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Chihaoui M, Terzi A, Hammami B, Oueslati I, Khessairi N, Chaker F, Yazidi M, Feki M. Effects of high-intensity statin therapy on steroid hormones and vitamin D in type 2 diabetic men: A prospective self-controlled study. Lipids 2024. [PMID: 38764377 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The study aimed to assess the effect of high-intensity statin therapy on testicular and adrenal steroids and vitamin D levels in type 2 diabetic men. A prospective study, conducted between March 2021 and July 2022, including 60 men with type 2 diabetes, aged 40-65 years, statin-free, and in whom treatment with high-intensity statin was indicated. The patients had two visits, before and 6 months after a daily intake of 40 mg of atorvastatin. During each visit, they underwent a clinical examination, and a fasting blood sample was collected for biological and hormonal measurements. There was a significant increase in the prevalence of decreased libido (from 22% to 47%, p = 0.001) and a significant decrease in the frequency of sexual intercourse (from 4 [1-8] to 3 [0-4] per month, p = 0.005). The median ADAM's score significantly increased (from 4 [2-7] to 6 [3-8], p = 0.000). Twenty-two percent of the patients developed gynecomastia. The median total, bioavailable and free testosterone significantly decreased from 15.1 (11.4-17.4), 6.3 (5.0-7.8), and 0.27 (0.22-0.33) nmol/L to 12.7 (10.7-15.9), 5.7 (4.4-7.0), and 0.24 (0.19-0.30) nmol/L, respectively, with no change in FSH and LH levels. Three patients (5%) developed hypogonadism (testosterone <8 nmol/L). There was a significant decrease in DHEAS from 4.5 (2.8-6.1) to 3.8 μmol/L (2.6-5.6) and no change in cortisol and vitamin D levels. High-intensity statin therapy decreased androgen levels in type 2 diabetic men with significant clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melika Chihaoui
- Department of Endocrinology, La Rabta University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amani Terzi
- Department of Endocrinology, La Rabta University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Bessam Hammami
- Department of Biochemistry, La Rabta University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ibtissem Oueslati
- Department of Endocrinology, La Rabta University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nadia Khessairi
- Department of Endocrinology, La Rabta University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Fatma Chaker
- Department of Endocrinology, La Rabta University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Meriem Yazidi
- Department of Endocrinology, La Rabta University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Moncef Feki
- Department of Biochemistry, La Rabta University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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Omolaoye TS, Cyril AC, Radhakrishnan R, Rawat SS, Karuvantevida N, du Plessis SS. The Effect of Statins on Male Reproductive Parameters: A Mechanism Involving Dysregulation of Gonadal Hormone Receptors and TRPV1. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119221. [PMID: 37298172 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins have been shown to cause diverse male reproductive function impairment, and in some cases, orchialgia. Therefore, the current study investigated the possible mechanisms through which statins may alter male reproductive parameters. Thirty adult male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were divided into three groups. The animals were orally administered rosuvastatin (50 mg/kg), simvastatin (50 mg/kg), or 0.5% carboxy methyl cellulose (control), for a 30-day period. Spermatozoa were retrieved from the caudal epididymis for sperm analysis. The testis was used for all biochemical assays and immunofluorescent localization of biomarkers of interest. Rosuvastatin-treated animals presented with a significant decrease in sperm concentration when compared to both the control and simvastatin groups (p < 0.005). While no significant difference was observed between the simvastatin and the control group. The Sertoli cells, Leydig cells and whole testicular tissue homogenate expressed transcripts of solute carrier organic anion transporters (SLCO1B1 and SLCO1B3). There was a significant decrease in the testicular protein expression of the luteinizing hormone receptor, follicle stimulating hormone receptor, and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 in the rosuvastatin and simvastatin-treated animals compared to the control. The expression of SLCO1B1, SLCO1B2, and SLCO1B3 in the different spermatogenic cells portray that un-bio transformed statin can be transported into the testicular microenvironment, which can subsequently alter the regulation of the gonadal hormone receptors, dysregulate pain-inflammatory biomarkers, and consequently impair sperm concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temidayo S Omolaoye
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asha C Cyril
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rajan Radhakrishnan
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
| | - Surendra Singh Rawat
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
| | - Noushad Karuvantevida
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
| | - Stefan S du Plessis
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
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Omolaoye TS, Halabi MO, Mubarak M, Cyril AC, Duvuru R, Radhakrishnan R, Du Plessis SS. Statins and Male Fertility: Is There a Cause for Concern? TOXICS 2022; 10:627. [PMID: 36287907 PMCID: PMC9607778 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10100627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The well-known 3-hydroxyl 3-methyl glutaryl-Coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, called statins, have been the main medication used in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and some cases of cardiovascular diseases. The effectiveness of this drug in controlling cholesterol production is impeccable, however, patients often complain of a variety of side effects, such as myalgia, muscle atrophy, and in some cases, rhabdomyolysis. Not only has the use of statins caused the aforementioned side effects, but they are also shown to cause testicular discomfort, erectile dysfunction, altered semen parameters, and modified steroid hormone production. These reported adverse effects on male fertility are not generally agreed upon, as some have shown the use to be beneficial. Hence, this makes the aftermath effect of statin use on male fertility debatable and controversial. The negative effects have been associated with imbalanced or reduced steroid hormones, which are necessary for proper spermatogenesis and other sexual functions. Meanwhile, the beneficial effects are related to statin's anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective properties. These contradictory findings are in part due to the different age of users, concentrations of statins, the type and duration of treatment, and the underlying disease and/or comorbidities. Therefore, the current study aims to analyze the literature and gather evidence as to the effects of statin on male sexual health and reproductive parameters, and subsequently give recommendations for the direction of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temidayo S. Omolaoye
