. The results of this study underscore the crucial role of ACSL4 in mediating ferroptosis in pericytes and highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting ACSL4 to mitigate vascular dysfunction in sepsis.