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mouhammad Omar Halabi
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons Ireland-Bahrain, Busaiteen 15503, Bahrain
| | - Maitha Mubarak
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asha Caroline Cyril
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ruthwik Duvuru
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rajan Radhakrishnan
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
| | - Stefan S. Du Plessis
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
- Division of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, Cape Town P.O. Box 7505, South Africa
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Chlorocholine chloride induced testosterone secretion inhibition mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress in primary rat Leydig cells. Toxicol Lett 2021; 356:161-171. [PMID: 34958886 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chlorocholine chloride (CCC) is well acknowledged as a plant growth regulator and may be considered as a potential environmental endocrine disrupting chemical. In our previous studies, it was found that CCC exposure at a pubertal stage reduced the serum and testicular levels of testosterone, decreased the sperm motility and delayed the puberty onset. However, the molecular mechanisms of CCC-induced testosterone secretion disorders remain unclear. In this study, we found that CCC exposure above 20 μg/mL inhibited the secretion of testosterone in Sprague-Dawley rats Leydig cells. Proteomic and pathway enrichment analysis indicated that CCC might induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Western blot detection showed CCC exposure at 100, 200 μg/mL increased the protein level of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GPR78), C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP), the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 D1 (UBE2D1) and the ring finger protein (RNF185) in the Leydig cells. The Leydig cells treated with 4-phenyl butyric acid (4-PBA), an ER stress inhibitor, rescued the testosterone secretion disorders and alleviated CCC-induced increase in the ER stress related protein levels at 200 μg/mL CCC treatment. Overall, CCC in vitro exposure might disturb testosterone production of Leydig cells and endoplasmic reticulum stress was involved in it.
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Choi Y, Lee EG, Lee G, Jeong MG, Kim HK, Oh JH, Kwon SW, Hwang ES. Amodiaquine promotes testosterone production and de novo synthesis of cholesterol and triglycerides in Leydig cells. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100152. [PMID: 34808194 PMCID: PMC8666709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Testosterone is a hormone essential for male reproductive function. It is produced primarily by Leydig cells in the testicle through activation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and a series of steroidogenic enzymes, including a cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme (cytochome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1), 17α-hydroxylase (cytochrome P450 family 17 subfamily A member 1), and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. These steroidogenic enzymes are mainly regulated at the transcriptional level, and their expression is increased by the nuclear receptor 4A1. However, the effect on Leydig cell function of a small molecule-activating ligand, amodiaquine (AQ), is unknown. We found that AQ effectively and significantly increased testosterone production in TM3 and primary Leydig cells through enhanced expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, cytochome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1, cytochrome P450 family 17 subfamily A member 1, and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Concurrently, AQ dose-dependently increased the expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, a key enzyme in the cholesterol synthesis pathway, through induction of the transcriptional and DNA-binding activities of nuclear receptor 4A1, contributing to increased cholesterol synthesis in Leydig cells. Furthermore, AQ increased the expression of fatty acid synthase and diacylglycerol acyltransferase and potentiated de novo synthesis of fatty acids and triglycerides (TGs). Lipidomics profiling further confirmed a significant elevation of intracellular lipid and TG levels by AQ in Leydig cells. These results demonstrated that AQ effectively promotes testosterone production and de novo synthesis of cholesterol and TG in Leydig cells, indicating that AQ may be beneficial for treating patients with Leydig cell dysfunction and subsequent testosterone deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujeong Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Goo Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gibbeum Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Gyeong Jeong
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Kyeong Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Won Kwon
- Department of Pharmacy and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Eun Sook Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
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Rahmani Z, Karimpour Malekshah A, Zargari M, Talebpour Amiri F. Effect of prenatal exposure to Benzo[a]pyrene on ovarian toxicity and reproductive dysfunction: Protective effect of atorvastatin in the embryonic period. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:1683-1693. [PMID: 33978294 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As an environmental contaminant, Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P; BaP) disrupts the antioxidant signaling and thus leads to the induction of oxidative stress and the damage of DNA in the ovary. low-dose atorvastatin (ATV) has antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties. The present study aimed to survey the effects of prenatal exposure to BaP on ovarian toxicity and also to investigate the protective role of ATV in reducing ovarian toxicity. In this study, rats were divided into seven groups: control, ATV (10 mg/kg), oil, BaP (10 and 20 mg/kg), and ATV + BaP (10 and 20 mg/kg). BaP and ATV were administrated from gestation day 7-16 (GD7 to GD16), orally. 10 weeks after the birth, female offsprings were examined for oxidative stress markers, sex hormones, ovarian and tubular tissue structure, and the apoptosis markers. Data showed that BaP significantly reduced glutathione, increased malondialdehyde level, and disrupted the tissue structure of the ovary. Moreover, estrogen and progesterone levels significantly decreased in the offsprings rats. Also, BaP increased caspase-3 immunoreactivity. Atorvastatin treatment along with BaP in the embryonic period were able to bring the antioxidant status and sex hormones levels relatively close to normal. Besides, histological findings showed that atorvastatin was able to improve ovarian and oviduct abnormalities caused by BaP. Based on the above studies be concluded that atorvastatin in the embryonic during was able to reduce ovarian damage caused by BaP with antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Rahmani
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Abbasali Karimpour Malekshah
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mehryar Zargari
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Talebpour Amiri
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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de Barros JWF, Villela E Silva P, da Silva GV, da Silva KP, Borges CDS, Mueller A, Valencise L, Pupo AS, Kempinas WDG. Rosuvastatin exposure in female Wistar rats alters uterine contractility and do not show evident (anti)estrogenic effects. Drug Chem Toxicol 2021; 45:2233-2245. [PMID: 33934680 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.1919139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor drugs that lead to serum-cholesterol-lowering effects. Rosuvastatin, a third-generation statin, has shown better results in reducing cholesterol concentrations when compared to other widely prescribed statins. Recent studies by our group reported that rosuvastatin impairs reproductive function in rats possibly by disrupting the reproductive-endocrine axis. In this study, we evaluated whether rosuvastatin presents estrogenic or antiestrogenic effects, by an in vivo uterotrophic assay in rats, and investigated the direct effect of this drug upon rat uterine tissue contractility both in non-gravid and gravid periods. Rosuvastatin exposure in vivo at doses of 0 (control), 3, and 10 mg/kg/d was not associated with estrogenic or antiestrogenic effects on uterine tissue. However, in vivo (doses of 0, 3, and 10 mg/kg/d) and ex vivo (concentrations of 0, 1, 10, and 100 µg/mL) exposures to this drug were related to alterations in uterine basal contraction pattern. Furthermore, in vivo and ex vivo rosuvastatin exposures potentially modulate the action of uterine contraction inducers carbachol, norepinephrine, and prostaglandin E2. Thus, rosuvastatin can affect uterine physiology not necessarily by an endocrine mechanism related to the estrogen signaling, but possibly by its pleiotropic effects, with indirect tissue and cellular interactions, since in vivo and ex vivo exposures of uterine fragments to rosuvastatin presented different responses in uterine contractile parameters, which require further studies upon the precise mechanism of action of this drug in female reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Willian Franco de Barros
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology and Toxicology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Villela E Silva
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology and Toxicology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Venâncio da Silva
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology and Toxicology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Katiussia Pinho da Silva
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Cibele Dos Santos Borges
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology and Toxicology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - André Mueller
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Lethícia Valencise
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology and Toxicology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - André Sampaio Pupo
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Wilma De Grava Kempinas
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Biology and Toxicology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
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Stamerra CA, Di Giosia P, Ferri C, Giorgini P, Reiner Z, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. Statin therapy and sex hormones. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 890:173745. [PMID: 33227286 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Current guidelines recommend statin therapy for all adult patients with coronary artery disease irrespective of sex. Over recent years, some concerns have been raised concerning the effects of statins on endogenous steroid hormones synthesis. The aim of this review was to summarize the effects of statins on endogenous sex hormones in order to clarify their role and safety in different clinical settings. Results suggest that HMG-CoA inhibitors may slightly impair adrenal and/or gonadal steroid hormone production. In men, statins do not cause any clinically-relevant harmful effects on erectile function and spermatogenesis and, in women, statins have beneficial effects in treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Additional research is needed to provide specific clinical recommendations concerning this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo Andrea Stamerra
- University of L'Aquila, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Building Delta 6 - San Salvatore Hospital, Via Vetoio, Coppito, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Paolo Di Giosia
- University of L'Aquila, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Building Delta 6 - San Salvatore Hospital, Via Vetoio, Coppito, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Claudio Ferri
- University of L'Aquila, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Building Delta 6 - San Salvatore Hospital, Via Vetoio, Coppito, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Paolo Giorgini
- University of L'Aquila, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, Building Delta 6 - San Salvatore Hospital, Via Vetoio, Coppito, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Zeljko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Thomas P Johnston
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran; Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland.
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E Silva PV, Borges CDS, Rosa JDL, Pacheco TL, Figueiredo TM, Leite GAA, Guerra MT, Anselmo-Franci JA, Klinefelter GR, Kempinas WDG. Effects of isolated or combined exposure to sibutramine and rosuvastatin on reproductive parameters of adult male rats. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:947-964. [PMID: 32072669 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Many obese patients are exposed to hypolipidemic and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) drugs. Statins are one of the most marketed drugs in the world to treat dyslipidemia, while sibutramine, a SNRI drug, is prescribed in some countries to treat obesity and is detected as an additive in many adulterated weight loss supplements marketed worldwide. Previous studies reported adverse effects of isolated exposure to these drugs on male rat reproductive parameters. In the present work, we further investigated male reproductive toxicity of these drugs, administered in isolation or combination in adult rats for a longer period of treatment. Adult male rats (90 days) were treated (gavage) for 70 days with saline and dimethyl sulfoxide (control), sibutramine (10 mg/kg), rosuvastatin (5 mg/kg), or rosuvastatin combined with sibutramine. Sibutramine alone or with rosuvastatin, promoted a reduction in food intake and body weight gain, weight of the epididymis, ventral prostate and seminal vesicle; as well as decreased sperm reserves and transit time through the epididymis; androgen depletion; and increased index of cytoplasmic droplet. The rosuvastatin-treated group showed reduced frequency of ejaculation. Exposure to this drug alone or combined with sibutramine impaired epididymal morphology. Co-exposed rats had altered epididymal morphometry, and seminal vesicle and testis weights. The rats also showed decreased fertility after natural mating and a trend toward a delay in ejaculation, suggesting a small synergistic effect of these drugs. Given the greater reproductive efficiency of rodents, the results obtained in the present study raise concern regarding possible fertility impairment in men taking statins and SNRI drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Villela E Silva
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Cibele Dos Santos Borges
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Josiane de Lima Rosa
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Tainá Louise Pacheco
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Thamiris Moreira Figueiredo
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Adan Araújo Leite
- Graduate Program in Cell and Structural Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina Trevizan Guerra
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Janete Aparecida Anselmo-Franci
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo - USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gary Robert Klinefelter
- Reproductive Toxicity Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, North Carolina, USA
| | - Wilma De Grava Kempinas
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Li YX, Guo X, Gulappa T, Menon B, Menon KMJ. SREBP Plays a Regulatory Role in LH/hCG Receptor mRNA Expression in Human Granulosa-Lutein Cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:4783-4792. [PMID: 31150065 PMCID: PMC6736214 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT LH receptor (LHR) expression has been shown to be regulated posttranscriptionally by LHR mRNA binding protein (LRBP) in rodent and human ovaries. LRBP was characterized as mevalonate kinase. The gene that encodes mevalonate kinase is a member of a family of genes that encode enzymes involved in lipid synthesis and are regulated by the transcription factor sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs). OBJECTIVE The current study examined the regulation of LHR mRNA expression in human granulosa-lutein cells in response to alterations in cholesterol metabolism. DESIGN Using atorvastatin, an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase to inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis, we examined its effect on LHR mRNA expression. The effect of atorvastatin on SREBP and mRNA expression as well as LHR mRNA binding protein expression was examined. Finally, the effect of atorvastatin on human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-stimulated progesterone production and the expression of key steroidogenic enzymes was also examined. RESULTS Statin treatment reduced LHR mRNA expression by increasing the levels of SREBP1a and SREBP2, leading to an increase in LRBP. RNA gel shift assay showed that increased binding of LHR mRNA to LRBP occurred in response to atorvastatin, leading to LHR mRNA degradation. The granulosa-lutein cells pretreated with atorvastatin also showed decreased responsiveness to hCG by decreasing the mRNA and protein expression of steroidogenic enzymes. Atorvastatin also attenuated LH/hCG-induced progesterone production. CONCLUSION These results imply that LHR mRNA expression by the human granulosa-lutein cells is regulated by cholesterol, through a mechanism involving SREBP and SREBP cleavage activating protein serving as the cholesterol sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Xia Li
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Xingzi Guo
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Thippeswamy Gulappa
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Bindu Menon
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - K M J Menon
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: K. M. J. Menon, PhD, Departments of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, 6428 Medical Sciences Building I, 1301 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109. E-mail:
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11
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Batteux B, Llopis B, Muller C, Khouri C, Moragny J, Liabeuf S, Masmoudi K, Gras V. The drugs that mostly frequently induce gynecomastia: A national case - noncase study. Therapie 2019; 75:225-238. [PMID: 31471065 DOI: 10.1016/j.therap.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Drug-induced gynecomastia accounts for up to 25% of cases of gynecomastia. The objective of the present study was to provide a comprehensive overview of drug-induced gynecomastia on the basis of spontaneously reported adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in the French national pharmacovigilance database (FPVD). METHODS We performed a case - noncase study of drug-induced gynecomastia. Cases corresponded to reports of gynecomastia recorded in the FPVD between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2015. The noncases corresponded to all other spontaneously reported ADRs recorded in the FPVD during the same period. Data were expressed as the reporting odds ratio (ROR) and its 95% confidence interval. RESULTS Of the 255,354 ADRs recorded in the FPVD between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2015, 327 (0.31%) of relevant cases of gynecomastia and 106,800 noncases were analyzed. The RORs were statistically significant for 54 active compounds mentioned 429 times in cases of gynecomastia. A single drug was involved in 59% of cases. The most frequently implicated drug classes were antiretrovirals (23.5%), diuretics (15.5%), proton pump inhibitors (11.9%), HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (9.1%), neuroleptics and related drugs (6.5%), calcium channel blockers (6.3%), and 5-alpha reductase inhibitors (4%). CONCLUSIONS A comprehensive analysis of a national pharmacovigilance database highlighted the main drug classes suspected of inducing gynecomastia. A physiopathological mechanism (a hormone imbalance with elevated estrogen levels) is known or suspected for most of the drugs involved in gynecomastia. However, we noticed a lack of harmonization in the summary of product characteristics for original vs. generic medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Batteux
- Centre régional de pharmacovigilance, CHU Amiens Sud, avenue René Laënnec, 80054 Amiens cedex 1, France.
| | - Benoît Llopis
- Centre régional de pharmacovigilance, CHU Amiens Sud, avenue René Laënnec, 80054 Amiens cedex 1, France
| | - Charlotte Muller
- Centre régional de pharmacovigilance, hôpital civil, 67091 Strasbourg, France
| | - Charles Khouri
- Centre régional de pharmacovigilance, CHU Grenoble, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Julien Moragny
- Centre régional de pharmacovigilance, CHU Amiens Sud, avenue René Laënnec, 80054 Amiens cedex 1, France
| | - Sophie Liabeuf
- Centre régional de pharmacovigilance, CHU Amiens Sud, avenue René Laënnec, 80054 Amiens cedex 1, France
| | - Kamel Masmoudi
- Centre régional de pharmacovigilance, CHU Amiens Sud, avenue René Laënnec, 80054 Amiens cedex 1, France
| | - Valérie Gras
- Centre régional de pharmacovigilance, CHU Amiens Sud, avenue René Laënnec, 80054 Amiens cedex 1, France
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12
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Nicotine inhibits murine Leydig cell differentiation and maturation via regulating Hedgehog signal pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 510:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.11.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Karakas M, Schäfer S, Appelbaum S, Ojeda F, Kuulasmaa K, Brückmann B, Berisha F, Schulte-Steinberg B, Jousilahti P, Blankenberg S, Palosaari T, Salomaa V, Zeller T. Testosterone Levels and Type 2 Diabetes-No Correlation with Age, Differential Predictive Value in Men and Women. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8030076. [PMID: 30127326 PMCID: PMC6165105 DOI: 10.3390/biom8030076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Most studies reporting on the association of circulating testosterone levels with type 2 diabetes in men are of cross-sectional design. Reports on the relevance of altered testosterone levels in women are scarce. Here, we evaluate the role of low serum testosterone levels for incident diabetes in men and women in a population setting of 7706 subjects (3896 females). During a mean follow up time of 13.8 years, 7.8% developed type 2 diabetes. Significant correlations of testosterone with high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (R = 0.21, p < 0.001), body-mass-index (R = −0.23, p < 0.001), and waist-to-hip-ratio (R = −0.21, p < 0.001) were found in men. No correlation was found with age in men; in women, the correlation was negligible (R = 0.04, p = 0.012). In men, low testosterone levels predicted high risk of type 2 diabetes, while in women this relationship was opposite. Men with low testosterone levels showed increased risk of future diabetes (hazard ratio (HR) 2.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.91–3.72, p < 0.001 in basic model; HR 1.56 95%, CI 1.10–2.21, p = 0.003). In women, low testosterone levels indicated lower risk with (HR 0.53, 95% CI 0.37–0.77, p = 0.003), while the association lost significance in the fully adjusted model (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.49–1.05, p = 0.09). Low levels of testosterone predicted future diabetes in men. A borderline opposite association was found in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahir Karakas
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Sarina Schäfer
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Appelbaum
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Francisco Ojeda
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Kari Kuulasmaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Burkhard Brückmann
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Filip Berisha
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | - Pekka Jousilahti
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Stefan Blankenberg
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Tarja Palosaari
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Tanja Zeller
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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Hamzeh M, Hosseinimehr SJ, Mohammadi HR, Yaghubi Beklar S, Dashti A, Talebpour Amiri F. Atorvastatin attenuates the ovarian damage induced by cyclophosphamide in rat: An experimental study. Int J Reprod Biomed 2018. [DOI: 10.29252/ijrm.16.5.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Atorvastatin decreases steroid production in H295R cells and in major endocrine tissues of male rats. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:1703-1715. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2187-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Botteri Principato NL, Suarez JD, Laws SC, Klinefelter GR. The use of purified rat Leydig cells complements the H295R screen to detect chemical-induced alterations in testosterone production. Biol Reprod 2018; 98:239-249. [PMID: 29272331 PMCID: PMC6691738 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/iox177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals has been associated with compromised testosterone production leading to abnormal male reproductive development and altered spermatogenesis. In vitro high-throughput screening (HTS) assays are needed to evaluate risk to testosterone production, yet the main steroidogenesis assay currently utilized is a human adrenocortical carcinoma cell line, H295R, which does not synthesize gonadal steroids at the same level as the gonads, thus limiting assay sensitivity. Here, we propose a complementary assay using a highly purified rat Leydig cell assay to evaluate the potential for chemical-induced alterations in testosterone production by the testis. We evaluated a subset of chemicals that failed to decrease testosterone production in the HTS H295R assay. The chemicals examined fit into one of two categories based on changes in substrates upstream of testosterone in the adrenal steroidogenic pathway (17α-hydroxyprogesterone and 11-deoxycorticosterone) that we predicted should have elicited a decrease in testosterone production. We found that 85% of 20 test chemicals examined inhibited Leydig cell testosterone production in our assay. Importantly, we adopted a 96-well format to increase throughput and efficiency of the Leydig cell assay. We identified a selection criterion based on the AC50 values for 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and 11-deoxycorticosterone generated from the HTS H295R assay that will help prioritize chemicals for further testing in the Leydig cell screen. We hypothesize that the greater dynamic range of testosterone production and sensitivity of the Leydig cell assay permits the detection of small, yet significant, chemical-induced changes not detected by the HTS H295R assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L. Botteri Principato
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
- Endocrine Toxicity Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Juan D. Suarez
- Reproductive Toxicity Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency,Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Susan C. Laws
- Endocrine Toxicity Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gary R. Klinefelter
- Reproductive Toxicity Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency,Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Vitamin C partially prevents reproductive damage in adult male rats exposed to rosuvastatin during prepuberty. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 109:272-283. [PMID: 28887090 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric obesity is closely associated with dyslipidemias and environmental factors, such as diet and lack of physical exercises, which may alter lipid profile in children. Rosuvastatin decreases serum total cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) plays an important role on sperm integrity and fertility. Juvenile male rats were distributed into six experimental groups that received saline solution 0.9%, 3 or 10 mg/kg/day of rosuvastatin, 150 mg/day of ascorbic acid, or 3 or 10 mg/kg/day of rosuvastatin co-administered with 150 mg/day of ascorbic acid from PND23 until PND53 and then the rats were maintained until sexual maturity. Rosuvastatin-exposed groups showed lower sperm quality, androgen depletion and germ cell death. Ascorbic acid was capable to prevent partially the reproductive adverse effects provoked by rosuvastatin. In conclusion, prepubertal exposure to rosuvastatin provokes long-term reproductive damages at sexual maturity and ascorbic acid supplementation at prepuberty may be a preventive mode against these reproductive adverse effects.
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18
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Naeimi RA, Talebpour Amiri F, Khalatbary AR, Ghasemi A, Zargari M, Ghesemi M, Hosseinimehr SJ. Atorvastatin mitigates testicular injuries induced by ionizing radiation in mice. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 72:115-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Zhang X, Li J, Zhou X, Guan Q, Zhao J, Gao L, Yu C, Wang Y, Zuo C. SIMVASTATIN DECREASES SEX HORMONE LEVELS IN MALE RATS. Endocr Pract 2016; 23:175-181. [PMID: 27849375 DOI: 10.4158/ep161274.or] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Statins can inhibit therate-limiting enzyme hydroxymethyl glutaric acid-coenzyme A reductase to reduce cholesterol biosynthesis, and they are used frequently in the clinic. Cholesterol is also a precursor for sex hormones. However, it is not clear whether statins can affect sex hormone levels. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of long-term use of statins on sex hormone levels in vivo. METHODS Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups. Three simvastatin groups were administered different doses of simvastatin intragastrically daily (4, 8, or 16 mg/kg/day, n = 10). The control group was administered vehicle intragastrically daily (n = 10). The serum lipid spectrum and testosterone, estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were measured before (0 weeks) and after 20 and 40 weeks of simvastatin administration. RESULTS In the control group, there were no statistically significant differences between lipid levels, liver function, or sex hormone levels before and after intragastric administration. Compared with the previous intragastric administration group, there was no obvious change in liver function with different doses of simvastatin. However, serum levels of total cholesterol, low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone were markedly decreased in a dose- and time-dependent manner. By contrast, the levels of FSH and LH were significantly higher, showing feedback regulation. CONCLUSION Long-term simvastatin intake reduces serum testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone levels in male rats. ABBREVIATIONS HMG-CoA = hydroxymethyl glutaric acid CoA LDL = low-density lipoprotein LDL-C = low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol FSH = follicle-stimulating hormone LH = luteinizing hormone.
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Hsieh CJ, Huang B. Rosuvastatin decreases testosterone levels but not sexual function in men with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2016; 120:81-8. [PMID: 27525363 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2016.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Statins may decrease serum testosterone levels via decreasing cholesterol, a precursor to testosterone. This case series studied the effects of rosuvastatin on free testosterone levels and sexual function in men with type 2 diabetes. METHODS We enrolled 151 men with type 2 diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. Biochemical assessments included serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, total testosterone and serum sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). All parameters were measured before statin treatment, after 6months of statin treatment, and 6months after discontinuing statin treatment. The Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM) was also administered at these times. RESULTS Serum TC and LDL levels were high before statin therapy, decreased after six months of statin therapy, and increased significantly six months after discontinuing statin therapy (198.1±28.1mg/dl vs. 147.1±22.8mg/dl vs. 205.2±25.6mg/dl, p-value<0.001; 121.3±20.6mg/dl vs. 75.4±20.4mg/dl vs.124.9±20mg/dl, p-value<0.001). However, serum free testosterone levels calculated from total testosterone and SHBG calculated by formula were higher before statin therapy, obviously decreased after six months of statin therapy, and subsequently increased six months after discontinuing statin therapy (22.4±3.1ng/ml vs. 20.9±2.8ng/ml vs. 22.6±2.6ng/ml p value=0.006). SHIM scores did not obviously differ among the three stages (16.3±4.8 vs. 16.0±4.9 vs. 16.3±5.0 p=0.944). After adjustment for age, serum free testosterone levels correlated with SHIM scores and LDL (r=0.39, p=<0.001; r=0.26, p=0.02, respectively). SHIM scores did not correlate with TC or LDL. CONCLUSIONS Rosuvastatin reduces free testosterone levels but does not influence sexual function in men with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Jung Hsieh
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 123, Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung District, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan.
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, No. 100, Shihchuan 1st Rd., San Ming District, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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Heeba GH, Hamza AA. Rosuvastatin ameliorates diabetes-induced reproductive damage via suppression of oxidative stress, inflammatory and apoptotic pathways in male rats. Life Sci 2015; 141:13-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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de Keyser CE, de Lima FV, de Jong FH, Hofman A, de Rijke YB, Uitterlinden AG, Visser LE, Stricker BH. Use of statins is associated with lower serum total and non-sex hormone-binding globulin-bound testosterone levels in male participants of the Rotterdam Study. Eur J Endocrinol 2015; 173:155-65. [PMID: 26034077 DOI: 10.1530/eje-14-1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Statins, or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, decrease cholesterol production. Because cholesterol is a precursor of the testosterone biosynthesis pathway, there is some concern that statins might lower serum testosterone levels. The objective of the present study was to investigate the association between the use of statins and serum testosterone levels in men. DESIGN Cross-sectional study within the prospective population-based Rotterdam Study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We included 4166 men with available data on total testosterone, non-sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)-bound testosterone, and medication use. Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to compare the differences in serum testosterone levels (nmol/l) between current, past, and never statin users. We considered dose and duration of use. Analyses were adjusted for age, BMI, cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and estradiol levels. RESULTS We identified 577 current (mean age 64.1 years), 148 past (mean age 64.6 years), and 3441 never (mean age 64.6 years) statin users. Adjusted for all covariables, current statin use of 1-≤ 6 months or >6 months was significantly associated with lower total testosterone levels as compared to non-users (β -1.24, 95% CI -2.17, -0.31, and β -1.14, 95% CI -2.07, -0.20 respectively). Current use of 1-≤ 6 months was also associated with significantly lower non-SHBG-bound testosterone levels (β -0.42, 95% CI -0.82, -0.02). There was a trend toward lower testosterone levels at higher statin doses both for total (P(trend) 2.9 × 10(-5)) and non-SHBG-bound (P(trend) 2.0 × 10(-4)) testosterone. No association between past statin use and testosterone levels was found. CONCLUSION We showed that current use of statins was associated with significantly lower serum total and non-SHBG-bound testosterone levels. The clinical relevance of this association should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E de Keyser
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsThe Health Care InspectorateThe Hague, The NetherlandsDepartments of Internal MedicineClinical ChemistryErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsHospital PharmacyThe Hague Hospitals - HAGA, The Hague, The Netherlands Department of EpidemiologyErasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsThe Health Care InspectorateThe Hague, The NetherlandsDepartments of Internal MedicineClinical ChemistryErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsHospital PharmacyThe Hague Hospitals - HAGA, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Filipe Valerio de Lima
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsThe Health Care InspectorateThe Hague, The NetherlandsDepartments of Internal MedicineClinical ChemistryErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsHospital PharmacyThe Hague Hospitals - HAGA, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Frank H de Jong
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsThe Health Care InspectorateThe Hague, The NetherlandsDepartments of Internal MedicineClinical ChemistryErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsHospital PharmacyThe Hague Hospitals - HAGA, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsThe Health Care InspectorateThe Hague, The NetherlandsDepartments of Internal MedicineClinical ChemistryErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsHospital PharmacyThe Hague Hospitals - HAGA, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Yolanda B de Rijke
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsThe Health Care InspectorateThe Hague, The NetherlandsDepartments of Internal MedicineClinical ChemistryErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsHospital PharmacyThe Hague Hospitals - HAGA, The Hague, The Netherlands Department of EpidemiologyErasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsThe Health Care InspectorateThe Hague, The NetherlandsDepartments of Internal MedicineClinical ChemistryErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsHospital PharmacyThe Hague Hospitals - HAGA, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsThe Health Care InspectorateThe Hague, The NetherlandsDepartments of Internal MedicineClinical ChemistryErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsHospital PharmacyThe Hague Hospitals - HAGA, The Hague, The Netherlands Department of EpidemiologyErasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsThe Health Care InspectorateThe Hague, The NetherlandsDepartments of Internal MedicineClinical ChemistryErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsHospital PharmacyThe Hague Hospitals - HAGA, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Loes E Visser
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsThe Health Care InspectorateThe Hague, The NetherlandsDepartments of Internal MedicineClinical ChemistryErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsHospital PharmacyThe Hague Hospitals - HAGA, The Hague, The Netherlands Department of EpidemiologyErasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsThe Health Care InspectorateThe Hague, The NetherlandsDepartments of Internal MedicineClinical ChemistryErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsHospital PharmacyThe Hague Hospitals - HAGA, The Hague, The Netherlands Department of EpidemiologyErasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsThe Health Care InspectorateThe Hague, The NetherlandsDepartments of Internal MedicineClinical ChemistryErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsHospital PharmacyThe Hague Hospitals - HAGA, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno H Stricker
- Department of EpidemiologyErasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsThe Health Care InspectorateThe Hague, The NetherlandsDepartments of Internal MedicineClinical ChemistryErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsHospital PharmacyThe Hague Hospitals - HAGA, The Hague, The Netherlands Department of EpidemiologyErasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsThe Health Care InspectorateThe Hague, The NetherlandsDepartments of Internal MedicineClinical ChemistryErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsHospital PharmacyThe Hague Hospitals - HAGA, The Hague, The Netherlands Department of EpidemiologyErasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, The NetherlandsThe Health Care InspectorateThe Hague, The NetherlandsDepartments of Internal MedicineClinical ChemistryErasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsHospital PharmacyThe Hague Hospitals - HAGA, The Hague, The Netherlands
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Krysiak R, Kowalska B, Żmuda W, Okopień B. The effect of ezetimibe-statin combination on steroid hormone production in men with coronary artery disease and low cholesterol levels. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:305-9. [PMID: 25712655 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aggressive statin treatment was found to slightly reduce testosterone production. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of ezetimibe-statin combination and high-dose statin therapy on testicular and adrenal cortex function in men with LDL cholesterol levels below 70 mg/dL. METHODS The study included 26 adult men with coronary artery disease. Twelve of these patients did not tolerate high-dose statin therapy and were treated with lower doses of a statin plus ezetimibe. Fourteen patients tolerating high-dose simvastatin or rosuvastatin treatment continued high-dose statin therapy throughout the study period. Plasma lipids, glucose homeostasis markers and plasma levels of testosterone, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, sex hormone-binding globulin, gonadotropins and ACTH, as well as urine free cortisol were assessed at baseline and after 16 weeks of treatment. RESULTS Replacing high-dose statin therapy with ezetimibe/statin combination therapy reduced plasma levels of LH by 32% (p=0.043), as well as increased plasma levels of testosterone by 20% (p=0.038). Ezetimibe/statin combination did not induce any significant changes in plasma levels or urine excretion of the remaining hormones. At the end of the study, plasma LH levels were higher, while plasma testosterone levels were lower in patients receiving the combination therapy than in those treated only with high-dose statin. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that ezetimibe combined with moderate statin dose exerts a less pronounced effect on testicular function in comparison with high-dose statin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Krysiak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
| | - Beata Kowalska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland; Department of Endocrinology, Provincial Hospital, Opole, Poland
| | - Witold Żmuda
- Invasive Cardiology, Electrotherapy and Angiology Centre, Oświęcim, Poland
| | - Bogusław Okopień
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Schooling CM, Au Yeung SL, Leung GM. Why do statins reduce cardiovascular disease more than other lipid modulating therapies? Eur J Clin Invest 2014; 44:1135-40. [PMID: 25252212 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Mary Schooling
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; City University New York School of Public Health and Hunter College, New York, NY, USA
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Beverly BEJ, Lambright CS, Furr JR, Sampson H, Wilson VS, McIntyre BS, Foster PMD, Travlos G, Gray LE. Simvastatin and dipentyl phthalate lower ex vivo testicular testosterone production and exhibit additive effects on testicular testosterone and gene expression via distinct mechanistic pathways in the fetal rat. Toxicol Sci 2014; 141:524-37. [PMID: 25055962 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differentiation of the male reproductive tract in mammals is driven, in part, by fetal androgen production. In utero, some phthalate esters (PEs) alter fetal Leydig cell differentiation, reducing the expression of several genes associated with steroid synthesis/transport, and consequently, lowering fetal androgen and Insl3 hormone levels. Simvastatin (SMV) is a cholesterol-lowering drug that directly inhibits HMG-CoA reductase. SMV may also disrupt steroid biosynthesis, but through a different mode of action (MOA) than the PEs. As cholesterol is a precursor of steroid hormone biosynthesis, we hypothesized that in utero exposure to SMV during the critical period of sex differentiation would lower fetal testicular testosterone (T) production without affecting genes involved in cholesterol and androgen synthesis and transport. Secondly, we hypothesized that a mixture of SMV and a PE, which may have different MOAs, would reduce testosterone levels in an additive manner. Pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were dosed orally with SMV, dipentyl phthalate (DPeP), or SMV plus DPeP from gestational days 14-18, and fetuses were evaluated on GD18. On GD18, SMV lowered fetal T production and serum triglycerides, low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein, and total cholesterol levels, and downregulated two genes in the fetal testis that were different from those altered by PEs. When SMV and DPeP were administered as a mixture, fetal T production was significantly reduced in an additive manner, thus demonstrating that a mixture of chemicals can induce additive effects on fetal T production even though they display different MOAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandiese E J Beverly
- Reproductive Toxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, MD-72, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - Christy S Lambright
- Reproductive Toxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, MD-72, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Johnathan R Furr
- Reproductive Toxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, MD-72, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Hunter Sampson
- Reproductive Toxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, MD-72, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Vickie S Wilson
- Reproductive Toxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, MD-72, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Barry S McIntyre
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Paul M D Foster
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Gregory Travlos
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - L Earl Gray
- Reproductive Toxicology Branch, Toxicity Assessment Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, MD-72, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
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